Chapter XVII: Part 17

MERIVALE, CHARLES (1808-1893).--Historian, _s._ of John Herman M., a translator and minor poet, _b._ in London, _ed._ at Harrow, Haileybury, and Camb., he took orders, and among other preferments held those of chaplain to the Speaker of the House of Commons, 1863-69, and Dean of Ely. From his college days he was a keen student of Roman history, and between 1850 and 1864 he _pub._ his _History of the Romans under the Empire_, an able and scholarly work, though considered by some critics to be too favourable to the Emperors, and the imperial idea. An earlier work was _The Fall of the Roman Republic_ (1853).

MERRIMAN, H. SETON, (_see_ SCOTT, H.S.).

MESTON, WILLIAM (1688?-1745).--_S._ of a blacksmith, was _ed._ at Marischal Coll., Aberdeen, took part in the '15, and had to go into hiding. His _Knight of the Kirk_ (1723) is an imitation of _Hudibras_. It has little merit.

MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS (1735-1788).--Poet, _s._ of the minister of Langholm, Dumfriesshire, was for some time a brewer in Edin., but failed. He went to Oxf., where he was corrector for the Clarendon Press. After various literary failures and minor successes he produced his translation of the _Lusiad_, from the Portuguese of Camoens, which brought him both fame and money. In 1777 he went to Portugal, where he was received with distinction. In 1784 he _pub._ the ballad of _Cumnor Hall_, which suggested to Scott the writing of _Kenilworth_. He is perhaps best remembered, however, by the beautiful lyric, _There's nae luck aboot the Hoose_, which, although claimed by others, is almost certainly his.

MIDDLETON, CONYERS (1683-1750).--Divine and scholar, _b._ at Richmond, Yorkshire, and _ed._ at Camb. He was the author of several latitudinarian treatises on miracles, etc., which brought him into controversy with Waterland (_q.v._) and others, and of a _Life of Cicero_ (1741), largely plagiarised from William Bellenden, a Scottish writer of the 17th century. Another of his controversies was with Bentley on college administration. He was master of a very fine literary style.

MIDDLETON, THOMAS (1570-1627).--Dramatist, was a Londoner and city chronologer, in which capacity he composed a chronicle of the city, now lost. He wrote over 20 plays, chiefly comedies, besides masques and pageants, and collaborated with Dekker, Webster, and other playwrights. His best plays are _The Changeling_, _The Spanish Gipsy_ (both with Rowley), and _Women beware Women_. Another, _The Game of Chess_ (1624), got the author and the players alike into trouble on account of its having brought the King of Spain and other public characters upon the stage. They, however, got off with a severe reprimand. M. was a keen observer of London life, and shone most in scenes of strong passion. He is, however, unequal and repeats himself. Other plays are: _The Phoenix_, _Michaelmas Term_ (1607), _A Trick to Catch the old One_ (1608), _The Familie of Love_ (1608), _A Mad World, My Masters_ (1608), _The Roaring Girl_ (1611) (with Dekker), _The Old Law_ (1656) (with Massinger and Rowley), _A Faire Quarrel_ (1617); and among his pageants and masques are _The Triumphs of Truth_ (1613), _The Triumphs of Honour and Industry_ (1617), _The Inner Temple Masque_ (1619), etc.

MILL, JAMES (1773-1836).--Philosopher and historian, _s._ of a shoemaker, was _b._ at Montrose, and showing signs of superior ability, was sent to the Univ. of Edin. with a view to the ministry. He was licensed as a preacher in 1798, but gave up the idea of the Church, and going to London in 1802 engaged in literary work, ed. the _St. James's Chronicle_, and wrote for the _Edinburgh Review_. In 1806 he began his _History of British India_ (1817-18), and in 1819 received the appointment of Assistant Examiner to the India Office, and in 1834 became head of the department. M. had meanwhile become the intimate friend of Jeremy Bentham, was perhaps the chief exponent of the utilitarian philosophy, and was also one of the founders of the London Univ. His philosophical writings include _Elements of Political Economy_ (1821), and _Analysis of the Human Mind_ (1824). M.'s intellect was powerful, though rigid and somewhat narrow; his style was clear and precise, and his conversational powers very remarkable, and influential in moulding the opinions of those who came into contact with him, especially his distinguished son, John Stuart (_q.v._).

MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873).--Philosopher, _s._ of the above, _b._ in London, was _ed._ by his _f._ with the view of making him the successor of Bentham and himself, as the exponent of the Utilitarian philosophy. In all respects he proved an apt pupil, and by his 15th year had studied classical literature, logic, political economy, and mathematics. In that year he went to France, where he was under the charge of Sir S. Bentham, a brother of Jeremy. His studies had led him to the adoption of the utilitarian philosophy, and after his return he became acquainted with Grote, the Austins, and other Benthamites. In 1823 he entered the India House as a clerk, and, like his _f._, rose to be examiner of Indian correspondence; and, on the dissolution of the Company, retired on a liberal pension. In 1825 he ed. Bentham's _Rationale of Judicial Evidence_. During the following years he was a frequent contributor to Radical journals, and ed. the _London Review_. His _Logic_ appeared in 1843, and produced a profound impression; and in 1848 he _pub._ _Principles of Political Economy_. The years between 1858 and 1865 were very productive, his treatises on _Liberty_, _Utilitarianism_, _Representative Government_, and his _Examination of Sir W. Hamilton's Philosophy_ being _pub._ during this period. In 1865 he entered the House of Commons as one of the members for Westminster, where, though highly respected, he made no great mark. After this political parenthesis he returned to his literary pursuits, and wrote _The Subjection of Women_ (1869), _The Irish Land Question_ (1870), and an _Autobiography_. M. had _m._ in 1851 Mrs. Taylor, for whom he showed an extraordinary devotion, and whom he survived for 15 years. He _d._ at Avignon. His _Autobiography_ gives a singular, and in some respects painful account of the methods and views of his _f._ in his education. Though remaining all his life an adherent of the utilitarian philosophy, M. did not transmit it to his disciples altogether unmodified, but, finding it too narrow and rigid for his own intellectual and moral requirements, devoted himself to widening it, and infusing into it a certain element of idealism.

Bain's _Criticism with Personal Recollections_ (1882), L. Courtney's _John Stuart Mill_ (1889), _Autobiography_, Stephens's _Utilitarians_, J. Grote's _Examination of the Utilitarian Philosophy of Mill_, etc.

