Chapter XLV

ROMAN LITERATURE UNDER THE EMPIRE. A.D. 14-476.

Roman literature, which had risen to its highest excellence under Augustus, declined rapidly under his successors, and was finally lost with the fall of the Western empire. The language was no longer pure, and neither prose nor poetry retained the harmony and elegance of the Augustan age. A certain sadness and discontent, which marks all the later literature, forms also a striking contrast with the cheerful tone of the earlier writers. Every part of the empire, however, abounded with men of letters, and a high degree of mental cultivation seems every where to have prevailed.

Epic poetry continued to nourish, and Virgil found many imitators. The best epic writer of this period was M. Annæus Lucanus, who was born at Corduba, in Spain, in the year A.D. 38. Lucan was educated at Rome under the Stoic Cornutus, and was introduced by his uncle Seneca to the Emperor Nero. Having for a time enjoyed the patronage of Nero, he at length became the object of his jealousy and hatred, was accused of having taken part in Piso's conspiracy, and was condemned to death. He was allowed, as a favor, to put an end to his own life, and thus died, A.D. 65. Although so young, for he was scarcely twenty-seven years of age, Lucan, besides several shorter poems, produced the Pharsalia, an epic, of which he finished only ten books: it relates the wars between Cæsar and Pompey, and contains many fine thoughts and striking images. He evidently prefers Pompey to Cæsar, and possessed a strong love for liberty, which lends vigor to his verses. His language is pure, his rhythm often harmonious, but he never attains the singular delicacy and sweetness of his master, Virgil.

C. Silius Italicus, the place of whose birth is unknown, also lived during the reign of Nero, and was Consul in the year A.D. 68. He was a Stoic, and put an end to his own life in the year A.D. 100, when he was about seventy-five years of age. His poem, the Punica, is an account of the second Punic War in verse, and is chiefly valuable to the historical student. He had little inventive power, and takes but a low rank in poetry.

P. Papinius Statius, the son of the teacher of the Emperor Domitian, was carefully educated at Rome, and became renowned at an early age for his poetical talents. He spent the last years of his life at Naples, which was also the place of his birth, and died there in the year A.D. 96. He wrote the Thebais, in twelve parts; the Achilleis, in two books; the Sylvæ, a collection of poems; a tragedy, and other works. He seems to have borrowed much from earlier Greek writers, but was possessed of considerable poetical fervor.

Claudius Claudianus, who lived under Theodosius the Great and his two sons, was probably born and educated at Alexandria, but we know little of his history. He came to Rome about A.D. 395, and, under the patronage of Stilicho, rose to a high position in the state. The time and place of his death are unknown. His chief works were, 1. Raptus Proserpinæ, an unfinished poem in three parts; 2. Gigantomachia, another unfinished work; 3. De Bello Gildonico, of which we possess only the first book; and, 4. De Bello Getico, in which the poet sings the victory of Stilicho over Alaric at Pollentia. His poems have a rude vigor which sometimes strikes the attention, but are chiefly valued for the light they throw upon the Gothic wars. They are marked by many faults of taste.

Lyric poetry was little cultivated at Rome after the death of Horace; but satire, which was peculiar to the Romans, reached its highest excellence under the empire. Juvenal is still the master of this kind of writing, although he has been imitated by Boileau, Pope, and Johnson; and his contemporary Persius was also a writer of great power.

Aulus Persius Flaccus was born at Volaterræ, in Etruria, in the year A.D. 34, of a distinguished family of the equestrian rank. He was educated at Rome under the best masters, particularly under the Stoic Cornutus, with whom he lived in close friendship, as well as with Lucan, Seneca, and the most distinguished men of his time. He died at the early age of twenty-eight, leaving behind him six satires and a brief preface. Persius possessed a generous, manly character, was the foe of every kind of vice, and formed one of that graceful band of writers who maintained their independence under the terrors of a despotic government.

Decimus Junius Juvenalis, of whose life we have few particulars, was born at Aquinum A.D. 38 or 40, and came up to Rome, where he at first studied eloquence with great ardor, but at length gave himself wholly to satirical writing. He offended Domitian by his satires, it is said, and was sent by that emperor to the extreme boundary of Egypt, where he died of grief and exile; but scarcely any fact in the history of this great man has been perfectly ascertained.

We possess sixteen satires of Juvenal, the last of which, however, is of doubtful authenticity. These satires are full of noble appeals to the purest emotions of virtue, and of severe rebukes for triumphant vice. Juvenal's language is often harsh and his taste impure; but his ideas are so elevated, his perception of truth, honor, and justice so clear, that he seldom fails to win the attention of his readers.

Epigrams seem to have been a favorite mode of expressing thought at the court of Augustus, and almost every eminent Roman from the time of Cicero has left one or more of these brilliant trifles behind him. M. Valerius Martialis, the chief of the epigrammatists, was born about A.D. 40, at Bibilis, in Spain, from whence he came to Rome, when about twenty, to perfect his education. Here he lived for thirty-five years, engaged in poetical pursuits, and patronized by Titus and Domitian. He seems finally to have returned to his native land, where he was living in the year A.D. 100. His poems are about fifteen hundred in number, divided into fourteen books, and are altogether original in their design. They are always witty, often indecent, and contain many personal allusions which can not now be understood. Martial is one of the most gifted of the Roman writers.

The practice of writing epigrams was preserved until a very late period. Seneca, Pliny the younger, Hadrian, and many others, were fond of composing them; and in modern times the epigram has been a favorite kind of poetry with most good writers.

Phædrus, who lived under Augustus and Tiberius, wrote pleasing fables. Calphurnius and Ausonius imitated Virgil's bucolics, and fragments of many other poets are preserved, whom we can not mention here.

Historical writers also abounded under the empire. Velleius Paterculus, an excellent historian descended from a patrician family, was born about B.C. 19. He was the friend and flatterer of Tiberius, and rose, in consequence, to several high offices. He was Quæstor in perhaps A.D. 7, and Prætor in A.D. 15. His _Historicæ Romanæ_, two books of which remain, is an abridgment of the history of the world, written in a clear and pleasing style, and is, in general, trustworthy. He flatters his benefactors, Augustus and Tiberius, but his fine tribute to the memory of Cicero shows that he felt a strong sympathy with that chief of the Republicans.

Valerius Maximus, who also lived under Tiberius, wrote a considerable work, composed of remarkable examples of virtue, and other anecdotes, collected from Roman or foreign history. He had plainly a just conception of moral purity, although he dedicates his book to Tiberius. His style is inflated and tasteless, but the work is not without interest.

Next after Valerius arose Tacitus, the chief of the imperial prose writers. Tacitus, a plebeian by birth, was born at Interamna. The year of his birth is not known, but must have lain between A.D. 47 and A.D. 61. Tacitus served in the army under Vespasian and Titus. He rose to many honors in the state, but in A.D. 89 left Rome, together with his wife, the daughter of the excellent Agricola. He returned thither in A.D. 97, and was made Consul by the Emperor Nerva. His death took place, no doubt, after A.D. 117. So few are the particulars that remain of the life of this eminent man; but the disposition and sentiments of Tacitus may be plainly discovered in his writings. He was honest, candid, a sincere lover of virtue. He lamented incessantly the fall of the old republic, and does not spare Augustus or Tiberius, whom he believed to be its destroyers. Like Juvenal, whom he resembled in the severity of his censure as well as the greatness of his powers, Tacitus wrote in a sad, desponding temper of mind, as if he foresaw the swift decline of his country.

His style is wholly his own--concise, obscure, strong, forever arousing the attention. He could never have attained the easy elegance of Livy, and he never tells a story with the grace of that unequaled narrator, but he has more vigor in his descriptions, more reality in his characters.

The life of his father-in-law Agricola is one of the most delightful of biographies. His account of the Germans was a silent satire upon the corrupt condition of the Roman state. The _Historiarum Libri_ is a history of his own age, from the fall of Galba to the death of Domitian, and was probably designed to embrace the reigns of Nerva and Trajan. A small portion only of this work is preserved. The _Annales_ relate the history of Rome from the death of Augustus to that of Nero, but are also imperfect. A treatise upon the orators is also attributed to the historian. Tacitus and Juvenal are the last great names in Roman literature.

Quintus Curtius Rufus, an interesting writer, who lived perhaps under Claudius or Tiberius, his true period being uncertain, wrote, in ten books, an account of the exploits of Alexander the Great. He was succeeded by C. Suetonius Tranquillus, who came to Rome during the reign of Domitian, and there studied rhetoric and grammar. Under Hadrian he fell into disgrace and went into exile: the period of his death is unknown. Suetonius wrote the lives of the twelve Cæsars, ending with Domitian. His language is good, and he paints with uncommon minuteness the vices as well as the virtues of his subjects; he abounds, too, in particulars which throw light upon the manners of the Romans. Suetonius also wrote several short treatises, while various biographies have been attributed to him which probably belong to inferior writers.

