Chapter XXIV: Part 24

TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886).--Poet and theologian, _b._ in Dublin, and _ed._ at Harrow and Camb., took orders, and after serving various country parishes, became in 1847 Prof. of Theology in King's Coll., London, in 1856 Dean of Westminster, and in 1864 Archbishop of Dublin. As Primate of the Irish Church at its disestablishment, he rendered valuable service at that time of trial. In theology his best known works are his _Hulsean Lectures_, _Notes on the Parables_, and _Notes on the Miracles_. His philological writings, _English Past and Present_ and _Select Glossary of English Words_ are extremely interesting and suggestive, though now to some extent superseded. His _Sacred Latin Poetry_ is a valuable collection of mediæval Church hymns. He also wrote sonnets, elegies, and lyrics, in the first of which he was specially successful, besides longer poems, _Justin Martyr_ and _Sabbation_.

TREVISA, JOHN of (1326-1412).--Translator, a Cornishman, _ed._ at Oxf., was Vicar of Berkeley, Gloucestershire, and chaplain to the 4th Lord Berkeley, and Canon of Westbury. He translated for his patron the _Polychronicon_ of Ranulf Higden, adding remarks of his own, and prefacing it with a _Dialogue on Translation between a Lord and a Clerk_. He likewise made various other translations.

TROLLOPE, ANTHONY (1815-1882).--Novelist, _s._ of Thomas Anthony T., a barrister who ruined himself by speculation, and of Frances T. (_q.v._), a well-known writer, was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Harrow and Winchester. His childhood was an unhappy one, owing to his father's misfortunes. After a short time in Belgium he obtained an appointment in the Post Office, in which he rose to a responsible position. His first three novels had little success; but in 1855 he found his line, and in _The Warden_ produced the first of his Barsetshire series. It was followed by _Barchester Towers_ (1857), _Doctor Thorne_ (1858), _Framley Parsonage_ (1861), _The Small House at Allington_ (1864), and _The Last Chronicle of Barset_ (1867), which deal with the society of a small cathedral city. Other novels are _Orley Farm_, _Can you forgive Her?_, _Ralph the Heir_, _The Claverings_, _Phineas Finn_, _He knew he was Right_, and _The Golden Lion of Grandpré_. In all he wrote about 50 novels, besides books about the West Indies, North America, Australia, and South Africa, a translation of _Cæsar_, and monographs on Cicero and Thackeray. His novels are light of touch, pleasant, amusing, and thoroughly healthy. They make no attempt to sound the depths of character or either to propound or solve problems. Outside of fiction his work was generally superficial and unsatisfactory. But he had the merit of providing a whole generation with wholesome amusement, and enjoyed a great deal of popularity. He is said to have received £70,000 for his writings.

TROLLOPE, MRS. FRANCES (MILTON) (1780-1863).--Novelist and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Stapleton near Bristol, _m._ in 1809 Thomas A.T., a barrister, who fell into financial misfortune. She then in 1827 went with her family to Cincinnati, where the efforts which she made to support herself were unsuccessful. On her return to England, however, she brought herself into notice by publishing _Domestic Manners of the Americans_ (1832), in which she gave a very unfavourable and grossly exaggerated account of the subject; and a novel, _The Refugee in America_, pursued it on similar lines. Next came _The Abbess_ and _Belgium and Western Germany_, and other works of the same kind on _Paris and the Parisians_, and _Vienna and the Austrians_ followed. Thereafter she continued to pour forth novels and books on miscellaneous subjects, writing in all over 100 vols. Though possessed of considerable powers of observation and a sharp and caustic wit, such an output was fatal to permanent literary success, and none of her books are now read. She spent the last 20 years of her life at Florence, where she _d._ in 1863. Her third _s._ was Anthony T., the well-known novelist (_q.v._). Her eldest _s._, Thomas Adolphus, wrote _The Girlhood of Catherine de Medici_, a _History of Florence_, and _Life of Pius IX._, and some novels.

TRUMBULL, JOHN (1750-1831).--Poet, _b._ at Waterbury, Conn., was a lawyer, and became a judge. He wrote much verse, his principal productions being _The Progress of Dulness_ (1772) and _McFingal_ (1782), written in support of the Revolution in imitation of _Hudibras_.

TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774).--Philosophic writer, _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Oxf., was a country gentleman, who devoted himself to the study of philosophy, and wrote under the name of Edward Search, a work in 7 vols., _The Light of Nature Followed_ (1768-78). It is rather a miscellany than a systematic treatise, but contains much original and acute thinking.

TUCKER, GEORGE (1775-1861).--Economist, etc., _b._ in Bermuda, became Prof., of Moral Philosophy, etc., in the Univ. of Virginia. He wrote a _Life of Jefferson_, _Political History of the United States_, _Essays Moral and Philosophical_, _The Valley of the Shenandoah_, a novel, _A Voyage to the Moon_ (satire), and various works on economics.

TUCKER, NATHANIEL BEVERLY (1784-1851).--_B._ in Virginia, became a Prof., of Law in William and Mary Coll. He wrote a novel, _The Partisan Leader_ (1836), a prophecy of the future disunion which led to the Civil War. It was _re-pub._ in 1861 as _A Key to the Southern Conspiracy_. Another novel was _George Balcombe_.

TUCKERMAN, HENRY THEODORE (1813-1871).--Essayist, etc., _b._ in Boston, Mass. He was a sympathetic and delicate critic, with a graceful style. He lived much in Italy, which influenced his choice of subjects in his earlier writings. These include _The Italian Sketch-book_, _Isabel, or Sicily_, _Thoughts on the Poets_, _The Book of the Artists_, _Leaves from the Diary of a Dreamer_, etc.

TULLOCH, JOHN (1823-1886).--Theologian and historical writer, _b._ at Bridge of Earn, Perthshire, studied at St. Andrews and Edin. He was ordained to the ministry of the Church of Scotland at Dundee, whence he was translated to Kettins, Forfarshire, and became in 1854 Principal and Prof. of Theology in St. Mary's Coll., St. Andrews. He was a leader of the liberal party in the Church of Scotland, and wrote _Literary and Intellectual Revival of Scotland in the Eighteenth Century_ (1883), _Movements of Religious Thought in the Nineteenth Century_ (1884-85), _Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century_, and a book on Pascal, etc.

TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR (1810-1889).--Versifier, _s._ of a surgeon, was _b._ in London, _ed._ at Charterhouse School and Oxf., and called to the Bar in 1835. He, however, believed that literature was his vocation, and wrote many works in prose and verse, only one of which, _Proverbial Philosophy_, had much success. But the vogue which it had was enormous, especially in America. It is a singular collection of commonplace observations set forth in a form which bears the appearance of verse, but has neither rhyme nor metre, and has long since found its deserved level. He also wrote _War Ballads_, _Rifle Ballads_, and _Protestant Ballads_, various novels, and an autobiography. T. was likewise an inventor, but his ideas in this kind had not much success.

TURBERVILLE, or TURBERVILE, GEORGE (1540?-1610).--Poet, belonging to an ancient Dorsetshire family, was _b._ at Whitchurch, and _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf. He became sec. to Thomas Randolph, Ambassador to Russia, and made translations from the Latin and Italian, and in 1570 _pub._ _Epitaphes, Epigrams, Songs, and Sonets_. He also wrote books on _Falconrie_ and _Hunting_, and was one of the first to use blank verse.

TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847).--Historian, _b._ in London, was a solicitor, and becoming interested in the study of Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon literature, _pub._ the results of his researches in his _History of the Anglo-Saxons_ (1799-1805). Thereafter he continued the narrative in _History of England_ (1814-29), carrying it on to the end of the reign of Elizabeth. These histories, especially the former, though somewhat marred by an attempt to emulate the grandiose style of Gibbon, were works of real research, and opened up, and to a considerable extent developed, a new field of inquiry. T. also wrote a _Sacred History of the World_, and a poem on Richard III.

TUSSER, THOMAS (1524?-1580).--Versifier on agriculture, was an Essex man. Having a good voice he was trained in music, and was a chorister in St. Paul's, and afterwards in Norwich Cathedral, and held the post of musician to Lord Paget. He tried farming at different places, but unsuccessfully, which did not, however, prevent his undertaking to instruct others. This he does with much shrewdness and point in his _Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husbandrie_ (1557), expressed in rude but lively verse; thereafter he added _Hundreth Goode Pointes of Husserie_ (Housewifery). The two joined, and with many additions, were repeatedly reprinted as _Five Hundredth Pointes of Goode Husbandrie united to as many of Goode Huswifery_. Many proverbs may be traced back to the writings of T., who, in spite of all his shrewdness and talent, _d._ in prison as a debtor.

TYNDALE, WILLIAM (1484?-1536).--Translator of the Bible, belonged to a northern family which, migrating to Gloucestershire during the Wars of the Roses, adopted the alternative name of Huchyns or Hychins, which T. himself bore when at Oxf. in 1510. After graduating there, he went to Camb., where the influence of Erasmus, who had been Prof. of Theology, still operated. He took orders, and in 1522 was a tutor in the household of Sir John Walsh of Old Sodbury, and was preaching and disputing in the country round, for which he was called to account by the Chancellor of the diocese. At the same time he translated a treatise by Erasmus, the _Enchiridion Militis Christiani_ (Manual of the Christian Soldier), and in controversy with a local disputant prophesied that he would cause that "a boye that driveth the plough" should know the Scriptures better than his opponent. Having formed the purpose of translating the New Testament T. went in 1523 to London, and used means towards his admission to the household of Tunstal, Bishop of London, but without success; he then lived in the house of a wealthy draper, Humphrey Monmouth, where he probably began his translation. Finding, however, that his work was likely to be interfered with, he proceeded in 1524 to Hamburg, whence he went to visit Luther at Wittenberg. He began printing his translation at Cologne the following year, but had to fly to Worms, where the work was completed. The translation itself is entirely T.'s work, and is that of a thorough scholar, and shows likewise an ear for the harmony of words. The notes and introduction are partly his own, partly literal translations, and partly the gist of the work of Luther. From Germany the translation was introduced into England, and largely circulated until forcible means of prevention were brought to bear in 1528. In this year T. removed to Marburg, where he _pub._ _The Parable of the Wicked Mammon_, a treatise on Justification by Faith, and _The Obedience of a Christian Man_, setting forth that Scripture is the ultimate authority in matters of faith, and the King in matters of civil government. Thereafter, having been at Hamburg and Antwerp, T. returned to Marburg, and in 1530 _pub._ his translation of the _Pentateuch_ and _The Practice of Prelates_, in which he attacked Wolsey and the proposed divorce proceedings of Henry VIII., the latter of whom endeavoured to have him apprehended. Thereafter he was involved in a controversy with Sir Thomas More. In 1533 he returned to Antwerp, Henry's hostility having somewhat cooled, and was occupied in revising his translations, when he was in 1535 betrayed into the hands of the Imperial officers and carried off to the Castle of Vilvorde, where the next year he was strangled and burned. T. was one of the most able and devoted of the reforming leaders, and his, the foundation of all future translations of the Bible, is his enduring monument. He was a small, thin man of abstemious habits and untiring industry.

TYNDALL, JOHN (1820-1893).--Scientific writer, _b._ at Leighlin Bridge, County Carlow, was in early life employed in the ordnance survey and as a railway engineer. He was next teacher of mathematics and surveying at Queenwood Coll., Hampshire, after which he went to Marburg to study science, and while there became joint author of a memoir _On the Magneto-optic Properties of Crystals_ (1850). After being at Berlin he returned in 1851 to Queenwood, and in 1853 was appointed Prof. of Natural Philosophy in the Royal Institution, which in 1867 he succeeded Faraday as Superintendent. With Huxley (_q.v._) he made investigations into the Alpine glaciers. Thereafter he did much original work on heat, sound, and light. In addition to his discoveries T. was one of the greatest popularisers of science. His style, remarkable for lucidity and elegance, enabled him to expound such subjects with the minimum of technical terminology. Among his works are _The Glaciers of the Alps_ (1860), _Mountaineering_ (1861), _Fragments of Science_, two vols. (1871), including his address to the British Association at Belfast, which raised a storm of controversy and protest in various quarters, _Hours of Exercise on the Alps_, etc. T. _d._ from an overdose of chloral accidentally administered by his wife.

