Chapter XIII: Part III: Syntax (3)

_He_, _she_, _it_, 61.

_His_ for _its_, 61.

_Husband_, 36.

_I_, personal pronoun, 60.

Imperative mood, 144.
of first person, 145.

Imperative sentence, 231.

Imperfect participle, 173.

Indefinite adjective, 101.

Indefinite article. See _Articles_.

Indefinite pronoun, 93.

Indefinite use of _you_, _your_, 67.

Independent clause, 257.

Independent elements, 245.

_Indexes_, _indices_, 43.

Indicative mood, uses of, 136.

Indirect discourse, 320.

Indirect object. See _Direct object_.

Indirect questions. See _Questions_.

Infinitive, active, with passive meaning, 176.
not a mood, 153.
syntax of, 319, 323.
uses of, 248.

_-Ing_ words, summary of, 178.

Interjections, 227.

Interrogative adjectives, 105.

Interrogative adverbs, 188.

Interrogative pronouns, 72.
declension of, 73.
in indirect questions, 85.
syntax of, 283.

Interrogative sentence, 231, 233.

Intransitive verbs, 131.
made transitive, 131.

Irregularities in syntax, 276.

Irregularly compared adjectives, 110.
adverbs, 189.

_It_, uses of, 67.

"It was _me_," etc., 63, 281.

_Its_, history of, 61.

_Kind_, _these kind_, etc., 303.

_Kine_, double plural, 39.

_King_, _queen_, 36.

_Lady_, _lord_, 36.

_Last_, _latest_, 110, 113.

_Latter, the_, adjective, 102, 113.
pronoun, 91.

_Lay_, _lie_, 170.

_Less_, _lesser_, 110.

_Lie_. See _Lay_.

_Like_, syntax of, 227.
uses of, 226.

Literary English, 12.

_Little_, _a little_, 126.

Logic _vs._ form, in syntax, 276.

Logical subject and predicate, 245.

_Lord._ See _Lady_.

_-Ly_, words in, 190.

_Madam_, 36.

Manner, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.

_Many_, comparison of, 110, 112.

_Many a_, 126.

Mapping out sentences, 256, 265.

_Mare_, 36.

_Master_, _mistress_, 34.

_May_, _might_, 160.

_Means_, construction of, 41.

_Mighty_ as adverb, 187.

_Mine_, of _mine_, 64.

Modifier, adverb, position of, 325.

Modifiers. See _Enlargement_.

_Mood_, definition of, 135.
imperative, 144.
indicative, 136, 137.
subjunctive, 137-144.

_-Most_, in superlatives, 113, 114, 189.

_Much_, comparison of, 110, 112, 189.

_Must_, 161.

_Near_, _nearer_, _nigh_, etc., 110, 112.

Negative, double, 326.

_Neither_, adjective, 102.
syntax of, 287.
conjunction, 194.
syntax of, 328.
pronoun, 90, 92.
syntax of, 300.

Neuter nouns, definition of, 30.
or gender nouns, according to use, 30.
two kinds of, 32.

_News_, 41.

_No_ in analysis, 246.

Nominative. See _Case_.

_None_, syntax of, 301.

_Nor_, 194, 328.

_Not a_, etc. 126.

Noun clause, 258.

Nouns, 17.
abstract, 20.
become half abstract, 25, 124.
become proper, 25.
formation of, 21.
case of, 46.
collective, 19.
common, 18.
definition of, 17.
descriptive, 26.
gender of, 29.
how to parse, 56.
kinds of, 17
material, 19.
become class nouns, 24, 125.
neuter, used as gender nouns, 30.
number in, 38.
once singular, now plural, 42.
other words used as, 27.
plural, how formed, 38-41.
of abstract, 41
of compound, etc. 43.
of foreign, 45.
of letters and figures, 46.
of material, 41.
of proper, 41.
same as singular, 39.
two forms of, 42
with titles, 44.
proper, 18.
become common, 23.
syntax of, 278.
use of possessive form of, 278, 285.
with definite article, 121.
with different meaning in plural, 42.
with indefinite article, 124.