L. Annæus Florus, who perhaps lived under Trajan, wrote an epitome of Roman history. Justin, whose period is unknown, wrote or abridged from an earlier author, _Trogus_, a history of the world. The _Scriptores Historiæ Augustæ_ is a collection of writers of little merit, who flourished in different periods of the empire. Aurelius Victor, who was probably Præfect of Rome under Theodosius, wrote _Origo Gentis Romanæ_, only a small portion of which has been preserved, and several other historical works. Eutropius, who served under Julian against the Persians, composed a brief history of Rome, written in a pure and natural style.

Ammianus Marcellinus, who lived under Valens, Valentinian, and Theodosius until A.D. 410, and was a Greek by birth, wrote a history of the empire from Nerva to the death of Valens, A.D. 378. A large part of this work is lost. Ammianus abounds in digressions and descriptions, and is, on that account, the more entertaining. His manner can not be praised.

The Spaniard Orosius concludes the list of the Latin historians. Orosius was a Christian presbyter, and, while defending Christianity, paints a lamentable picture of the condition of the pagan world. He borrowed from Justin and other writers, and lived in the fifth century.

Rhetoric continued to be cultivated, but eloquence no longer possessed the power which it held under the Republic. The speeches now delivered were chiefly declamations upon unimportant themes. M. Annæus Seneca, the father of the philosopher, came to Rome from his native city Corduba, in Spain, during the reign of Augustus, and became a famous rhetorician. M. Fabius Quintilianus, a greater name in literature, was born A.D. 42, at Calgurris, in Spain, but, as was customary with men of merit at that period, went up to Rome, and became celebrated as a teacher of rhetoric. He was a person of excellent character, and, besides practicing at the bar, rose to the consulship. Having passed many years in politics or the law, Quintilian at last returned to his old profession, and in the close of his life gave himself wholly to letters. He now wrote his work upon oratory, _Libri duodecim Institutionis Oratoriæ_. In this valuable work he seeks to restore the purity of the language, inculcates simplicity, and shows an excellent taste. The younger Pliny was also a famous orator or declaimer.

The Romance, or modern novel, is also thought to have begun in the first century with the satirical tale ascribed to Petronius Arbiter, or perhaps with the translation of the Milesian tales of Aristides from the Greek by Sisenna. The _Petronii Arbitri Satiricon_ is a romance in prose and verse, and was probably written in the first century by an author of whom nothing is known. It relates the adventures of a certain _Encolopius_, and satirizes the vices and follies of the age. The language of this work is pure, the wit lively, but indecent: only a portion, however, of the _Satiricon_ has been preserved. During the age of the Antonines arose _Appuleius_, the best known of the ancient writers of tales. He was born at Madaura, in Africa, but went to Carthage, and from thence to Athens, where he was initiated into the Grecian mysteries, and studied the Platonic philosophy. Appuleius was an agreeable speaker, and had filled his mind with the learning of his age; but his fame with posterity rests upon his novel _Metamorphoseon_, in which he strives to correct the vices of his contemporaries. In this work a vicious young man is transformed into an ass, under which form he goes through many amusing adventures, but is at last changed to a new man through the influence of the mysteries. The story is full of episodes, the moral good, but the language shows the decline of literary taste.

Philosophy, since the time of Cicero, had become a favorite study with the Romans, although they produced no remarkable philosopher. Seneca, the most eminent of them, was the son of M. Annæus Seneca, the rhetorician. He was probably born at Corduba, in Spain, soon after the Christian era, and was educated by the best masters at Rome. He possessed an active intellect, was early renowned, and held various high offices in the state. Having been the preceptor of Nero, he was finally condemned to death by that monster, and put an end to his life A.D. 65. Seneca was a Stoic, and taught self-control, tranquillity of mind, and contempt for the changes of fortune. His various essays and other writings have always been admired, although he wanted a correct taste, and is often affected and rhetorical. He possessed great wealth, which he either inherited or accumulated. His town house was adorned with marbles and citron-wood, and his country villas, of which he had several, were filled with costly luxuries; yet his morals were probably pure, and he was much beloved for his generosity and fidelity to his many friends.

The elder Pliny, _Plinius Secundus Major_, another famous philosopher, was born in the year A.D. 23, either at Como or Verona. He served with the army in Germany, and rose high in office under Vespasian. Being in command of the fleet at Misenum during the first eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79, in order to gratify his curiosity he remained too long near the burning mountain, and was suffocated by its exhalations. Pliny passed his whole life in study, and was never satisfied unless engaged in acquiring knowledge. His _Historia Naturalis_ resembles the Cosmos of Humboldt, and passes in review over the whole circle of human knowledge. It treats of the heavens, of the earth and its inhabitants, of the various races of man, of animals, trees, flowers, minerals, the contents of the sea and land, of the arts and sciences; and shows that the author possessed an intellect of almost unequaled activity. His nephew, the younger Pliny, who lived under Trajan, and was the favorite correspondent of that emperor, is remembered for his agreeable letters, and the purity and dignity of his character.

Grammatical studies and critical writings also afforded employment for many intelligent Romans; and every part of the empire seems to have been filled with cultivated men, who, possessing wealth and leisure, gave themselves to literary studies. Aulus Gellius, one of the best known of the grammarians, lived during the period of the Antonines. His _Noctes Atticæ_ is a critical work in twenty books, in which he discusses many questions in language, philosophy, and science. He seems to have passed his life in traveling over Italy and Greece, collecting materials for this work, and, wherever he goes he never fails to meet with agreeable, intelligent friends, who delight, like himself, in improving conversation.

Aurelius Macrobius, another well-known grammarian, lived during the fifth century. His Commentary on the Dream of Scipio is full of the scientific speculations of his age. His _Saturnalia_ contains many extracts from the best Roman writers, with criticisms upon them, in which he detects the plagiarisms of Virgil, and observes the faults as well as the beauties of the orators and poets of Rome. The works of other grammarians have been preserved or are partly known to us, among which are those of Servius, Festus, Priscianus, and Isidorus.

The study of the law, too, flourished in uncommon excellence under the emperors, and nearly two thousand legal works were condensed in the Digests of Justinian, few of which belonged to the Republican period. Under Augustus and Tiberius, Q. Antistius Labeo founded the famous school of the Proculians. He left four hundred volumes upon legal subjects. His rival, C. Ateius Capito, founded the school of the Sabinians, and was also a profuse writer. Under Hadrian, Salvius Julianus prepared the _Edictum Perpetuum_, about the year A.D. 132, which condensed all the edicts of former magistrates into a convenient code. Papinianus, Ulpianus, and Paulus were also celebrated for their legal writings. The only complete legal work, however, which we possess from this period, is a Commentary by Gaius, who lived probably under Hadrian. This valuable treatise was discovered in the year 1816 by the historian Niebuhr, in the library of Verona. It contains a clear account of the principles of the Roman law, and the Institutes of Justinian are little more than a transcript of those of Gaius.

Various medical writers also belong to the Imperial period, the most important of whom is A. Cornelius Celsus. Works on agriculture were also written by Columella, Palladius, and others, which serve to show the decline of that pursuit among the Romans. Geography, mathematics, and architecture were also cultivated; but of most of these scientific authors only the name is preserved.

INDEX.

A.

_Accensi_, 123.

Accius, L., 275.

Achæan League, 107;
in alliance with Philip V., 108.

Achæan War, 138.

Ædiles, 117.

Adolphus, brother of Alaric, 341.

Ælius Saturninus, 297.

Ælius Sejanus, 297;
his death, 299.

Æmilianus, 324.

Æmilius Lepidus, M., military road made by, 114.

Æmilius Paullus, L., ends the war in Illyria, 79;
slain in the battle of Cannæ, 88.

Æmilius Paullus, L. (son), defeats Perseus, 135.

Æneas, legend of, 8.

Æquians, 58.

Ætolian League, 107;
forms alliance with Rome, 108;
but is obliged to make peace with Philip V., 108;
chief town Ambracia taken by the Romans, 111;
compelled to sue for peace, and the League crushed, 111.

Afranius, L., Consul, 224.

Afranius, L. (poet), 274.

Africa, invaded by the Romans, 72;
under Augustus, 287.

Agrarian Law of Sp. Cassius, 31;
law introduced by Ti. Gracchus, 150, 151;
extended by C. Gracchus, 157;
law introduced by Cæsar, 225.

Agricola, Julius, legate to Britain, 303;
his forced retirement, 305.

Agrigentum besieged and taken, 70.

Agrippa, M., Octavian's general, drives L. Antonius and Fulvia out of
Rome, 263;
defeats them at Perusia, 263;
constructs the Julius Portus, 265;
defeats fleet of Sextus Pompey, 266.

Agrippa, M. Vipsanius, 286.

Agrippa, Postumus, 293;
assassination of, 295.

Agrippina, 298;
put to death by Tiberius, 299.

Alaric ravages Greece, 339;
besieges Rome, 340;
sacks the city, 341.

Alba Longa, foundation of, 8;
destruction of, 14.

Alban Lake, legend of the, 43.

Alesia surrenders to Cæsar, 234.

Alexander Severus, Emperor, 322.

Alexandria, 288;
trade between, and the Indies, 288.

