Chapter 224: ; this, on the authority of Cabeza de Vaca who states that

the Indians of Florida and the Southern Mississippi Valley held
cannibalism in extreme abhorence. But that a few tribes of North
America, in Texas, were cannibals, see Swanton, _Lower Tribes_, 360.

Footnote 52:

Lord Kingsborough quotes Mackenzie as saying that the Dog-ribbed
Indians appeared to him to be all circumcised. See also, Boudinot,
_Star of the West_, 113.

Footnote 53:

“The Indians never used to eat a certain sinew in the thigh. The name
of this sinew in Cherokee is u-wa-sta-to. Some say that if they eat
the sinew they will cramp in it [the same sinew] on attempting to
run.” Buttrick, _Antiquities of the Cherokees_, 12. Further
corroborated by Hodgson, _Letters from North America_, I, 224, and as
to the Canadian Indians by Frazer, _Golden Bough_, VIII, 265. Also,
see Mooney, _Sacred Formulas_, 323, _Myths_, 447.

Footnote 54:

On marriage consult: Jones, _Antiquities of Southern Indians_, 65;
Swanton, _Lower Tribes_, 94; Bartram’s _Observations_, 65.

Footnote 55:

Punishment for adultery seems to have varied with almost every tribe.
Du Pratz, _History of Louisiana_, II, 197. Bossu says of the Choctaws:
“If a woman commits an infidelity, she must _pass through the meadow_,
i.e., all the young men, and sometimes, the old ones, satisfy their
brutality on her by turns.” _Travels_, I, 308. Among the Alabama
Indians he describes a different punishment. _Ib._, 233. Bartram’s
_Travels_, 512. Adair’s is by far the best and fullest account.

Footnote 56:

Lord Kingsborough refers here to Isaac and Rebecca, Genesis, 24: 14.

Footnote 57:

“In case of murder, the next of blood is obliged to kill the murderer
or else he is looked upon as infamous in the nation where he lives.”
Gen. Oglethorpe in _Gentlemen’s Magazine_, 1733, p. 413. See also
Cushman, _History of the Indians_, 495.

Footnote 58:

See as to these Shawnees, note on p. 2 _ante._; and Swanton, _Early
History of Creeks_, 318-19.

Footnote 59:

Kingsborough refers for corroboration to the statement of Las Casas,
_Historia Apologetica_, Chapter 141, respecting cities of refuge among
the ancients in Mexico. As to North America: Mooney, _Myths_, 207.

Footnote 60:

Variously spelled: Chota, Chote, Echota, Chotah, Choto, Chotee,
Chateauke, Chotte, and as above. Probably the earliest English account
is that of James Needham in Williams, _Early Travels in the Tennessee
Country_, 27, see also pp. 152, 263, 472, and, for the reverence for
“the old beloved town,” 497. Timberlake, (1762) refers to it as the
metropolis of the country, _Memoirs_, 58, 99, 117; Ramsey’s _Annals of
Tennessee_, _passim_. The beloved town was spared in the destruction
of the Cherokee towns by Col. Wm. Christian, in 1776.

Footnote 61:

See later note.

Footnote 62:

In early chronicles “Cusa” and other variations; largest town of the
Upper Creeks; entered by De Soto July 16, 1540; in the present
Talladega County, Ala., east of and near to Coosa River.

Footnote 63:

Kingsborough here cites Morfi in corroboration.

Footnote 64:

Morfi’s _History of the Province of Texas_, and Tanner’s _Narrative of
Thirty Year’s Residence among the Indians_, are cited by Lord
Kingsborough.

Footnote 65:

Boudinot, _Star of the West_, 176; and Mooney, _Myths_, 503, quoting
Washburn, _Reminiscences_, 191, 121, on the capture of the ark of the
Cherokees by the Delaware Indians, to the loss of which the old
priests of the Cherokees ascribed the later degeneracy of their
people. Buttrick, _Antiquities_, 12, refers to the ark covered with
deer-skin “to be set up when they rested and carried when they
journeyed.”

Footnote 66:

Corroboration: Bartram, _Travels_, 495.

Footnote 67:

This is true, also, of the Sauk, Fox and Kickapoo Indians of the West.
Morse’s _Rep. Ind. Affairs_, Appendix, p. 130; Wilkes, _Narrative of
the U. S. Expedition_, III, 78, and Schoolcraft, _Information Indian
Tribes_, IV, 63. Frazer, in his _Golden Bough_, says that the custom
is observed by tribes in Australia, Malaya and Africa.

Footnote 68:

On treatment of captives: Hodge, _Handbook_, I, 203, and, in addition,
Smith, _Account of Remarkable Occurrences_, _passim_.

Footnote 69:

In this year the Chickasaws destroyed the French Ft. Massac on the
Ohio, near the mouth of Tennessee River, in the Illinois Country.
Alvord and Carter, _New Regime_, 132.

Footnote 70:

On the Chickasaws (led by Piomingo, the “Mountain Leader” referred to
as “leader” by Adair) in this campaign, and their great aid to the
British: Williams, _Early Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 216, and
his _Beginnings of West Tennessee_, 29.

Footnote 71:

See the Cherokees’ reception of Sir Alexander Cuming, described by
Cuming: Williams, _Early Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 135 _et
seq._

Footnote 72:

See Jones, _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, 370, 500, 505, 514,
521; Harrington, _Cherokee Remains on Upper Tennessee_, 77, 82, 136,
286; and for gems found in the Cherokee Country, Williams, _Memoirs of
Timberlake_, 73.

Footnote 73:

The literature on the American Indians is fully corroborative.

Footnote 74:

A gourd or calabash set with gems was a mark of sacerdotal dignity
among the ancients of Mexico. (Kingsborough.)

Footnote 75:

The ancients of Mexico also had a superstitious regard for the eagle,
whose effigy they emblazoned on their shields. (Lord Kingsborough.)

Footnote 76:

Natchez Indians, as refugees among the Chickasaws after the wars with
the French.

Footnote 77:

There was a similar superstition as to the power of witches—that they
could assume animal forms. Kingsborough, _Antiquities of Mexico_, VI,
121. Supplementing incantations, the Indians resorted to the regimen
of abstinence, but also to herbs. Among these: lobelia, sassafras,
white nettle, swamp-lily, may-apple, ginseng, white-root, wild senna,
etc. The best list and account is by Mooney, _Sacred Formulas_, 322
_et seq._ See others mentioned by Adair, on p. 388 _post_.

Footnote 78:

The Jews waited seven months. (Kingsborough.)

Footnote 79:

For illustrations of scaffolds, Hodge, _Handbook_, I, 946.

Footnote 80:

To same effect: Jones, _Antiquities of Southern Indians_, 202, citing
Brickell’s _Natural History of North Carolina_, 380; and see Swanton,
_Lower Tribes_, 365. Starr, a Cherokee historian, says that these
aboriginal burial customs were abandoned for those of the white race,
by 1800. _Early History of the Cherokees_, 20.

Footnote 81:

Bartram, practically in accord, describes the burial customs of the
Creeks. _Travels_, 514; and see Roman, _A Concise Natural History of
East and West Florida_, 71, 89; Bossu, _Travels_, I, 257.

Footnote 82:

Mourning customs varied in different tribes. See, generally, Hodge,
_Handbook_, 951, and Swanton, _Early Creeks_, 372 _et seq._ Twelve
months was the period for the widow’s mourning among the Chickasaws.
Cushman, _History of the Indians_, 497.

Footnote 83:

Confirmed by Juan Morfi in his _History of Province of Texas_.
(Kingsborough.)

Footnote 84:

In accord: Lawson’s _History of Carolina_, 187.

Footnote 85:

Swanton, _Early Creeks_, 13.

Footnote 86:

This fact is confusing to a researcher. For example, three names, each
at various stages of their careers, were borne by the Cherokee chiefs
Attakullakulla and Ostenaco.

