Chapter XI: Part 11

GREENE, ROBERT (1560?-1592).--Poet, dramatist, and pamphleteer, was _b._ at Norwich, and studied at Camb., where he _grad._ A.B. He was also incorporated at Oxf. in 1588. After travelling in Spain and Italy, he returned to Camb. and took A.M. Settling in London he was one of the wild and brilliant crew who passed their lives in fitful alternations of literary production and dissipation, and were the creators of the English drama. He has left an account of his career in which he calls himself "the mirror of mischief." During his short life about town, in the course of which he ran through his wife's fortune, and deserted her soon after the birth of her first child, he poured forth tales, plays, and poems, which had great popularity. In the tales, or pamphlets as they were then called, he turns to account his wide knowledge of city vices. His plays, including _The Scottish History of James IV._, and _Orlando Furioso_, which are now little read, contain some fine poetry among a good deal of bombast; but his fame rests, perhaps, chiefly on the poems scattered through his writings, which are full of grace and tenderness. G. _d._ from the effects of a surfeit of pickled herrings and Rheinish wine. His extant writings are much less gross than those of many of his contemporaries, and he seems to have given signs of repentance on his deathbed, as is evidenced by his last work, _A Groat's worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance_. In this curious work occurs his famous reference to Shakespeare as "an upstart crow beautified with our feathers." Among his other works may be mentioned _Euphues' censure to Philautus_, _Pandosto, the Triumph of Time_ (1588), from which Shakespeare borrowed the plot of _The Winter's Tale_, _A Notable Discovery of Coosnage_, _Arbasto, King of Denmark_, _Penelope's Web_, _Menaphon_ (1589), and _Coney Catching_. His plays, all _pub._ posthumously, include _Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay_, _Alphonsus, King of Aragon_, and _George-a-Greene, the Pinner of Wakefield_. His tales are written under the influence of Lyly, whence he received from Gabriel Harvey the nickname of "Euphues' Ape."

Plays ed. by Dyce (2 vols., 1831, new ed., 1861). His works are included in Grosart's "Huth Library."

GREG, WILLIAM RATHBONE (1809-1881).--Essayist, _b._ in Manchester, and _ed._ at Bristol and Edin., was for some years engaged in his father's business as a millowner at Bury. Becoming deeply interested in political and social questions he contributed to reviews and magazines many papers and essays on these subjects, which were _repub._ in three collections, viz., _Essays on Political and Social Science_ (1854), _Literary and Social Judgments_ (1869), and _Miscellaneous Essays_ (1884). Other works of his are _Enigmas of Life_ (1872), _Rocks Ahead_ (1874), and _Mistaken Aims, etc._ (1876). In his writings he frequently manifested a distrust of democracy and a pessimistic view of the future of his country. He held successively the appointments of Commissioner of Customs and Controller of H.M. Stationery Office.

GREVILLE, CHARLES CAVENDISH FULKE (1794-1865).--Political annalist, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf., was a page to George III., sec. to Earl Bathurst, and afterwards held the sinecure office of Sec. of Jamaica. In 1821 he became Clerk to the Privy Council, an office which brought him into close contact with the leaders of both political parties, and gave him unusual opportunities of becoming acquainted with all that was passing behind the scenes. The information as to men and events thus acquired he fully utilised in his _Journal of the Reigns of George IV., William IV., and Queen Victoria_, which, ed. by Henry Reeve, of the _Edinburgh Review_, was _pub._ in three series between 1874 and 1887. The _Journal_ covers the period, from 1820-60, and constitutes an invaluable contribution to the history of the time.

GRIFFIN, BARTHOLOMEW? (_fl._ 1596).--Poet, of whom almost nothing is known, _pub._ in 1596 a collection of 62 sonnets under the title of _Fidessa_, of which some are excellent.

GRIFFIN, GERALD (1803-1840).--Dramatist, novelist, and poet, _s._ of a tradesman, _b._ and _ed._ in Limerick, he went in 1823 to London, where most of his literary work was produced. In 1838 he returned to Ireland and, dividing his property among his brothers, devoted himself to a religious life by joining the Teaching Order of the Christian Brothers. Two years thereafter he _d._, worn out by self-inflicted austerities. His chief novel, _The Collegians_, was adapted by Boucicault as _The Colleen Bawn_, and among his dramas is _Gisippus_. His novels depict southern Irish life.

GRIMOALD, NICHOLAS (1519-1562).--Poet, was at Camb. and Oxf., and was chaplain to Bishop Ridley. He contributed to Tottel's _Songs and Sonnettes_ (1557), wrote two dramas in Latin, _Archi-propheta_ and _Christus Redivivus_, and made translations.

GROOME, FRANCIS HINDES (1851-1902).--Miscellaneous writer, _s._ of a clergyman, wrote for various encyclopædias, etc. He was a student of the gipsies and their language, and _pub._ _In Gypsy Tents_ (1880), _Gypsy Folk Tales_ (1899), and an ed. of Borrow's _Lavengro_ (1900). Other works were _A Short Border History_ (1887), _Kriegspiel_ (1896), a novel, and _Two Suffolk Friends_ (his _f._ and Edward Fitzgerald, _q.v._).

GROSART, ALEXANDER BALLOCH (1827-1899).--Was a minister of the English Presbyterian Church. He wrote Lives of various Puritan divines, ed. their works, and also issued ed., with Lives, of the poems of Michael Bruce (_q.v._) and Robert Fergusson (_q.v._). But his chief service to literature was his reprints, with notes, of rare Elizabethan and Jacobean literature, including _Fuller's Worthies Library_, 39 vols. (1868-76), _Occasional Issues of Unique and Very Rare Books_, 38 vols. 1875-81, _Huth Library_, 33 vols. (1886), Spenser's _Works_, 10 vols., _Daniel's Works_, etc.

GROSE, FRANCIS (1731-1791).--Antiquary and lexicographer, of Swiss extraction, was Richmond Herald 1755-63. He _pub._ _Antiquities of England and Wales_ (1773-87), which was well received, and thereafter, 1789, set out on an antiquarian tour through Scotland, the fruit of which was _Antiquity of Scotland_ (1789-91). He afterwards undertook a similar expedition to Ireland, but _d._ suddenly at Dublin. In addition to the works above mentioned he wrote _A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue_ (1785), _A Provincial Glossary_ (1787), a _Treatise on Ancient Armour and Weapons_, etc. He was an accomplished draughtsman, and illustrated his works.

GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (_d._ 1253).--Theologian and scholar, was _b._ of poor parents at Stradbrook, Suffolk, and studied at Oxf. and possibly Paris. His abilities and learning procured him many preferments; but after an illness he refused to be longer a pluralist, and resigned all but a prebend at Lincoln. Later he was a strenuous and courageous reformer, as is shown by his refusing in 1253 to induct a nephew of the Pope to a canonry at Lincoln, of which he had been Bishop since 1235. He was equally bold in resisting the demand of Henry III. for a tenth of the Church revenues. Amid his absorbing labours as a Churchman, he found time to be a copious writer on a great variety of subjects, including husbandry, physical and moral philosophy, as also sermons, commentaries, and an allegory, the _Chateau d'Amour_. Roger Bacon was a pupil of his, and testifies to his amazing variety of knowledge.

GROTE, GEORGE (1794-1871).--Historian, _s._ of a wealthy banker in London, was _b._ at Beckenham, and _ed._ at Charterhouse School. In 1810 he entered the bank, of which he became head in 1830. In 1832 he was elected one of the members of Parliament for the City of London. In 1841 he retired from Parliament, and in 1843 from the bank, thenceforth devoting his whole time to literature, which, along with politics, had been his chief interest from his youth. He early came under the influence of Bentham and the two Mills, and was one of the leaders of the group of theorists known as "philosophical Radicals." In 1820 he _m._ Miss Harriet Lewin who, from her intellectual powers, was fitted to be his helper in his literary and political interests. In 1826 he contributed to the _Westminster Review_ a severe criticism of Mitford's _History of Greece_, and in 1845 _pub._ the first 2 vols. of his own, the remaining 6 vols. appearing at intervals up to 1856. G. belongs to the school of philosophical historians, and his _History_, which begins with the legends, ends with the fall of the country under the successors of Alexander the Great. It is one of the standard works on the subject, which his learning enabled him to treat in a full and thorough manner; the style is clear and strong. It has been repeatedly re-issued, and has been translated into French and German. G. also _pub._, in 1865, _Plato and other Companions of Socrates_, and left unfinished a work on _Aristotle_. In political life G. was, as might be expected, a consistent and somewhat rigid Radical, and he was a strong advocate of the ballot. He was one of the founders of the first London Univ., a Trustee of the British Museum, D.C.L. of Oxf., LL.D. of Camb., and a Foreign Associate of the Académie des Sciences. He was offered, but declined, a peerage in 1869, and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

GRUB, GEORGE (1812-1892).--Historian, was _b._ in Old Aberdeen, and _ed._ at King's Coll. there. He studied law, and was admitted in 1836 to the Society of Advocates, Aberdeen, of which he was librarian from 1841 until his death. He was appointed Lecturer on Scots Law in Marischal Coll., and was Prof. of Law in the Univ. (1881-91). He has a place in literature as the author of an _Ecclesiastical History of Scotland_ (1861), written from the standpoint of a Scottish Episcopalian, which, though dry, is concise, clear, fair-minded, and trustworthy. G. also ed. (along with Joseph Robertson) Gordon's _Scots Affairs_ for the Spalding Club, of which he was one of the founders.

GUEST, LADY CHARLOTTE (BERTIE) (1812-1895).--_Dau._ of the 9th Earl of Lindsey, _m._ in 1833 Sir Josiah J. Guest, a wealthy ironmaster, after whose death in 1852 she managed the works. She was an enthusiastic student of Welsh literature, and aided by native scholars translated with consummate skill the _Mabinogion_, the manuscript of which in Jesus Coll., Oxf., is known as the _Red Book of Hergest_, and which is now a recognised classic of mediæval romance. She also prepared a 'Boys' _Mabinogion_ containing the earliest Welsh tales of Arthur. She was also noted as a collector of china, fans, and playing cards, on which subjects she wrote several volumes. She entered into a second marriage in 1855 with Dr. C. Schreiber, but in literature she is always referred to under her first married name.

GUTHRIE, THOMAS (1803-1873).--Divine and philanthropist, _b._ at Brechin, studied for the Church, and became a minister in Edin. Possessed of a commanding presence and voice, and a remarkably effective and picturesque style of oratory, he became perhaps the most popular preacher of his day in Scotland, and was associated with many forms of philanthropy, especially temperance and ragged schools, of the latter of which he was the founder. He was one of the leaders of the Free Church, and raised over £100,000 for manses for its ministers. Among his writings are _The Gospel in Ezekiel_, _Plea for Ragged Schools_, and _The City, its Sins and Sorrows_.

HABINGTON, WILLIAM (1605-1654).--Poet, _s._ of a Worcestershire Roman Catholic gentleman, was _ed._ at St. Omer's, but refused to become a Jesuit. He _m._ Lucia, _dau._ of Lord Powis, whom he celebrated in his poem _Castara_ (1634), in which he sang the praises of chaste love. He also wrote a tragi-comedy, _The Queen of Arragon_ (1640), and a _Historie of Edward IV._ His verse is graceful and tender.

HAILES, DALRYMPLE DAVID, LORD (1726-1792).--Scottish judge and historical writer, was _b._ at Edin. Belonging to a family famous as lawyers, he was called to the Bar in 1748, and raised to the Bench in 1766. An excellent judge, he was also untiring in the pursuit of his favourite studies, and produced several works of permanent value on Scottish history and antiquities, including _Annals of Scotland_ (1776), and _Canons of the Church of Scotland_ (1769). He was a friend and correspondent of Dr. Johnson.

HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895).--Poet, _b._ at Leeds, _ed._ at Christ's Hospital, was a physician, and practised at various places. His books include _Madeline_ (1871), _Parables and Tales_ (1873), _The Serpent Play_ (1883), _New Day Sonnets_ (1890), and _Memoirs of Eighty Years_ (1893).