TYTLER, ALEXANDER FRASER (1747-1813).--Historian, _s._ of William T. (_q.v._), studied at Edin., was called to the Bar in 1770 and raised to the Bench as Lord Woodhouselee in 1802. He was Prof. of History in Edin., and wrote _Elements of General History_ (1801), _An Essay on the Principles of Translation_ (1791), besides various legal treatises.

TYTLER, PATRICK FRASER (1791-1849).--Historian, _s._ of the above, studied at Edin., and was called to the Bar in 1813. Among his many writings are an _Essay on the History of the Moors in Spain_, _The Life of the Admirable Crichton_ (1819), _History of Scotland_ (1828-43), and _England under the Reigns of Edward VI. and Mary_ (1839). His _History of Scotland_, which was the result of 20 years of study and research, is still authoritative.

TYTLER, WILLIAM (1711-1792).--Historical writer, was a lawyer in Edin., and wrote _An Inquiry into the Evidence against Mary Queen of Scots_, in which he combated the views of Robertson. He discovered the _King's Quhair_ of James I., and _pub._ in 1783 _The Poetical Remains of James I., King of Scotland_, with a Life.

UDALL, NICOLAS (1505-1556).--Dramatist and scholar, _b._ in Hampshire, and _ed._ at Oxf. In 1534 he became headmaster of Eton, from which he was dismissed for misconduct, 1541. In 1537 he became Vicar of Braintree, in 1551 of Calborne, Isle of Wight, and in 1554 headmaster of Westminster School. He translated part of the _Apophthegms_ of Erasmus, and assisted in making the English version of his _Paraphrase of the New Testament_. Other translations were Peter Martyr's _Discourse on the Eucharist_ and Thomas Gemini's _Anatomia_, but he is best remembered by _Ralph Roister Doister_ (1553?), the first English comedy, a rude but lively piece.

UNDERDOWN, THOMAS (_fl._ 1566-1587).--Translator. He translated the _Æthiopian History_ of Heliodorus 1566; also from Ovid.

UNDERWOOD, FRANCIS HENRY (1825-1894).--Critic and biographer, _b._ in Massachusetts, was American Consul at Glasgow and Leith. He wrote _Hand-books of English Literature_, _Builders of American Literature_, etc., some novels, _Lord of Himself_, _Man Proposes_, and _Dr. Gray's Quest_, and biographies of Lowell, Longfellow, and Whittier.

URQUHART, SIR THOMAS (1611-1660).--Eccentric writer and translator, was _ed._ at King's Coll., Aberdeen, after leaving which he travelled in France, Spain, and Italy. He was bitterly opposed to the Covenanters, and fought against them at Turriff in 1639. His later life was passed between Scotland, England (where he was for some time a prisoner in the Tower), and the Continent, where he lived, 1642-45. A man of considerable ability and learning, his vanity and eccentricity verged upon insanity, and he is said to have _d._ from the effects of an uncontrollable fit of joyful laughter on hearing news of the Restoration. Among his extravagances was a genealogy of his family traced through his _f._ to Adam, and through his mother to Eve, he himself being the 153rd in descent. He _pub._ _Trissotetras_, a work on trigonometry (1645), an invective against the Presbyterians (1652), a scheme for a universal language, _Logopandecteision_ (1653), and a partial translation of Rabelais (1653), a further portion being _pub._ in 1693. In the last he was assisted by Peter Anthony Motteux, a Frenchman who had established himself in England, who continued the work.

USK, THOMAS (_d._ 1388).--Poet, _b._ in London, was sec. to John of Northampton, the Wyclifite Lord Mayor of London, whom he betrayed to save himself, in which, however, he failed, being executed in 1388. During his imprisonment, which lasted from 1384 until his death, he composed _The Testament of Love_, a didactic poem long attributed to Chaucer.

USSHER, JAMES (1581-1656).--Divine and scholar, _b._ in Dublin, the _s._ of a lawyer there, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., took orders, and became Chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin, 1605, and Prof. of Divinity, 1607-21. On the Irish clergy, in 1715, deciding to assert themselves as an independent church, U. had the main hand in drawing up the constitution, certain features of which led to the suspicion of his being in favour of Puritanism. To defend himself he went in 1619 to England, and had a conference with the King (James I.), in which he so completely succeeded that he was in 1621 made Bishop of Meath, and four years later Archbishop of Armagh. He constantly used his influence in favour of reform, and endeavoured to introduce such modifications of Episcopacy as would conciliate and comprehend the Presbyterians. During the troubles which led to the Civil War U. maintained the unlawfulness of taking up arms against the King. The Rebellion in Ireland in 1641 drove him away, and he settled first at Oxf., but ultimately at the house of Lady Peterborough at Reigate, where he _d._ in 1656. His works dealt chiefly with ecclesiastical antiquities and chronology, his _magnum opus_ being _Annales_, a chronology of the world from the creation to the dispersion of the Jews in the reign of Vespasian, a work which gained him great reputation on the Continent as well as at home. The date of the creation was fixed as 4004 B.C., which was long universally received. It has, of course, been altogether superseded, alike by the discovery of ancient records, and by geology.

VANBRUGH, SIR JOHN (1664-1726).--Dramatist and architect, _b._ in London of Flemish descent, was in France from 1683 to 1685, studying architecture, for which he had early shown a taste. The next year he got a commission in the army, and in 1690 he was a prisoner first at Vincennes and then in the Bastille. In 1696 he began his dramatic career with _The Relapse_, which had great success. _Æsop_ followed in 1697, and _The Provoked Wife_ in the same year. The latter was severely handled by Jeremy Collier (_q.v._) in his _Short View_, etc., which produced a vindication by the author. In addition to these he wrote or collaborated in various other plays. His leading features as a dramatist are the naturalness of his dialogue and his lively humour. Like all his contemporaries he is frequently extremely gross. He obtained great fame as an architect, as well as a dramatist. Among his most famous designs are Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace, and Dalkeith Palace. He was knighted by George I., was controller of the Royal works, and succeeded Wren as architect to Greenwich Hospital. In addition to the plays above mentioned V. wrote _The Confederacy_ and _The Country House_. He was a handsome and jovial person, and highly popular in society.