Footnote 87:

Schoolcraft, _Information Indian Tribes_, I, 309 _et seq._, gives the
story as told by old men of the Chickasaws: That tribe came from the
West; a part of the tribe remaining in the West. The migrants carried
a pole which they planted in the ground at night, and the next morning
they would go in the direction it was found to be leaning. They
continued eastward across the Mississippi until they arrived at
Chickasaw Old Fields, where, the pole standing erect, they settled.
Cushman (_History of the Choctaw, etc., Indians_, 62) gives the same
tradition as being handed down by old men to missionaries in 1820, and
that the Indians at the time named the “great water” Misha Sipokni
(the Mississippi). Buttrick gives a migration legend of the Chickasaws
coming from the West across a great river; and the tradition fixes the
crossing place at the bluffs, later known as the Chickasaw Bluffs, on
one of which stands the city of Memphis.

Footnote 88:

Consult Swanton, _Lower Tribes_, 252.

Footnote 89:

Lord Kingsborough’s comment: This criticism from a person wholly
ignorant of the Spanish language, as was Adair, cannot carry weight.
Adair did not know that many of the Spanish monks and friars advocated
his theory of the Indians being descendants from the Jews. Had he
been, it is probable that he would have spoken more respectfully of
them.

Footnote 90:

The reference here, doubtless, is to Colden’s use of yo-ha-han in his
book on the Northern Indians. Boudinot, in the _Star of the West_,
234, says: “The Indians to the northward are said by Mr. Colden, a
laborious sensible writer, to repeat yo-ha-han, which, if true,
evinces that their corruption advances in proportion as they are
distant from South America. It was a material, or rather an essential,
mistake to write yo-ha-han, as it is confounding two religious words
together. Mr. Adair was assured by Sir William Johnson, as well as by
Rev. Mr. Ogilvie, a missionary with the Mohawks, that the Northern
Indians always pronounced the words of their songs, _y-ho-he_, _a_ or
_ah_; and so Mr. Colden altered them in the second edition of his
history.”

Footnote 91:

The reference is to Girolamo Benzoni, and his book, _La Historia del
Mondo Nuovo_, published in Venice, 1572.

Footnote 92:

Kingsborough says that the Mexicans had a name for God—Tezcatlipca.

Footnote 93:

Kingsborough says that Adair’s dislike of Romanists leads to unfair
comments on their historians; and wonders what translation of Roman
Adair could have consulted in which it was possible to find so great
an absurdity as is here stated on Roman’s authority.

Footnote 94:

Kingsborough points out a mistake in the insertion of “not,” p. 370,
n. 44.

Footnote 95:

Adair was ignorant of the nature of the llama, to which species of
animals the Spaniards gave the name “sheep.” (Kingsborough, n. 47.)

Footnote 96:

Published his _Noticias Americanas_ in 1772, but seems not to be rated
high on the history of the very early Indians. Adair’s reference to
this work, published only three years before his own, shows that his
MSS. must have been added to, and perhaps after he reached London, for
the purpose of bringing it out.

Footnote 97:

The reference is to Thomas Thorowgood’s book entitled “Jews in
America, or Probabilities, that those Indians are Judaical, made more
probable by some Additionals to the former Conjectures. An Accurate
Discourse is promised by Mr. John Elliot, (who first preached the
gospel to the Natives in their own Language) touching their
Origination, and his Vindication of the Planters. Sm. 4th, London:
Printed for Henry Brome at the Gun in Ivie-Lane. 1660.” The book is
rare, selling for $200.00 a copy in 1930.

Footnote 98:

Lord Kingsborough, note 51, calls attention to the well-known fact
that William Penn, founder of Pennsylvania, entertained the same
belief. The children of the Indians reminded Penn of the children of
Jews in their quarter of London, known as Old Jewry.

Footnote 99:

See note p. 210 _ante._

Footnote 100:

Kingsborough adds: “Pedro Simon observes that it was customary amongst
some of the Indian Tribes for men, after the confinement of their
wives, to feign sickness and to receive visitors reclining in bed.”
Note 57, p. 374. The same thing is noticed by a later writer.

Footnote 101:

This is the theory at this day held by leading ethnologists. Two
curious statements appear in Boudinot’s _Star of the West_, p. 235:
“Charlevoix, in his history of Canada, says that Father Grillon often
told him that, after having labored sometimes in the missions in
Canada, he returned to France, and went to China. One day, as he was
traveling through Tartary, he met a Huron woman whom he had formerly
known in Canada. She told him that, having been taken in war, she had
been conducted from nation to nation till she arrived at the place
where she then was. There was another missionary, passing by Nantz on
his return from China, who related the like story of a woman he had
seen from Florida in America. She informed him that she had been taken
by certain Indians and given to those of a distant country; and by
these again to another nation till she had been thus successively
passed from country to country; had traveled regions exceedingly cold,
and at last found herself in Tartary, and had there married a Tartar
who had passed with the conquerors into China and there settled.”

Footnote 102:

Lord Kingsborough ends his reprint and comments here, and concludes by
saying that, while Adair had proved his ignorance of the genuine
writings of the Spanish historians, yet their frequent agreement with
his own relation of facts confirms his veracity.

Footnote 103:

The best accounts of the Catawbas are those of two masters in the
field of the history of Southern Indians, Mooney (_Siouan Tribes of
the East_, 67-88) and Gatschet (_Migration Legend of the Creeks_, 15).
John Lederer was among them in 1669-70, and describes them as “a cruel
generation and prey upon people”; their women “delight much in feather
ornaments, of which they have great variety; but hold Peacocks in most
esteem because rare in those parts; the men are more effeminate and
lazy.” _Discoveries_ (1672), Harpel reprint (1879), p. 24. Lawson was
among them in 1701, and gives them the name of Kadaqua. _History of
North Carolina_, 71 _et seq._; and Wm. Byrd in his _History of the
Dividing Line_ has several references to them. Their country was on
the border of the two Carolinas, on the Catawba River. A remnant still
resides in York County, S. C.

Footnote 104:

The great trading path from Virginia to Georgia passed through the
country of the Catawbas, and was known as the “Catawba Path.” This
brought the tribe into close contact with the whites, which was
unfortunate for the redmen, as it tended to their enfeeblement and
decline.

Footnote 105:

See accordant comments of Lederer, as early as 1670, in note above.

Footnote 106:

One of several attempts of the governments of South Carolina and
Georgia to persuade the Chickasaws, hard pressed by the French and
their Choctaw allies, to leave their own country and settle on the
Savannah River. In 1742 Gov. Bull, of South Carolina, warned Lord
Wilmington that French policy looked to the extirpation of the
Chickasaws. The effort to use Adair’s influence on his friends, the
Chickasaws, must have been about 1748, when Vaudreuil was concerting
plans to attack them, as he did in 1752. The Chickasaws were, indeed,
sorely pressed, and their plea went to the “King of Carolina” for the
return to the nation of the Eastern Chickasaws then living on the
Savannah, in order “to enable us to keep our land. ... We hope you
will think of us in our poverty, as we have not had the liberty of
hunting for three years. We have had enough to do to defend our lands
and prevent our women and children being made slaves of the French.”
S. C. Archives (1756) _5 Indian Book_, 123. Two years before (1754)
the Cherokees, induced by the English of South Carolina, actually sent
a delegation to the Chickasaws “in order to escort the remains of that
brave people into the Cherokee nation.” All persuasion was resisted,
and the Chickasaws held their beloved land.

Footnote 107:

The boundary of the Eastern Chickasaws, mentioned in a preceding note,
was described by their chiefs in 1797, while in treaty at Chickasaw
Bluff, site of Memphis: “ten miles square of lands in the State of
South Carolina, opposite Augusta on the Savannah River and Horse
Creek,” a plat of which was, they said, in the possession of the
Secretary of War. This band located there about the end of the
Oglethorpe campaign against St. Augustine.