HAKLUYT, RICHARD (1553?-1616).--Collector of voyages, belonged to a good Herefordshire family of Dutch descent, was _b._ either at Eyton in that county or in London, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. The sight of a map of the world fired his imagination and implanted in his mind the interest in geography and the lives and adventures of our great navigators and discoverers, which became the ruling passion of his life; and in order to increase his knowledge of these matters he studied various foreign languages and the art of navigation. He took orders, and was chaplain of the English Embassy in Paris, Rector of Witheringsett, Suffolk, 1590, Archdeacon of Westminster, 1602, and Rector of Gedney, Lincolnshire, 1612. After a first collection of voyages to America and the West Indies he compiled, while at Paris, his great work, _The Principal Navigations, Voyages ... and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or over Land to the Remote and Farthest Distant Quarters of the Earth ... within the Compass of these 1500 Years_. It appeared in its final form (three folio vols.) in 1599. Besides it he _pub._ _A Discourse of Western Planting_, and he left a vast mass of MS. afterwards used (in far inferior style) by S. Purchas (_q.v._). In all his work H. was actuated not only by the love of knowledge, but by a noble patriotism: he wished to see England the great sea-power of the world, and he lived to see it so. His work, as has been said, is "our English epic." In addition to his original writings he translated various works, among them being _The Discoveries of the World_, from the Portuguese of Antonio Galvano.

HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676).--Jurist and miscellaneous writer, has left a great reputation as a lawyer and judge. Steering a neutral course during the political changes of his time, he served under the Protectorate and after the Restoration, and rose to be Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He is mentioned here as the author of several works on science, divinity, and law. Among them are _The Primitive Origination of Mankind_, and _Contemplations, Moral and Divine_. His legal works are still of great authority. Though somewhat dissipated in early youth, he has handed down a high reputation for wisdom and piety.

HALES, JOHN (1584-1656).--Theologian, _b._ at Bath, and _ed._ there and at Oxf., became one of the best Greek scholars of his day, and lectured on that language at Oxf. In 1616 he accompanied the English ambassador to the Hague in the capacity of chaplain, and attended the Synod of Dort, where he was converted from Calvinism to Arminianism. A lover of quiet and learned leisure, he declined all high and responsible ecclesiastical preferment, and chose and obtained scholarly retirement in a Fellowship of Eton, of which his friends Sir Henry Savile and Sir Henry Wotton were successively Provost. A treatise on _Schism and Schismatics_ (1636?) gave offence to Laud, but H. defended himself so well that Laud made him a Prebendary of Windsor. Refusing to acknowledge the Commonwealth, he was deprived, fell into poverty, and had to sell his library. After his death his writings were _pub._ in 1659 as _The Golden Remains of the Ever-Memorable Mr. John Hales of Eton College_.

HALIBURTON, THOMAS CHANDLER (1796-1865).--_B._ at Windsor, Nova Scotia, was a lawyer, and rose to be Judge of the Supreme Court of the Colony. He was the author of _The Clock-maker, or Sayings and Doings of Samuel Slick of Slickville_, and a continuation, _The Attaché, or Sam Slick in England_. In these he made a distinctly original contribution to English fiction, full of shrewdness and humour. He may be regarded as the pioneer of the American school of humorists. He wrote various other works, including _The Old Judge_, _Nature and Human Nature_, _A Historical and Statistical Account of Nova Scotia_, etc. In 1856 he settled in England, and sat in the House of Commons for Launceston.

HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGU, 1ST EARL of (1661-1715).--A famous wit, statesman, and patron of literature, was _ed._ at Westminster School and Trinity Coll., Camb. Entering Parliament he became Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1694, and First Lord of the Treasury 1697. Vain and arrogant, he soon lost popularity and power. His chief literary effort was his collaboration with Prior in _The Town and Country Mouse_ (1687), a parody of and reply to Dryden's _Hind and Panther_. H. was the friend and patron of Addison, Steele, Congreve, and many other of the classical writers of his day. He became a peer in 1701.

HALL, MRS. ANNA MARIA (FIELDING) (1800-1881).--Novelist, was _b._ in Dublin, but left Ireland at the age of 15. Nevertheless, that country gave her the motive of several of her most successful books, such as _Sketches of Irish Character_ (1829), _Lights and Shadows of Irish Character_ (1838), _Marian_ (1839), and _The White Boy_ (1845). Other works are _The Buccaneer_, and _Midsummer Eve_, a fairy tale, and many sketches in the _Art Journal_, of which her husband, SAMUEL CARTER HALL (1800-1889), was ed. With him she also collaborated in a work entitled _Ireland, its Scenery, Character, etc._ Mrs. H. was a very voluminous writer; her descriptive talents were considerable, as also was her power of depicting character. Her husband was likewise a writer of some note, chiefly on art.

HALL, BASIL (1788-1844).--Traveller, _s._ of Sir James H., an eminent man of science, was in the navy, and rose to be captain. He was one of the first to visit Corea, and wrote _Voyage of Discovery to Corea_ (1818), also _Travels in North America in 1827-28_, a lively work which gave some offence in the U.S., _Fragments of Voyages and Travels_ (1831-40), and some tales and romances. He was latterly insane.

HALL, or HALLE, EDWARD (1499?-1547).--Chronicler, _b._ in London, studied successively at Camb. and Oxf. He was a lawyer, and sat in Parliament for Bridgnorth, and served on various Commissions. He wrote a history of _The Union of the two Noble and Illustre Families of Lancastre and Yorke_, commonly called _Hall's Chronicle_. It was _pub._ after the author's death by Richard Grafton, and was prohibited by Queen Mary.

HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656).--Divine, _b._ at Ashby-de-la-Zouche, and _ed._ at Camb., he entered the Church, and became in 1627 Bishop of Exeter, and in 1641 Bishop of Norwich. He had a chequered career. He accompanied James I. to Scotland in 1617, and was a Deputy to the Synod of Dort. Accused of Puritanism, and at enmity with Laud, he fell on troublous days, and was, in 1641, imprisoned in the Tower for joining those bishops who protested against the validity of laws passed during their exclusion (owing to tumult in the streets) from Parliament. Returning to Norwich he found that his revenues had been sequestrated, and his private property seized. In 1647 he retired to a small farm near Norwich, where he passed the remainder of his life. Among his works are _Contemplations_, _Characters of Virtues and Vices_ (1614), and his _Virgidemiarum, or Satires_ (1597-8), the last written before he was in orders, and condemned by Archbishop Whitgift to be burned. Pope, however, thought them "the best poetry and truest satire in the English language." H.'s _Divine Right of Episcopacy_ gave rise to much controversy, in which Archbishop Ussher, Milton, and the writers who called themselves "Smectymnuus" (a combination of their initials) took part.

HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831).--Divine, _b._ at Arnsby, Leicestershire, the _s._ of a Baptist minister of some note, was _ed._ at a Baptist Academy, and at the Univ. of Aberdeen, from which he received the degree of D.D. in 1817. He ministered to congregations at Bristol, Cambridge, Leicester, and again at Bristol, and became one of the greatest pulpit orators of his day. His most famous sermon was that on the _Death of the Princess Charlotte_ (1817). Another which created a great impression was that on _Modern Infidelity_. H. was a life-long sufferer, and was occasionally insane, yet his intellectual activity was unceasing. After his death a collection of 50 of his sermons was _pub._ (1843), and _Miscellaneous Works and Remains_ (1846).

HALLAM, HENRY (1777-1859).--Historian, _s._ of a Dean of Wells, was _b._ at Windsor, and _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. He was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple, and appointed a Commissioner of Stamps. Among his earliest writings were papers in the _Edinburgh Review_; but in 1818 he leaped into a foremost place among historical writers by the publication of his _View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages_. This was followed in 1827 by _The Constitutional History of England from the Accession of Henry VII. to the Death of George II._, and his third great work, _Introduction to the Literature of Europe in the 15th, 16th, and 17th Centuries_, in 4 vols., appeared in 1837-39. All these, which have gone through several ed., and have been translated into the principal languages of Europe, are characterised by wide and profound learning, indefatigable research, and judicial impartiality. They opened a new field of investigation in which their author has had few, if any, superiors. In politics H. was a Whig; but he took no active share in party warfare. He had two sons of great promise, both of whom predeceased him. Of these the elder, ARTHUR HENRY, is the subject of Tennyson's _In Memoriam_, and of him his _f._ wrote a touching memoir prefixed to his literary remains.

HALLECK, FITZGREENE (1790-1867).--Poet, _b._ at Guilford, Conn., wrote, with Rodman Drake, a young poet who _d._ at 25, _The Croaker Papers_, a series of satirical and humorous verses, and _Fanny_, also a satire. In 1822 he visited Europe, and the traces of this are found in most of his subsequent poetry, _e.g._ his lines on Burns, and on Alnwick Castle.

HALLIWELL-PHILLIPS, JAMES ORCHARD (1820-1889).--Archæologist and Shakespearian scholar, _ed._ at Camb., was the author of a _Life of Shakespeare_ (1848), _New Boke about Shakespeare and Stratford upon Avon_ (1850), _Folio Edition of Shakespeare_ (1853-65), and various other works relative to him, also _Dictionary of Old English Plays_ (1860). He also ed. works for the Camden and Percy Societies, and compiled a _Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words_. In 1872 he added his wife's name of Phillips to his own.

HAMERTON, PHILIP GILBERT (1834-1894).--Artist and writer on æsthetics, _s._ of a solicitor, was _b._ near Oldham. Originally intended for the Church, he decided for art and literature. After working as an artist in the Highlands with his wife, who was a Frenchwoman, he settled in France, and devoted himself to writing on art. Among his works are _Etching and Etchers, etc._ (1868), _Painting in France after the Decline of Classicism_ (1869), _The Intellectual Life_ (1873), _Human Intercourse_ (1884), _The Graphic Arts_ (1882), _Landscape_ (1885), some of which were magnificently illustrated. He also left an autobiography. His writings had a great influence upon artists, and also in stimulating and diffusing the love of art among the public.

HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804).--Statesman and political writer, _b._ in the West Indies, was one of the framers of the Constitution of the United States, and was the first Sec. of the national Treasury. He was one of the greatest of American statesmen, and has also a place in literature as the principal writer in the _Federalist_, a periodical founded to expound and defend the new Constitution, which was afterwards _pub._ as a permanent work. He contributed 51 of its 85 articles.

HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758-1816).--Wrote _The Cottagers of Glenburnie_, a tale which had much popularity in its day, and perhaps had some effect in the improvement of certain aspects of humble domestic life in Scotland. She also wrote _Letters on Education_, _Essays on the Human Mind_, and _The Hindoo Rajah_.

HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842).--Novelist, brother of Sir William Hamilton (_q.v._), wrote a novel, _Cyril Thornton_ (1827), which was received with great favour. He was an officer in the army, and, on his retirement, settled in Edin., and became a contributor to _Blackwood_. He was also the author of _Annals of the Peninsular Campaign_ (1829), and _Men and Manners in America_ (1833).

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF BANGOUR) (1704-1754).--Poet, was _b._ at the family seat in Linlithgowshire. Cultivated and brilliant, he was a favourite of society, and began his literary career by contributing verses to Allan Ramsay's _Tea Table Miscellany_. He joined the Pretender in 1745, and celebrated the Battle of Prestonpans in _Gladsmuir_. After Culloden he wandered in the Highlands, where he wrote his _Soliloquy_, and escaped to France. His friends, however, succeeded in obtaining his pardon, and he returned to his native country. In 1750, on the death of his brother, he succeeded to the family estate, which, however, he did not long live to enjoy. He is best remembered for his fine ballad of _The Braes of Yarrow_. He also wrote _The Episode of the Thistle_. He _d._ at Lyons.

HAMILTON, WILLIAM (OF GILBERTFIELD) (1665?-1751).--Poet, served in the army, from which he retired with the rank of Lieutenant. He wrote poetical _Epistles_ to Allan Ramsay, and an abridgment in modern Scotch of Blind Harry's _Life of Sir William Wallace_.

HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1788-1856).--Metaphysician, _b._ in Glasgow, in the Univ. of which his _f._ and grandfather successively filled the Chair of Anatomy and Botany, _ed._ there and at Balliol Coll., Oxf., was called to the Scottish Bar, at which he attained little practice, but was appointed Solicitor of Teinds. In 1816 he established his claim to the baronetcy of H. of Preston. On the death of Dr. Thomas Brown in 1820, he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Chair of Moral Philosophy in Edin., but in the following year he was appointed Prof. of History. It was not until 1829 that he gave full proof of his remarkable powers and attainments as a philosopher in a famous article in the _Edinburgh Review_, a critique of Victor Cousin's doctrine of the Infinite. This paper carried his name over Europe, and won for him the homage of continental philosophers, including Cousin himself. After this H. continued to contribute to the _Review_, many of his papers being translated into French, German, and Italian. In 1852 they were _coll._ with notes and additions, and _pub._ as _Discussions in Philosophy and Literature_, _etc._ In 1836 H. was elected Professor of Logic and Metaphysics at Edinburgh, which office he held with great reputation until his death, after which the lectures he had delivered were edited and _pub._ by Prof. Mansel and Veitch. His _magnum opus_ was his edition of the _Works of Dr. Thomas Reid_, left unfinished, and completed by Mansel. H. was the last, and certainly the most learned and accomplished, of the Scottish school of philosophy, which he considered it his mission to develop and correlate to the systems of other times and countries. He also made various important contributions to the science of logic. During his later years he suffered from paralysis of one side, which, though it left his mind unaffected, impaired his powers of work. A Memoir of H. by Prof. Veitch appeared in 1869.

