Chapter XIII: Part 13

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The following table gives the distribution of the upper cranial facial index in the various groups. Of the two indices that of the whole face, including the lower jaw, is the less valuable; first, because the jaw is often absent; second, because it is influenced by the height of the lower jaw, which does not correlate perfectly with the upper; and third, on account of the wear of the teeth, which in such people as the Eskimo is very common and diminishes more or less the total height of the face. Its averages in the three main groupings have already been given. Its figures are not very exceptional.

ESKIMO SKULLS: FACIAL INDEX, UPPER

MEAN OF BOTH SEXES IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and Midwestern_

(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 53.6
(5)
Cape Nome and Port Clarence 54.0
(10)
Hooper Bay 54.4
(9)
Mumtrak 54.5
(93)
Nunivak Island 54.6
(262)
St. Lawrence Island 54.9
(8)
Togiak and vicinity 55.0
(24)
Indian Point (Siberia) 55.1
(23)
Nelson Island 55.2
(4)
Southwestern Alaska 55.4
(10)
St. Michael Island 55.5
(25)
Pastolik 55.7
(4)
Chukchee 55.8
(11)
Little Diomede Island 56.0

_Northwestern_

(190)
Point Hope 52.8
(2)
Kotzebue 53.7
(17)
Shishmaref 54.1
(42)
Igloos north of Barrow 54.1
(41)
Barrow 54.8
(75)
Point Barrow 55.2
(31)
Wales 55.4

_Northern and northeastern_

(9)
Smith South 51.7
(14)
Southampton Island 52.3
(23)
Baffin Land and vicinity 53.8
(90)
Greenland 54.1
(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 54.3
(11)
Northern Arctic 56.6

The upper facial index of the Eskimo skull is high, though there is considerable group variation. The reason is the height of the upper face, for which the accompanying considerable expansion of the zygomatic arches does not fully compensate. In the white groups this index ranges from approximately _50_ to _54_; it averages _52.9_ in 15 Algonquian and _53.1_ in 12 Siouan tribes. The means in the large Eskimo groupings are from a little below _54_ to a little over _55_. Its regional differences have already been mentioned. Sex differences in the index are very small. There are a number of points of significant agreement, the foremost of which is once more that in the case of Barrow and Point Barrow, and especially that of the Old Igloos near Barrow and Greenland.

THE NOSE

Equally as engaging as the whole face of the Eskimo skull is the cranial nose. Our data throw much light on this feature also.

Where the dimensions of the whole face are altered by some cause the nose can not remain unaffected. This is especially true of its height, which correlates directly and closely with that of the face proper; the correlation of the breadth of the nose with that of the face is weaker and more irregular, but not absent where not counteracted by other factors. Accordingly with the high Eskimo upper face there is found also a high nose, both being the highest known to anthropometry. But the nasal breadth, instead of responding to the considerable facial breadth, has become smaller, until in some of the Eskimo groups it is the smallest of all known human groups. There is plainly another potent factor in action here. This factor could conceivably be connected simply with the above-average growth of the facial bones; but if this were so then individuals with smaller development of these bones ought to have broader noses, and vice versa. This point can readily be tested. Taking the largest and best cranial series, that of St. Lawrence Island, and selecting the skulls with the smallest and the largest faces, the facts come out as follows:

The above data show that while the narrow nose in the Eskimo is to some extent affected by the large development in these people of the facial bones, yet there must be also other factors.

But if not wholly connected with the development of the facial bones, then some of the causes of the narrow nose in the Eskimo must either be inherited from far back or must be due to influences outside the face itself.

Pushing the character far back would be no explanation of its original cause, but it may be shown that such a procedure would not be justified. In the following important table are given the now available data on the breadth of the nasal aperture of the Eskimo, group by group and area by area, and these data show that narrow nose is by no means universal in this family. The nasal aperture is broader in the southwest and midwest than in the northwest, and broader in the latter region than in the Arctic north, and the northeast. In general it is seen that the farther northward and northeastward the narrower the nose, until it reaches beyond that of all other human groups; while in the west and southwest it gradually approaches until it reaches the nasal breadth of the Indian. And that this latter condition is not due to Indian admixture is shown by the fact that among the broadest noses are those of the Eskimo in Siberia and those on the St. Lawrence Island, where there was no known contact with the Indian, while the narrower noses are along the midwestern coast, where Indian admixture might have been possible.