Footnote 108:

The South Carolina government urged that of New York to check these
attacks; and, in 1750, Governor James Glen threatened to offer a
reward for the killing of any Northern Indian in the limits of South
Carolina. The next year peace between the two nations was effected at
the Albany Conference.

Footnote 109:

Lawson in 1701: They were “a very large nation, containing many
thousand people.” _History of North Carolina_ (1903 ed.) p. 20.

Footnote 110:

The name as given by Gallatin (_Archaeologia Americana_, II, 90) is,
properly, Tsalakies. Mooney goes more into detail: “In the Lower
dialect, with which the English settlers first became familiar, the
form is Tsa-ragi. In the other dialects the form is Tsa-lagi.”
_Myths_, 182; with Gatschet in accord, _Migration Legend_, 24. De Soto
chroniclers wrote it: Chalaque. The present standard form, Cherokee,
dates back at least to 1708. Mooney says (_Myths_, 15) that the name
by which the Cherokees call themselves is Yunwiya, signifying “real or
principal people”; and that on ceremonial occasions they frequently
speak of themselves as the Kituhwagi (or Cuttawa). The Tennessee River
was in very early times called the Cussate (Moll Map, 1715).

Footnote 111:

Mooney says seemingly refers to the fact that the tribe occupied a
cave country; followed by Hodge, _Handbook_, I, 245, “cave people.”
But Starr, the Cherokee historian, agrees with Adair: A-che (fire)
ahgi (he takes). _Early History_, 7.

Footnote 112:

Gatschet: Otari (above) Erati (low). Mooney, Otari or Atari
(mountain).

Footnote 113:

Among the traders in 1730-35 were: Anthony Deane, said to have been a
learned man, Cornelius Dougherty, Eleazar Wiggan, Alexander Long,
Ludovick Grant, a man of intelligence and influence, David Dowie,
Joseph Cooper and Gregory Haines.

Footnote 114:

In 1715 Col. Chicken was assured that the Valley Towns alone had by
count 2,370 fighting men, one-half the number equipped with guns.

Footnote 115:

Of 1760-61.

Footnote 116:

Compare the accordant account of DeBrahm in Williams, _Early Travels
in the Tennessee Country_, 193; also 477.

Footnote 117:

Flowing towards territory claimed by the French. Thus, it seems, came
also the name of French Broad River, in Western North Carolina and
East Tennessee.

Footnote 118:

Also the Catawbas in the same and in the following year. On small-pox:
Du Prazt, _History_, 305; Hamilton, _Colonial Mobile_, 209 _et seq._
In September, 1739, chiefs of the Cherokees complained that their
people had been poisoned by bad rum brought in by traders, but on
inquiry it was ascertained that unlicensed traders had during the
preceding summer carried small-pox to their nation. Harris, _Memorials
of Oglethorpe_, 214.

Footnote 119:

Guinea negroes.

Footnote 120:

The Indians made much use of the root of the white nettle, which
because of its caustic and detergent properties, was used for
cleansing ulcers and proud-flesh. Bartram’s _Observations_, 45. But
the “mountain alum” appears to be cranesbill (_geranium maculatum_) an
astringent, recognized as such by medical authorities today.

Footnote 121:

Hospital for sailors.

Footnote 122:

For map showing the upper part of this path, Williams, _Early Travels
in the Tennessee Country_, 114.

Footnote 123:

Mooney, _Myths_, 459; Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 73.

Footnote 124:

The Ustitlu legend. _Ibid._

Footnote 125:

The upper or Flanders Path is described by Crane, _The Southern
Frontier_, 135.

Footnote 126:

By way of supplement to and corroboration of Adair, in respect of this
very remarkable man, Christian Gottlieb Piber, who declared in a
petition that he had a wife and four children in Saxony, the following
brief account by Ludovick Grant is given, because not so well known as
others. Priber landed at Charles Town, but, it seems, made his way to
a district in the country. Grant says that Priber went from Amelia
Township on Santee River into the Cherokee nation; that he called
himself a German but was certainly an agent of the French; that he
lived in the town of Telliquo (Great Tellico); that he trimmed his
hair in the Indian manner and painted as they did, going, generally,
naked, except for a shirt and flap; that he told the Cherokees that
they had been tricked out of a great part of their lands, and in the
future they should make no concessions, and should trade with the
English and French alike, and they would then be courted by both. He
proposed a new system of government, under which all things should be
held in common; even their wives should be so, and the children looked
upon as those of the public and taken care of as such. Priber urged
that the “seat of government be moved nearer to the French at
Coosawattee, where in ancient times a town stood belonging to the
Cherokees; and that they should admit into their society Creeks and
Catawbas, French and English, all colours and complexions; in short,
all who were of their principles.” Priber wrote a letter to the South
Carolina government, signed by him as “prime minister,” which opened
the eyes of South Carolinians to the danger of his continuing longer
among the Indians. Grant confirms Adair as to the journey to the
Alabama Fort of the French on his way to Mobile and as to his arrest.
“His negro who jumped into the river to make his escape, they shot
dead.” Grant fixed the length of Priber’s stay as “about three years
[Adair says five and the true period was six or seven years] among the
Cherokees”—a “most notorious rogue and iniquitous fellow who if he had
been permitted to live much longer in that country would undoubtedly
have drawn that nation over to the French interest.” _Relation_, in S.
C. Hist. Mag., X, 54. See also letter from Fredrica in _S. C. Gazette_
of Aug. 15, 1743: “The Creek Indians have at last brought Mr. Priber
prisoner here; he is a little ugly man, but speaks all languages
fluently ... he talks very prophanely against all religions, but
chiefly the Protestant; he was for setting up a town at the foot of
the mountains among the Cherokees, which was to be a city of refuge
for all criminals, debtors and slaves. ... There was a book found upon
him in his own writing ready for the press, which he owns and glories
in and believes it is by this time printed, but will not tell where,
in which ... he lays down the rules of government which the town is to
be governed by, to which he gives the title of _Paradise_. He
enumerates many whimsical privileges and natural rights ...
particularly dissolving marriages and allowing community of women and
all kinds of licenciousness; the book is drawn up very methodically,
and full of learned quotations; it is extremely wicked, yet has
several flights full of invention, and it is a pity so much wit is
applied to so bad a purpose.” A comparison of the “Red Empire” with
the Russian Soviet of the present day is more than suggested. See
further on Priber: Crane, _A Lost Utopia_, Sewanee Review, Jan’y,
1919; Mereness, _Travels in the American Colonies_, 248; Williams,
_Early Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 154 _et seq._, and Mooney,
_Myths_, 36.

Footnote 127:

Col. Fox. Before he was sent in Ludovick Grant had been commissioned
to make the arrest. His _Relation_ gives the account: “I sometime
after went up into the Townhouse to try what could be done; but I
found that he [Priber] was well apprized of my design and laughed at
me, desiring me to try it, in so insolent a manner that I could hardly
bear it.... After which Coll. Fox was sent up on the same service with
several persons to attend and assist him; and, having endeavoured by
several messages and letters to decoy and draw him out of Town, but
all in vain, he at length laid hold of him in the Townhouse, for which
he liked to have suffered. The Indians took it very much amiss and
told him that as the Country was their own they might do what they
thought proper ... wishing him [Fox] to get out of their Country
directly.” _S. C. Mag. of History_, X, 54 _et seq._

Footnote 128:

The subsequent history of the Cherokees corroborates Adair’s statement
as to the attitude of the town of Great Tellico. It was there that
Lantagnac plotted for the downfall of Ft. Loudoun. Williams, _Early
Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 177.

Footnote 129:

Gov. James Glen, Adair’s dislike of whom is here and elsewhere fully
apparent.

Footnote 130:

Gov. Wm. Henry Lyttleton.