Allemanni threaten Rome, 324;
defeated by Aurelian, 325.

Allobroges, embassadors of the, 220.

Alps, Hannibal's passage of, note on, 90.

_Ambitus_, 128.

Ancus Marcius, succeeds Tullus Hostilius, 14;
conquers several Latin cities, and removes inhabitants to Rome, 14;
institutes the Fetiales, 15;
founds a colony at Ostia, 15;
fortifies the Janiculum, 15;
constructs the Pons Sublicius, 15;
his reign and death, 15.

Andriscus, 137.

Antiochus, king of Syria, proposes to Philip V. to partition Egypt
between them, 108;
receives Hannibal as a fugitive, 110;
is persuaded to invade Greece, 110;
is defeated at Thermopylæ, and returns to Syria, 111;
invades the kingdom of Pergamus, but is defeated near Magnesia, 111;
is compelled to cede all his dominions in Asia Minor, to pay fines,
and surrender Hannibal, 111;
peace concluded, and affairs of Asia settled, 112.

Antiochus Asiaticus deposed, 212.

_Antepilani_, 122.

Antoninus, M. Aurelius, Emperor, 314;
death of, 316.

Antoninus, M. Commodus, Emperor, 316.

Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 313.

Antonius, C., 219, 220, 221.

Antonius, M. (orator), assassinated, 185.

Antony (Marcus Antonius), Consul with Cæsar, 249;
offers the diadem to Cæsar, 249;
takes possession of Cæsar's papers and treasures, 252;
pronounces the funeral oration over the body of Cæsar, 253;
master of Rome, 253;
attacked by Cicero in his Philippies, 254;
retires to Cisalpine Gaul, and besieges Mutina, 254;
declared a public enemy, 254;
defeats Pansa, 255;
is defeated by Hirtius, 255;
received in Farther Gaul by Lepidus, 255;
forms Triumvirate with Octavian and Lepidus, 256;
defeats Cassius at Philippi, 261;
licentious conduct in Asia Minor, and meeting with
Cleopatra, 262, 263;
follows her to Alexandria, 263;
Fulvia, his wife, and L. Antonius, his brother, rise against him, 263;
his troops defeated in Syria, 264;
meets his wife and brother at Athens, 264;
his wife dies, 264;
forms an alliance with Sextus Pompey, 264;
marries Octavia, sister of Octavian, 264;
returns to the East with Octavia, 265;
his success in Syria, 265;
makes another treaty with Octavian, 266;
renews his union with Cleopatra, 267;
is defeated in Parthia, 267;
returns to Alexandria, 267;
is defeated by Octavian in the battle of Actium, 268, 269;
is again defeated at Alexandria, 269;
stabs himself, 269.

Apollonia, besieged by Philip V. of Macedon, 107.

_Appellatio_, 121.

Appius Claudius, 38, 40.

Appius Claudius Cæcus, 66;
his son, 69.

Appuleius, 349.

Apulia, 4.

Aquæ Sextæ, battle at, 171.

Aquillius, M'., Consul, suppresses the Second Servile War in
Sicily, 172;
is defeated, and made prisoner by Mithridates, 188.

Arabia Felix invaded by Trajan, 308.

Arabia Petræa made a Roman province, 308.

Arcadius, son of Theodosius, 339;
his cruelties, 341.

Archelaus defeated at Chæronea, 188;
and again at Orchomenos, 189.

Archimedes, 93, 94.

Ariobarzanes expelled from Cappadocia, 187;
restored, 183;
again expelled, 188;
restored to his kingdom, 213.

Ariovistus defeated by Cæsar, 280.

Aristobulus surrenders to Pompey, 212, 213.

Armenia, Pompey in, 212.

Arminius, 291.

Army, Roman, constitution of, 122.

Artaxata, submission of Mithridates at, 212.

As (weight), 19.

Ascanius, legend of, 8.

Asculum, revolt at, 178.

Astures conquered by Augustus, 291.

_Atellanæ Fabulæ_, 275.

Athenio, leader of slaves in Sicily, 172;
defeated and slain by Catulus, 172.

Athens, 107;
declares against Rome, 188.

Attalus Philometor, 147.

Attila invades Italy, 348.

Augurs, 18, 57.

Augusta Emerita (Merida) founded by Augustus, 291.

Aurelian, Emperor, 325.

Ausonius, 346.

Autronius Pætus, P., 218.

Avidius Cassius defeats the Parthians, 315.

B.

Babylon captured by Trajan, 308.

Balearic Slingers, 124.

Barcochab, 312.

Belgic War, 230.

Bibulus, M., 216, 225.

Boadicea, 302.

Boii finally conquered and slaughtered, 114.

Bononia (Bologna), colony at, 114.

Bosporus, Cimmerian, 211.

Brennus, 45, 46, 47.

Brigantium taken by Cæsar, 224.

Bruttii, 4.

Britain, first invasion by Cæsar, 231;
second invasion, 232.

Brutus, D., put to death at Aquileia, 256.

Brutus, L. Junius, 23-25;
his death, 26.

Brutus, M. Junius, Prætor, conspires with Cassius and others to
assassinate Cæsar, 249;
retires to Macedonia, 253;
goes to Athens, and collects an army, 257, 255;
plunders Lycia, 258;
crosses over into Thrace, 258;
defeated by Octavian at Philippi, 261;
slays himself, 261.

C.

Cæcilius, Q., 274.

Cæsar Augusta (Saragossa) founded by Augustus, 291.

Cæsar, Augustus, his conduct of the empire, 286;
extent of his empire, 289;
his government, 289;
decree against celibacy, 289;
his protection, the Prætorian Guard, 290;
army, navy, and revenues, 290;
plots against his life, 290;
his military enterprises, 291;
domestic misfortunes, 291-293;
his death, 293;
personal appearance, 294.

Cæsar, Caius Caligula, 293;
succeeds Tiberius, 299;
death of, 300.

Cæsar, Caius Julius, early life, 214, 215;
Quæstor, 215;
Ædile, 216;
restores statues and trophies of Marius, 216;
Proprætor in Spain, 224;
his conquests there, 224;
Consul, 225;
forms cabal with Pompey and Crasus (1st Triumvirate), 225;
carries Agrarian Law, 225;
supports Pompey, and gives him his only daughter Julia in
marriage, 225;
divorces his wife, 226;
obtains command in Gaul, 226;
1st campaign in Gaul, 229;
2nd, 230;
3rd, 230;
4th, 231;
5th, 232;
6th, 232;
7th, 233;
8th, 234;
rivalry of Pompey, 237-8-9;
returns to Italy, 240;
quarters at Ravenna, 240;
ordered to disband his army, 240;
refuses, and crosses the Rubicon, 241;
enters Rome, 242;
conquers his opponents in Spain, 242;
short Dictatorship, 243;
crosses to Greece to encounter Pompey, 243-4;
total defeat of Pompey in the battle of Pharsalia, 245;
Dictator, 246;
pursues Pompey into Egypt, 246;
supports Cleopatra, 246;
conquers Pharnaces in Syria, 240;
returns to Rome, 246;
defeats Pompeian army in Africa, 247;
death of Cato at Utica, 247;
master of the Roman world, and Dictator for ten years, 247;
his Triumph, 247;
his clemency and reforms, 247-8-9;
Imperator and Dictator for life, 249;
appoints Octavius his heir, 249;
conspiracy against him, 249-50;
assassination, 250;
character, 250-1;
his character as a writer, 283.

Cæsar, L.. Julius, Consul, 179;
in Social War, 179;
proposes Lex Julia, 179.

Cæsar, Lucius, 293.

Cæsar, Tiberius Claudius, succeeds Caligula, 300;
enters Britain, 301.

Cæsar, Vespasianus, 301;
emperor, 302;
death, 303.

Cæsar, A. Vitellius, Emperor, 302.

Calabria, 4.

Calphurnius, 346.

Calpurnian Law, 157.

Camillus, M. Furius, 43, 44, 47, 48, 52.

Campagna, 3.

Campania, 4.

Cannæ, immense Roman army defeated at, by Hannibal, 88.

Cantabri, conquered by Augustus, 291.

Cantabrians, 114, 144-5.

Canuleia Lex, 41.

Capito, C. Ateius, 350.

Capitolium, 23.

Capua, opens its gates to Hannibal, 89;
retaken by the Romans, 96.

Caracalla, Emperor, 321;
assassinated, 322.

Caractacus, 301.

Carbo, Cn. Papirius, Consul, joins Cinnæ, 190.

Carinus, 326.

Carthage, 68;
capture and destruction of, 142;
rebuilt by the Romans, 142;
capital of the Vandal kingdom, 142;
finally destroyed by the Arabs, 142.

Carthaginians, their navy, 70;
defeated by the Roman navy, 71, 72.

Carus, Emperor, 326.

Catilina, L. Sergius, early life, 218;
crimes, 218;
conspiracy, 219;
accused by Cicero, 219;
leaves Rome, 220;
collects troops, 221;
defeated and slain, 221.