MILLER, HUGH (1802-1856).--Geologist, and man of letters, _b._ at Cromarty, had the ordinary parish school education, and early showed a remarkable love of reading and power of story-telling. At 17 he was apprenticed to a stonemason, and his work in quarries, together with rambles among the rocks of his native shore, led him to the study of geology. In 1829 he _pub._ a vol. of poems, and soon afterwards threw himself as an ardent and effective combatant into the controversies, first of the Reform Bill, and thereafter of the Scottish Church question. In 1834 he became accountant in one of the local banks, and in the next year brought out his _Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland_. In 1840 the popular party in the Church, with which he had been associated, started a newspaper, _The Witness_, and M. was called to be ed., a position which he retained till the end of his life, and in which he showed conspicuous ability. Among his geological works are _The Old Red Sandstone_ (1841), _Footprints of the Creator_ (1850), _The Testimony of the Rocks_ (1856), and _Sketch-book of Popular Geology_. Other books are: _My Schools and Schoolmasters_, an autobiography of remarkable interest, _First Impressions of England and its People_ (1847), and _The Cruise of the Betsy_. Of the geological books, perhaps that on the old red sandstone, a department in which M. was a discoverer, is the best: but all his writings are distinguished by great literary excellence, and especially by a marvellous power of vivid description. The end of his life was most tragic. He had for long been overworking his brain, which at last gave way, and in a temporary loss of reason, he shot himself during the night.

_Life and Letters_, P. Bayne (1871), etc.

MILLER, THOMAS (1807-1874).--Poet and novelist, of humble parentage, worked in early life as a basket-maker. He _pub._ _Songs of the Sea Nymphs_ (1832). Going to London he was befriended by Lady Blessington (_q.v._) and S. Rogers (_q.v._), and for a time engaged in business as a bookseller, but was unsuccessful and devoted himself exclusively to literature, producing over 40 vols., including several novels, _e.g._, _Royston Gower_ (1838), _Gideon Giles the Roper_, and _Rural Sketches_. In his stories he successfully delineated rural characters and scenes.

MILMAN, HENRY HART (1791-1868).--Poet and historian, _s._ of Sir Francis M., a distinguished physician, _ed._ at Eton and Oxf. Taking orders he became in 1835 Rector of St. Margaret's, Westminster, and in 1849 Dean of St. Paul's. He also held the professorship of Poetry at Oxf. 1821-31. Among his poetical works may be mentioned _Fazio_ (drama) (1815), _Samor_ (epic) (1818), _The Fall of Jerusalem_ (1820), _The Martyr of Antioch_ (1822), and _Anne Boleyn_ (1826). It is, however, on his work as an historian that his literary fame chiefly rests, his chief works in this department being his _History of the Jews_ (1830), _History of Christianity_ (1840), and especially _The History of Latin Christianity_ (6 vols. 1854-56), which is one of the most important historical works of the century, characterised alike by literary distinction and by learning and research. M. also brought out a valuable ed. of Gibbon's _Decline and Fall_, and wrote a _History of St. Paul's Cathedral_.

MILNES, R. MONCKTON, (_see_ HOUGHTON).