Nouns, with no singular, 42.
with one plural, two meanings, 43.
with plural form, singular meaning, 41.
with singular or plural construction, plural form, 41.

_Now_ as conjunction, 195, 196.

_Number_, definition of, etc., in nouns.
See _Nouns_.
in adjectives, 106.
in pronouns, personal, 60.
in verbs, 148.

Numeral adjectives, definite, 101.
distributive, 102.
indefinite, 101.

Numeral pronouns, 92.

Object, adverbial, 48.
definition of, 48.
direct and indirect, 48.
in analysis, 235.
of preposition. See _Preposition_.
modifiers of, 240.
retained with passive verb, 242.

Objective case, adverbial, dative, 48, 242.
in spoken English, 281.
instead of nominative, 279.
nominative instead of, 282.
of nouns, 48.
of pronouns, 66.
syntax of, 279.

_Of_, uses of, 213.

_Older._ See _Elder_.

Omission of relative pronoun, 87, 293.

_On_, _upon_, uses of, 216.

_One_, definite numeral adjective, 101.
indefinite pronoun, 94.
possessive of, 93

_One another._ See _Each other_.

_One_ (_the_), the other, as adjective, 103.
as pronoun, 91.

_Only_, as conjunction, 194.
position of, as adverb, 325

Order, a part of syntax, 275.
inverted, in analysis, 233, 237.

Ordinal adjectives, treatment of, 103.

_Other_ with comparatives, 306.

_Ought_, 161.

_Our_, _ours_, 64.

_Ourself_, 69.

_Oxen_, 38.

_Pains_, 41.

Parsing, models for, 56, 117.
of adjectives, 115, 116.
of adverbs, 191.
of articles, 127.
of conjunctions, 199.
of nouns, 56.
of prepositions, 219.
of pronouns, 95.
of relatives, 80.
of verb phrases, 180.
of verbals, 181.
of verbs, 179.
some idioms not parsed, 56.
what it is, 56.

_Part from_, _part with_, 335.

Participial adjective, 100.

Participial phrase, 247.

Participle, definition of, 172.
distinguished from other _-ing_ words, 177.
forms of, 174.
kinds of, 173.
syntax of, 322.
uses of, 150, 172.

Parts of speech, article included in, 119.
words used as various, 27, 28.

Passive voice, 134.

_Peas_, _pease_, 43.

_Pence_, _pennies_, 43.

Person, agreement of verb and subject in, 317.
of nouns, 59.
of pronouns, 59.
of verbs, 148.

Personal pronoun, absolute use of, 63.
agreement of, with antecedent, 287.
as predicate nominative, 281.
case of, 62.
compound, or reflexive, 69.
uses of, 70.
definition of, 59.
double possessive of, 64.
_'em_ and _them_, 62.
history of, 61.
objective of, for nominative in spoken English, 63, 281.
syntax of, 281.
table of, 60.
triple possessive of, 64.
uses of _it_, 67.

Personification, of abstract nouns, 25.
of other nouns, 37.

Phrase, definition of, 236.
kinds of, 236.
infinitive, 248.
participial, 247.
prepositional, 247.

Place, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.
prepositions of, 206.

Plural, of adjectives, 106.
syntax of, 303.
of nouns. See _Nouns_.
of pronouns, 60, 61.

_Politics_, singular or plural, 41.

Positive degree. See _Comparison_.

Possessive, appositional, of nouns, 49.
as antecedent of relative, 285.
double, of nouns, 54.
double, of pronouns. See _Personal pronoun_.
objective and subjective, 50.
of compound nouns, 53.
of indefinite pronoun, 303.
omission of _s_ in singular, 52.
origin of _'s_, 51.
syntax of, 278.
with modified noun omitted, 53.
with two objects, 278.

Predicate, complement of, 235.
complete, 245.
definition of, 232.
logical _vs._ simple, 245.
modifiers of, 241.

Prefixes, gender shown by, 32.

Prepositions, certain, with certain words, 332.
classification of, 206.
definition of, 203.
followed by possessive case, 54, 64.
by nominative case, 283.
how to parse, 219.
objects of, 203.
position of, 202.
relations expressed by certain, 208.
same words as other parts of speech, 187, 195, 207.
syntax of, 331.
uses of, 129, 132, 205.
various, with same meaning, 333.