Footnote 131:

Gov. Dinwiddie: “We have had 148 Cherokees, 124 Catawbas etc. at Fort
Loudown [Winchester, Va.].... The Cherokees have been guilty of many
disorders in marching through this Country and killed a Chickasaw
Warrior.” _Papers_, II, 633, 641, 663, 673. Cherokees were used with
good results as scouts; a party of six reported a sally of the French
from Fort DuQuesne (Pittsburgh) and Col. George Washington (June,
1757) feared that Fort Cumberland would fall. Fernow, _Ohio Valley in
Colonial Days_, 150 _et seq._ The Chickasaws also sent warriors to aid
the British and Americans. They at Ft. Loudoun (in Virginia) were
under Washington, who wrote of them: “Those Indians who are coming
should be showed all possible respect, and the greatest care should be
taken of them, as upon them much depends. It is a critical time, they
are very humorsome, and their assistance very necessary. One false
step might lose us all that, but even turn them against us.” Morton,
_Story of Winchester_, 76.

Footnote 132:

On this occurrence consult Virginia _House of Burgesses Journals_,
1758-61, p. 6 _et seq._; Koontz, _The Virginia Frontier_, 1754-1763,
92, and Carroll’s _South Carolina Collection_, II, 97.

Footnote 133:

For Lantagnac’s intrigues in behalf of the French: Williams, _Early
Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 177 _et seq._

Footnote 134:

They raided on the Yadkin River and threatened to attack the Moravian
towns: _Moravian Records_, I, 232.

Footnote 135:

Probably the Eastern band on the Savannah River.

Footnote 136:

Incidents at Ft. Prince George in Upper South Carolina.

Footnote 137:

See for Georgiana, p. 484 M _post_.

Footnote 138:

Col. Archibald Montgomery succeeded to the title and peerage in
October, 1769; thus is shown Adair’s revision of his work to that
date, at least.

Footnote 139:

The retreat of Col. Montgomery led to the downfall of Fort Loudoun.

Footnote 140:

Under Col. Wm. Byrd III. The biting comment of Adair was justified.
Williams, _Memoirs of Lt. Timberlake_, 14. Timberlake was with Byrd.

Footnote 141:

Adair was in active service as captain of the Eastern Chickasaws—but
he modestly and barely refers to the fact. See the editor’s
Introduction to this volume.

Footnote 142:

Edmund Atkins, formerly a Charles Town merchant, in partnership with
John Atkins. _S. C. Gazette_, Oct. 4, 1746. He was, also, member of
the Council of State in 1748.

Footnote 143:

Hamilton says that the true Indian name was Yaha Tasky Stonake, called
by the English The Mortar and by the French Le Loup. _Colonial
Mobile_, 229. He was under French influence, and gave the British and
colonials much trouble because of his power among his people, the
Creeks, and his influence with one element of the Overhill Cherokees
in the fateful year 1760. See _N. C. Col. Rec._, VI, 259 _et seq._;
313, as to his aiding in the downfall of Ft. Loudoun. After the
surrender of the garrison, The Mortar was taken over the fort by the
Cherokees and shown the “great guns”—the cannon. Before setting off to
his own country The Mortar and his gang of Creeks broke into the
Little Carpenter’s house and plundered it, evidently to punish the
Cherokee chief for the part he had taken in behalf of the English. The
Mortar was accompanied home by a group of the Cherokees. That he was
influential, at the incitement of Lantagnac, in the downfall of Ft.
Loudoun, is manifest.

Footnote 144:

This savage attack on Atkins occurred among the Creeks in the Alabama
Country (Cussatah Town) Sept. 28, 1759. He was struck by a Cherokee on
the head with a tomahawk but escaped without fatal injury. The
intrigues of the French soon brought the Overhill Cherokees to
flagrant outbreak against the English.

Footnote 145:

It has been suggested that The Mortar began the settlement to which
resorted the disaffected of the Creeks and Cherokees—later known as
Chickamaugas, always a lawless band, rather than a tribe.

Footnote 146:

The best authorities on the Creeks are Hawkins and Swanton, in the
books cited _ante_ and _post_.

Footnote 147:

A doctrine preached later by Thomas Jefferson when President.

Footnote 148:

Perhaps Galphin. The account is corroborated by Swanton, _Early
History of Creeks_, 421, 437.

Footnote 149:

Ft. Toulouse, near the junction of the Coosa and Tallapoosa Rivers.

Footnote 150:

Probably “John Ross, Indian Trader,” mentioned as grantee of land at
Augusta, in _Ga. Col. Recs._, VI, 229.

Footnote 151:

It would be interesting to know in what year Adair penned these lines.

Footnote 152:

Or Tombekbe, now Jones Bluff of Tombigbee River, where the Alabama
Great Southern crosses the stream in West Alabama; established by
Bienville, 1735.

Footnote 153:

The Koasati Indians, once located on Tennessee River below the present
Chattanooga, are treated of in Swanton’s _Early History of the
Creeks_, 201-207, 211.

Footnote 154:

The Boiling Pot or Suck in Tennessee River, near Hale’s Bar, near
Chattanooga.

Footnote 155:

George Galphin and Lachlan McGillivray (McGilwray in the Dedication of
Adair’s book).

Galphin, a Scotchman, located at an early day (c. 1739) at Silver
Bluff, later Gaphinton, on Savannah River, South Carolina side, a few
miles below the site of Augusta, Ga., where he built a trading post
and engaged in the Indian trade, chiefly to the Creeks. He is said to
have been the earliest trader in that section. Ft. Augusta dated from
1736; and it is likely that Galphin and Adair were in close touch
shortly afterwards. Galphin at the outbreak of the Revolution
sympathized with the colonists, and on Oct. 2, 1775, he was appointed
commissioner of Indian affairs for the Southern District, thus
realizing the ambition of Adair for his friend. For a number of years
he had an important part in affairs affecting the Indians, the value
of which is best summarized in a letter to him from Henry Laurens from
the Continental Congress, Sept. 16, 1777: “I congratulate upon your
success in treating with the Creek Indians. I hold the States of So.
Carolina and Georgia, as well as the United States, much indebted to
your unwearied labours for the present good disposition of those
Savages, and as their continuance in this temper depends much upon
your exertions, so we are all bound to pray your life and health.”
Burnett, _Letters of Members of Const. Cong._, II, 494. Galphin
appears to have been a considerable trader in the town of Coweta, the
principal town of the Lower Creeks. He took a leading part in the
affairs of his own colony, and in those of Georgia just across the
river. In 1754 he was influential in keeping up the English connection
with the Chickasaws—doubtless through his partner in the trade, Adair.
Through his intervention, munitions of war were then sent to the
Chickasaws by Georgia, to enable them to hold their land, “save
themselves, wives and children from being made slaves of their enemies
the French.” Galphin was largely instrumental in the success of the
great Indian Congress held at Augusta in 1773, referred to by Adair.
Therefor in 1848 a claim, prosecuted by his family, was allowed by the
Congress of the United States. Galphin was a man of intelligence and
great force of character. He died in 1780.

Lachlan McGillivray also lived near Augusta, where his name, alongside
that of Galphin, may be found attached to early documents relating to
the defense of the neighborhood against danger. He was also a trader,
mainly to the Creeks, and many reports of his on Indian affairs are to
be found in the South Carolina Archives. He was the father of the
noted half-breed chief of the Creek Indians, Alexander McGillivray,
who played such an important part in the South in the closing decades
of the previous century. As his name indicates, he also was a
Scotchman; and a descendant of his was a minor leader among the
Chickasaws about 1815-20. Lachlan McGillivray was a man of fine native
parts, but had not the talents and did not reach the rank of Galphin.

Footnote 156:

By Matthew Roche, of the “Sphynx Company,” for which see later. A
letter of Adair was incorporated in the pamphlet, and it may not be
doubted that Adair figured not a little in the preparation and
composition of its contents.

Footnote 157:

Capt. John Stuart, who was rescued by Attakullakulla at the downfall
of Ft. Loudoun, was principal superintendent of Indian affairs at the
South, from 1762 to the end of the colonial era.