Cassius Longinus, C., fights under Crassus in Mesopotamia, 237;
conducts the retreat to Syria, 237;
originates the conspiracy against Cæsar, 249;
retires into Syria, 253;
defeats Dolabella in Syria, 258;
plunders Rhodes, 258;
marches with Brutus into Thrace, 258;
defeated by Antony at Philippi, 261;
his death, 261.

Cato, M. Porcius, in Spain, 114;
Quæstor, Prætor, Consul, 129;
Censor, 132;
his reforms, 132;
his prejudices, 132, 133;
his severity and avarice, 133.

Cato, M. Porcius, advocates the death of the Catilinarian
conspirators, 221;
his death at Utica, 247;
his character as a writer, 283.

Catullus, Valerius, 276.

Catulus, Q. Lutatius, combined with Marius in the overthrow of the
Cimbri, 171;
his death by order of Marius, 185.

Catulus, Q. Lutatius (son), hails Cicero as "Father of his
Country," 221.

Caudine Forks, battle at, 57, 58.

Celsus, A. Cornelius, 350.

Celtiberians, tribes of, 114;
war with, 145.

Censors, 118.

Census, 118.

_Centuriones_, 122.

Cethegus, C. Cornelius, 219, 220.

Chosroes, king of the Parthians, 310.

Cicero, M, Tullius, early life, studies, and success as an orator, 216;
Quæstor, 217;
prosecutes Verres, 217;
his speech for Sex. Roscius of Ameria, 216;
studies at Athens and in Asia Minor, 216;
Quæstor in Sicily, under Sex. Peducæus, at Lilybæum, 217;
Ædile, Prætor, 217;
Consul, 219;
opposes agrarian law of Rullus, 219;
denounces Catiline, 219;
arrests conspirators, 220;
third oration, 220;
his popularity, 221;
hostility of Clodius, 227;
his banishment, 227;
his return to Rome, 228;
joins the party of Cæsar's assassins, 252;
his Philippics against Antony, 254;
stimulates the Senate against Antony and Octavian, 255;
is included in the list of proscriptions, 257;
his death, 257;
his character as a writer, 282.

Cimbri, 169;
they enter and ravage Spain, 170;
enter Italy, destroyed by Marius and Catulus, 171.

Cincinnatus and the Æquians, 34.

Cincius Alimentus, L., 282.

Cinna, L., Consul, 184;
conflict with Octavius, 185;
associated with Marius, 185;
their massacres in Rome, 185;
murdered by his army, 190.

Cinna, grandson of Pompey, 290.

Circus Maximus, 17.

Cisalpine Gaul, a Roman province, 114.

_Cives Romani_, 66.

Claudianus, Claudius, 345.

Claudius, M. Aurelius, Emperor, 325.

Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, meets M. Antony at Tarsus, 262-3;
attracts him to Alexandria, 263;
is deserted for Octavia, 265;
again attracts Antony, who returns with her to Alexandria, 267;
war declared against her by the Senate, 268;
defeated with Antony at Actium, 268;
deceives Antony, but fails to deceive Octavian, 269;
kills herself, 269.

Clients, 12.

Clodius Albinus, 319.

Clodius Pulcher, P., profligate conduct of, 226;
tribune, 227;
procures the banishment of Cicero, 227;
killed by Milo, 238.

Clusium besieged, 45.

Cocceius Nerva, 293, 299;
emperor, 306.

Cohorts, 123.

Collatia, Collatinus, 16.

Colonies, Roman, 43.

Colosseum, the, 303.

Columella, 350.

_Comitia Centuriata_, 20, 120.

_Comitia Curiata_, 12, 20, 120.

_Comitia Tributa_, 18, 20, 121.

Constantine proclaimed Augustus, 330;
emperor, 331;
removes the capital to Constantinople, 332;
his character, 335.

Constantius, 328;
emperor, 329.

Consuls, duties of, 118.

Corfinium, new republic at, 178.

Corinth captured, and burnt, 138.

Coriolanus, C. Marcius, 32;
banished from Rome, 32;
invades Rome at the head of a Volscian army, 32;
spares the city, 33;
his death, 33.

Cornelia, mother of the Gracchi, 149, 160.

Cornelia, daughter of Cinna, married to Cæsar, 214;
her death, 215.

Corneliæ Leges, 186.

Cornelii, slaves so called, 195.

Cornelius Fronto, 314.

Corsica and Sardinia formed into a Roman province, 77.

Corsica, revolt in, 115.

Cotta, C. Aurelius, lawyer, 216.

Cotta, L. Aurelius, 218.

Cotta, M. Aurelius, defeated by Mithridates, 206.

Crassus, P. Licinius, 147.

Crassus, M. Licinius, Prætor, appointed to command the army against the
Gladiators, 202;
defeats and slays Spartacus, 203;
Consul with Pompey, 203;
forms 1st Triumvirate with Cæsar and Pompey, 225;
meets Cæsar and Pompey at Luca, 236;
second Consulship with Pompey, 236;
his command in Syria, 236;
crosses the Euphrates, 237;
defeated and killed, 237.

Cremona besieged, 113.

Cretan Archers (_Sagittarii_), 124.

Ctesiphon captured by Trajan, 308.

Curiæ, 12.

Curiatii, 18.

Curius, M'., defeats Pyrrhus, 65.

Curtius, M., legend of, 53.

_Curules Magistratus_, 117.

D.

Dacia made a Roman province, 308.

Dacians cross the Danube, 305.

Decebalus, 305;
demands tribute, 307;
his defeat, 308.

Decemvirate, 36;
Decemviri appointed, 37;
their tyranny, 37;
the Twelve Tables, 38;
Decemviri continue in office, 38;
they assassinate Licinius Dentatus, 38;
Virginia slain by her father to save her from the Decemvir Appius
Claudius, 39;
resignation of the Decemvirs, 39;
and election of 10 Tribunes, 40.

Decius Mus, P., self-sacrifice, 55;
and of his son, 59.

Decuriones, 123.

Deiotarus, tetrarch of Galatia, 213.

Delatores, 297, 303.

Demetrius of Pharos, 79.

Dictator, 28 (note), 51.

Dictatorship, 118;
revived by Sulla, 194

Didius Julianus, Emperor, 319.

Diocletian, Emperor, 327;
selects Maximian for his colleague, 328;
defeats the Persians, 329.

Dolabella, Cn., accused of extortion, 215;
puts an end to his life, 258.

Domitian, reign of, 305.

Drama, Roman, 272.

Drusus. M. Livius, 158, 159.

Drusus, 291;
sent to Germany, 295;
receives the tribunitian power, 297;
poisoned by his wife, 208.

Drusus, M. Livius, son of the opponent of C. Gracchus, elected a
Tribune, endeavours to obtain the Roman franchise for the
Allies, 176;
assassinated, 176.

E.

Eburones, revolt of the, 232.

Egypt, condition of, 107;
under Augustus, 288.

Elagabalus, Emperor, 322.

Enna (Servile War), 146-7

Ennius, Q., 273.

Equestrian Order, 158.

Etruria, 2.

Etruscans, their name, language, origin, and portions of Italy occupied
by them, 5, 6;
wars with the, 43;
defeated, 58;
in league with the Umbrians, 59;
defeated at Lake Vadimo, 60.

Eumenes, king of Pergamus, obtains Mysia, Lydia, and part of Curia, 112.

Eunus (Servile War), 146, 147.

Eutropius, 343.

F.

Fabia Gens and the Veientines, 33.

Fabius, lieutenant, defeated by Mithridates, 208.

Fabius Maximus, Q., appointed Dictator, and to the command-in-chief
against Hannibal, 87;
styled the _Cunctator_, or "Lingerer," 87;
obtains Tarentum, 96.

Fabius Pictor, Q., 282.

Fabius Sanga, Q., 220.

Falerii surrenders to the Romans, 44.

Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius, 315.

Fescennine songs, 276.

_Fetiales_, 15.

Fidenæ taken and destroyed, 43.

Fimbria defeated, slays himself, 183.

Flaccus, Aldus Persius, 315.

Flamens, 13.

Flamininus, L., act of cruelty of, 127.

Flamininus, T. Quinctius, appointed to the command against Philip V.,
whose army is defeated in the battle of Cynoscephalæ, 103;
proclaims the independence of Greece, 109;
withdraws the Roman garrisons from all the towns of Greece, and
returns to Italy, 109.

Flaminius, C., defeats the Insubres, 79;
is defeated by Hannibal near Lake Trasimenus, and slain, 86.

Florian, Emperor, 326.

Florus, L. Annæus, 347.

_Fossa Mariana_, 170.

Frentani, 3.

Fulvia (mistress of Q. Curius), 219.

Fulvia, wife of M. Antony, conspires against him, 263;
is driven out of Home, and defeated at Perusia, 263;
dies at Sicyon, 264.

Fulvius Nobilior, M., besieges and captures the town of Ambracia, 111.

G.

Gabii, 25

Gabinius, A., Tribune, 210.

Gaius, 350.

Galatia, 106.

Galatians attacked by Cn. Manlius Vulso, defeated in two battles, and
compelled to sue for peace, 112.