ESKIMO: BREADTH OF THE NASAL APERTURE

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(5)
Southwestern Alaska 2.50
(31)
Indian Point (Siberia) 2.48
(5)
Chukchee 2.47
(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 2.45
(280)
St. Lawrence Island 2.42
(29)
Pastolik 2.41
(13)
Hooper Bay 2.39
(10)
Mumtrak 2.38
(6)
Cape Nome and Port Clarence 2.38
(23)
Nelson Island 2.37
(9)
Togiak and vicinity 2.36
(4)
Yukon Delta 2.34
(107)
Nunivak Island 2.33
(11)
Little Diomede Island 2.32
(13)
St. Michael Island 2.21

_Northwestern_

(3)
Kotzebue 2.41
(34)
Wales 2.37
(20)
Shishmaref 2.36
(56)
Barrow 2.35
(211)
Point Hope 2.33
(92)
Point Barrow 2.30
(48)
Igloos, north of Barrow 2.30

_Northern and northeastern_

(9)
Smith Sound 2.29
(15)
Northern Arctic 2.26
(14)
Southampton Island 2.25
(29)
Baffin Land and vicinity 2.25
(98)
Greenland 2.23
(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 2.19

It is hardly possible, therefore, to assume that a narrow nose is an _ancient_ inheritance of the Eskimo. From the facts now at hand it seems much more probable that the Eskimo nose or respiratory nasal aperture was not originally very narrow, but that it gradually acquired this character as the people extended farther north and northeastward; and there appears to be but one potent factor that could influence this development and that increases from south to north, namely, cold. A narrowing of the aperture can readily be understood as a protective development for the throat and the organs of respiration.

It is not easy to see how the bony structures respond to the effects of cold or heat, but that they do, particularly where these are aggravated by moisture, has long been appreciated, and shown fairly conclusively through studies on the nasal index by Thomson and later by Thomson and Buxton.[154] An even more satisfactory study would have been that of the nasal breadth alone. Perhaps the normal variation with the elimination of the less fit are the main agencies.

The next two tables show other interesting conditions. The first of these, seen best from the more general data, are the relations of the nasal dimensions and index in the two sexes. The females in all the three large groupings have a higher nasal index than the males. This is a general condition among the Indians as well as in other races. It is usually due to a relative shortness of the female nose. This condition is very plain in the Eskimo. The female nose is actually narrower than the male, due to correlation with shorter stature and lesser facial breadth, yet the index is higher. The reason can most simply be shown by comparing the general mean nasal breadth and height in the two sexes. The breadth in the female is approximately 96.2 per cent of that in the male; the height is only 92.7 per cent.

NASAL DIMENSIONS IN WESTERN AND OTHER ESKIMO CRANIA

------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------
| Males | Females
Area +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
| Height|Breadth| Index | Height|Breadth| Index
------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Groups | (14) | (14) | (14) | (10) | (10) | (10)
Southwestern | | | | | |
and Midwestern | 5.46 | 2.42 | _44.3_| 5.06 | 2.32 | _45.8_
------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Groups | (7) | (7) | (7) | (6) | (6) | (6)
Northwestern | 5.42 | 2.37 | _43.7_| 5.06 | 2.30 | _45.4_
------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------
Groups | (6) | (6) | (6) | (5) | (5) | (5)
Northern Arctic | | | | | |
and northeastern| 5.38 | 2.28 | _42.4_| 4.95 | 2.18 | _44.0_
------------------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------

Detailed group data on the nasal index show that this ranges from _47.7_ on the Yukon to _41.8_ in the northernmost contingent of the Eskimo at Smith Sound. The Kotzebue group that shows even a higher index than on the Yukon is too small to have much weight. Barrow and Point Barrow are once more nearly the same, as are the Old Igloos and Greenland; and there are some other interesting relations.

ESKIMO SKULLS: NASAL INDEX

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN DESCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 47.7
(5)
Southwestern Alaska 47.5
(31)
Indian Point (Siberia) 46.5
(13)
Hooper Bay 46.2
(6)
Cape Nome and Port Clarence 46.0
(280)
St. Lawrence Island 45.8
(5)
Chukchee 45.6
(10)
Mumtrak 45.2
(107)
Nunivak Island 45.1
(9)
Togiak and vicinity 45.0
(29)
Pastolik 44.9
(23)
Nelson Island 44.6
(11)
Little Diomede Island 44.5
(13)
St. Michael Island 42.9
(4)
Yukon Delta 42.7

_Northwestern_

(3)
Kotzebue 49.0
(20)
Shishmaref 46.0
(34)
Wales 45.3
(211)
Point Hope 44.9
(56)
Barrow and vicinity 44.0
(48)
Igloos north of Barrow 44.0
(92)
Point Barrow 43.5

_Northern and northeastern_

(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 44.6
(15)
North Arctic 44.1
(29)
Baffin Land and vicinity 43.8
(98)
Greenland 43.6
(14)
Southampton Island 43.0
(9)
Smith Sound 41.8

FOOTNOTES:

[154] Thomson, Arthur, The correlation of isotherms with variations in the nasal index. Proc. Seventeenth Intern. Cong. Med., London, 1913, Sec. I, Anatomy and Embryology, pt. II, 89; Thomson, Arthur, and Buxton, L. H. D., Man's nasal index in relation to certain climatic conditions, Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst., LIII, 92-122, London, 1923. Additional references in these publications; also in the latter an extensive list of data on nasal index in many parts of the world.