HANNA, WILLIAM (1808-1882).--Divine and biographer, _s._ of Samuel H., Prof. of Divinity in the Presbyterian Coll., Belfast, was _b._ there, became a distinguished minister of the Free Church of Scotland, and colleague of Dr. T. Guthrie (_q.v._). He wrote an admirable _Life of Dr. Chalmers_, whose son-in-law he was, and ed. his works. He also ed. the _Letters of Thomas Erskine of Linlathen_ (_q.v._), and wrote various theological works.

HANNAY, JAMES (1827-1873).--Novelist and journalist, was _b._ at Dumfries, and after serving for some years in the navy took to literature, and became ed. of the _Edinburgh Courant_. He wrote two novels, _Singleton Fontenoy_ (1850), and _Eustace Conyers_ (1855); also _Lectures on Satire and Satirists_, and _Studies on Thackeray_. For the last five years of his life he was British Consul at Barcelona.

HARE, AUGUSTUS JOHN CUTHBERT (1834-1903).--Youngest _s._ of Francis H., and nephew of Aug. and Julius H. (_q.v._), _b._ at Rome, practically adopted by his aunt, the widow of Aug. H., and _ed._ at Harrow. He was the author of a large number of books, which fall into two classes: biographies of members and connections of his family, and descriptive and historical accounts of various countries and cities. To the first belong _Memorials of a Quiet Life_ (his adoptive mother's), _Story of Two Noble Lives_ (Lady Canning and Lady Waterford), _The Gurneys of Earlham_, and an inordinately extended autobiography; to the second, _Walks in Rome_, _Walks in London_, _Wanderings in Spain_, _Cities of Northern, Southern, and Central Italy_ (separate works), and many others. His writings are all interesting and informing, but in general suffer from his tendency to diffuseness.

HARE, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM (1792-1834).--Was the _s._ of Francis Hare-Naylor, who _m._ a cousin of the famous Duchess of Devonshire, and was the author of a history of Germany. He was sent by the widow of Sir W. Jones, whose godson he was, to Winchester, and New Coll., Oxf., in the latter of which he was for some time a tutor. Entering the Church he became incumbent of the rural parish of Alton Barnes where, leading an absolutely unselfish life, he was the father and friend of his parishioners. In addition to writing in conjunction with his brother Julius (_q.v._), _Guesses at Truth_, a work containing short essays on multifarious subjects, which attracted much attention, he left two vols. of sermons.

HARE, JULIUS CHARLES (1795-1855).--Essayist, etc., younger brother of the above, was _b._ at Vicenza. When two years old his parents left him to the care of Clotilda Tambroni, female Prof. of Greek at Bologna. _Ed._ at Charterhouse and Camb., he took orders and, in 1832, was appointed to the rich family living of Hurstmonceau, which Augustus had refused. Here he had John Sterling (_q.v._) for curate, and Bunsen for a neighbour. He was also Archdeacon of Lewes and a Chaplain to the Queen. His first work was _Guesses at Truth_ (1827), jointly with his brother, and he also _pub._, jointly with Thirlwall (_q.v._), a translation of Niebuhr's _History of Rome_, wrote _The Victory of Faith_ and other theological books and pamphlets on Church and other questions, _A Life of Sterling_, and a _Vindication of Luther_. H., though a lovable, was an eccentric, man of strong antipathies, unmethodical, and unpunctual.

HARINGTON, SIR JOHN (1561-1612).--Miscellaneous writer, and translator, _b._ at Kelston Park near Bath, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., became a courtier of Queen Elizabeth, whose godson he was. In 1599 he served in Ireland under Essex, by whom he was knighted on the field, a stretch of authority which was much resented by the Queen. While there he wrote _A Short View of the State of Ireland_, first _pub._ 1880. He was in repute for his epigrams, of which some have wit, but others are only indelicate. His translation of the _Orlando Furioso_ of Ariosto, in the metre of the original, is a somewhat free paraphrase, and is now superseded. It first appeared in the form of extracts, which were handed in MS. about the Court until they reached the Queen, who reprimanded the translator for corrupting the morals of her ladies by translating the most unedifying passages, and banished him to his country seat until he should have translated the whole poem. His most valuable work is one which was _pub._ in 1769 by a descendant, under the title of _Nugæ Antiquæ_ (Old-time Trifles), a miscellaneous collection from his writings and papers, containing many things of interest, _e.g._, a minute account of the Queen's last illness, and letters and verses by her and other eminent persons.

HARLAND, HENRY (1861-1905).--Novelist, _b._ of American parentage at St. Petersburg, and _ed._ at Rome. Thereafter he went to Paris, and thence to America, where he graduated at Harvard, and settled in New York. His literary career falls into two distinctly marked sections, very diverse in character. During the first of these he produced, under the pseudonym of "Sidney Luska," a series of highly sensational novels, thrown off with little regard to literary quality, and which it was his wish should be forgotten; but about 1890 his aspirations underwent a complete change, and he became an enthusiast in regard to style and the _mot propre_. The first novels of this new era, _Mademoiselle Miss_ (1893), _Grey Roses_ (1895), and _Comedies and Errors_ (1898), though obtaining the approval of the literary elect, had little general popularity; but the tide turned with the appearance of _The Cardinal's Snuff-box_ (1900), which was widely admired. It was followed by _The Lady Paramount_ (1901), and _My Friend Prospero_ (1903). H. _d._ at San Remo after a prolonged illness.

HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611-1677).--Political theorist, _s._ of Sir Sapcotes H., was _b._ at Upton, Northamptonshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., where he was a pupil of Chillingworth. After leaving the university he travelled on the Continent, visiting, among other places, The Hague and Venice, where he imbibed republican principles. He was for some time a groom of the bedchamber to Charles I. On the outbreak of the Civil War he sided with the Parliament, but disapproved of the execution of the King, for whom he appears, notwithstanding his political theories, to have cherished a personal attachment. Thereafter he withdrew from active life, and devoted himself to composing his political romance (as it may be called) of _Oceana_, which he _pub._ in 1656, and in which Oceana represents England, Marpesia Scotland, and Panopæa Ireland. In this work he propounds the theory that the natural element of power in states is property, of which land is the most important. He further endeavoured to propagate his views by establishing a debating society called the Rota, and by his conversations with his friends. After the Restoration he was confined in the Tower, and subsequently at Plymouth. He issued several defences of _Oceana_, and made translations from Virgil. In his later years he laboured under mental delusions. Aubrey describes him as of middle stature, strong, well-set, with quick, fiery hazel eyes, and thick curly hair.

HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780).--Grammarian, was a wealthy country gentleman and member of Parliament, who held office in the Admiralty and the Treasury. He was the author of a singular and learned work entitled _Hermes, or a Philosophical Inquiry concerning Universal Grammar_. For the purpose which it had in view it is useless; but it contains much curious matter. His _s._ was the eminent diplomatist, James H., 1st Earl of Malmesbury.

HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908).--Writer of tales, etc., _b._ at Eatonton, Georgia, was successively printer, lawyer, and journalist. He struck out an original line in his stories of animal life as it presents itself to the mind of the Southern negro, in whose dialect they are written. These not only achieved and retain an exceptional popularity among children, to whom they were in the first instance addressed, but attracted the attention of students of folklore and anthology. Among his writings are _Uncle Remus_ (1880), _Nights with Uncle Remus_ (1884), _Mr. Rabbit at Home_ (1895), _Aaron in the Wild Woods_ (1897), _Chronicles of Aunt Minervy Ann_ (1899), etc.

HARTE, FRANCIS BRET (1839-1902).--American humorist, _b._ in Albany, N.Y., but when still a boy went to California. He had a somewhat varied career as a teacher, miner, and journalist, and it is as a realistic chronicler of the gold-field and an original humorist that his chief literary triumphs were achieved. Among his best known writings are _Condensed Novels_, in which he showed great skill as a parodist, _The Luck of Roaring Camp_, _The Idyll of Red Gulch_, and _The Heathen Chinee_. In 1880 he came to Glasgow as U.S. Consul, and from 1885 he lived in London. His writings often show the tenderness and fine feeling that are allied to the higher forms of humour, and he may be said to have created a special form of short story in his Californian tales and prose idylls.

HARTLEY, DAVID (1705-1757).--Philosopher, _b._ at Luddenden, Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Camb., studied for the Church, but owing to theological difficulties turned to medicine as a profession, and practised with success at various places, including London and Bath. He also attained eminence as a writer on philosophy, and indeed may be said to have founded a school of thought based upon two theories, (1) the Doctrine of Vibrations, and (2) that of Association of Ideas. These he developed in an elaborate treatise, _Observations on Man, his Frame, his Duty, and his Expectations_. Though his system has long been discarded, its main ideas have continued to influence thought and investigation.

HARVEY, GABRIEL (1545?-1630).--Poet, _s._ of a ropemaker, was _b._ at Saffron Walden, _ed._ at Camb., and became the friend of Spenser, being the Hobbinol of _The Shepheard's Calendar_. He wrote various satirical pieces, sonnets, and pamphlets. Vain and ill-tempered, he was a remorseless critic of others, and was involved in perpetual controversy, specially with Greene and Nash, the latter of whom was able to silence him. He wrote treatises on rhetoric, claimed to have introduced hexameters into English, was a foe to rhyme, and persuaded Spenser temporarily to abandon it.

HAWES, STEPHEN (_d._ 1523?).--Poet; very little concerning him is known with certainty. He is believed to have been _b._ in Suffolk, and may have studied at Oxf. or Camb. He first comes clearly into view as a Groom of the Chamber in 1502, in which year he dedicated to Henry VII. his _Pastyme of Pleasure_, first printed in 1509 by Wynkyn de Worde. In the same year appeared the _Convercyon of Swerers_ (1509), and _A Joyful Meditacyon of all England_ (1509), on the coronation of Henry VIII. He also wrote the _Exemple of Vertu_. H. was a scholar, and was familiar with French and Italian poetry. No great poet, he yet had a considerable share in regularising the language.

HAWKER, ROBERT STEPHEN (1804-1875).--Poet and antiquary, _ed._ at Cheltenham and Oxf., became parson of Morwenstow, a smuggling and wrecking community on the Cornish coast, where he exercised a reforming and beneficent, though extremely unconventional, influence until his death, shortly before which he was received into the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote some poems of great originality and charm, _Records of the Western Shore_ (1832-36), and _The Quest of the Sangraal_ (1863) among them, besides short poems, of which perhaps the best known is _Shall Trelawny Die?_ which, based as it is on an old rhyme, deceived both Scott and Macaulay into thinking it an ancient fragment. He also _pub._ a collection of papers, _Footprints of Former Men in Cornwall_ (1870).

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864).--Novelist, _b._ at Salem, Massachusetts, _s._. of a sea captain, who _d._ in 1808, after which his mother led the life of a recluse. An accident when at play conduced to an early taste for reading, and from boyhood he cherished literary aspirations. His education was completed at Bowdoin Coll., where he had Longfellow for a fellow-student. After graduating, he obtained a post in the Custom-House, which, however, he did not find congenial, and soon gave up, betaking himself to literature, his earliest efforts, besides a novel, _Fanshawe_, which had no success, being short tales and sketches, which, after appearing in periodicals, were _coll._ and _pub._ as _Twice-told Tales_ (1837), followed by a second series in 1842. In 1841 he joined for a few months the socialistic community at Brook Farm, but soon tired of it, and in the next year he _m._ and set up house in Concord in an old manse, formerly tenanted by Emerson, whence proceeded _Mosses from an Old Manse_ (1846). It was followed by _The Snow Image_ (1851), _The Scarlet Letter_ (1850), his most powerful work, _The House of Seven Gables_, and _The Blithedale Romance_ (1852), besides his children's books, _The Wonder Book_, and _The Tanglewood Tales_. Such business as he had occupied himself with had been in connection with Custom-House appointments at different places; but in 1853 he received from his friend Franklin Pierce, on his election to the Presidency, the appointment of United States Consul at Liverpool, which he retained for four years, when, in consequence of a threatened failure of health, he went to Italy and began his story of _The Marble Faun_, _pub._ in England in 1860 under the title of _The Transformation_. The last of his books _pub._ during his lifetime was _Our Old Home_ (1863), notes on England and the English. He had returned to America in 1860, where, with failing health and powers, he passed his remaining four years. After his death there were _pub._ _The Ancestral Footstep_, _Septimus Felton_, _Dr. Grimshawe's Secret_, and _The Dolliver Romance_, all more or less fragmentary. Most of H.'s work is pervaded by a strong element of mysticism, and a tendency to dwell in the border-land between the seen and the unseen. His style is characterised by a distinctive grace and charm, rich, varied, suggestive, and imaginative. On the whole he is undoubtedly the greatest imaginative writer yet produced by America.