MILTON, JOHN (1608-1674).--Poet, was _b._ 9th December 1608 in Bread Street, London. His _f._, also John, was the _s._ of a yeoman of Oxfordshire, who cast him off on his becoming a Protestant. He had then become a scrivener in London, and grew to be a man of good estate. From him his illustrious _s._ inherited his lofty integrity, and his love of, and proficiency in, music. M. received his first education from a Scotch friend of his father's, Thomas Young, a Puritan of some note, one of the writers of _Smectymnuus_. Thereafter he was at St. Paul's School, and in 1625 went to Christ's Coll., Camb., where for his beauty and his delicacy of mind he was nicknamed "the lady." His sister Anne had _m._ Edward Phillips, and the death of her first child in infancy gave to him the subject of his earliest poem, _On the death of a Fair Infant_ (1626). It was followed during his 7 years' life at the Univ., along with others, by the poems, _On the Morning of Christ's Nativity_ (1629), _On the Circumcision_, _The Passion_, _Time_, _At a Solemn Music_, _On May Morning_, and _On Shakespeare_, all in 1630; and two sonnets, _To the Nightingale_ and _On arriving at the Age of Twenty-three_, in 1631. In 1632, having given up the idea of entering the Church, for which his _f._ had intended him, he lived for 6 years at Horton, near Windsor, to which the latter had retired, devoted to further study. Here he wrote _L'Allegro_ and _Il Penseroso_ in 1632, _Arcades_ (1633), _Comus_ in 1634, and _Lycidas_ in 1637. The first celebrates the pleasures of a life of cheerful innocence, and the second of contemplative, though not gloomy, retirement, and the last is a lament for a lost friend, Edward King, who perished at sea. _Arcades_ and _Comus_ are masques set to music by Henry Lawes, having for their motives respectively family affection and maiden purity. Had he written nothing else these would have given him a place among the immortals. In 1638 he completed his education by a period of travel in France and Italy, where he visited Grotius at Paris, and Galileo at Florence. The news of impending troubles in Church and State brought him home the following year, and with his return may be said to close the first of three well-marked divisions into which his life falls. These may be called (1) the period of preparation and of the early poems; (2) the period of controversy, and of the prose writings; and (3) the period of retirement and of the later poems. Soon after his return M. settled in London, and employed himself in teaching his nephews, Edward and John Phillips, turning over in his mind at the same time various subjects as the possible theme for the great poem which, as the chief object of his life, he looked forward to writing. But he was soon to be called away to far other matters, and to be plunged into the controversies and practical business which were to absorb his energies for the next 20 years. The works of this period fall into three classes--(1) those directed against Episcopacy, including _Reformation of Church Discipline in England_ (1641), and his answers to the writings of Bishop Hall (_q.v._), and in defence of _Smectymnuus_ (_see_ under Calamy); (2) those relating to divorce, including _The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce_ (1643), and _The Four Chief Places of Scripture which treat of Marriage_ (1645); and (3) those on political and miscellaneous questions, including the _Tractate on Education_ (1644), _Areopagitica_ (1644), _A Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing_ (his greatest prose work), _Eikonoklastes_, an answer to the _Eikon Basiliké_ of Dr. Gauden (_q.v._), _The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates_ (1649), in defence of the execution of Charles I., which led to the furious controversy with Salmasius, the writing of _Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio_ (1650), the second _Defensio_ (1654), which carried his name over Europe, and _The Ready and Easy Way to establish a Free Commonwealth_, written on the eve of the Restoration. In 1643 M. had _m._ Mary Powell, the _dau._ of an Oxfordshire cavalier, a girl of 17, who soon found her new life as the companion of an austere poet, absorbed in severe study, too abrupt a change from the gay society to which she had been accustomed, and in a month returned to her father's house on a visit. When the time fixed for rejoining her husband arrived, she showed no disposition to do so, upon which he began to aim at a divorce, and to advocate in the works above mentioned "unfitness and contrariety of mind" as a valid ground for it, views which incurred for him much notoriety and unpopularity. A reconciliation, however, followed in 1645, and three _dau._ were born of the marriage. In 1649 the reputation of M. as a Latinist led to his appointment as Latin or Foreign Sec. to the Council of State, in the duties of which he was, after his sight began to fail, assisted by A. Marvell (_q.v._) and others, and which he retained until the Restoration. In 1652 his wife _d._, and four years later he entered into a second marriage with Katharine Woodcock, who _d._ in child-birth in the following year. To her memory he dedicated one of the most touching of his sonnets. At the Restoration he was, of course, deprived of his office, and had to go into hiding; but on the intercession of Marvell (_q.v._), and perhaps Davenant (_q.v._), his name was included in the amnesty. In 1663, being now totally blind and somewhat helpless, he asked his friend Dr. Paget to recommend a wife for him. The lady chosen was Elizabeth Minshull, aged 25, who appears to have given him domestic happiness in his last years. She survived him for 53 years. The Restoration closed his second, and introduced his third, and for his fame, most productive period. He was now free to devote his whole powers to the great work which he had so long contemplated. For some time he had been in doubt as to the subject, had considered the Arthurian legends, but had decided upon the Fall of Man. The result was _Paradise Lost_, which was begun in 1658, finished in 1664, and _pub._ in 1667. A remark of his friend, Thomas Ellwood (_q.v._), suggested to him the writing of _Paradise Regained_, which, along with _Samson Agonistes_, was _pub._ in 1671. Two years before he had printed a _History of Britain_, written long before, which, however, is of little value. The work of M. was now done. In addition to his blindness he suffered from gout, to which it was partly attributable, and, his strength gradually failing, but with mind unimpaired and serene, he _d._ peacefully on November 8, 1674. In M. the influences of the Renaissance and of Puritanism met. To the former he owed his wide culture and his profound love of everything noble and beautiful, to the latter his lofty and austere character, and both these elements meet in his writings. Leaving Shakespeare out of account, he holds an indisputable place at the head of English poets. For strength of imagination, delicate accuracy and suggestiveness of language, and harmony of versification, he is unrivalled, and almost unapproached; and when the difficulties inherent in the subject of his great masterpiece are considered, the power he shows in dealing with them appears almost miraculous, and we feel that in those parts where he has failed, success was impossible for a mortal. In his use of blank verse he has, for majesty, variety, and music, never been approached by any of his successors. He had no dramatic power and no humour. In everything he wrote, a proud and commanding genius manifests itself, and he is one of those writers who inspire reverence rather than affection. His personal appearance in early life has been thus described, "He was a little under middle height, slender, but erect, vigorous, and agile, with light brown hair clustering about his fair and oval face, with dark grey eyes."

SUMMARY.--_B._ 1608, _ed._ at St. Paul's School and Camb., and while at the latter wrote earlier poems including _The Nativity_ and Sonnets, lived for 6 years at Horton and wrote _L'Allegro_, _Il Penseroso_, _Arcades_, _Comus_, and _Lycidas_, travelled in France and Italy 1638, settled in London, entered on his political and controversial labours, and wrote _inter alia_ on _Reform of Discipline_ 1641, _Divorce_ 1643-45, _Education_ 1644, _Areopagitica_ 1644, and the two _Defences_ 1650 and 1654, appointed Latin Sec. 1649, this period closed by Restoration 1660, _Paradise Lost_ written 1658-64, _pub._ 1667, _Paradise Regained_ and _Samson Agonistes_ 1671, _d._ 1674, _m._ first 1643 Mary Powell, second 1652 Katharine Woodcock, third 1663 Eliz. Minshull, who survived till 1727.

_Life_ by Prof. Masson (_6_ vols. 1859-80), also short Lives by M. Patteson (1880), Garnett (1889). Ed. of _Works_ by Boydell, Sir E. Brydges, and Prof. Masson.

MINOT, LAURENCE (1300?-1352?).--Poet. Nothing is certainly known of him. He may have been a soldier. He celebrates in northern English and with a somewhat ferocious patriotism the victories of Edward III. over the Scots and the French.

MINTO, WILLIAM (1845-1893).--Critic and biographer, _b._ at Alford, Aberdeenshire, and _ed._ at Aberdeen and Oxf., went to London, and became ed. of the _Examiner_, and also wrote for the _Daily News_ and the _Pall Mall Gazette_. In 1880 he was appointed Prof. of Logic and Literature at Aberdeen. He wrote a _Manual of English Prose Literature_ (1873), _Characteristics of the English Poets_ (1874), and a _Life of Defoe_ for the Men of Letters Series.

MITCHELL, JOHN (1815-1875).--Journalist and political writer, _s._ of a Presbyterian minister, was _b._ in Ulster. For some time he practised as a solicitor, but becoming acquainted with Thomas Davis (_q.v._), he associated himself with the Young Ireland party, and was a leading contributor to the _Nation_ newspaper. His political sympathies and acts were carried so far as to bring about in 1848 his trial for treason-felony, and his transportation for 14 years. After his release he resided chiefly at New York, and ed. various papers, and opposed the abolition of slavery; but in 1874 he was elected M.P. for Tipperary, for which, however, he was declared incapable of sitting. On a new election he was again returned, but _d._ before the resulting petition could be heard. He wrote a _Jail Journal_, a work of great power, _The Last Conquest of Ireland_ (_perhaps_) (1860), and a _History of Ireland_ of little value.