Footnote 158:

Evidently “on”—a misprint.

Footnote 159:

The records abound in proofs of the awe in which the Chickasaws were
held by the other tribes of the Southern and Northern Indians.

Footnote 160:

Described by Lord Adam Gordon in 1764, Wolf King was a sensible old
man, who said he might be one hundred years old. Mereness, _Travels in
the American Colonies_, 385.

Footnote 161:

The Shawnees were hereditary enemies of the Cherokees, but usually
allies of the Creeks. By capture or intermarriage there was quite an
admixture of Shawnee blood among the Cherokees. The small party
referred to in the text may have been one of this character.

Footnote 162:

The reference seems to be to Gov. James Glen, who made such an effort.

Footnote 163:

Lachlan McGillivray. The archives at Columbia bear out Adair’s
statements on this point.

Footnote 164:

Bienville gave their number of warriors in 1725-26 as 8,000 and the
_Colonial Records of Georgia_ state a higher number. There had been a
frightful loss of life in the numerous wars fought with the Chickasaws
under French incitement. In wars with the Creeks, 1765-1771, they lost
about three hundred warriors, Gallatin, _Synopsis, etc._, 100. Cushman
draws a brighter picture of the Choctaws, but Milfort makes a
distinction between the Northern and Southern Choctaws, giving to the
former superior qualities. The earliest mention of them is found in
the De Soto narratives, 1540.

Footnote 165:

The reference is to the firms of Baynton, Wharton & Morgan, and Franks
& Co.

Footnote 166:

George Johnstone.

Footnote 167:

Adair was not well up on North Carolina geography. The Yadkin does not
flow into the Cape Fear River.

Footnote 168:

Charles Stuart, seemingly a brother of John Stuart, was deputy
superintendent.

Footnote 169:

The reference is to Col. Abraham Wood, of Virginia, and to his sending
out Batts and Fallam in 1671—not 1654 or 1664. Adair is here following
Cox’s _Carolana_. See Alvord and Bidgood, _First Explorations of the
Trans-Allegheny Region_, 191, and Williams, _Early Travels in the
Tennessee Country_, 17. Capt. Bolton made no such discovery in 1670.

Footnote 170:

Dr. Cox, of London, father of the author of _Carolana_ and a
proprietor of West (New) Jersey but never in America, did send Capt.
Bond by sea to, then up the Mississippi about one hundred miles, in
1698; the vessel was turned back by Iberville acting for the French,
at a place ever since called “the English turn,” just below New
Orleans.

Footnote 171:

Adair is yet following the _Carolana_ of Daniel Cox, son of Dr. Cox,
taking no notice of the journeys of Marquette and Jolliet in 1673 and
of La Salle in 1682.

Footnote 172:

The fort was abandoned in January, 1768.

Footnote 173:

Gov. James Glen. As corroborative of Adair: “We have advices from some
of our traders that the Choctaw Indians (for many years past in the
French interest) have invited them into their towns to trade,
promising them a guard of 400 men; and as a testimony of their good
intentions they brought with them the scalps of three Frenchmen.” _S.
C. Gazette_, Nov. 4, 1746.

Footnote 174:

The celebrated and double-faced Red Shoes, leader of a faction of the
Choctaws. He took part with the French in the war of 1736; but proving
insolent after the war, Vaudreuil stopped the supply of arms and
ammunition to his party. Further incensed by the discovery of a
Frenchman from Ft. Tombekbe in adultery with his favorite wife, Adair
found him ripe for heading a faction of the Choctaws against the
French. Adair’s influence was exerted to that end in 1746, for in
October of that year, De Beauchamp was among the friendly Choctaws,
warning them against Adair, “that trader who was at the Chikachas
[Chickasaws], mentioning him by name,” and offering a reward for the
death of Red Shoes. Mereness, _Travels in the American Colonies_, 290
_et seq._ A fratricidal war broke out among the Choctaws. Red Shoes’
party with a band of the Creeks, in June, 1748, not 1747 as Adair
states from memory, made an attack on the German settlement (Quartier
des Alemands) as stated by Adair. Vaudreuil was more fortunate in
compassing the death of Red Shoes later in 1748, seemingly through
Jean Grondel. The fiat went forth that the arch-intriguer must die. He
was set upon and killed while convoying to his towns a train of
English goods from Charles Town. English traders saved the goods; and,
by making a distribution of them, managed to revive the war, placing a
brother of Red Shoes at the head of his partisans. This faction was
soon defeated and put to rout by Grandpre, then commandant at Ft.
Tombikbe. In the event, the connection of Red Shoes and Adair was
unfortunate for both.

Footnote 175:

The reference is to the two unsuccessful campaigns of the French
against the Chickasaws under Bienville.

Footnote 176:

The Chickasaws’ horses were favorites throughout the South. Barton in
his _New View_ says: “It is a well established fact that the
Chickasaws brought with them from the West those beautiful horses
called Chickasaw breed.” Major Robert Rogers in his _Concise Account
of North America_, says that the Chickasaws are supposed to have
introduced the horse, and had large droves of them in 1762. But others
attribute the origin to De Soto’s visit among them. Hugh Williamson
(_Observations_, 80) in 1811 said: “Those Indians were originally
furnished by De Soto with a breed of Spanish horses. The Indians,
towards the middle of the last century, discovered that their horses
were a valuable article of commerce.... The traders in all cases
bought their largest horses.” Smyth (1774) in North Carolina
“purchased a beautiful Chickasaw horse, named so from a nation of
Indians who are very careful of preserving a fine breed of Spanish
horses they have long preserved, unmixed with any other.” _A Tour_, I,
139. In 1785 Henry Laurens, Jr., of Charleston, wrote of being
“informed by a Friend of his expectations of a string of five and
forty horses from the Chickasaws which are generally esteemed as good
horses as any in America.” _So. Car. Hist. Mag._, XXIV, 11. The horse,
it seems, was not introduced among the Cherokees until the beginning
of the seventeenth century, and then probably from the Chickasaws.
Byrd says that the Indians “were utter strangers to all our beasts of
carriage before the slothful Europeans came amongst them.” The
Seminoles of Florida also had horses of Andalusian breed, brought over
by the Spaniards. Bartram, _Travels_, 213. The Chickasaw breed was in
high repute in East Tennessee in the last decade of the eighteenth
century. A celebrated sire “Piomingo,” named for the great chief, was
advertised as “a fine Spanish horse raised in the Chickasaw nation.”
Knoxville _Gazette_, Mar. 24, 1792.

Footnote 177:

For accordant statement: Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 79;
Lawson, _History of North Carolina_ (1903 ed.) 133.

Footnote 178:

This ecomium on the Chickasaws finds full confirmation on the part of
historians and travelers, French, Spanish and English:

“The nation of the Chickasaws is very warlike. The men have regular
features, well shaped and neatly dressed; they are fierce, and have a
high opinion of themselves. The nations who border upon them who speak
the Chickasaw language best value themselves upon it.” (Du Pratz.)

“They are accounted and esteemed the bravest Indians upon the main,
which makes good the common observation that the bravest soldiers are
generally the most civil to prisoners.” (Eveleigh.)

“They are the most indefatigable and most valiant of all the Indians.”
(Rev. John Wesley.)

“Not so numerous as the Choctaws, but more terrible on account of
their intrepidity. The Chickasaws are tall, well made, and of an
unparalleled courage.” (Bossu.)

“A brave, warlike people; tall, well-shaped and handsome featured.”
(Rogers.)

“These brave Indians, our ancient allies and steady friends;
irreconciliable enemies of the French.” (Sir Jeffrey Amherst.)

“There is no Indian nation on the continent near so handsome as the
Chickasaws; they have always been distinguished for their gallant
actions and feats of heroism which have rendered them, even
individually, to be particularly respected throughout all the nations
of North America. For which reason Chickasaw guides are more sought
after and are more serviceable than those of any other nation.”
(Smyth.)