Galba, Ser. Sulpicius, his treachery, 144;
succeeds Nero, 302.

Galerius, 328:
emperor, 329.

Gallia Cisalpina, 2.

Gallæcians, 114.

Gallienus, Emperor, 325.

Gallus, Emperor, 324.

Gaul, Cæsar's wars in, 229-234;
under Augustus, 287;
insurrection in, 297.

Gauls in Italy, 6:
(Insubres) conquered, 79.

Gellius, Aulus, 350.

Gentes, Roman, 12.

Germanicus, adopted by Tiberius, 293;
quells a mutiny on the Rhine, 296;
his German campaigns, 296;
his death, 296.

Geta, son of Septimius, killed by Caracalla, 321.

Glabrio, M. Acilius, 209.

Glaucia, fellow-demagogue of Saturninus, pelted to death with tiles by
the mob, 175.

Gordian, Emperor, 324.

Goths (Senones) besiege Clusium, 45;
march against Rome, 46;
battle of the Allia, 46;
Rome destroyed, 46;
the Capitol besieged, 46;
Capitol saved, 47;
Goths repulsed and destroyed, 47;
invade the Empire, 324

Gracchi, 148-160.

Gracchus, Caius Sempronius (the Tribune), returns from Sardinia, 157;
elected Tribune, 157;
his legal reforms, 157, 158;
opposed by M. Livius Drusus, 159;
murdered, 160.

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius (father of the Tribunes), subdues Spain, 115.

Gracchus, Tib. Sempronius (the Tribune), Quæstor in Spain, 145;
at the siege of Carthage, 149;
elected Tribune, 150;
introduces Agrarian Law, 150, 151;
his murder, 152.

Græcia, Magna, 6, 60.

Greece under Augustus, 288.

Greek colonies in Italy, 6.

H.

Hadrian, Emperor, 309;
journey through his provinces, 310;
his _Edictum Perpetuum_, 311;
builds a villa at Tibur, 312.

Hamilcar, a Carthaginian officer, excites Gauls and Ligurians against
Romans, 113.

Hamilcar Barca, 75;
relieves Lilybæum and Drepanum, 76;
conquests in Spain, 80;
death, 80.

Hannibal elected to succeed Hasdrubal, 80;
first campaigns in Spain, 80;
besieges and takes Saguntum, 80, 81;
crosses the Iberus and the Pyrenees with a large army, 83;
reaches the Rhone, 83;
crosses the Alps, 83;
encamps in the plains of the Po, among the Insubres, 84;
reduces the Taurinians, 84;
defeats the army of Scipio near the Ticinus, 84;
defeats combined army of Scipio and Longus near the Trebia, 84;
marches through Liguria to the Arno, 86;
defeats C. Flaminius at Lake Trasimenus, 86;
eludes Q. Fabius and defeats Minucius, 87;
annihilates an immense Roman army at Cannæ, 88;
marches into Samnium and Campania, and obtains Capua, 89;
his rapid marches, 92;
campaigns of B.C. 215-213, 92, 93;
obtains Tarentum, 93;
marches up to the walls of Rome, but is unable to take the city, 95;
loses Capua, 96;
loses Salapia, 96;
destroys the army of Cn. Fulvius at Herdonea, 96;
loses Tarentum, 96;
is recalled from Italy, 104;
defeated by Scipio near Zama, 104;
is protected by Antiochus, after whose defeat at Magnesia he escapes,
and is received by Prusias, king of Bithynia, 111;
is demanded by Rome, takes poison, and dies, 131, 132.

Hanno, in command of Carthaginian fleet, defeated by Lutatius
Catulus, 76.

Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar, 80;
founds New Carthage, 80;
assassinated, 80.

Hasdrubal, brother of Hannibal, marches from Spain into Italy, 97;
is defeated on the Metaurus, and slain, 98.

_Hastati_, 122, 123.

Helvetii defeated by Cæsar, 229.

Hernicans, 59.

Herodes Atticus, 314.

Hiero, king of Syracuse, 69;
besieges Messana, 70;
is defeated by the Romans, and makes peace, 70;
his death, 93.

Hirtius, A., Consul, defeats Antony at Mutina, but is slain, 255.

Hispania Citerior and Ulterior, 114.

Honorius, son of Theodosius, 339.

Horatii, 13.

Horatius Flaccus, Q. (poet), 278.

Hortensia, Lex, 51.

Hortensius, Q. (orator), 210, 211, 216, 217.

Hostilianus, Emperor, 324.

Hostilius Mancinus, C., defeated by the Celtiberians, 145.

Huns appear on the Danube, 338;
cross the river, 342.

Hyrcanus favored by Pompey, 212, 213.

I.

Iapygians, 5.

_Ignobiles_, 128 (note).

Illyria and Illyrians, 78-9.

Illyrian Wars, 78, 79.

Istria subdued, 115.

Italia, 7.

Italians proper, 5.

Italicus, C. Silius, 344.

Italy, geography of, 1;
fertility, 5;
early inhabitants, 5;
struggles in Central Italy, 59;
under Augustus, 286, 287.

Iulus, or Ascanius, 8.

J.

Janiculum fortified, 15.

Janus, temple of, 13;
closed for the 2d time, 78;
for the 3d time, 270.

Jerusalem besieged and taken by Pompey, 212.

Jesus Christ, birth of, 293.

Jugurtha, under Scipio in Spain, 146;
early life, 162;
bribes the Senators, 163;
defeats Adherbal, and puts him to death, 163;
war declared against him, but comes to Rome under safe-conduct, 164;
murders Massiva, and is ordered to quit Italy, 164;
defeated by Metellus, 166;
and by Marius, 167;
who takes him prisoner, and conveys him to Rome, where he is starved
in prison, 167-8.

Julia, aunt of Cæsar, married to Marius, 214;
her death, 215.

Julia, daughter of Cæsar, married to Pompey, 225.

Julia, daughter of Augustus, 292.

Julia, Lex, 179-80.

Julian, Emperor, 337.

_Jus Imaginum_, 128 (note).

Justin Martyr, 315.

Juvenalis, Decimus Junius, 345.

K.

Kings of Rome, 9-28.

L.

Labeo, Q. Antistius, 350.

Labienus (Tribune), 219.

Laberius, Dec., 275.

Latin War, 54;
battle at the foot of Vesuvius, 55;
self-sacrifice of P. Decius Mus, 55;
defeat of the Latins, 55.

Latins, 5.

Latium, 3;
incorporated with the Republic of Rome, 56.

Legends of early Roman history, 8.

_Leges_ and _Plebiscita_, 121.

_Legiones_, 19, 122.

Lentulus Sura, P. Cornelius, 219, 220, 231.

Lepidus, 290.

Lepidus, M., Consul, opposes the public funeral of Sulla, 195-6;
proposes the repeal of Sulla's laws, 199;
collects an army and marches upon Rome, 199;
is defeated near the Mulvian Bridge, retires to Sardinia, and
dies, 199, 200.

Lepidus, M., Master of the Horse, 249;
forms Triumvirate with Octavian and Antony, 255;
in Africa, 264.

Licinian Rogations and Laws, 49, 150.

Licinius colleague with Constantine, 331.

Lictors (note), 25.

Liguria, 2;
Ligurians, 113.

Lilybæum, sieges of, 64, 74, 75.

Livius Andronicus, M., 272.

Livius, Titus, 284.

Lucan, 301;
his poetry, 344.

Lucania and Lucanians, 4.

Lucanians, 6.

_Luceres_, 12.

Lucilius, C., 276.

Lucretius Carus, T. (poet), 276.

Lucullus, L. Licinius, opposes and defeats Mithridates in Bithynia and
Pontus, 206-7;
sends Appius Claudius to Tigranes, 207;
his reforms in Asia, 207-8;
defeats Tigranes at Tigranocerta and at Artaxata, 208;
recalled, and superseded by Pompey, 209.

_Ludi Magni_, 117.

Lusitania, invaded by Ser. Sulpicius Galba, 143;
tribes of, subdued by Cæsar, 224.

Lusitanians, 114, 144-5.

M.

Macedonia, kingdom of, 107;
under Augustus, 289.

Macedonian War, 135.

Macrinus, Emperor, 322;
defeated by Elagabalus, 322.

Macrobius, 350.

Mæcenas, C. Cilnius, 286.

Mælius, Sp., slain, 42.

Magister Equitum, 28 (note).

Magna Græcia, 6, 60.

Mamertini, 69.

Manilian Law, Cicero's address in favor of, 217.

Manilius, C., Tribune, 210.

_Manipuli_, 122.

Manlius, M., saves the Capitol, 47;
patron of the poor, 48;
his fate, 49.

Manlius Torquatus, L., 218, 220.

Manlius Torquatus, T., legend of, 48;
and of his son, 55.

Manlius Vulso, Cn., defeats the Galatians, and afterward, in conjunction
with commissioners, concludes a peace with Antiochus, and settles
the affairs of Asia, 111, 112.

Marcellinus, Ammianus, 348.

Marcellus, 292.