THE ORBITS

In many American groups the orbits are notoriously variable, yet their mean dimensions and index are of value.

The Eskimo orbits have long been known for their ample proportions. Their mean height and breadth are larger than those of any other known people and the excess is especially apparent when proportioned to stature. Taking the family as a whole, the mean height of the two orbits in males averages approximately 3.64 centimeters, the mean breadth 4.03 centimeters; while the males of 23 Algonquian tribes give for the same items 3.42 and 3.93, and those of 12 Siouan tribes 3.58 and 3.96 centimeters.

The general averages for the female Eskimo approach for orbital height 3.52 centimeters, for breadth 3.89 centimeters, dimensions which also surpass those in the females of any other known human group.

These large dimensions of the Eskimo orbit are, however, on closer examination into the matter, found not to be racial characters except in a secondary way. They are the direct consequence of the high and broad face. The correlation of the orbital height and breadth with the height and breadth of the face are shown by the following figures. These figures indicate also some additional details of interest.

ESKIMO ORBITS: RIGHT AND LEFT

MALES

---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------
| Height | Breadth | Index
---------------------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+-------
| Right | Left | Right | Left | Right | Left
---------------------+-------+------+-------+------+-------+-------
| (145) | (145) | (145)
St. Lawrence Island | 3.67 3.68 | 4.05 4.01 | _90.7_ _91.8_
| (41) | (41) | (41)
Nunivak Island | 3.59 3.59 | 4.05 4.-- | _88.7_ _89.7_
| (120) | (120) | (120)
Point Hope | 3.63 3.63 | 4.05 4.01 | _89.6_ _90.5_
| (46) | (46) | (46)
Greenland | 3.64 3.65 | 4.02 3.96 | _90.6_ _92.1_
---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------

FEMALES

---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------
| (128) | (128) | (128)
St. Lawrence Island | 3.62 3.60 | 3.92 3.89 | _91.7_ _92.6_
| (58) | (58) | (58)
Nunivak Island | 3.50 3.52 | 3.88 3.84 | _90.2_ _91.6_
| (70) | (70) | (70)
Point Hope | 3.54 3.54 | 3.91 3.88 | _90.5_ _91.4_
| (45) | (45) | (45)
Greenland | 3.55 3.56 | 3.86 3.83 | _91.9_ _92.9_
---------------------+--------------+--------------+---------------

The general orbital index of the Eskimo is close to _90_ in the males, _90.5_ in the females. Such orbits are classed as also _relatively_ high or _megaseme_, a character in which they resemble many of the American Indians. Thus the male crania of the Siouan tribes give the practically identical general index of _90.5_.

The slightly higher index in the females is the rule to which there are but few exceptions, and those in individual groups where the numbers of specimens may not be sufficient. The same tendency is observable in the Indians, and appears in fact to be panhuman. It is due to slightly lesser relative height as compared to the breadth of the orbit in the males, which condition is due in all probability to the greater development in the males of the frontal sinuses and supraorbital arches.

ESKIMO CRANIA: DIMENSIONS OF THE ORBITS IN RELATION TO THOSE OF THE
FACE

ORBITAL HEIGHT VERSUS UPPER FACIAL HEIGHT

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Males |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| (10) | (10) | (10) |
|Lowest faces (7.2-7.4) | Average faces (7.8) | Highest faces (8.4-9) |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| 7.37 | 3.62 | 7.80 | 3.65 | 8.55 | 3.78 |
+==========+============+=========+===========+==========+============+
| Females |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| (10) | (10) | (14) |
|Lowest faces (6.4-6.8) | Average faces (7.3) |Highest faces (7.8-8.4)|
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| 6.69 | 3.54 | 7.30 | 3.56 | 7.89 | 3.67 |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+

PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE

+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| _49.1_ | _46.8_ | _44.2_ |
+=======================+=====================+=======================+
| _53_ | _48.7_ | _46.6_ |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+

ORBITAL BREADTH VERSUS FACIAL BREADTH

+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Males |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| (10) | (17) | (10) |
| Narrowest faces | Average faces (14.2)| Broadest faces |
| (13.4 and below) | | (14.9 and above) |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| 13.30 | 3.96 | 14.20 | 4.01 | 15.11 | 4.17 |
+==========+============+=========+===========+==========+============+
| Females |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| (10) | (14) | (10) |
| Narrowest faces | Average faces (13.3)| Broadest faces |
| (12.7 and below) | | (13.9 and above) |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits | Face | Orbits |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+
| 12.57 | 3.74 | 13.30 | 3.88 | 14.09 | 3.98 |
+----------+------------+---------+-----------+----------+------------+