“The most intrepid warriors of the South.” (Bancroft.)

“The bravest of the brave. Admirably proportioned, athletic, active
and graceful in their movements, and possessed of open and manly
countenances.” (Pickett.)

“Their courage exceeded that of all other aborigines. Neighboring
tribes found them invincible.” (Brewer.)

“Through all the epochs of colonial history the Chickasaw people
maintained their old reputation for independence and bravery.”
(Gatschet.)

“The ancient Chickasaws have justily been regarded as the bravest and
most skillful warriors among all the American Indians.” (Cushman.)

“The smallest of the Southern nations, but they were also the bravest
and most warlike.” (Roosevelt.)

“Noted from remote times for their bravery, independence and warlike
disposition.” (Hodge.)

Footnote 179:

See on this town, Swanton, _Early Creeks_, 313, _et seq._

Footnote 180:

Should be 1748, when “the Western Choctaws attack the Quartier
Alemands.” French Transcripts at Jackson, Miss., Vol. 32, p. 81.

Footnote 181:

Quapaw, a Southwestern Siouan tribe, their villages west of the
Mississippi and north of the Arkansas River. Hodge, _Handbook_, II,
333.

Footnote 182:

A name applied by Adair to a company of traders, composed of Gov.
James Glen, his brother and two others, and given official
countenance.

Footnote 183:

At their head Charles McNaire.

Footnote 184:

George Galphin.

Footnote 185:

Perhaps Joseph Wood, of Georgia.

Footnote 186:

James Campbell who had traded among the Chickasaws for nearly twenty
years. He had conducted a small trade among the Choctaws, and joined
Adair in the plan to win over Red Shoes.

Footnote 187:

“Friday last arrived 47 Indians of a very potent nation heretofore in
enmity and now come to solicit peace and the encouragement of English
traders to settle and supply them with goods, giving assurances of
fidelity and good treatment.” _South Carolina Gazette_, Apr. 13, 1748.
A brother of Red Shoes headed the delegation. _Ib._, Apr. 17.

Footnote 188:

The mythic place, Nani Waya (winding hill), in Winston County, Miss.
Nanna Waya Creek through the county yet is known by the name.
Gatschet, _Migration Legend_, 105; Cushman, _History_, 361.

Footnote 189:

The French archives, with data of the year 1748, afford ample
corroboration of “the Choctaw rebellion,” as they termed the civil
war.

Footnote 190:

Or Paya Mattaha; he represented the Chickasaw Nation as principal
leader in the Indian Congress held by Gov. Johnstone and John Stuart,
at Mobile in March, 1765. He there made an extended speech: “Tho’ I am
a red man, my heart is white from my connection with and the benefit I
have received from the white people. I almost look upon myself as one
of them.... The English have always supported me in my distress and
never deserted or deceived me.”

Footnote 191:

Gov. Glen in 1748 admitted that Adair and John Campbell had been his
chief agents in bringing about the Red Shoe revolt. Adair’s bitterness
towards the governor was not without cause.

Footnote 192:

Identified by Swanton as the Cusabo Indians. _Early Hist. Creeks_, 71
_et seq._

Footnote 193:

Adair is here recounting Cherokee raids in the early decades of the
eighteenth century.

Footnote 194:

George Haig who in 1748 was taken captive, with Thomas Brown’s
half-breed son, and put to death by the Indians (R. L. Meriwether).
Thomas Brown is mentioned by Adair as “T. B.” He and Haig were
associates in the Indian trade from a post on Congaree River up to
Brown’s death in 1747.

Footnote 195:

Col. George Chicken, _Ibid._

Footnote 196:

Col. Fox, see n. p. 254 _ante._

Footnote 197:

Henry Foster (sometimes Francis), son-in-law of James Francis. See
Introduction, p. xiii _ante._

Footnote 198:

See Introduction on this Memorial.

Footnote 199:

There must be a misprint here, since there was no such disparity
between the water and land routes, and Adair was well posted on the
point.

Footnote 200:

“The tribal name is Tciaca. The suffix _aca_ denoting people
collectively; another form Tcikocokela, _okela_ denoting tribe, is in
common use.” Frank G. Speck in _Journal of American Folk Lore_, XX,
50-58.

Footnote 201:

Adair is corroborated by Cushman (_History of the Choctaws,
Chickasaws, etc._, 19-20, 242-246, 361, 494). The languages were for
the most part identical. It appears that in speeches made by Chickasaw
chiefs in councils held by the British with them and the Choctaws,
jointly, the former spoke as “elders” to the Choctaws.

Footnote 202:

Adair does not go further back than 1720 in his account of the
Chickasaws. The expedition of De Soto in 1540-41 crossed their
country, called by its historians or narrators “Chicaca provincia,”
and suffered a defeat by the tribe. In La Salle’s own account of his
expedition of 1682 he mentions the “river inhabited by the Sicachas,”
as having “its source near Carolina”—the Tennessee River, manifestly.
His men came in contact with “five of the Chikacha nation” at one of
the Chickasaw Bluffs on the Mississippi in the present West Tennessee.
In 1687, Father Anastasius Douay records respecting a party of La
Salle’s force, “we went to the Sicachas, where we had not been,”
previously. “This nation is very numerous; they count at least four
thousand warriors; have an abundance of peltry.” But Tonty, in 1693,
noted the tribe as having “2,000 warriors.” By 1720-21 that the
Chickasaws were a thorn in the side of the French is demonstrated by
Charlevoix and Diron D’Artaguette. For all their accounts, see
Williams, _Early Travels in the Tennessee Country_, _passim_. In the
closing years of the seventeenth century Carolina traders were among
the Chickasaws, initiating a commerce that Adair carried forward. For
later glimpses: Du Pratz, _History of Louisiana_, II, 217; for a few
customs, Bossu, _Travels in Louisiana_, _passim_; Roman’s _East and
West Florida_, and authorities later cited. Having in view the part
played by the Chickasaws in aiding the English in holding the
Mississippi Valley against the French, all too scant attention has
been paid to that gallant and remarkable nation of red men by the
historians of America.

Footnote 203:

The best account of the Natchez Indians is Swanton’s _Lower Tribes_,
_passim_, supplemented by his _Early History of the Creeks_.

Footnote 204:

For the three humiliatingly unsuccessful campaigns of the French
against the Chickasaws, due to their giving asylum to the Natchez,
see: Primary, Rowland and Sanders, _Mississippi Provincial Archives_,
I, _passim_; _Ga. Col. Recs._, XXI and XXII, and Shea’s reprint of
[Bouache] _Journal de la Guerre du Micissippi contre les Chicachas en
1739-40_, translation in Claiborne’s _Mississippi_. Secondary,
Pickett’s _History of Alabama_, Hamilton, _Colonial Mobile_, and
Williams, _Beginnings of West Tennessee_, chs. IV and V.

Footnote 205:

Confirmation: Williams, _op. cit._, chs. V and VI. Most of the
Chickasaw sallies were from the Bluffs in West Tennessee, at the site
of Memphis and above.

Footnote 206:

Not only the French but their Indians: “Both French and Indians stand
in awe of them.” Williams, _op. cit._, 29.

Footnote 207:

In the treaties of 1818 (Shelby-Jackson) and 1832 (Coffee-Colbert). As
to the latter, Jackson, then President, wrote: “All things considered,
I think it is a good one, and surely the religious enthusiasts or
those who have been weeping over the oppression of the Indians will
not find fault with it for want of liberality or justice to the
Indians.” This expressed hope of Adair was measurably (but barely so)
proved to be true. Bassett, _Correspondence of Jackson_, IV, 483, and
Williams, _op. cit._, App. A and B.

Footnote 208:

See n. 271, p. 484 _post_.

Footnote 209:

The reference is to Gen. Phineas Lyman’s scheme for a colony,
Georgiana. Williams, _op. cit._, 18.