MITFORD, MARY RUSSELL (1787-1855).--Poetess and novelist, _b._ at Alresford, Hants, _dau._ of a physician, without practice, selfish and extravagant, who ran through three fortunes, his own, his wife's, and his daughter's, and then lived on the industry of the last. After a vol. of poems which attracted little notice, she produced her powerful tragedy, _Julian_. In 1812, what ultimately became the first vol. of _Our Village_ appeared in the _Lady's Magazine_. To this four additional vols. were added, the last in 1832. In this work Miss M. may be said to have created a new branch of literature. Her novel, _Belford Regis_ (1835), is somewhat on the same lines. She added two dramas, _Rienzi_ (1828), and _Foscari_, _Atherton and other Tales_ (1852), and _Recollections of a Literary Life_, and _d._ at her cottage at Swallowfield, much beloved for her benevolent and simple character, as well as valued for her intellectual powers.

MITFORD, WILLIAM (1744-1827).--Historian, _e.s._ of John M. of Exbury, Hants, descended from an old Northumbrian family, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Cheam School and Oxf. He studied law, but on succeeding to the family estates devoted himself to study and literature, and to his duties as an officer of the militia. His first _pub._ was an _Essay on the Harmony of Language_ (1774). His great work, _The History of Greece_, is said to have been undertaken at the suggestion of Gibbon, who was a fellow-officer in the South Hants Militia. This work, the successive vols. of which appeared at considerable intervals between 1784 and 1810, was long a standard one, though it is now largely superseded by the histories of Thirwall and Grote. M. wrote with strong prejudices against democracy, and in defence of tyrants, but his style is forcible and agreeable, and he brought learning and research to bear on his subject. He sat for many years in Parliament.

MOIR, DAVID MACBETH (1798-1851).--Poet and miscellaneous writer, was a doctor at Musselburgh, near Edin., and a frequent contributor, under the signature of [Greek: D], to _Blackwood's Magazine_ in which appeared _Mansie Waugh_, a humorous Scottish tale. He also wrote _The Legend of Genevieve_ (1824), _Domestic Verses_ (1843), and sketches of the poetry of the earlier half of the 19th century. His poetry was generally grave and tender, but occasionally humorous.

MONBODDO, JAMES BURNETT, LORD (1714-1799).--Philosopher and philologist, _b._ at the family seat in Kincardineshire, was _ed._ at the Univ. of Aberdeen, Edin., and Groningen, and called to the Scottish Bar in 1737. Thirty years later he became a judge with the title of Lord Monboddo. He was a man of great learning and acuteness, but eccentric and fond of paradox. He was the author of two large works alike learned and whimsical, _An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Language_ (6 vols. 1773-92), and _Ancient Metaphysics_ (6 vols. 1779-99). He mooted and supported the theory that men were originally monkeys, and gradually attained to reason, language, and civilisation by the pressure of necessity. His doctrines do not sound so absurd now as they did in his own day. He was visited by Dr. Johnson at Monboddo.

MONTAGU, ELIZABETH (ROBINSON) (1720-1800).--Critic, _dau._ of a gentleman of Yorkshire, _m._ a grandson of Lord Sandwich. She was one of the original "blue-stockings," and her house was a literary centre. She wrote an _Essay on the Writings and Genius of Shakespeare_ (1769), in which she compared him with the classical and French dramatists, and defended him against the strictures of Voltaire. It had great fame in its day, but has long been superseded.

MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (PIERREPONT) (1690-1762).--Letter-writer, was the eldest _dau._ of the 1st Duke of Kingston. In her youth she combined the attractions of a reigning beauty and a wit. Her early studies were encouraged and assisted by Bishop Burnet, and she was the friend of Pope, Addison, and Swift. In 1712 she _m._, against the wishes of her family, Edward Wortley-Montagu, a cousin of the celebrated Charles Montagu, afterwards Earl of Halifax. Her husband having been appointed Ambassador to the Porte, she accompanied him, and wrote the sparkling _Letters from the East_ which have given her a place high among the great letter-writers of the world. While in Turkey she became acquainted with the practice of inoculation against smallpox, which she did much to introduce into western countries. After her return to England she settled at Twickenham, and renewed her friendship with Pope, which, however, ended in a violent quarrel, arising out of her publication of _Town Eclogues_. She was furiously attacked by both Pope and Swift, and was not slow to defend herself. In 1737, for reasons which have never been explained, she left her husband and country, and settled in Italy. Mr. M. having _d._ 1761, she returned at the request of her _dau._, the Countess of Bute, but _d._ the following year.

MONTGOMERIE, ALEXANDER (1545?-1610?).--Poet, probably _b._ in Ayrshire, was in the service of the Regent Morton and James VI., by whom he was pensioned. He is sometimes styled "Captain," and was laureate of the Court. He appears to have fallen on evil days, was imprisoned on the Continent, and lost his pension. His chief work is _The Cherrie and the Slae_ (1597), a somewhat poor allegory of Virtue and Vice, but with some vivid description in it, and with a comparatively modern air. He also wrote _Flyting_ (scolding) _betwixt Montgomerie and Polwart_, _pub._ 1621, and other pieces.

MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854).--Poet, _s._ of a pastor and missionary of the Moravian Brethren, was _b._ at Irvine, Ayrshire, and _ed._ at the Moravian School at Fulneck, near Leeds. After various changes of occupation and abode, he settled in Sheffield in 1792 as clerk to a newspaper. In 1796 he had become ed. of the _Sheffield Iris_, and was twice imprisoned for political articles for which he was held responsible. In 1797 he _pub._ _Prison Amusements_; but his first work to attract notice was _The Wanderer of Switzerland_ (1806). It was followed by _The West Indies_ (1809), _The World before the Flood_ (1812), _Greenland_ (1819), and _The Pelican Island_ (1828), all of which contain passages of considerable imaginative and descriptive power, but are lacking in strength and fire. He himself expected that his name would live, if at all, in his hymns, and in this his judgment has proved true. Some of these, such as _For ever with the Lord_, _Hail to the Lord's Anointed_, and _Prayer is the Soul's sincere Desire_, are sung wherever the English language is spoken. M. was a good and philanthropic man, the opponent of every form of injustice and oppression, and the friend of every movement for the welfare of the race. His virtues attained wide recognition.

MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855).--Poet, a minister of the Scottish Episcopal Church, wrote some ambitious religious poems, including _The Omnipresence of the Deity_ and _Satan_, which were at first outrageously puffed, and had a wide circulation. Macaulay devoted an essay to the demolition of the author's reputation, in which he completely succeeded.

MOORE, EDWARD (1712-1757).--Fabulist and dramatist, _s._ of a dissenting minister, was _b._ at Abingdon. After being in business as a linen-draper, in which he was unsuccessful, he took to literature, and wrote a few plays, of which _The Gamester_ (1753) had a great vogue, and was translated into various languages. He is best known by his _Fables for the Female Sex_ (1744), which rank next to those of Gay (_q.v._).

MOORE, JOHN (1729 or 1730-1802).--Physician and miscellaneous writer, _s._ of an Episcopal minister, was _b._ in Stirling. After studying medicine at Glasgow, he acted as a surgeon in the navy and the army, and ultimately settled in Glasgow as a physician. In 1779 he _pub._ _View of Manners and Society in France, Switzerland, and Germany_, which was well received. A similar work, relating to Italy, followed in 1781. He is, however, chiefly remembered by his romance _Zeluco_ (1786?). One or two other novels followed, and his last works are a _Journal during a Residence in France_ (1792), and _Causes and Progress of the French Revolution_ (1795), the latter of which was used both by Scott and Carlyle. M. was one of the friends of Burns, and was the _f._ of Sir John M., the hero of Corunna.

MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852).--Poet, _b._ in Dublin, _s._ of a grocer and wine-merchant in a small way, was _ed._ at Trinity Coll., after which he went to London, and studied law at the Middle Temple, 1799. He took with him a translation of _Anacreon_, which appeared, dedicated to the Prince Regent, in 1800, was well received, and made a position for him. In the following year appeared _Poems by Thomas Little_. In 1803 he received the appointment of Admiralty Registrar at Bermuda, and after visiting the island and travelling in America, he committed his official duties to a deputy (an unfortunate step as it proved), and returned to England. The literary fruit of this journey was _Epistles, Odes, and other Poems_ (1806). In 1807 M. found his true poetic vocation in his _Irish-Melodies_--the music being furnished by Sir John Stevenson, who adapted the national airs. The reception they met with was enthusiastic, and M. was carried at once to the height of his reputation. They continued to appear over a period of 25 years, and for each of the 130 songs he received 100 guineas. His charming singing of these airs, and his fascinating conversational and social powers made him sought after in the highest circles. In 1815 there appeared _National Airs_ which, however, cannot be considered equal to the _Melodies_. After making various unsuccessful attempts at serious satire, he hit upon a vein for which his light and brilliant wit eminently qualified him--the satirical and pungent verses on men and topics of the day, afterwards _coll._ in _The Twopenny Post Bag_, in which the Prince Regent especially was mercilessly ridiculed, and about the same time appeared _Fables for the Holy Alliance_. In 1818 he produced the _Fudge Family in Paris_, written in that city, which then swarmed with "groups of ridiculous English." _Lalla Rookh_, with its gorgeous descriptions of Eastern scenes and manners, had appeared in the previous year with great applause. In 1818 the great misfortune of his life occurred through the dishonesty of his deputy in Bermuda, which involved him in a loss of £6000, and necessitated his going abroad. He travelled in Italy with Lord John Russell, and visited Byron. Thereafter he settled for a year or two in Paris, where he wrote _The Loves of the Angels_ (1823). On the death of Byron his memoirs came into the hands of Moore, who, in the exercise of a discretion committed to him, destroyed them. He afterwards wrote a _Life of Byron_ (1830), which gave rise to much criticism and controversy, and he also ed. his works. His last imaginative work was _The Epicurean_ (1827). Thereafter he confined himself almost entirely to prose, and _pub._ Lives of Sheridan (1827), and Lord Edward Fitzgerald (1831). His last work, written in failing health, was a _History of Ireland_ for Lardner's _Cabinet Cyclopædia_, which had little merit. Few poets have ever enjoyed greater popularity with the public, or the friendship of more men distinguished in all departments of life. This latter was largely owing to his brilliant social qualities, but his genuine and independent character had also a large share in it. He left behind him a mass of correspondence and autobiographical matter which he committed to his friend Lord John (afterwards Earl) Russell for publication. They appeared in 8 vols. (1852-56).

_Memoir, Journal, and Correspondence_, by Lord John Russell (1856).

MORE, HANNAH (1745-1833).--Miscellaneous and religious writer, was one of the five daughters of a schoolmaster at Stapleton, Gloucestershire. The family removed to Bristol, where Hannah began her literary efforts. Some early dramas, including _The Search after Happiness_ and the _Inflexible Captive_ brought her before the public, and she went to London in 1774, where, through her friend, Garrick, she was introduced to Johnson, Burke, and the rest of that circle, by whom she was highly esteemed. After publishing some poems, now forgotten, and some dramas, she resolved to devote herself to efforts on behalf of social and religious amelioration, in which she was eminently successful, and exercised a wide and salutary influence. Her works written in pursuance of these objects are too numerous to mention. They included _Hints towards forming the Character of a young Princess_ (1805), written at the request of the Queen for the benefit of the Princess Charlotte, _Coelebs in search of a Wife_ (1809), and a series of short tales, the _Cheap Repository_, among which was the well-known _Shepherd of Salisbury Plain_. This enterprise, which had great success, led to the formation of the Religious Tract Society. The success of Miss M.'s literary labours enabled her to pass her later years in ease, and her sisters having also retired on a competency made by conducting a boarding-school in Bristol, the whole family resided on a property called Barley Grove, which they had purchased, where they carried on with much success philanthropic and educational work among the people of the neighbouring district of Cheddar. Few persons have devoted their talents more assiduously to the well-being of their fellow-creatures, or with a greater measure of success.

MORE, HENRY (1614-1687).--Philosopher, _b._ at Grantham, and _ed._ at Camb., took orders, but declined all preferment, including two deaneries and a bishopric; and also various appointments in his Univ., choosing rather a quiet life devoted to scholarship and philosophy, especially the study of writings of Plato and his followers. He led a life of singular purity and religious devotion, tinged with mysticism, and his writings had much popularity and influence in their day. Among them may be mentioned _Psychozoia Platonica_ (1642), _repub._ (1647) as _Philosophicall Poems_, _Divine Dialogues_ (prose) (1668), _The Mystery of Godliness_, and _The Mystery of Iniquity_. His life was written by his friend Richard Ward.