Present tense used as future, 147.

_Pretty_ as adverb, 186.

Pronominal adjectives, interrogative, 105.
relative, 104.
_what_, exclamatory, 105.

Pronouns, 58.
adjective, 89.
_all_, singular and plural, 302.
_any_, usually plural, 300.
_each other_, _one another_, 299.
_either_, _neither_, with verbs, 300.
_none_, usually plural, 301.
_somebody else's_, 303.
definition of, 58.
how to parse, 95.
indefinite, 93.
interrogative, 72.
_who_ as objective, 283.
personal, 59.
after _than_, _as_, 280.
antecedents of, 287.
nominative and objective, forms of, 279.
nominative form of, after _but_, 284.
objective form of, for predicate nominative, 281.
objective form of, in exclamations, 282.
possessive form of, as antecedent of relative, 285.
possessive form of, with gerund, 286.
relative, 74.
agreement of, with antecedent, 291.
anacoluthon with _which_, 295.
_and who_, _and which_, 296.
_as_, _that_, _who_, and _which_ after _same_, 295.
how to parse, 80.
omission of, 87, 293.
restrictive and unrestrictive, 289.
two relatives, same antecedent, 297.
syntax of, 279.
usefulness of, 58.

Proper nouns. See _Nouns_.

Purpose, clauses of, 263.
conjunctions of, 195.

Quality, adjectives of, 99.

Quantity, adjectives of, 101.

Questions, direct and indirect, adverbs in, 188.
pronominal adjectives in, 105.
pronouns in, 85.
indirect, subjunctive in, 142.

Quotations. See _Direct discourse_.

Rank, adjectives of same and different, 115.

_Rather_, 189.

Reflexive pronouns, history of, 69.
how formed, 69.

Reflexive use of personal pronoun, 68.

Relative pronoun, 74.
_but_ and _as_, 84.
distinguished from interrogative, in indirect questions, 85.
function of, 74.
indefinite or compound, 83.
omission of, 87, 293.
restrictive use of, 289.
syntax of, 289.
use of, 74.

Result, clauses of, 263.
conjunctions of, 196.

Retained object, 242.

_Riches_, 42.

_S_, plural suffix, 40.

_'S_, possessive ending, 51.

_Same as_, _that_, _who_, _which_, 294.

_Sat_, _sate_, 159.

_Seeing_, conjunction, 195, 196.

_Self_ in reflexive pronoun, 69.

Sentences, analysis of complex, 26
of compound, 271.
of elliptical, 255.
of simple, 252.
complex in form, simple in effect, 259.

Sentences, definition of, 231.
kinds of, 231.

Sequence of tenses, 319.

_Set_, _sit_, 170.

Sex and gender, 29.

_Shall_, _should_, _will_, _would_, 162.

_Shear_, forms of, 159.

_Shot_, _shots_, 43.

Simple sentence. See _Sentences_.

Singular number, 38.

_Sir_, 36.

_Somebody else's_, etc., 303.

_Sort_, _these sort_, 303.

Spelling becoming phonetic in verbs, 169.

_Spinster_, 33.

Split infinitive, 323.

Spoken English, 12.

-Ster, feminine suffix, use of, in Middle English, 32.
in Modern English, 33.

Subject, complete, 245.
definition of, 233.
grammatical _vs._ logical, 67, 245, 258.
modifiers of, 240.
things used as, 237, 258.

Subjunctive mood, definition of, 137.
gradual disuse of, 144.
uses of, in literary English, 138.
in spoken English, 144.

Subordinate clause, 257.
adjective, 260.
adverb, 262.
definition of, 257.
how to distinguish, 270.
kinds of, 257.
noun, 258.
other names for, 257.

_Such_ as adverb, 186.

_Such a_, 126.

Suffix _-en_. See _-En_.
_-s_, _-es_, 38.

Suffixes, foreign, 33.

Superlative degree, double, 307.
in meaning, not in form, 107.
not suggesting comparison, 109.
of adjectives, 108.
of adverbs, 189.
syntax of, 306.
with two objects, 306.