Marcellus, M., Consul, arrives in Sicily, 93;
takes Leontini, 93;
invests Syracuse, where he is baffled by Archimedes, 93,
but finally captures it, 94;
takes Salapia, 96;
defeated and slain in Lucania, 97.

Marcius, C., Coriolanus, 32.

Marcomanni defeat Verus, 315.

Marius, C., early life, 161;
in Spain with Scipio, 146, 162;
elected Tribune, 162;
sends the Consul Metellus to prison, 162;
elected Prætor, 162;
marries Julia, sister of C. Julius Cæsar the elder, 162;
accompanies Metellus to Africa, 164;
returns to Rome, and is elected Consul, with command in Numidia, 166;
repulses a combined attack of Jugurtha and Bocchus, 167;
attaches Bocchus to the Romans, and takes Jugurtha prisoner, both by
the agency of his Quæstor Sulla, 167;
elected Consul during his absence, and returns to Rome, leading
Jugurtha in triumph, 168;
reorganizes the army, 170;
elected Consul a third and fourth time, 170;
defeats and destroys the Cimbri, Teutones, and Ambrones, 171;
elected Consul a fifth time, and has a Triumph, 171;
enters into a compact with Saturninus and Glaucia, 173;
and is elected Consul a sixth time, 173, 174;
loses reputation, and sets sail for Cappadocia and Galatia, 175;
in the Social War, 179;
is surpassed by Sulla, 180;
intrigues to obtain the command against Mithridates, 181;
is opposed by Sulla, who enters Rome with his army, and Marius makes
his escape, 183;
his sufferings, risks, and return to Rome with Cinna, 185;
his conquests, and the massacres in Rome, 185;
in conjunction with Cinna elects himself Consul for the seventh
time, 185;
his death, 185.

Marius, the younger, defeated by Sulla, 192;
orders his opponents to be put to death, 192;
embarks for Africa, 192;
puts an end to his own life, 193.

Marrucini, 3.

Marsi, 3.

Marsic or Social War, 178-80.

Martialis, M. Valerius, 346.

Masinissa, enters into treaty with Scipio, 101;
assists Scipio, 103;
aids Scipio to defeat Hasdrubal and Syphax, 103;
marries, and soon afterward kills Sophonisba, 103-4.

Massilia, 287.

Maximin, Emperor, 323.

Maximus, Valerius, 346.

Mediterranean Sea infested with pirates, 209.

Memmius, C., murdered, 174.

Menapii defeated by Cæsar, 231.

Menenius Agrippa, fable told by, 31.

Mesopotamia added to the Roman empire, 329.

Messala, M. Valerius, 286.

Messana, 69.

Metellus Celer, 221.

Metellus, L., defeats the Carthaginians at Panormus, 73.

Metellus (Macedonicus), Q., 145.

Metellus (Numidicus), Q. Cæcilius, Consul, conducts the war in Africa
against Jugurtha, 166;
superseded by Marius, 166.

Metellus, Q., Consul, 224.

Military Tribunes appointed, 41.

Mimes, 275.

Mithridates V., king of Pontus, assassinated, 186.

Mithridates VI., king of Pontus, early life, 186;
conquests and alliances, 187-8;
orders a massacre of Romans and Italians in the cities of Asia, 188;
defeated by L. Valerius Flaccus and by Sulla, 188-9;
obtains peace on hard conditions, 189;
defeats Murena on the Halys, 205;
makes peace with Rome, and evacuates Cappadocia, 205;
renews the war with Rome, 206;
overruns Bithynia, and defeats Cotta, 200;
retreats before Lucullus into Pontus, 207;
defeated by Lucullus at Cabira, and takes refuge in Armenia, 207;
defeats Fabius and Triarius, 208;
unites with Tigranes, when they overrun Pontus and Cappadocia, 209;
is defeated by Pompey, 211;
escapes into the Cimmerian Bosporos, 211;
conspiracy of his son Pharnaces, 213;
his death, 213.

Mithridatic Wars: First, 183-9;
Second, 205;
Third, 205-13.

Moorish Dartmen, 124.

Morini defeated by Cæsar, 231.

Mucius Scævola, C., 27.

Mulvian bridge, battle of the, 199.

Murena, L., invades Cappadocia and Pontus, 205;
is opposed by Mithridates, and defeated, 205.

N.

Nævius, Cn., 273.

Naples, Bay of, 4.

Nasica, Scipio, 152.

Navius, Attus, 17.

Navy, Carthaginian, 70, 71, 72.

Navy, Roman, 70, 71, 72, 73.

Neapolis attacked, 56.

Nepos, Cornelius, 284.

Nero and Livius, Consuls, defeat Hasdrubal, 97, 98.

Nero, 301;
death of, 302.

Nervii defeated by Cæsar, 230.

Nicomedes III, driven out of Bithynia, 187;
restored, 188;
again expelled, 188;
dies, leaving his dominions to the Roman people, 200.

_Nobiles_, 127 (note).

Nobility, 127-8.

_Nomen Latinum_, 66.

Nonius, A., murder of, 174.

Norbanus, C., Consul, defeated by Sulla, 191.

_Novus Homo_, 128 (note).

Numa Pompilius elected to succeed Romulus, 12;
his reign and institutions, 12.

Numantine War, disastrous till conducted by Scipio, 145,
who captures and destroys Numantia, 146.

Numerian, 326.

Numidia, political condition of and war in, 162-8.

Numitor, 9.

O.

Octavian (C. Julius Cæsar Octavianus), appointed heir to Cæsar, 249;
comes to Rome, and claims the inheritance, 254;
collects an army, 254;
elected Consul, 255;
forms Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus, 256;
proscriptions, 256-7;
defeats Brutus at Philippi, 261;
returns to Rome, 263;
reconciliation with Antony, 264;
his fleet destroyed by Sextus Pompey, 265;
renews the Triumvirate, 266;
subdues the Dalmatians, 267;
rupture with Antony, 267;
defeats Antony and Cleopatra at Actium, 268;
his Triumph, 270;
Imperator for life, Princeps, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, 270;
end of the Republic, 270.

Octavius. _See_ Octavian.

Octavius, Cn., conflict with Cinna, 185;
slain, 185.

Oppian Law repealed, 130.

Orosius, 348.

Ostia founded, 15.

Ostrogoths obtain permission to cross the Danube, 338.

Otho, Salvius, 302.

Ovid banished, 203.

Ovidius Naso, P. (poet), 281.

P.

Pacuvius, M., 275.

Palæopolis taken, 56.

Palladius, 350.

Palmyra, fall of, 325.

Pannonia, mutiny in, 296.

Panormus, defeat there of Carthaginians, 73.

Pansa, C. Vibius, Consul, defeated by Antony, and slain, 255.

Papinianus, 350.

Papius Mutilus, C., 179;
defeated by Sulla, 180.

Paterculus, Velleius, 346.

_Patres Majorum_ and _Minorum Gentium_, 17.

Patricians, 12;
struggles between them and the Plebeians, 29;
ascendency of the Patricians, 29.
_See_ Plebeians.

_Patronus_, 12.

Paulus, 350.

Peligni, 3.

Pergamus, 106;
made a province, 147.

Perperna, M., re-enforces Sertorius in Spain, 200;
becomes jealous of Sertorius, and assassinates him, 202;
is defeated by Pompey, 202.

Perseus succeeds Philip as king of Macedon, 134;
defeated by L. Æmilius Paullus, 135;
death, 136.

Persius, 345.

Pertinax, Emperor, 318.

Pescennius Niger, 319.

Petreius, M., 221.

Petronius Arbiter, 348.

Phædrus, 346.

Pharnaces, conspiracy of, against Mithridates, 213;
confirmed in position of the kingdom of the Bosporus, 213.

Philip, Emperor, 324.

Philip V., king of Macedon, enters into a treaty with Hannibal, 107;
appears in the Adriatic with a fleet, and lays siege to Oricus and
Apollonia, 107;
takes Oricus, but is driven from Apollonia, and burns his fleet, 107;
in alliance with the Achæans, and at peace with the Ætolians and
Romans, 108;
assists Hannibal at Zama, 108;
attacks the Rhodians and Attalus, king of Pergamus, 108;
treats with Antiochus for the partition of Egypt, 108;
besieges Athens, which is relieved by a Roman fleet, 108;
sues for peace after his defeat in the battle of Cynoscephalæ, 109;
refuses to take part with Antiochus against the Romans, 110;
his death, 134.

Phoenicians, 68.

Phalanx, 122.

Phraates, king of the Parthians, 291.

Picenum, 2.

Piracy in the Mediterranean suppressed by Pompey, 310.

Piso, Cn. Calpurnius, 218.

Placentia taken and destroyed, 118.

Plautia Papiria, Lex, 180.

Plautus, T. Maccius, 273.

_Plebiscita_, 40, 51;
and _Leges_, 121.

Plebs, Plebeians, origin of the, 14;
sufferings of the, 30;
Ager Publicus, 30;
secession of Plebeians to the Sacred Mount, 31;
institution of Tribunes of the Plebs, 31;
Agrarian Law introduced by Sp. Cassius, 31.