Footnote 210:

It is this point, well made by Adair, that our historians have failed
fully to grasp or appreciate. The fate of the lower Mississippi Valley
might have been otherwise but for the Chickasaws; not once but
twice—first against the French but later against the Spaniards.

Footnote 211:

Of widespread culture among other tribes. See Bartram, _Travels_, 38,
421.

Footnote 212:

Used by the Indians in concocting the “black drink”; as to which see
n. 22, p. 49 _ante._

Footnote 213:

Ginseng is yet gathered wild and even cultivated for commerce in the
mountains. As to the use made of it by the aborigines: Mooney,
_Myths_, 421, 425, 505, and _Sacred Formulas_, 326.

Footnote 214:

If we assume that Adair wrote these words in 1768, then almost at the
time the first steps were being taken by such people on their own
initiative to found settlements on the Holston and Watauga Rivers,
which were to become the seed-plot of the civilization of the Upper
Southwest.

Footnote 215:

To the Natchez Country left open to settlement by the king’s
proclamation of 1763.

Footnote 216:

Charles Town was the first center of the Indian trade. From that place
prior to 1700 traders had reached the Indian tribes on the
Mississippi; in that year they were found there by the French. McCrady
says that many of the early fortunes of Charleston families were built
up by the Indian trade. This is more than can be said of the traders,
who adventured themselves into the wilderness encompassed by manifold
dangers to make possible the merchants’ fortunes. Augusta followed as
chief mart. “It was laid out in the beginning of the year 1736, and
thrives prodigiously. It is the chief place of trade with the Indians.
There are several warehouses in it well furnished with goods for the
Indian trade.... There are five large boats which belong to different
inhabitants of the town, and carry about nine thousand weight of deer
skins, each; and last year about one hundred thousand weight of skins
was brought from there. All the Indian traders from both provinces of
South Carolina and Georgia, resort thither in the spring. In June,
1739, the traders, pack-horsemen, servants, townsmen and others
dependent upon that business, made about six hundred whites who live
by the trade in the Indian nations. Each hunter is reckoned to get
three hundred weight of deer skins in a year, which is a very
advantageous trade to England, for the deer skins, beaver and other
furs are chiefly paid for in woolen goods and iron.” _An Impartial
Inquiry, London_, 1741, also in _Ga. Hist. Coll._ I, 153 _et seq._
Among the traders of Adair’s early period as a trader may be mentioned
a few not elsewhere named who traded to the Chickasaws: Thos. Welch,
James Alford, John Chester, James Welch, John Buckles, John Brown,
Thomas Andrews, Wm. McMullian, Augustine Smith, Jerome Courtonne, John
Tanner, Benj. Sealey, John Smith, Richard McCully and Francis
Underwood. For traders to the Cherokees: Rothrock, _Carolina Traders
Among the Overhill Cherokees, 1690-1760_, E. T. Hist. Soc. Pub., I, 3
_et seq._

Footnote 217:

Set out, article by article, with prices in the proceedings of the
Congress.

Footnote 218:

Lt. Col. Wedderburn, chief military officer of West Florida.

Footnote 219:

Charles Stuart, a younger brother of John Stuart, was deputy for many
years prior to the War of the Revolution.

Footnote 220:

James Colbert, who was to become a great leader of the Chickasaws.

Footnote 221:

George Craghan or Croghan, whose career is set forth in Volwiler,
_George Croghan, and the Westward Movement_. There is evidence that
Craghan or one of his agents was on the Tennessee River in the
Tennessee Country prior to 1756.

Footnote 222:

Kaskaskia, in the Illinois Country.

Footnote 223:

Was this a Joseph Greer of the Valley of Virginia? Andrew Greer, of
the Watauga Settlement, was somewhat later a trader to the Cherokees.

Footnote 224:

Supplementing Adair’s statements as to the strength of the Chickasaws,
only a few authorities are here quoted: Sir Nathaniel Johnson, Sept.
17, 1708, stated in a report that “the Chikysaws have at least 600
men. These Indians are stout and warlike.... Slaves is what we have in
exchange for our goods, which these people take from several nations
of Indians that live beyond them.” Rivers, _Historical Sketch of South
Carolina_, 238. In 1715, the census taken by South Carolina
authorities gave 700 warriors. Gov. Bull, of South Carolina (1742):
“They do not exceed 400 men.” Royal Com. Hist. MSS., Appendix IV, 269.
After the attrition of three wars with the French, John Buckles, a
trader among them, reported this estimate in 1754: “Able gunmen, 340;
old men between 50 and 70 years, 25; young boys, 155. As to the number
of women in the nation ... every fellow has at least 2 or 3 wives; and
young girls there may be about the same number as the boys, or they
may exceed.” Maj. Robert Rogers in his _Concise Account of North
America_, stated that in 1762 “they can raise 500 fighting men.” Two
years later (1764) Capt. Thomas Hutchins estimated 750 warriors. For
other figures: Swanton, _Early Creeks_, 449.

Footnote 225:

On methods of warfare: Bartram, _Travels_, 211; Gatschet, _Migration
Legend_, 167; Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 57 _et seq._, 93,
102; Smith’s _Captivity_, 153, 163; Hodge, _Handbook_, II, 915, and
Morgan, _League of the Iroquois_, I, 68, 72, 300 _et seq._

Footnote 226:

On scalping: Hodge, _Handbook_, II, 482.

Footnote 227:

An instance is given by DeBrahm. Williams, _Early Travels in the
Tennessee Country_, 193.

Footnote 228:

Tattooing was practiced by Indians generally; the ink differed; by
some charred box-elder was used, by others the dripping of rich
pine-roots; the pricking was done by sharp flint points, sharp bone or
gar’s tooth, and, in the West, cactus spines. Most tribes had one or
more persons expert in the art. See, also, Bartram, _Travels_, 482 _et
seq._

Footnote 229:

Instances are numerous in the history of the American Indians.

Footnote 230:

In which he recites his war-like deeds, as by way of a swan-song.

Footnote 231:

This, it is believed, is the best description extant of torture at the
stake.

Footnote 232:

A Seneca warrior from the North. Mooney, _Myths_, 491.

Footnote 233:

Gen. Oglethorpe: “In case of murder, the next in blood is obliged to
kill the murderer, or else he is looked upon as infamous in the nation
where he lives. There is no coersive power in that government.”
_Gentlemen’s Magazine_ (London) for 1733, p. 413.

Footnote 234:

Gatschet, _Migration Legend_, 136.

Footnote 235:

On these titles among the Cherokees: Williams, _Memoirs of
Timberlake_, 194n.

Footnote 236:

For aid rendered by the Southern Indians to Oglethorpe: Harris,
_Memorials_, 224; and the Chickasaws, _Ga. Hist. Coll._, I, 270, 277.

Footnote 237:

All authorities are in agreement: Bartram, _Travels_, 212; Lawson,
_History of Carolina_, 287; Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 79;
Mooney, _Myths_, lxviii, 434, 465; see p. 120 _ante._

Footnote 238:

The fullest and best account is by Mooney, _The Cherokee Ball Play_,
reprint from _Am. Anthropologist_, April, 1890; also in _Myths_,
_passim_; also, Bartram, _Travels_, 506. For a game played for the
amusement of the Duke of Orleans (King Louis Philippe) in 1797,
Williams, _Early Travels in the Tennessee Country_, 437.

Footnote 239:

The best account of the game and yard where played is Bartram’s in
_Observations_, 34, and Myer, _Prehistoric Villages in Middle
Tennessee_, 515. See also, Mooney, _Myths_, 434, Williams, _Memoirs of
Timberlake_, 99; and Jones, _Antiquities_, 341-2.