MORE, SIR THOMAS (1478-1535).--Historical and political writer, _s._ of Sir John M., a Justice of the King's Bench, was _b._ in London. In his 16th year he was placed in the household of Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury, who was wont to say, "This child here waiting at the table ... will prove a marvellous man." In 1497 he went to Oxf., where he became the friend of Erasmus and others, and came in contact with the new learning. He studied law at New Inn and Lincoln's Inn, and for some time thought of entering the Church. He was, however, in 1504 sent up to Parliament, where his powerful speaking gained for him a high place. Meanwhile, he had brilliant success in the Law Courts, and was introduced by Wolsey to Henry VIII., with whom he soon rose into high favour. He became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Speaker of the House of Commons, 1523, and was sent on missions to Charles V. and Francis I. At length, on the fall of Wolsey, M. was, much against his will, appointed Lord Chancellor, an office which he filled with singular purity and success, though he was harsh in his dealings with persons accused of heresy. But differences with the King soon arose. M. disapproved of Henry's ecclesiastical policy, as well as of his proceedings in regard to the Queen, and in 1532 he resigned his office. In 1534 he refused the oath which pledged him to approval of the King's marriage to Anne Boleyn, and for this he was imprisoned in the Tower, and on July 7, 1535, beheaded. His body was buried in St. Peter's in the Tower, and his head exhibited on London Bridge, whence it was taken down and preserved by his _dau._, the noble Margaret Roper. All Catholic Europe was shocked at the news of what was truly a judicial murder. Among his works are a Life of _Picus, Earl of Mirandula_ (1510), and a _History of Richard III._, written about 1513. His great work, _Utopia_, was written in Latin in two books--the second 1515, and the first 1516. It had immediate popularity, and was translated into French 1530, English 1551, German 1524, Italian 1548, and Spanish 1790. It gives an account of an imaginary island and people, under cover of which it describes the social and political condition of England, with suggested remedies for abuses. The opinions on religion and politics expressed in it are not, however, always those by which he was himself guided. M. wrote many works of controversy, among which are _Dyaloge concerning Heresies_, also epigrams and dialogues in Latin. His pure and religious character, his sweet temper, his wit, his constancy and fortitude under misfortune combine to render him one of the most attractive and admirable figures in English history.

_Life_ by W. Roper (son-in-law), Lord Campbell, _Lives of Chancellors, Utopia_ was translated by Robinson (1551, etc.), Bishop Burnet (1684, etc.), and ed. by Lupton (1895), and Michelis (1896).

MORGAN, LADY (SYDNEY OWENSON) (1780?-1859).--Novelist, _dau._ of Robert Owenson, an actor, was the author of several vivacious Irish tales, including _The Wild Irish Girl_ (1806), _O'Donnel_ (1814), and _The O'Briens and the O'Flaherties_ (1827); also two books on society in France and in Italy characterised by "more vivacity and point than delicacy," and a Life of Salvator Rosa.

MORIER, JAMES JUSTINIAN (1780?-1849).--Traveller and novelist, _s._ of Isaac M., descended from a Huguenot family resident at Smyrna, where he was _b._, was _ed._ at Harrow. Returning to the East he became in 1809 Sec. of Legation in Persia. He wrote accounts of travels in Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor; also novels, in which he exhibits a marvellous familiarity with Oriental manners and modes of thought. The chief of these are _The Adventures of Hajji Baba_ (1824), and _Hajji Baba in England_ (1828), _Zohrab the Hostage_ (1832), _Ayesha_ (1834), and _The Mirza_ (1841). All these works are full of brilliant description, character-painting, and delicate satire.

MORISON, JAMES COTTER (1832-1888).--Was _ed._ at Oxf. He wrote _Lives of Gibbon_ (1878), and _Macaulay_ (1882); but his best work was his _Life of St. Bernard_ (1863). _The Service of Man_ (1887) is written from a Positivist point of view.

MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894).--Writer on English literature, _s._ of an apothecary, was _b._ in London, _ed._ at a Moravian school in Germany, and at King's Coll., London, and after practising medicine and keeping schools at various places, went in 1850 to London, and adopted literature as his profession. He wrote in periodicals, and from 1859-64 ed. the _Examiner_. From 1865-89 he was Prof. of English Literature at Univ. Coll. He was the author of various biographies, including Lives of _Palissy_, _Cornelius Agrippa_, and _Clement Marot_. His principal work, however, was _English Writers_ (10 vols. 1864-94), coming down to Shakespeare. His _First Sketch of English Literature_--the study for the larger work--had reached at his death a circulation of 34,000 copies.

MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833-1907).--Poet, _b._ at Penrhyn, Carnarvonshire, and _ed._ at Sherborne and Oxf., was called to the Bar, and practised as a conveyancer until 1880, after which he devoted himself to the promotion of higher education in Wales, and became honorary sec. and treasurer of the New Welsh Univ. In 1871 he _pub._ _Songs of Two Worlds_, which showed the influence of Tennyson, and was well received, though rather by the wider public than by more critical circles. It was followed in 1876-77 by _The Epic of Hades_, which had extraordinary popularity, and which, though exhibiting undeniable talent both in versification and narrative power, lacked the qualities of the higher kinds of poetry. It deals in a modern spirit with the Greek myths and legends. Other works are _A Vision of Saints_, _Gwen_, _The Ode of Life_, and _Gycia_, a tragedy.

MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896).--Poet, artist, and socialist, _b._ at Walthamstow, and _ed._ at Marlborough School and Oxf. After being articled as an architect he was for some years a painter, and then joined in founding the manufacturing and decorating firm of Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Co., in which Rossetti, Burne-Jones, and other artists were partners. By this and other means he did much to influence the public taste in furnishing and decoration. He was one of the originators of the _Oxford and Cambridge Magazine_, to which he contributed poems, tales, and essays, and in 1858 he _pub._ _Defence of Guenevere and other Poems_. _The Life and Death of Jason_ followed in 1867, _The Earthly Paradise_ in 1868-70, and _Love is Enough_ in 1875. In the last mentioned year he made a translation in verse of Virgil's _Æneid_. Travels in Iceland led to the writing of _Three Northern Love Stories_, and the epic of _Sigurd the Volsung_ (1876). His translation of the _Odyssey_ in verse appeared 1887. A series of prose romances began with _The House of the Wolfings_ (1889), and included _The Roots of the Mountains_, _Story of the Glittering Plain_, _The Wood beyond the World_, _The Well at the World's End_ (1896), and posthumously _The Water of the Wondrous Isles_, and _Story of the Sundering Flood_. In addition to poems and tales M. produced various illuminated manuscripts, including two of Fitzgerald's _Omar Khayyam_, and many controversial writings, among which are tales and tracts in advocacy of Socialism. To this class belong the _Dream of John Ball_ (1888), and _News from Nowhere_ (1891). In 1890 M. started the Kelmscott Press, for which he designed type and decorations. For his subjects as a writer he drew upon classic and Gothic models alike. He may perhaps be regarded as the chief of the modern romantic school, inspired by the love of beauty for its own sake; his poetry is rich and musical, and he has a power of description which makes his pictures live and glow, but his narratives sometimes suffer from length and slowness of movement.

_Life_ by J.W. Mackail (2 vols., 1899), _The Books of W. Morris_, Forman, etc.

MORTON, THOMAS (1764-1838).--Dramatist, _b._ in Durham, came to London to study law, which he discarded in favour of play-writing. He wrote about 25 plays, of which several had great popularity. In one of them, _Speed the Plough_, he introduced Mrs. Grundy to the British public.

MOTHERWELL, WILLIAM (1797-1835).--Poet, _b._ and _ed._ in Glasgow, he held the office of depute sheriff-clerk at Paisley, at the same time contributing poetry to various periodicals. He had also antiquarian tastes, and a deep knowledge of the early history of Scottish ballad literature, which he turned to account in _Minstrelsy, Ancient and Modern_ (1827), a collection of Scottish ballads with an historical introduction. In 1830 he became ed. of the _Glasgow Courier_, and in 1832 he _coll._ and _pub._ his poems. He also joined Hogg in ed. the Works of Burns.

MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP (1814-1877).--Historian, _b._ at Dorchester, a suburb of Boston, Massachusetts, was _ed._ at Harvard, where O.W. Holmes (_q.v._), afterwards his biographer, was a fellow-student. After graduating he went to Europe, studied at Göttingen and Berlin, and visited Italy. On his return he studied law, and was admitted to the Bar in 1837. He did not, however, practise, and was in 1840 sent to St. Petersburg as Sec. of Legation. Meanwhile, having _pub._ two novels, _Morton's Hope_ and _Merry Mount_, which had little success, he turned to history, and attracted attention by some essays in various reviews. Having decided to write an historical work on Holland, he proceeded in 1851 to Europe to collect materials, and in 1856 _pub._ _The Rise of the Dutch Republic_. It was received with the highest approval by such critics as Froude and Prescott, and at once took its place as a standard work. It was followed in 1860 by the first two vols. of _The United Netherlands_. The following year M. was appointed Minister at Vienna, and in 1869 at London. His latest works were a _Life of Barneveldt_, the Dutch statesman, and _A View of ... the Thirty Years' War_. M. holds a high place among historical writers both on account of his research and accuracy, and his vivid and dramatic style, which shows the influence of Carlyle.

MOULTRIE, JOHN (1799-1874).--Poet, _ed._ at Eton and Camb., took orders and was Rector of Rugby. He wrote several books of poetry, his best known pieces are _My Brother's Grave_, and _Godiva_.

MULOCK, DINAH MARIA (MRS. CRAIK) (1826-1887).--Novelist, _dau._ of a Nonconformist minister of Irish descent. Beginning with stories for children, she developed into a prolific and popular novelist. Her best and most widely known book is _John Halifax, Gentleman_ (1857), which had a wide popularity, and was translated into several languages. Others are _The Head of the Family_, _Agatha's Husband_, _A Life for a Life_, and _Mistress and Maid_. She also wrote one or two vols. of essays.

MUNDAY, ANTHONY (1553-1633).--Dramatist, poet, and pamphleteer, _s._ of a draper in London, appears to have had a somewhat chequered career. He went to Rome in 1578, and _pub._ _The Englyshe Romayne Life_, in which he gives descriptions of rites and other matters fitted to excite Protestant feeling; and he appears to have acted practically as a spy upon Roman Catholics. He had a hand in 18 plays, of which four only are extant, including two on _Robert, Earl of Huntingdon_ (_Robin Hood_) (1598), and one on the _Life of Sir John Oldcastle_. He was ridiculed by Ben Jonson in _The Case is Altered_. He was also a ballad-writer, but nothing of his in this kind survives, unless _Beauty sat bathing in a Spring_ be correctly attributed to him. He also wrote city pageants, and translated popular romances, including _Palladino of England_, and _Amadis of Gaule_. He was made by Stow the antiquary (_q.v._) his literary executor, and _pub._ his _Survey of London_ (1618).

MURE, WILLIAM (1799-1860).--Scholar, laird of Caldwell, Ayrshire, _ed._ at Westminster, Edin., and Bonn, sat in Parliament for Renfrewshire 1846-55. He was a sound classical scholar, and _pub._ _A Critical History of the Language and Literature of Ancient Greece_ (5 vols., 1850-57). He held the view that the _Iliad_ and _Odyssey_ are now substantially as they were originally composed. M. was Lord Rector of Glasgow Univ. 1847-48.

MURPHY, ARTHUR (1727-1805).--Actor and dramatist, _b._ in Ireland, and _ed._ at St. Omer, went on the stage, then studied for the Bar, to which he was ultimately admitted after some demur on account of his connection with the stage. His plays were nearly all adaptations. They include _The Apprentice_ (1756), _The Spouter_, and _The Upholsterer_. He also wrote an essay on Dr. Johnson, and a Life of Garrick.

MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745-1826).--Grammarian, was _b._ in Pennsylvania, and practised as a lawyer. From 1785 he lived in England, near York, and was for his last 16 years confined to the house. His _English Grammar_ (1795) was long a standard work, and his main claim to a place in literature. His other writings were chiefly religious.

MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901).--Poet and essayist, _s._ of a clergyman, was _b._ at Keswick, and _ed._ at Cheltenham and Camb. He became an inspector of schools, and was the author of several vols. of poetry, including _St. Paul_ (1867). He also wrote _Essays Classical and Modern_, and Lives of Wordsworth and Shelley. Becoming interested in mesmerism and spiritualism he aided in founding the Society for Psychical Research, and was joint author of _Phantasms of the Living_. His last work was _Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death_ (1903).

NABBES, THOMAS (_fl._ 1638).--Dramatist, was at Oxf. in 1621. He lived in London, and wrote comedies, satirising bourgeois society. He was most successful in writing masques, among which are _Spring's Glory_ and _Microcosmus_. He also wrote a continuation of Richard Knolles' _History of the Turks_.

NAIRNE, CAROLINA (OLIPHANT), BARONESS (1766-1845).--_B._ at the House of Gask ("the auld house"), _m._ in 1806 her second cousin, Major Nairne, who on reversal of attainder became 5th Lord Nairne. On his death, after residing in various places in England, Ireland, and on the Continent, she settled at the new house of Gask (the old one having been pulled down in 1801). Of her songs--87 in number--many first appeared anonymously in _The Scottish Minstrel_ (1821-24); a collected ed. with her name, under the title of _Lays' from Strathearn_, was _pub._ after her death. Although the songs, some of which were founded on older compositions, had from the first an extraordinary popularity, the authoress maintained a strict anonymity during her life. For direct simplicity and poetic feeling Lady N. perhaps comes nearer than any other Scottish song-writer to Burns, and many of her lyrics are enshrined in the hearts of her fellow-countrymen. Among the best of them are _The Land of the Leal_ (1798), _Caller Herrin'_, _The Laird o' Cockpen_, _The Auld House_, _The Rowan Tree_, _The Hundred Pipers_, and _Will ye no come back Again?_ The Jacobitism of some of these and many others was, of course, purely sentimental and poetical, like that of Scott. She was a truly religious and benevolent character, and the same modesty which concealed her authorship withdrew from public knowledge her many deeds of charity.

NAPIER, MARK (1798-1879).--Historian, _s._ of a lawyer in Edinburgh, was called to the Bar, practised as an advocate, and was made Sheriff of Dumfries and Galloway. He _pub._ Memoirs of the Napiers, of Montrose, and of Graham of Claverhouse, the last of which gave rise to much controversy. N. wrote from a strongly Cavalier and Jacobite standpoint, and had remarkably little of the judicial spirit in his methods. His writings, however, have some historical value.

NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860).--was one of the sons of Col. the Hon. George N. and Lady Sarah Lennox, _dau._ of the 2nd Duke of Richmond, and the object of a romantic attachment on the part of George III. One of his brothers was Sir Charles N., the conqueror of Scinde. Entering the army at 15, he served with great distinction in the Peninsula under Moore and Wellington. His experiences as a witness and participator in the stupendous events of the war combined with the possession of remarkable acumen and a brilliant style to qualify him for the great work of his life as its historian. _The History of the War in the Peninsula and in the South of France from 1807-14_ (1828-40) at once took rank as a classic, and superseded all existing works on the subject. Though not free from prejudice and consequent bias, it remains a masterpiece of historical writing, especially in the description of military operations. It was translated into French, German, Spanish, Italian, and Persian. N. also _pub._ _The Conquest of Scinde_ (1844-46), mainly a defence of his brother Charles, whose life he subsequently wrote. He became K.C.B. in 1848, and General 1859.

NASH, THOMAS (1567-1601).--Satirist, etc., _b._ at Lowestoft, _ed._ at Camb. A reckless life kept him in perpetual poverty, and a bitter and sarcastic tongue lost him friends and patrons. He cherished an undying hatred for the Puritans, and specially for Gabriel Hervey, with whom he maintained a lifelong controversy, and against whose attacks he defended Robert Greene (_q.v._). Among his writings are _Anatomy of Absurdities_ (1589), _Have with you to Saffron Walden_, and _Pierce Pennilesse, his Supplication to the Divell_ (1592), all against the Puritans. In _Summer's_ (a jester of Henry VIII.) _Last Will and Testament_ occurs the well-known song, "Spring, the sweet Spring, is the year's pleasant King." _Christ's Tears over Jerusalem_ (1593) may have indicated some movement towards repentance. Another work in a totally different style, _The Unfortunate Traveller, or the Life of Jack Wilton_ (1594), a wild tale, may be regarded as the pioneer of the novel of adventure. It had, however, so little success that the author never returned to this kind of fiction. A comedy, _The Isle of Dogs_ (now lost), adverted so pointedly to abuses in the state that it led to his imprisonment. His last work was _Lenten Stuffe_ (1599), a burlesque panegyric on Yarmouth and its red herrings. N.'s verse is usually hard and monotonous, but he was a man of varied culture and great ability.

NAYLER, JAMES (1617?-1660).--Quaker theologian, _s._ of a Yorkshire yeoman, who, after serving in the Parliamentary army, joined the Quakers in 1651, became one of Foxe's most trusted helpers, and exercised a powerful influence. By some of the more enthusiastic devotees of the sect he was honoured with such blasphemous titles as "the Lamb of God," which, however, he did not arrogate to himself, but asserted that they were ascribed to "Christ in him." He was found guilty of blasphemy, pilloried, whipped, and branded, and cast into prison, from which he was not released until after the death of Cromwell, when he made public confession and resumed preaching. He was the author of a number of short works both devotional and controversial. He ranks high among the Quakers for eloquence, insight, and depth of thought.

NEAL, JOHN (1793-1876).--Novelist and poet, _b._ at Portland, Maine, was self-educated, kept a dry goods store, and was afterwards a lawyer. He wrote several novels, which show considerable native power, but little art, and are now almost forgotten. Among those which show the influence of Byron and Godwin are _Keep Cool_ (1818), _Logan_ (1822), and _Seventy-six_ (1823). His poems have the same features of vigour and want of finish. In 1823 he visited England, and became known to Jeremy Bentham. He contributed some articles on American subjects to _Blackwood's Magazine_.

NEAVES, CHARLES, LORD (1800-1876).--Miscellaneous author, _b._ and _ed._ in Edinburgh, was called to the Bar, and became a judge. He was a frequent contributor to _Blackwood's Magazine_. His verses, witty and satirical, were _coll._ as _Songs and Verses, Social and Scientific_. He wrote also on philology, and _pub._ a book on the Greek Anthology.