Pliny, Secundus Major, 349.

Poeni, 68 (note).

Pollio, Asinius, 286.

Pomoerium, 9, 20.

Pompædius Silo, Q., 178.

Pompeiopolis, 210.

Pompeius Strabo, Cn., in Social War, 180.

Pompey (Cn. Pompeius Magnus), early life and career, 200-1;
receives the surname of Magnus, 201;
sent to Spain as Proconsul against Sertorius, 201;
failures and successes, 201;
defeats Perperna, 202;
concludes the war, 202;
elected Consul, with Crassus, 203;
restores the Tribunitian power, 203;
suppresses piracy in the Mediterranean, 210;
supersedes Lucullus in the East, 211;
defeats Mithridates in Lesser Armenia, 211;
receives the submission of Tigranes, 212;
his conquests in Syria and Palestine, 212-13;
returns to Italy, 213;
his Triumph, 223;
Senate refuses to sanction his measures in Asia, 224,
but afterward ratifies them, 225;
forms cabal with Cæsar and Crassus (first Triumvirate), 225;
marries Cæsar's daughter Julia, 225;
meets Cæsar and Crassus at Luca, 236;
Consul with Crassus, 236;
obtains government of Spain, 236;
his new theatre at Rome opened, 236;
his wife Julia dies, 237;
elected sole Consul, 238;
becomes hostile to Cæsar, 239;
measures in opposition to Cæsar, 239-40;
invested by the Senate with command of the army, 240;
retreats before Cæsar, 242;
embarks for Greece, 242;
besieged by Cæsar at Dyrrhachium, 244;
forces Cæsar to retreat, 244;
defeated by Cæsar at Pharsalia, 245;
flies to Egypt, 245;
slain there, 245.

Pompey, Sextus, in alliance with M. Antony, 264;
master of the sea, 264;
forms alliance with Octavian and Antony, 264;
rupture of the alliance, 265;
defeats Octavian's fleet, 265;
his own fleet defeated by M. Agrippa, 266;
is taken prisoner, and put to death at Miletus, 266.

Pontiffs, 12, 51.

Pontine Marshes, 4.

Pontius, C., defeats the Romans, 57, 58;
is defeated and put to death, 59.

Pontius, the Samnite, 193.

Pontus, 106;
kingdom of, 186;
made a Roman province, 212.

Porcius Cato, M. _See_ Cato.

Populus Romanus, 14.

Porsena, Lars, marches against Rome in aid of Tarquin, 26;
bridge defended by Horatius Cocles, 26;
C. Mucius Scævola, 27;
Cloelia swims across the Tiber, 27;
Porsena withdraws his army, 27;
war with the Latins, 28;
battle of the Lake Regillus, 28;
death of Tarquinius Superbus, 28.

Præneste surrenders, 193.

Prætor Peregrinus, 117.

Prætors, afterward called Consuls, 25.

Prætors and Prætorship, 51, 117.

_Principes_, 122.

Privernum, conquest of, 56.

Probus, Emperor, 326.

Proconsuls, 118.

Propertius, Sextus Aurelius (poet), 280.

Proprætors, 118.

_Proscriptio_, what it was, 193.

Provinces, Roman, 147.

_Provocatio_, 121 (note).

Prusias, king of Bithynia, shelters Hannibal, 131.

Publilian Law, 31 (note), 36.

Publilian Laws, 51.

_Publicani_, 119 (note).

Pulcheria, 351.

Punic War, First, 68-76;
Second, 82-105.

Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, assists the Tarentines, 62;
defeats the Romans near Heraclea, 62;
sends Cineas to negotiate a peace, 63;
terms rejected, 63;
takes Præneste, 63;
winter quarters, at Tarentum, 63;
embassy of Fabricius, 63;
proposal to poison Pyrrhus, 64;
releases Roman prisoners without ransom, 64;
crosses over into Sicily, 64;
is repulsed at Lilybæum, 64;
returns to Italy, 64;
seizes the treasures of the temple of Proserpine at Locri, 65;
his remorse, 65;
is defeated at Beneventum, 65;
returns to Greece, and is slain, 65.

Q.

_Quæstio Perpetua_, 197.

Quæstor; and Quæstorship, 4, 117.

Quintilianus, M. Fabius, 348.

Quintius, P., speech of Cicero for, 216.

_Quirites_, 11 (note).

R.

Rabirius, C., 219.

Ramnes, 12.

Rasena, 5.

Regillus, Lake, battle of, 28.

Regulus, M. Atilius, defeats the Carthaginians, 72;
is defeated by Xanthippus, 73.

Regulus, M. Atilius, sent, as prisoner, with an embassy, to
Rome, 73, 74;
advises the Senate to reject the terms, 74;
returns, and is put to death, 74.

Remus and Romulus, 9;
Remus slain, 10.

_Repetundæ_, 128 (note).

Republic established at Rome, 25;
end of, 270.

Rhea Silvia, legend of, 8.

Rhodes, 107;
school of rhetoric at, 215.

_Rogatio_ and _Lex_, 49 (note).

Roma Quadrata, 9.

Roman Literature, sketch of, 272-285;
_Poetry_: Saturnian Metre and the Drama, 272;
M. Livius Andronicus, 272, 273;
Cn. Nævius, 273;
Q. Ennius, 273;
T. Maccius Plautus, 273;
P. Terentius Afer, 274;
Q. Cæcilius, L. Afranius, 274;
M. Pacuvius, 275;
L. Accius, 275;
_Atellanæ Fabulæ_, _Mimes_, 275;
Dec. Laberius, P. Syrus, 275;
Fescennine Songs, 276;
Satires, 276;
C. Lucilius, 276;
T. Lucretius Carus, 276;
Valerius Catullus, 276;
P. Virgilius Maro, 277;
Q. Horatius Flaccus, 278;
Albius Tibullus, 280;
Sextus Aurelius Propertius, 280;
P. Ovidius Naso, 281.
_Prose Writers_--Q. Fabius Pictor, 282;
L. Cincius Alimentus, 282;
M. Porcius Cato, 282;
M. Tullius Cicero, 282;
M. Terentius Varro, 283;
C. Julius Cæsar, 283;
C. Sallustius Crispus, 284;
Cornelius Nepos, 284;
Titus Livius, 284.

Rome, situation and first inhabitants, 7;
legends and early history, 8;
first four kings, 9-15;
last three kings, 16-28;
foundation of, 9;
destroyed by the Goths (Senones) under Brennus, 47;
rebuilt, 48;
pestilence at, 62;
sacked by Alaric, 341.

Romulus, birth of, 9;
slays Remus, 10;
rape of Sabine virgins, 10;
war with Sabines, 10;
reigns conjointly with Titus Tatius, 11;
succeeds T. Tatius as ruler of the Sabines, and thus becomes solo
ruler, 11;
his death, 11;
institutions, 12.

Romulus Augustus, 343.

Rorarii, 123.

Rufinus, 339.

Rufus, Q. Curtius, 347.

Rullus (Tribune), 219.

Rupilius, P., captures Tauromenium and Enna, and ends the First Servile
War, 147.

Rutilius Rufus found guilty and banished, 175.

Rutilius Lupus, P., Consul, 179;
defeated and slain, 179.

S.

Sabellians, 3.

Sabine virgins, rape of, 10.

Sabini, 3, 11 (note).

Sacred Mount, first secession to, 31;
second secession, 39.

Sacrovir, 297.

Saguntum captured, 81.

Salii, priests of Mars, 13.

Sallustius Crispus, C., 284.

Salvius, leader of the slaves in Sicily, 172;
assumes the surname of Tryphon, 172.

Salvus Julianus, 350.

Samnites, history, 53;
tribes, 53;
conquer Campania and Lucania, 53;
attack the Sidicini and Campanians, 53;
enter into war with the Romans, 54;
are defeated at Mount Gaurus, 54;
peace 54;
second of Great War with the Romans, 57;
quarrel between Q. Fabius Maximus and L. Papirius Cursor, 57;
Samnite general, C. Pontius, defeats the Romans at the Caudine
Forks, 57, 58;
treaty rejected by the Romans, 58;
successes of the Romans, and peace, 58;
third war, 59;
battle of Sentinum, 59;
defeat, and peace, 59.

Samnium and Samnites, 4.

Sapor, king of Persia, 336.

Sardinia obtained from Carthage, and formed into a Roman province, 77;
revolt in, 115;
Prætor for, 118.

Satires, Roman, 276.

Saturnian Metre, 272.

Saturninus elected Tribune, 174;
brings in an Agrarian Law, 174;
murders Memmius, 174;
is declared a public enemy, 174;
pelted to death with tiles by the mob, 175.

Scipio, Cneius, in Spain, 95;
slain there, 95.

Scipio, P. Cornelius, marches to oppose Hannibal, 83;
killed in Spain, 95.