There are several ed. of the _Works_, _e.g._ Little Classics, 25 vols.; Riverside, 15 vols.; Standard Library, 15 vols.; the two last have biographies. _Lives_ by his son Julian, H. James (English Men of Letters, 1850), M.D. Conway (Great Writers, 1890), etc.

HAY, JOHN (1838-1906).--Diplomatist and poet, _b._ at Salem, Indiana, _ed._ at Brown Univ., and called to the Illinois Bar, served in the army, and was one of President Lincoln's secs. He then held diplomatic posts at Paris, Madrid, and Vienna, was Ambassador to Great Britain, and was in 1898 appointed Sec. of State. He has a place in literature by virtue of his _Pike County Ballads_, and _Castilian Days_ (1871).

HAYLEY, WILLIAM (1745-1820).--Poet and biographer, was _b._ at Chichester, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. Though overstrained and romantic, he had some literary ability, and was a good conversationalist. He was the friend of Cowper, whose Life he wrote; and it was to his influence with Pitt that the granting of a pension to the poet was due. He was the author of numerous poems, including _The Triumph of Temper_, and of _Essays_ on _History_ and _Epic Poetry_, and, in addition to his biography of Cowper, wrote a _Life of Milton_. On the death of Thos. Warton in 1790 he was offered, but declined, the Laureateship. Of him Southey said, "Everything about that man is good except his poetry."

HAYNE, PAUL HAMILTON (1830-1886).--Poet, _b._ at Charleston, S. Carolina, of an old family, contributed to various magazines, and _pub._ _Poems_ (1885), containing "Legends and Lyrics." His graceful verses show the influence of Keats. His sonnets are some of his best work.

HAYWARD, ABRAHAM (1802-1884).--Miscellaneous writer, belonged to an old Wiltshire family and was _ed._ at Tiverton School. He studied law at the Inner Temple, and was called to the Bar 1832. He had a great reputation as a _raconteur_ and sayer of good things, and he was a copious contributor to periodicals, especially the _Quarterly Review_. Many of his articles were reprinted as _Biographical and Critical Essays_, and _Eminent Statesmen and Writers_; he also wrote Lives of George Selwyn and Lord Chesterfield, and books on Whist, Junius, and _The Art of Dining_. His _Select Correspondence_ appeared posthumously.

HAYWARD, SIR JOHN (1564?-1627).--Historian, _b._ at Felixstowe, was the author of various historical works, the earliest of which, _The First Part of the Life and Reign of King Henry IV._, was _pub._ in 1599, and gave such offence to Queen Elizabeth that the author was imprisoned. He, however, managed to ingratiate himself with James I. by supporting his views of kingly prerogative. He also, at the request of Prince Henry, wrote a _History of the three Norman Kings of England_ (William I., William II., and Henry I.) _The Life and Reign of Edward VI._ was _pub._ posthumously in 1630.

HAYWOOD, MRS. ELIZA (FOWLER) (1693-1756).--Dramatist and novelist, _b._ in London, was early _m._ to a Mr. H., but the union turning out unhappily, she took to the stage, upon which she appeared in Dublin about 1715. She afterwards settled in London, and produced numerous plays and novels, into which she introduced scandalous episodes regarding living persons whose identity was very thinly veiled, a practice which, along with her political satires, more than once involved her in trouble, and together with certain attacks upon Pope, made in concert with Curll the bookseller, procured for her a place in _The Dunciad_. Her enemies called her reputation in question, but nothing very serious appears to have been proved. She is repeatedly referred to by Steele, and has been doubtfully identified with his "Sappho." Some of her works, such as _The History of Jemmy and Jenny Jessamy_ had great popularity. Others were _The Fair Captive_ (1721), _Idalia_ (1723), _Love in Excess_ (1724), _Memoirs of a Certain Island adjacent to Utopia_ (anonymously) (1725), _Secret History of Present Intrigues at the Court of Caramania_ (anonymously) (1727). She also conducted _The Female Spectator_, and other papers.

HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830).--Essayist and critic, _b._ at Maidstone, was the _s._ of a Unitarian minister. At his father's request he studied for the ministry at a Unitarian Coll. at Hackney. His interests, however, were much more philosophical and political than theological. The turning point in his intellectual development was his meeting with Coleridge in 1798. Soon after this he studied art with the view of becoming a painter, and devoted himself specially to portraiture, but though so good a judge as his friend, J. Northcote, R.A., believed he had the talent requisite for success, he could not satisfy himself, and gave up the idea, though always retaining his love of art. He then definitely turned to literature, and in 1805 _pub._ his first book, _Essay on the Principles of Human Action_, which was followed by various other philosophical and political essays. About 1812 he became parliamentary and dramatic reporter to the _Morning Chronicle_; in 1814 a contributor to the _Edinburgh Review_; and in 1817 he _pub._ a vol. of literary sketches, _The Round Table_. In the last named year appeared his _Characters of Shakespeare's Plays_, which was severely attacked in the _Quarterly Review_ and _Blackwood's Magazine_, to which his democratic views made him obnoxious. He defended himself in a cutting _Letter to William Gifford_, the ed. of the former. The best of H.'s critical work--his three courses of Lectures, _On the English Poets_, _On the English Comic Writers_, and _On the Dramatic Literature of the Age of Queen Elizabeth_--appeared successively in 1818, 1819, and 1820. His next works were _Table Talk_, in which he attacked Shelley (1821-22), and _The Spirit of the Age_ (1825), in which he criticised some of his contemporaries. He then commenced what he intended to be his chief literary undertaking, a life of _Napoleon Buonaparte_, in 4 vols. (1828-30). Though written with great literary ability, its views and sympathies were unpopular, and it failed in attaining success. His last work was a _Life of Titian_, in which he collaborated with Northcote. H. is one of the most subtle and acute of English critics, though, when contemporaries came under review, he sometimes allowed himself to be unduly swayed by personal or political feeling, from which he had himself often suffered at the hands of others. His chief principle of criticism as avowed by himself was that "a genuine criticism should reflect the colour, the light and shade, the soul and body of a work." In his private life he was not happy. His first marriage, entered into in 1807, ended in a divorce in 1822, and was followed by an amour with his landlady's _dau._, which he celebrated in _Liber Amoris_, a work which exposed him to severe censure. A second marriage with a Mrs. Bridgewater ended by the lady leaving him shortly after. The fact is that H. was possessed of a peculiar temper, which led to his quarrelling with most of his friends. He was, however, a man of honest and sincere convictions. There is a _coll._ ed. of his works, the "Winterslow," by A.R. Waller and A. Glover, 12 vols., with introduction by W.E. Henley, etc.

HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND (1793-1875).--Traveller, essayist, and biographer, served in the Engineers, went to South America as manager of a mining company, which failed, and then turned to literature, and made considerable reputation by a book of travels, _Rapid Journeys across the Pampas and among the Andes_ (1827), which was followed by _Bubbles from the Brunnens of Nassau_ (1834). He was Governor of Upper Canada 1835-37, but was not a great success. Thereafter he contributed to the _Quarterly Review_, and _repub._ his articles as _Stokers and Pokers--Highways and Byways_, and wrote a _Life of Bruce_, the Abyssinian traveller. He was made a Baronet in 1836.

HEARN, LAFCADIO (1850-1906).--Journalist and writer on Japan, _s._ of an Irish Army surgeon and of a Greek lady, _b._ in Leucadia, Ionian Islands, lost his parents early, and was sent home to be taken charge of by an aunt in Wales, a Roman Catholic. On her death, when he was still a boy, he was left penniless, delicate, and half blind, and after experiencing great hardships, in spite of which he _ed._ himself, he took to journalism. Going to New Orleans he attained a considerable reputation as a writer with a distinctly individual style. He came under the influence of Herbert Spencer, and devoted himself largely to the study of social questions. After spending three years in the French West Indies, he was in 1890 sent by a publisher to Japan to write a book on that country, and there he remained, becoming a naturalised subject, taking the name of Yakomo Koizumi, and marrying a Japanese lady. He lectured on English literature in the Imperial Univ. at Tokio. Though getting nearer than, perhaps, any other Western to an understanding of the Japanese, he felt himself to the end to be still an alien. Among his writings, which are distinguished by acute observation, imagination, and descriptive power of a high order, are _Stray Leaves from Strange Literature_ (1884), _Some Chinese Ghosts_ (1887), _Gleanings in Buddha Fields_ (1897), _Ghostly Japan_, _Kokoro_, _Hints and Echoes of Japanese Inner Life_, etc. He was also an admirable letter-writer.

HEARNE, THOMAS (1678-1735).--Antiquary, _b._ at White Waltham., Berkshire, and _ed._ at Oxf., where in 1712 he became second keeper of the Bodleian Library. A strong Jacobite, he was deprived of his post in 1716, and afterwards he refused, on political grounds, the chief librarianship. He _pub._ a large number of antiquarian works, including _Reliquiæ Bodleianæ_ (1703), and ed. of Leland's _Itinerary_ and _Collectanea_, Camden's _Annals_, and Fordun's _Scotochronicon_. Some of his own collections were _pub._ posthumously.

HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826).--Poet, _s._ of the Rector of Malpas, a man of family and wealth, and half-brother of Richard H., the famous book-collector, was _ed._ at Oxf., where he gained the Newdigate prize for his poem, _Palestine_, and was elected in 1805 Fellow of All Souls. After travelling in Germany and Russia, he took orders in 1807, and became Rector of the family living of Hodnet. In 1822, after two refusals, he accepted the Bishopric of Calcutta, an office in which he showed great zeal and capacity. He _d._ of apoplexy in his bath at Trichinopoly in 1826. In addition to _Palestine_ he wrote _Europe_, a poem having reference specially to the Peninsular War, and left various fragments, including an Oriental romance based on the story of Bluebeard. H.'s reputation now rests mainly on his hymns, of which several, _e.g._, _From Greenland's Icy Mountains_, _Brightest and Best of the Sons of the Morning_, and _Holy, holy, holy, Lord God Almighty_, are sung wherever the English language is known. He also wrote a _Life of Jeremy Taylor_ (1822). H. was a scholar and wit as well as a devoted Christian and Churchman.

HELPS, SIR ARTHUR (1813-1875).--Essayist and historian, was _b._ at Streatham, Surrey, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb. After leaving the Univ. he was private sec. to various public men, and in 1841, his circumstances rendering him independent of employment, he retired to Bishop's Waltham, and devoted himself for 20 years to study and writing. Appointed, in 1860, Clerk to the Privy Council, he became known to, and a favourite of, Queen Victoria, who entrusted him with the task of editing the _Speeches and Addresses of the Prince Consort_ (1862), and her own book, _Leaves from the Journal of our Life in the Highlands_ (1868). Of his own publications the first was _Thoughts in the Cloister and the Crowd_ (1835), a series of aphorisms, and there followed, among others, _Essays written in the Intervals of Business_ (1841), _Friends in Council_, 4 series (1847-59), _Realmah_ (1869), and _Conversations on War and General Culture_ (1871). In history H. wrote _The Conquerors of the New World_ (1848-52), and _The Spanish Conquests in America_, 4 vols. (1855-61). He also wrote a _Life of Thos. Brassey_, and, as the demand for his historical works fell off, he _repub._ parts of them as individual biographies of Las Casas, Columbus, Pizarro, and Cortez. He also tried the drama, but without success. His essays are his most successful work, containing as they do the thoughts and opinions of a shrewd, experienced, and highly cultivated man, written in what Ruskin called "beautiful quiet English." They have not, however, any exceptional depth or originality.