VAUGHAN, HENRY (1622-1695).--Poet, _b._ in the parish of Llansaintffraed, Brecknock, and as a native of the land of the ancient Silures, called himself "Silurist." He was at Jesus Coll., Oxf., studied law in London, but finally settled as a physician at Brecon and Newton-by-Usk. In his youth he was a decided Royalist and, along with his twin brother Thomas, was imprisoned. His first book was _Poems, with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished_. It appeared in 1646. _Olor Iscanus_ (the Swan of Usk), a collection of poems and translations, was surreptitiously _pub._ in 1651. About this time he had a serious illness which led to deep spiritual impressions, and thereafter his writings were almost entirely religious. _Silex Scintillans_ (Sparks from the Flint), his best known work, consists of short poems full of deep religious feeling, fine fancy, and exquisite felicities of expression, mixed with a good deal that is quaint and artificial. It contains "The Retreat," a poem of about 30 lines which manifestly suggested to Wordsworth his _Ode on the Intimations of Immortality_, and "Beyond the Veil," one of the finest meditative poems in the language. _Flores Solitudinis_ (Flowers of Solitude) and _The Mount of Olives_ are devout meditations in prose. The two brothers were joint authors of _Thalia Rediviva: the Pastimes and Diversions of a Country Muse_ (1678), a collection of translations and original poems.

VAUGHAN, ROBERT (1795-1868).--A minister of the Congregationalist communion, Prof. of History in London Univ., 1830-43, and Pres. of the Independent Coll., Manchester, 1843-57. He founded, and for a time ed. the _British Quarterly_. He wrote, among various other works, _A History of England under the Stuarts_, _Revolutions of History_, and a Life of Wycliffe.

VEITCH, JOHN (1829-1894).--Philosophic and miscellaneous writer, _b._ at Peebles, _ed._ at Univ. and New Coll., Edin., was assistant to Sir Wm. Hamilton (_q.v._), 1856-60, Prof. of Logic at St. Andrews, 1860-64, and Glasgow, 1864-94. He was a voluminous and accomplished writer, his works including Lives of _Dugald Stewart_ (1857) and _Sir W. Hamilton_ (1869), _Tweed and other Poems_ (1875), _History and Poetry of the Scottish Border_ (1877), _Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry_ (1887), _Merlin and other Poems_ (1889), _Border Essays_ (1896), and _Dualism and Monism_ (1895).

VERY, JONES (1813-1880).--Essayist and poet, _b._ at Salem, Mass., where he became a clergyman and something of a mystic. He _pub._ one small volume, _Essays and Poems_, the latter chiefly in the form of the Shakespearian sonnet. Though never widely popular, he appealed by his refined, still thoughtfulness to a certain small circle of minds.

WACE (_fl._ 1170).--Chronicler, _b._ in Jersey, and _ed._ at Caen, was influenced by the Chronicle of Geoffrey of Monmouth (_q.v._), and based upon it a French metrical romance, _Brut_. Later, at the command of Henry II., he rewrote with additions a chronicle of the life of William the Conqueror and entitled it _Roman de Rou_.

WADE, THOMAS (1805-1875).--Poet, _b._ at Woodbridge, _pub._ poems, dramas, sonnets, and a translation of Dante's _Inferno_. Among his writings are _Tasso and the Sisters_ (1825), _Mundi et Cordis Carmina_ (1835); _Duke Andrea_ (1828), and _The Jew of Arragon_ (1830), both tragedies, and the _Phrenologists_ (1830), a farce.

WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801).--Scholar and controversialist, _b._ at Nottingham, _ed._ at Camb., took orders, but becoming a Unitarian renounced them and acted as classical tutor in various Unitarian academies. He was a strong defender of the French Revolution, and was imprisoned for two years for writing a seditious pamphlet. He _pub._ ed. of various classical writers, and among his theological writings are _Early Christian Writers on the Person of Christ_ (1784), _An Examination of Paine's Age of Reason_ (1794), and _Silva Critica_ (1789-95), illustrations of the Scriptures.

WALLACE, LEWIS (1827-1905).--Novelist, _b._ at Brookville, Indiana, served with distinction in the Mexican and Civil Wars, and rose to the rank of General. He was also a politician of some note, and was Governor of Utah and Minister to Turkey. His novel, _Ben Hur_ (1880), dealing with the times of Christ, had great popularity, and was followed by _The Fair God_, _The Prince of India_, and other novels, and by a work on the _Boyhood of Christ_.

WALLER, EDMUND (1606-1687).--Poet, _b._ at Coleshill, Herts, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., belonged to an old and wealthy family, and in early childhood inherited the estate of Beaconsfield, Bucks, worth £3500 a year. He was related to John Hampden, and was distantly connected with Oliver Cromwell, his own family, however, being staunch Royalists. He studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and at the age of 16 became a member of Parliament, in which he sat for various constituencies for the greater part of his life, and in which his wit and vivacity, as well as his powers of adapting his principles to the times, enabled him to take a prominent part. In 1631 he added to his fortune by marrying Anne Banks, a London heiress, who _d._ in 1634, and he then paid assiduous but unsuccessful court to Lady Dorothea Sidney, to whom, under the name of Sacharissa, he addressed much of his best poetry. Though probably really a Royalist in his sympathies, W. supported the popular cause in Parliament, and in 1641 conducted the case against Sir Francis Crawley for his opinion in favour of the legality of ship-money. His speech, which was printed, had an enormous circulation and brought him great fame. Two years later, however, he was detected in a plot for seizing London for the King, was expelled from the House, fined £10,000, and banished. On this occasion he showed cowardice and treachery, humiliating himself in the most abject manner, and betraying all his associates. He went to the Continent, living chiefly in France and Switzerland, and showing hospitality to Royalist exiles. Returning by permission in 1652 he addressed some laudatory verses, among the best he wrote, to Cromwell, on whose death nevertheless he wrote a new poem entitled, _On the Death of the late Usurper, O.C._ On the Restoration the accommodating poet was ready with a congratulatory address to Charles II., who, pointing out its inferiority as a poem to that addressed to Cromwell, elicited the famous reply, "Poets, Sire, succeed better in fiction than in truth." The poem, however, whatever its demerits, succeeded in its prime object, and the poet became a favourite at Court, and sat in Parliament until his death. In addition to his lighter pieces, on which his fame chiefly rests, W. wrote an epic, _The Summer Islands_ (Bermudas), and a sacred poem, _Divine Love_. His short poems, such as "On a Girdle," often show fancy and grace of expression, but are frequently frigid and artificial, and exhibit absolute indifference to the charms of Nature. As a man, though agreeable and witty, he was time-serving, selfish, and cowardly. Clarendon has left a very unflattering "character" of him. He _m._ a second time and had five sons and eight daughters.