Scipio Africanus Major, P. Cornelius, his early life, 99;
elected Proconsul, and goes to Spain, 100;
captures New Carthage, 100;
defeats Hasdrubal, 101;
master of nearly all Spain, by a victory (place uncertain), 101;
crosses over to Africa, 101;
quells insurrection and mutiny in Spain, 101;
captures Gades, 102;
returns to Rome, and is elected Consul, 102;
passes over to Sicily, and thence to Africa, 103;
besieges Utica, 103;
is opposed by Hasdrubal and Syphax, whom he defeats, 103;
defeats Hannibal near Zama, 104;
returns to Rome, 105;
prosecuted, 131;
retires from Rome, 131;
death, 131.

Scipio Africanus Minor, 140;
captures and destroys Carthage, 142;
sent to Spain, 145;
opposes Ti. Gracchus, 153;
found dead in his room, 153.

Scipio, L. Cornelius (Asiaticus) appointed to the command against
Antiochus, who had invaded the kingdom of Pergamus, 111;
defeats Antiochus near Magnesia, and returns to Rome, 111;
prosecution of, 130.

Scipio Nasica, P. Cornelius, subdues the Boii, 114.

Sempronian Laws, 157.

Senate, 12, 119.

Senators bribed by Jugurtha found guilty by a commission, 164.

_Senatus Consultum_, 120.

Seneca, 301;
his writings, 349.

Seneca, M. Annæus, 348.

Senones, 45.

Septimius Severus, Emperor, 320;
penetrates to the interior of Scotland, 321.

Sertorius Macro, 299.

Sertorius, Q., in Spain, 200;
defeats Q. Metellus, 200;
is opposed to Pompey, 201;
assassinated by Perperna, 202.

Servile War at Carthage, 77.

Servile War in Sicily, First, 146-7;
Second, suppressed by M. Aquillius, 172.

Servilius, Q., murdered, 178.

Servius Tullius, succeeds Tarquinius Priscus, 18;
reforms the constitution, and divides the territory, 18;
increases the city, and surrounds it with a wall, 20;
forms an alliance with the Latins, 20;
his death, 22;
his two daughters, 22.

Seven hills of Rome, 20 (note).

Sextius, L., first Plebeian Consul, 50.

Sicily invaded by the Romans, 69-71;
made subject to the Romans, except Syracuse, 76;
Prætor for, 118;
under Augustus, 287.

Sicinius Dentatus slain, 38.

Sidicini, 53.

Silanus, 297.

Slaves under the Romans, 146.

Social War, or Marsic War, 178-180.

_Socii_, or Allies, 66;
troops furnished by, 123.

_Sociorum Præfecti_, 123.

Soli, afterward Pompeiopolis, occupied by pirates, 210.

Spain in two provinces, 114;
Prætors for, 118;
under Augustus, 287.

Spanish Wars, 143-146.

Sparta, 107.

Spartacus, a gladiator, excites an insurrection of slaves, 202;
devastates Italy with a large army of slaves, 203;
defeated by Crassus, 203;
slain in battle, 203.

_Spolia opima_ won by A. Cornelius Cossus, 43.

Statius, P. Papinius, 344.

Stilicho, 339.

St. Chrysostom, 311.

_Suffetes_, 68.

Sulla, C. Cornelius, early life and character, 167;
Quæstor with Marius in Africa, 168;
gains over Bocchus, and entraps and makes a prisoner of Jugurtha, 167;
in Social War, 180;
Consul, 181;
rivalry with Marius, 182;
enters Rome with his army, and takes possession of the city, 183;
leaves Rome for the East, 184;
plunders Athens, 188;
victory at Orchomenus, 189;
makes peace with Mithridates, 189;
overcomes Fimbria, 189;
defeats the younger Marius, and enters Rome, 192;
battle with the Samnites and Lucanians for the possession of
Rome, 192;
Allies defeated, 193;
elected Dictator, 193;
his massacres and proscriptions, 194;
elected Consul, 194;
his Triumph, and assumed title of Felix, 194;
his military colonies, 194, 195;
his reforms, 194, 195;
resignation of Dictatorship, retirement, and death, 195;
his legislation, 190-193.

Sulpicius Rufus, P., sells himself to Marius, 182;
put to death, 183.

_Supplicatio_, 125.

Synorium, fortress of, 211.

Syphax, at war with Carthage, 95;
is visited by Scipio, but, falling in love with Sophonisba, daughter
of Hasdrubal, becomes an ally of the Carthaginians, 101;
defeated by Scipio and Masinissa, and flies into Numidia, 103;
is pursued and taken prisoner by Lælius and Masinissa, 103.

Syracuse captured by Marcellus, 94.

Syria, condition of, 106;
made a Roman province, 212.

Syrus, P., 275.

T.

Tacitus, Emperor, 326.

Tacitus, the historian, 346.

Tarentum, 60, 62;
captured, 65.

Tarpeia, 10.

Tarquinius Priscus, Lucius, his birth and descent, 16;
elected 5th king of Rome, 16;
defeats the Sabines and captures Collatia, 16;
takes also many Latin towns, and becomes ruler of all Latium, 16;
constructs the cloacæ, 16;
lays out the Circus Maximus, and institutes the games of the
Circus, 17;
increases the Senate, the Equites, and the Vestal Virgins, 17;
appoints Servius Tullius his successor, 18;
his reign and death, 18.

Tarquinius Superbus, Lucius, succeeds Servius Tullius, 22;
his tyranny, 22;
alliance with the Latins, 22;
war with the Volscians, 23;
founds the temple named the Capitolium, 23;
purchases the three Sybilline books, 23;
attacks and captures Gabii, 23;
sends to consult the oracle at Delphi, 23;
besieges Ardea, 24;
Lucretia ravished by Sextus Tarquinius, 24;
death of Lucretia, 25;
is expelled from Rome with his sons, 25;
attempts to regain the throne, 25;
his Etruscan allies defeated, 26;
dies at Cumæ, 28.

Terentius Afer, P., 274.

Teutones and Ambrones enter France, in march for Italy, 170;
defeated and destroyed by Marius, 171.

Theodosius, Emperor, 339.

Thurii, 60.

Tiberius, 201;
divorced from his wife, 292;
succeeds Augustus, 295;
retires to Capreæ, 298;
death, 299.

Tibullus, Albius (poet), 280.

Tigranes, king of Armenia, receives his father-in-law Mithridates, 207;
defeated by Lucullus at Tigranocerta, 208;
acts in concert with Mithridates, 209;
submits to Pompey, 212.

Tigranes the younger revolts against his father, 212.

Tities, 12.

Titus takes Jerusalem, 303;
emperor, 304.

Trajanus Decius, Emperor, 324.

Trajanus, M. Ulpius, Emperor, 307;
conflict with the Dacians, 308;
leads an army into Assyria, 308;
death, 309.

Trasimenus, Lake, Roman army destroyed at, 86.

_Triarii_, 123.

Triarius defeated by Mithridates, 208.

Tribes, Assembly of the, 121.

Tribunes, 31, 117, 121.

Tribuneship degraded by Sulla's laws, 197.

_Tribuni Militum_, 123.

Tributum, a property-tax, 121.

Triumph, the general's, 124.

Triumvirate, First, 225;
Second, 256.

Triumviri visit Greece to inquire into the laws, 37.

Tullianum (dungeon), 221.

Tullus Hostilius elected to succeed Numa, 13;
battle of the Horatii and Curiatii, 13;
conquers the Albans, 14;
conquers the Etruscans, 14;
punishes Mettius Fuffetius, 14;
destroys Alba Longa, and removes inhabitants to Rome, 14;
his reign and death, 14.

_Turmæ_, 123.

Twelve Tables, 38.

U.

Ulphilas, 338.

Ulpianus, 350.

Umbria, 2.

Umbrians in league with the Etruscans, 59.

Umbro-Sabellians, 5.

V.

Vadimo, Lake, defeat of Gauls and Etruscans there, 60.

Valentinian, Emperor, 338.

Valentinian III., 342.

Valerian and Horatian Laws, 40.

Valerian, Emperor, 324.

Valerius, Corvus, M., legend of, 48.

Valerius Publicola, 26.

Vandals invited into Africa, 342;
plunder Rome, 342.

Varro, M. Terentius, 283.

Varus, 291.

_Vectigalia_, 121.

Veii besieged, 43;
Alban Lake, 43;
city captured, 44.

_Velites_, 123.

Veneti defeated by Cæsar, 231.

Ventidius, Tribune and Consul, 265;
his successful wars against the Parthians, 265.

Vercingetorix defeated and taken prisoner, 234.

Verus, L., 314, 315.

Vestal Virgins, 13, 17.

_Vestini_, 3.

Veto of the Tribunes, 31, 121.

Vettius, L., accuses Cæsar, 222;
is thrown into prison, 222.

_Vexillarius_, 122.

Via Æmilia, Appia, Flaminina, 114, 119.

Victor, Aurelius, 347.

Viriathus, 144;
assassinated, 145.

Virgilius Maro, P., 277.

Vologeses III., king of the Parthians, 314.

Volturcius, T., 220.

W.

Wallia, 341.

X.

Xanthippus, 72, 73.

Z.

Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 325.

THE END.