Footnote 240:

The discoidal stone used somewhat resembled the discus of the Greek
athletes; wrought of quartz. Travelers among the Creeks remark their
grace in the game. “Nearly all the fine specimens that enrich the
public and private collections of other States have been found in the
valleys of Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers.” Thurston, _Antiquities of
Tennessee_, 263, where illustrations may be found; also in Harrington,
_Remains on Upper Tennessee River_, 236.

Footnote 241:

Consult on modes of fishing: Jones, _Antiquities of Southern Indians_,
327 _et seq._; Bartram’s _Observations_, 44.

Footnote 242:

In the _American Pioneer_, of Cincinnati, I, 143, Barker gives an
interesting account of the Chickasaws fishing in Duck River in Middle
Tennessee (1805). He observed the Indians in their canoes pursuing
large fishes which swarmed in that beautiful stream in the domain
claimed by them; and taking great numbers by the use of long cane
spears. Cane grew there in profusion. The spears “were sixteen or
eighteen feet in length, sharpened with a knife into a lancet shape at
one end, and were thrown with great dexterity twenty or thirty feet;
seldom failing to pierce a fish through at every throw. This was
doubtless an invention of great antiquity, and practiced by their
fathers ages before the use of iron was known amongst them.”

Footnote 243:

For a similar account: Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 69.

Footnote 244:

Consult Jones, _op. cit._, 269-286, and illustrations.

Footnote 245:

On Indian agriculture: Bartram, _Travels_, 509; Jones, _op. cit._,
296-320; _Timberlake_, 68.

Footnote 246:

Consult on construction of dwelling houses: Jones, _op. cit._, 35, 39;
Bartram, _Travels_, 365; _Timberlake_, 84.

Footnote 247:

Maize or com was also the dependence of the pioneer whites. Its
importance in the history of the West cannot be overly emphasized. See
Jones, _op. cit._, 297-301; Mooney, _Myths_, 421, 423, 471, 481.

Footnote 248:

Jones describes this stone, _op. cit._, 315-20.

Footnote 249:

Accord, Bartram, _Travels_, 38.

Footnote 250:

Wild strawberry vines matted the earth where there were barrens; the
ripe “berries covered the ground as with a red cloth.” (F. A. Michaux,
1803.)

Footnote 251:

There was the wild or pig potato, indigenous and ancestors of the
cultivated potato, and the artichoke.

Footnote 252:

_Ante._ p. 4.

Footnote 253:

For hot-house, see Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 35: “A little
hut joined to the house, in which a fire is continually kept, and the
heat so great that cloaths are not to be borne the coldest day in the
winter.” Also, Jones, _op. cit._, 16.

Footnote 254:

There is no difficulty in finding ample corroboration of Adair’s
description of the lower class of Indian traders. One of the best
summaries is that of Rivers in his _Topics in the History of South
Carolina_: “Many were dissolute and worthless, and were despised even
by the savages. Many conciliated favor and insured safety by adopting
Indian habits and marrying among them.”

Footnote 255:

Rivers, also, takes Adair’s distinction: “But, on the other hand, some
were gentlemen who doubtless would have achieved renown in the most
arduous duties of a public career.”

Footnote 256:

Not only the Indians but the whites, particularly the French hunters
out of New Orleans, were responsible for the extirpation of the
buffalo from the region east of the Mississippi. The tale is told in
Williams, _Beginnings of West Tennessee_, 10 _et seq._, 245. In early
times the American bison ranged in great herds through the Southeast
and Old Southwest. Some writers have questioned whether it ever
existed in the Southeast below North Carolina; but in the first
settlement of Georgia they were as abundant as they were in Tennessee
and Kentucky. “Col. Wm. McIntosh, the brother of Gen. Lachland
McIntosh, my grandfather, has often told me that he had seen ten
thousand buffaloes in a herd.... My father, whose Indian
establishements (as Bartram’s book shows) extended to St. Mark’s, was
constantly supplied with buffalo tongues, until as late as 1774, as my
mother has often stated to me.” Thos. Spalding in _Ga. Hist. Coll._,
I, 268. For the buffalo in North Carolina, see Byrd’s _Dividing Line_.
In East Tennessee, Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 47, 71, 120. In
Middle Tennessee, Haywood’s _History of Tennessee_, 90. They are said
to have been of late arrival, comparatively, in the region east of the
Mississippi and south of the Ohio. None of the De Soto narrators
mentions the animal. The flesh and butter were food; the wool was used
in making rough cloth; the skins for bedding. The hide was a symbol of
protection to the early Cherokees; hence it was often given as a
pledge. Worn by ardent lovers of the tribe, it was the mute offering
of protection to the maid, chosen to preside over the warrior’s
household.

Footnote 257:

Byrd, in _Dividing Line_, mentions a queer belief of the North
Carolina Indians that the eating of bear’s flesh by women promotes
vitality and makes child-bearing easy.

Footnote 258:

The flesh from the hump and rump was considered the choicest, next to
the tongue.

Footnote 259:

Jones, _op. cit._, 311, citing Du Pratz, II, 225, and Loskiel’s
_History, etc._, 67. Even the whites, in their first year on the
frontier, of necessity used the mortar, and as late as 1820 in the Old
Southwest. Williams, _Beginnings of West Tennessee_.

Footnote 260:

Some of the Chickasaw women are described as being of surpassing
beauty. In 1762 Maj. Robert Rogers described them as “far exceeding in
beauty any other nation to the Southward.” Cushman: “Seldom have I
looked upon specimens of female grace and loveliness as I have seen
among the Chickasaws three quarters of a century ago in their former
homes east of the Mississippi River.... Their eyes were dark and full
and their countenances like their native clime.... They were truly
beautiful and, best of all, unconsciously so. Oft was I at a loss
which most to admire—the graceful and seemingly perfect forms, finely
chiseled features, lustrous eyes and flowing hair, or that soft,
winning artlessness which was preëminently theirs.” _History, etc._,
488; also, Du Pratz, _History_, 366, 376. The men are described as
handsome, beyond other tribes in the South. For mode of courtship,
Cushman, _op. cit._, 498; and chastity, 232, 267.

Footnote 261:

The town or council house is best described in Bartram’s
_Observations_ (Creeks and Cherokees) pp. 52-57 and in Gatschet,
_Migration Legend_, II, 186. See also, Thomas, _Cherokees in
Pre-Columbian Times_, 63, 64, and Myer, _Prehistoric Villages in
Middle Tennessee_, 510 _et seq._

Footnote 262:

Perhaps John Wright of the Georgia Colony.

Footnote 263:

Compare Bartram, _Travels_, 499-502.

Footnote 264:

Best account, with illustrations, Jones, _op. cit._, 383-412; also,
Timberlake _Memoirs_, 64, 78; Catlin, _Illustrations of Manners, etc.,
of American Indians_, I, 235.

Footnote 265:

For a fairly elaborate account, see Speck’s _Decorative Art and
Basketry of the Cherokee_. (1920.)

Footnote 266:

Jones, _op. cit._, 440-446; _Timberlake_, 86; Bartram, _Travels_, 6.
The pottery of the Cherokees was moulded from clay and glazed by
holding in the smoke and heat of burning corn meal bran. Payne MSS.,
VI, 65. See, also, Myer, _Prehistoric Villages in Tennessee_, 522.

Footnote 267:

Plain and bold words at the time of publication.

Footnote 268:

On titles, see n. 235, p. 426 _ante._ The English were insistent upon
dubbing chieftains “Emperor,” “King,” and even “General.”

Footnote 269:

On Cherokee charity, Williams, _Memoirs of Timberlake_, 92;
Chickasaws, Cushman, _History, etc._, 493. Also, Gatschet, _op. cit._,
97.

Footnote 270:

Court houses.

APPENDIX.
ADVICE TO STATESMEN;

SHEWING

The advantages of mutual affection between Great Britain, and the North
American colonies—A description of the Floridas, and the Missisippi
lands, with their productions—The benefits of colonizing Georgiana,
and civilizing the Indians—and the way to make all the colonies more
valuable to the mother country.