WALLER, JOHN FRANCIS (1810-1894).--Poet, _b._ at Limerick, and _ed._ at Trinity Coll., Dublin, became a contributor to and ultimately ed. of the _Dublin University Magazine_, usually writing under the pseudonym of "Jonathan Freke Slingsby." His works include _Ravenscroft Hall_ (1852), _The Dead Bridal_ (1856), and _Peter Brown_ (1872).

WALPOLE, HORATIO or HORACE (1717-1797).--Miscellaneous writer, third _s._ of Sir Robert W., the great minister of George II., was _b._ in London, and _ed._ at Eton and Camb., after which he travelled on the Continent with Gray, the poet (_q.v._). His _f._ bestowed several lucrative appointments upon him, and he sat in Parliament for various places, but never took any prominent part in public business. By the death of his nephew, the 3rd Earl, he became in 1791 4th Earl of Orford. In 1747 he purchased the villa of Strawberry Hill, Twickenham, the conversion of which into a small Gothic Castle and the collection of the works of art and curios with which it was decorated was the main interest of his subsequent life. His position in society gave him access to the best information on all contemporary subjects of interest, and he was as successful in collecting gossip as curios. He also erected a private press, from which various important works, including Gray's _Bard_, as well as his own writings, were issued. Among the latter are _Letter from Xo Ho to his Friend Lien Chi at Pekin_ (1757), _The Castle of Otranto_, the forerunner of the romances of terror of Mrs. Radcliffe and "Monk" Lewis, _The Mysterious Mother_ (1768), a tragedy of considerable power, _Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors_, _Anecdotes of Painting_, _Catalogue of Engravers_ (1763), _Essay on Modern Gardening_, _Memoirs of the Last Ten Years of George II._, _Memoirs of the Reign of George III._, and above all his _Letters_, 2700 in number, vivacious, interesting, and often brilliant. W. never _m._

WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907).--Historian, _s._ of the Right Hon. Spencer W., Home Sec. in the three Derby Cabinets, belonged to the same family as Sir Robert W. _Ed._ at Eton he became a clerk in the War Office, and was thereafter successively Inspector of Fisheries 1867, Lieutenant-Governor of the Isle of Man 1882, and Sec. to the Post Office, where he made a reputation as an efficient administrator, and was made K.C.B. in 1898. He _pub._ _History of England from_ 1815 in 6 vols., bringing the story down to 1858, and followed it up with _The History of Twenty-five Years_. He also wrote Lives of Spencer Percival, Prime Minister 1809-12, who was assassinated in the lobby of the House of Commons in the latter year, and who was his maternal grandfather, and of Earl Russell. His latest book was _Studies in Biography_. He wrote with much knowledge, and in a clear and sober style.

WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683).--Biographer, and author of _The Compleat Angler_, _s._ of a yeoman, was _b._ at Stafford. Of his earlier years little is known. He carried on business as a hosier in London, in which he made a modest competence, which enabled him to retire at 50, the rest of his long life of 90 years being spent in the simple country pleasures, especially angling, which he so charmingly describes. He was twice _m._, first to Rachel Floud, a descendant of Archbishop Cranmer, and second to Ann Ken, half-sister of the author of the Evening Hymn. His first book was a _Life of Dr. Donne_ (1640), followed by Lives of Sir Henry Wotton (1651), Richard Hooker (1662), George Herbert (1670), and Bishop Sanderson (1678). All of these, classics in their kind, short, but simple and striking, were _coll._ into one vol. His masterpiece, however, was _The Compleat Angler_, the first ed. of which was _pub._ in 1653. Subsequent ed. were greatly enlarged; a second part was added by Charles Cotton (_q.v._). With its dialogues between Piscator (angler), Venator (hunter), and Auceps (falconer), full of wisdom, kindly humour, and charity, its charming pictures of country scenes and pleasures, and its snatches of verse, it is one of the most delightful and care-dispelling books in the language. His long, happy, and innocent life ended in the house of his son-in-law, Dr. Hawkins, Prebendary of Winchester, where in the Cathedral he lies buried.

WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELIOT GEORGE (1810-1852).--Miscellaneous writer, _b._ in County Galway, travelled in the East, and _pub._ an account of his experiences, _The Crescent and the Cross_, which had remarkable success, brought out an historical work, _Memoirs of Prince Rupert and the Cavaliers_ (1849), and ed. _Memoirs of Horace Walpole and his Contemporaries_. He perished in the burning of the steamer _Amazon_.

WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698-1779).--Theologian, _b._ at Newark, where his _f._ was an attorney. Intended for the law, he was for a few years engaged in its practice, but his intense love of, and capacity for, study led him to enter the Church, and in 1728 he was presented to the Rectory of Brand-Broughton, where he remained for many years. His first important work was _The Alliance between Church and State_ (1736), which brought him into notice. But it was entirely eclipsed by his _Divine Legation of Moses_, of which the first part appeared in 1737, and the second in 1741. The work, though learned and able, is somewhat paradoxical, and it plunged him into controversies with his numerous critics, and led to his publishing a _Vindication_. It, however, obtained for him the appointment of chaplain to Frederick, Prince of Wales. In 1739 W. gained the friendship of Pope by publishing a defence of _The Essay on Man_. Through Pope he became acquainted with most of the men of letters of the time, and he was made by the poet his literary executor, and had the legacy of half his library, and the profits of his posthumous works. On the strength of this he brought out an ed. of Pope's works. He also _pub._ an ed. of Shakespeare with notes, which was somewhat severely criticised, and his _Doctrine of Grace_, a polemic against Wesley. He became Dean of Bristol in 1757 and Bishop of Gloucester in 1759. W. was a man of powerful intellect, but his temper was overbearing and arrogant.

"WARD, ARTEMUS", (_see_ BROWN, C.F.).

WARD, ROBERT PLUMER (1765-1846).--Novelist and politician, _b._ in London, _ed._ at Oxf., and called to the Bar 1790, held various political offices, and wrote some books on the law of nations; also three novels, _Tremaine, or the Man of Refinement_, full of prolix discussions; _De Vere, or the Man of Independence_, in which Canning is depicted under the character of Wentworth; and _De Clifford, or the Constant Man_.

WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882).--Theologian, _ed._ at Winchester and Oxf., and came under the influence of J.H. Newman, whose famous Tract No. XC. he defended, and whom he followed into the Church of Rome. In 1844 he _pub._ _The Ideal of a Christian Church_ from the Romanist point of view, whence his soubriquet of "Ideal Ward." He was lecturer on Moral Philosophy at St. Edward's Coll., Ware, and wrote various treatises on controversial theology.

WARDLAW, ELIZABETH, LADY (1677-1727).--Poetess, _dau._ of Sir Charles Halkett of Pitfirrane, and wife of Sir Henry Wardlaw of Pitreavie, is believed to have written the pseudo-ancient ballad of "Hardyknute." The ballad of "Sir Patrick Spens" and others have also, but doubtfully, been attributed to her.

WARNER, SUSAN (1819-1885).--Writer of tales, _b._ at New York, and wrote, under the name of "Elizabeth Wetherell," a number of stories, of which _The Wide, Wide World_ (1851) had an extraordinary popularity. Others were _Queechy_ (1852), _The Old Helmet_ (1863), and _Melbourne House_ (1864). They have no particular literary merit or truth to nature, and are rather sentimental and "gushy."

WARNER, WILLIAM (1558-1609).--Poet, _b._ in London or Yorkshire, studied at Oxf., and was an attorney in London. In 1585 he _pub._ a collection of seven tales in prose entitled _Pan his Syrinx_, and in 1595 a translation of the _Menæchmi_ of Plautus. His chief work was _Albion's England_, _pub._ in 1586 in 13 books of fourteen-syllabled verse, and republished with 3 additional books in 1606. The title is thus explained in the dedication, "This our whole island anciently called Britain, but more anciently Albion, presently containing two kingdoms, England and Scotland, is cause ... that to distinguish the former, whose only occurrants I abridge from our history, I entitle this my book _Albion's England_." For about 20 years it was one of the most popular poems of its size--it contains about 10,000 lines--ever written, and he and Spenser were called the Homer and Virgil of their age. They must, however, have appealed to quite different classes. The plain-spoken, jolly humour, homely, lively, direct tales, vigorous patriotic feeling, and rough-and-tumble metre of Warner's muse, and its heterogeneous accumulation of material--history, tales, theology, antiquities--must have appealed to a lower and wider audience than Spenser's charmed verse. The style is clear, spirited, and pointed, but, as has been said, "with all its force and vivacity ... fancy at times, and graphic descriptive power, it is poetry with as little of high imagination in it as any that was ever written." In his narratives W. allowed himself great latitude of expression, which may partly account for the rapidity with which his book fell into oblivion.

WARREN, SAMUEL (1807-1877).--Novelist, _b._ in Denbighshire, _s._ of a Nonconformist minister. After studying medicine at Edin. he took up law, and became a barrister, wrote several legal text-books, and in 1852 was made Recorder of Hull. He sat in the House of Commons for Midhurst 1856-59, and was a Master in Lunacy 1859-77. He was the author of _Passages from the Diary of a late Physician_, which appeared (1832-37) first in _Blackwood's Magazine_, as did also _Ten Thousand a Year_ (1839). Both attracted considerable attention, and were often reprinted and translated. His last novel, _Now and Then_, had little success. W. entertained exaggerated ideas as to the importance of his place in literature.

WARTON, JOSEPH (1722-1800).--Critic, elder _s._ of the Rev. Thomas W., Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., was _ed._ at Basingstoke School, (of which his _f._ was headmaster), Winchester, and Oxf. He took orders, held various benefices, and became headmaster of Winchester Coll., and Prebendary of Winchester and of St. Paul's. He _pub._ miscellaneous verses, 2 vols. of _Odes_ (1744 and 1746), in which he displayed a then unusual feeling for nature, and revolted against the critical rules of Pope and his followers. He was a good classical scholar, and made an approved translation of the _Eclogues_ and _Georgics_ of Virgil. He and his brother Thomas (_q.v._) were friends of Johnson, and members of the Literary Club. His last work of importance was an _Essay on the Writings and Genius of Pope_, of which the first vol. appeared in 1757, and the second in 1782, and which gave an impulse to the romantic movement in English literature. He also ed. Pope's works, and had begun an ed. of Dryden when he _d._

WARTON, THOMAS (1728-1790).--Literary historian and critic, younger _s._ of Thomas W., Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., and brother of the above, was _ed._ under his _f._ at Basingstoke and at Oxf. At the age of 19 he _pub._ a poem of considerable promise, _The Pleasures of Melancholy_, and two years later attracted attention by _The Triumph of Isis_ (1749), in praise of Oxf., and in answer to Mason's _Isis_. After various other poetical excursions he _pub._ _Observations on Spenser's Faery Queen_ (1754), which greatly increased his reputation, and in 1757 he was made Prof. of Poetry at Oxf., which position he held for 10 years. After bringing out one or two ed. of classics and biographies of college benefactors, he issued, from 1774-81, his great _History of English Poetry_, which comes down to the end of the Elizabethan age. The research and judgment, and the stores of learning often curious and recondite, which were brought to bear upon its production render this work, though now in various respects superseded, a vast magazine of information, and it did much to restore our older poetry to the place of which it had been unjustly deprived by the classical school. His ed. of Milton's minor poems has been pronounced by competent critics to be the best ever produced. W. was a clergyman, but if the tradition is to be believed that he had only two sermons, one written by his _f._ and the other printed, and if the love of ease and of ale which he celebrates in some of his verses was other than poetical, he was more in his place as a critic than as a cleric. As a poet he hardly came up to his own standards. He was made Poet Laureate in 1785, and in the same year Camden Prof. of History, and was one of the first to detect the Chatterton forgeries, a task in which his antiquarian lore stood him in good stead.

WATERLAND, DANIEL (1683-1740).--Theologian, _b._ at Waseley Rectory, Lincolnshire, and _ed._ at Camb., took orders, and obtained various preferments, becoming Master of Magdalene Coll., Camb. 1713, Chancellor of York 1722, and Archdeacon of Middlesex 1730. He was an acute and able controversialist on behalf of the orthodox doctrine of the Trinity, on which he wrote several treatises. He was also the author of a _History of the Athanasian Creed_ (1723).

WATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865).--Naturalist, belonged to an old Roman Catholic family in Yorkshire, and was _ed._ at Stonyhurst Coll. Sent out in 1804 to look after some family estates in Demerara, he wandered through the wildest parts of Guiana and Brazil, in search of plants and animals for his collections. His adventures were related in his highly-spiced and entertaining _Wanderings in South America, etc._ (1825), in which he details certain surprising episodes in connection with the capture of serpents, and specially of a cayman, on the back of which he rode. He also wrote an interesting account of his family.

WATSON, JOHN (1850-1907) "IAN MACLAREN".--Novelist and theological writer, _b._ at Manningtree, where his _f._ was an Inland Revenue official, _ed._ at Stirling and Edin., and the New Coll. there. He came, after serving in a country charge, to Sefton Park Presbyterian Church, Liverpool, where he was a popular preacher, and took a prominent part in the social and religious life of the city. He wrote, under the name of "Ian Maclaren," several novels belonging to the "Kailyard" school, including _Beside the Bonnie Briar Bush_ and _The Days of Auld Lang Syne_, which had great popularity both at home and in America. He also wrote religious works, of which _The Mind of the Master_ is the best known.

WATSON, ROBERT (1730-1781).--Historian, _s._ of an apothecary in St. Andrews, where and at Edin. and Glasgow, he was _ed._ He became Prof. of Logic, and afterwards Principal of St. Salvador's Coll., at St. Andrews, and wrote a History of Philip II. of Spain, and part of a continuation on Philip III., which were long standard works.

WATSON, THOMAS (1557?-1592).--Poet, _b._ in London, was at Oxf., and studied law. He was a scholar, and made translations, one of which was a Latin version of the _Antigone_ of Sophocles. In 1582 he _pub._ _Hecatompathia, or The Passionate Centurie of Love_, consisting of 100 eighteen-line poems, which he called sonnets. It was followed by _Amyntas_ (1585) and _Teares of Fansie_ (1593).

WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864).--Poet, _b._ in London, had an active career as a journalist. He founded the _United Service Gazette_, and ed. various newspapers and an annual, the _Literary Souvenir_. His poems were _coll._ as _Lyrics of the Heart_. His numerous journalistic ventures finally resulted in bankruptcy.

WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748).--Poet and theologian, _b._ at Southampton, where his _f._ kept a school, and _ed._ at a Nonconformist academy at Stoke Newington, became minister of an Independent congregation in Mark Lane; but his health proving insufficient for his pastoral duties, he resigned, and gave himself chiefly to literary work, continuing to preach occasionally. For the last 36 years of his life he resided at Theobald's, the house of his friend, Sir Thomas Abney. Among his writings were various educational treatises, including those on _Logic_ and _The Improvement of the Mind_, and some works on theological subjects. But his fame rests on his sacred poems and his hymns, which number over 500, and with much that is prosaic comprised "There is a Land of Pure Delight," "O God our Help in Ages Past," and "When I survey the Wondrous Cross," which has been called "the most majestic hymn in English speech." His _Horæ Lyricæ_ was _pub._ in 1706, _Hymns_ (1707), _Divine Songs_ (for children) (1715), _Metrical Psalms_ (1719). Some of his poems, such as his exquisite cradle song, "Hush, my dear, lie still and slumber" have a perfect beauty and tenderness.

WAUGH, EDWIN (1817-1890).--Poet, _s._ of a shoemaker, was _b._ at Rochdale and, after a little schooling, apprenticed to a printer. He read eagerly, and became assistant sec. to the Lancashire Public School Association. He first attracted attention by his sketches of Lancashire life and character in the _Manchester Examiner_. He wrote also in prose _Factory Folk_, _Besom Ben Stories_, and _The Chimney Corner_. His best work was, perhaps, his dialect songs, _coll._ as _Poems and Songs_ (1859), which brought him great local fame. He was possessed of considerable literary gift, and has been called "the Lancashire Burns."

WEBBE, WILLIAM (_b._ 1550).--Critic and translator. Almost nothing is known of him except that he was at Camb. and acted as tutor in certain distinguished families, and was a friend of Spenser. He wrote a _Discourse of English Poetrie_ (1586), in which he discusses metre, rhyme (the use of which he reprehends), and reviews English poetry up to his own day. He also translated the first two of the _Eclogues_ of Virgil in singularly unmelodious hexameters.

WEBSTER, MRS. AUGUSTA (DAVIES) (1837-1894).--Poet and translator, _dau._ of Admiral Davies, _m._ Mr. Thomas Webster, a solicitor. She wrote a novel, _Lesley's Guardians_, and several books of poetry of distinguished excellence, including _Blanche Lisle_, _Dramatic Studies_ (1866), _Portraits_ (1870), _A Book of Rhyme_ (1881), and some dramas, including _The Auspicious Day_ (1874), _Disguises_, and _The Sentence_ (1887). She also made translations of _Prometheus Bound_ and _Medea_.

WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852).--Orator, _s._ of a farmer in New Hampshire, was a distinguished advocate in Boston, and afterwards a member of the United States Senate and Sec. of State 1841-43 and 1850-52. He was the greatest orator whom America has produced, and has a place in literature by virtue of his _pub._ speeches.

WEBSTER, JOHN (1580?-1625?).--Dramatist. Though in some respects he came nearest to Shakespeare of any of his contemporaries, almost nothing has come down to us of the life of W. Even the dates of his birth and death are uncertain. He appears to have been the _s._ of a London tailor, to have been a freeman of the Merchant Taylor's Company, and clerk of the parish of St. Andrews, Holborn. Four plays are known to be his, _The White Devil, or the Life and Death of Vittoria Corombona_ (1612), _Appius and Virginia_ (1654), _The Devil's Law Case_ (1623), and _The Duchess of Malfi_ (1623), and he collaborated with Drayton, Middleton, Heywood, Dekker, etc., in the production of others. He does not appear to have been much regarded in his own day, and it was only in the 19th century that his great powers began to be appreciated and expounded by such critics as Lamb and Hazlitt, and in later days Swinburne. The first says, "To move a horror skilfully, to touch a soul to the quick, to lay upon fear as much as it can bear, to wean and weary a life till it is ready to drop, and then step in with mortal instruments to take its last forfeit, this only a Webster can do." W. revels in the horrible, but the touch of genius saves his work from mere brutality, and evokes pity and sorrow where, without it, there would be only horror and disgust. His work is extremely unequal, and he had no power of construction, but his extraordinary insight into motives and feelings redeem all his failings and give him a place second only to Marlowe and Ben Jonson among the contemporaries of Shakespeare.

WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843).--Lexicographer, etc., _b._ at Hartford, Conn., and _ed._ at Yale. His long life was spent in unremitting diligence as teacher, lawyer, and man of letters. His great work is his American _Dictionary of the English Language_ (1828), for which he prepared himself by 10 years' study of philology. Many abridgments of it have appeared, and in 1866 a new and enlarged ed. was _pub._ His _Elementary Spelling Book_ is believed to have attained a circulation of 70,000,000 copies. He also _pub._ _A Philosophical and Practical Grammar of the English Language_ (1807), and many other works.

WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1800?-1879).--Poet, _b._ in London, where he practised as a solicitor, _pub._ in 1822 _Stories after Nature_, written in poetic prose, which attracted no attention, and a biblical drama, _Joseph and his Brethren_ (1824), which had an almost similar fate until D.G. Rossetti called attention to it in 1863, giving it a high meed of praise. In 1874, stung by want of appreciation, he had burned his manuscripts of plays and poems; but on the new interest excited in his _Joseph_ he added some new scenes. In his later years he lived in France. _Joseph and his Brethren_ ed. in the World's Classics, 1909.

WENDOVER, ROGER DE (_d._ 1236).--Chronicler, a monk of St. Albans, became Prior of Belvoir, from which he was deposed for extravagance, but was recalled to St. Albans, where he _d._ He wrote _Flores Historiarum_ (Flowers of History), a history of the world in 2 books, the first from the creation to the incarnation, the second to the reign of Henry III., his own time. The latter is of value as a contemporary authority, and is an impartial and manly account of his own period.

WESLEY, CHARLES (1707-1788).--Hymn-writer, younger brother of John W. (_q.v._), was _b._ at Epworth, and _ed._ at Westminster School and Oxf. He was all his life closely associated with his elder and greater brother, one of whose most loyal helpers he was, though not agreeing with him in all points. His chief fame is founded upon his hymns, of which he is said to have written the almost incredible number of 6500, many of them among the finest in the language. They include "Jesus, Lover of my Soul," "Love Divine all Loves excelling," "Come, oh Thou Traveller Unknown," "Hark the Herald Angels Sing," and "Come, let us join our Friends above."

WESLEY, JOHN (1703-1791).--Theological writer, diarist, and founder of Methodism, was the second surviving _s._ of the Rev. Samuel W., Rector of Epworth, Lincolnshire. The name was also written Westley and Wellesley, and the family appears to be the same as that to which the Duke of Wellington and his brother the Marquis Wellesley belonged. W. was _ed._ at the Charterhouse and at Oxf., and was ordained deacon in 1725, and priest in 1728. After assisting his _f._ for a short time as curate, he returned to Oxf., where he found that his brother Charles, along with G. Whitefield (_q.v._) and others, had begun that association for religious improvement from which sprang the great religious movement known as Methodism. About the same time the two brothers came under the influence of William Law (_q.v._), author of the _Serious Call_, and in 1735 John went on a mission to Georgia to preach to the Indians and colonists, and became closely associated with the Moravian Brethren. Difficulties of a personal character, however, led to his return in 1738 to London, where he continued to associate with the Moravians. It was at this time that, hearing Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans read at a meeting, he found his religious and ecclesiastical views revolutionised. Hitherto holding strong High Church views in some directions, he now assumed a position which ultimately led to his abandoning the doctrine of Apostolical succession, and ordaining pastors and bishops, and finally creating a separate ecclesiastical organisation. Consequences soon followed; the pulpits of the Church were closed against him, and he began his marvellous career of itinerant and out-of-door preaching, which was continued to the close of his long life. He soon became a mighty power in the land; vast crowds waited on his ministrations, which were instrumental in producing a great revival of religious interest, and improved morality among the people. At the same time violent opposition was aroused, and W. was often in danger of his life from mobs. In the end, however, he lived down this state of things to a large extent, and in his old age was the object of extraordinary general veneration, while in his own communion he exercised a kind of pontifical sway. During the 50 years of his apostolic journeyings he is said to have travelled 250,000 miles in Britain, Ireland, and the Continent; but notwithstanding this phenomenal activity he was able, by extreme economy of time, to write copiously, his works including educational treatises, translations from the classics, histories of Rome and England, a history of the Church, biblical commentaries, manifold controversial treatises and ed. of religious classics. Most of them had an enormous circulation and brought him in £30,000, all of which he expended on philanthropic and religious objects. The work, however, on which his literary fame chiefly rests is his _Journal_, extending from 1735-90, which is one of the most graphic and interesting records of its kind in existence. He also wrote many hymns, largely translations from the German, and he had a considerable, hand in giving their final form to the almost innumerable hymns of his brother Charles. W. was a man of practical and organising ability of the first order, of intense religious earnestness and sincerity, benevolent feelings, and agreeable manners. At the same time he was of an autocratic temper, and often showed keenness and even intolerance in his controversies, which were largely against the extreme Calvinism of his old friend and fellow-labourer, Whitefield, and Toplady, the author of the hymn "Rock of Ages," himself a bitter polemic. In 1740 he had formally withdrawn from association with the Moravians. W. was _m._ in 1751 to a widow, Mrs. Vazeille, with whom, however, he did not live happily, and who separated from him in 1776.

WESTALL, WILLIAM (1834-1903).--Novelist, was originally in business, but later betook himself to journalism, and also wrote a large number of novels, including _The Old Factory_, _Strange Crimes_, _Her Ladyship's Secret_, etc., which, while healthy in tone and interesting, have no literary distinction.

WHARTON, THOMAS WHARTON, 1ST MARQUIS of (1648-1715).--Statesman and writer of "Lillibullero," _s._ of the 4th Baron W., was one of the most profligate men of his age. He was a supporter of the Exclusion Bill, and consequently obnoxious to James II. His only contribution to literature was the doggerel ballad, "Lillibullero" (1688), which had so powerful a political effect that its author claimed to have sung a King out of three kingdoms. He was generally disliked and distrusted, but held for a short time, from 1708, the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, when he had Addison as his chief sec.