Syntax, basis of, 277.
definition of, 275.
in English not same as in classical languages, 275.

Tense, definition of, 147.

Tenses, definite, meaning of, 148.
in Modern English, made up of auxiliaries, 147.
number of, in Old English, 147.
sequence of, 319.
table of, 152.

_Than me_, _than whom_, 280.

_That_, omission of, when subject, 88.
when object, 87.
relative, restrictive, and coördinating, 289, 290.
_that ... and which_, 297.
uses of, 222.

_That_, _this_, as adjectives, 106.
as adverbs, 186.
history of plural of, 106.

_The_, as article, 120.
as adverb, 123, 186.
history of, 119.
syntax of, 309.

_Their_, _they_, 61.

_Then_, "the _then_ king," etc., 116.

_There_ introductory, 191.

_These kind_, syntax of. See _Kind_.

_These_, _this_, _those_. See _That_, history of.

_Thou_, _thy_, _thee_, uses of, 61.

_Time_, adverbs of, 185, 188.
conjunctions of, 195.
prepositions of, 207.

_To_, before infinitive, 175.
in exclamations, 175.
omitted with certain verbs, 175.
uses of, as preposition, 217.

_T'other_, _the tother_, 119.

_-Trix_, feminine suffix, 33.

_Try and_, _try to_, 330.

_Two first_, _first two_, etc., 308.

_Under_, adjective, 114.

_Upon_, uses of. See _On_.

_Upper_, 114.

_Utter_, _uttermost_, 111, 114.

Verb phrases, 128.
parsing of, 180.

Verbal noun, 20.
distinguished from other _-ing_ words, 21, 173.

Verbals, cleft infinitive, 323.
gerund, 176.
how to parse, 181.
infinitive, 174, 248.
kinds of, 172.
participle, 172.
carelessly used, 322.
uses of, in analysis, 247.
syntax of, 322.

Verbs, agreement of, with subject in number, 312-316.
in person, 317.
auxiliary, 148.
conjugation of, 149.
defective, 160.
definition of, 129.
how to parse, 179.
in indirect discourse, 320.
intransitive, made transitive, 131.
mood of, 135.
of incomplete predication, 150, 236.
passive form, active meaning, 151.
person and number of, 148.
retained object with passive, 242.
strong, definition of, 154.
remarks on certain, 157.
table of, 155.
syntax of, 312.
tense of, 147.
sequence of, 319.
transitive and intransitive, 130.
voice of, 133.
weak, definition of, 154.
spelling of, 169.
table of irregular, 167.

_Vixen_, 33.

Vocative nominative, 47.
in analysis, 245.

Voice, active, 133.
passive, 134.

Vowel change, past tense of verbs formed by, 154.
plural formed by, 39.

Vulgar English, 12.

Weak verbs, regular, irregular, 167.
spelling of, becoming phonetic, 169.

_Went_, 159.

_What_, uses of, 223.
_but what_, 330.
_what a_, 105. 126.

_Whereby_, _whereto_, etc., 85.

_Whether_, conjunction, 194.
interrogative pronoun, 72.

_Which_, antecedent of, 79.
as adjective, 104, 105.
as relative pronoun, 75.
in indirect questions, 85.
indefinite relative, 83.
interrogative pronoun in direct questions, 72.
syntax of, 295-299.
_whose_, possessive of, 78.

_Who_, as relative, 75.
in direct questions, 72.
in indirect questions, 85.
indefinite relative, 83.
objective, in spoken English, 73.
referring to animals, 77.
syntax of, 296, 299.

_Widower_, 37.

_Wife_, 36.

_Will_, _would_. See _Shall_.

_Witch_, _wizard_, 36.

_With_, uses of, 218.

_Woman_, 32.

Words in _-ing_, 178.
in _-ly_, 190.

_Worse_, _worser_, 111.

_Y_, plural of nouns ending in. 40.

_Yes_ in analysis, 246.

_Yon_, _yonder_, 103.

_You_, singular and plural, 61.

_Yours_, _of yours_, 64.

_Yourself_, _yourselves_, 70.