PERCENTAGE RELATIONS OF ORBITS TO FACE

+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+
| _29.8_ | _28.4_ | _28.2_ |
+=======================+=====================+=======================+
| _29.8_ | _29.2_ | _27.6_ |
+-----------------------+---------------------+-----------------------+

Individual variation in the orbital index of the Eskimo is extensive, reaching from slightly below _80_ to well over _100_. It extends more or less over the whole Eskimo area, without conveying definite indication anywhere of either a mixture or of a special evolutionary tendency. Yet it occasions group differences that eventually might prove evolutionary, though they may merely represent the next or higher order of variability, namely, that of groups within a family.

ORBITAL DIMENSIONS AND INDEX IN ESKIMO SKULLS

--------------------+---------------------+---------------------
| Males | Females
Area +------+-------+------+------+-------+------
| Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean
|height|breadth|index |height|breadth|index
--------------------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------
| (13) | (13) | (13) | (13) | (13) | (13)
South and Midwestern| 3.63 | 4.01 |_90.6_| 3.56 | 3.87 |_92.1_
| (6) | (6) | (6) | (6) | (6) | (6)
Northwestern | 3.62 | 4.02 |_90.1_| 3.51 | 3.92 |_89.7_
Northern Arctic and | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5) | (5)
northeastern | 3.65 | 4.07 |_89.5_| 3.54 | 3.91 |_90.6_
--------------------+------+-------+------+------+-------+------

The group differences in the orbital index of the Eskimo skull are shown in the next table. They elude a satisfactory explanation, unless recourse is had to the above suggested theory of normal group variability within a family. They have about the same range in the three large areas, which would seem to support this theory.

Group relations are indicated in the cases of Pastolik-Yukon Delta-St. Michael Island; Point Barrow-Barrow; and Old Igloos-Greenland.

ESKIMO SKULLS: MEAN INDEX OF THE ORBITS

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(10)
Mumtrak 88.4
(11)
Little Diomede Island 89.4
(6)
Cape Nome and Port Clarence 89.7
(101)
Nunivak Island 90.1
(31)
Indian Point (Siberia) 90.3
(5)
Chukchee 90.6
(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 91.0
(5)
Southwest Alaska 91.4
(271)
St. Lawrence Island 91.7
(24)
Nelson Island 91.9
(13)
Hooper Bay 92.5
(29)
Pastolik 93.2
(7)
Togiak 93.3
(4)
Yukon Delta 93.8
(13)
St. Michael Island 94.4

_Northwestern_

(3)
Kotzebue 86.1
(20)
Shishmaref 88.9
(34)
Wales 89.4
(85)
Point Barrow 90.3
(200)
Point Hope 90.4
(53)
Barrow 91.1
(43)
Igloos north of Barrow 91.1

_Northern and northeastern_

(9)
Smith Sound 87.6
(13)
Southampton Island 88.4
(28)
Baffin Land and vicinity 90.0
(16)
Northern Arctic 91.0
(94)
Greenland 91.6
(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 92.3

THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH

The dental arches correlate with function (use), with stature, with the dimensions of the face, and with those of the teeth. The western as well as other Eskimo show arches that are about equal in absolute dimensions to those of our taller Indians, such as the Munsee, Arkansas, and Louisiana;[155] but relatively to stature the Eskimo arch is decidedly larger.

The upper dental arch index (L×100/B), now being used in preference to the unwieldy "uranic index" (B×100/L) of Turner, is rather high, showing that the arch is relatively, as well as absolutely, broad. The same index in the Munsee averaged in the males _82.8_, in the females _82.7_; in the Arkansas and Louisiana mound skulls _84.4_ in the males and _85.1_ in the females. Data are needed here for more extensive comparisons.

ESKIMO CRANIA: ALVEOLAR ARCH

--------------------+-----------------------------------
| Males
+--------+--------+---------+-------
|External|External| Module | Index
| length | breadth| (mean |L×100/B
| | |diameter)|
--------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------
11 groups: | | | |
Southwestern and| | | |
Midwestern | 5.56 | 6.66 | 6.11 | _83.5_
6 groups: | | | |
Northwestern | 5.63 | 6.61 | 6.12 | _85.1_
5 groups: | | | |
Northern Arctic | | | |
and | | | |
northeastern | 5.68 | 6.75 | 6.21 | _84.2_
--------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------

--------------------+-----------------------------------
| Females
+--------+--------+---------+-------
|External|External| Module | Index
| length | breadth| (mean |L×100/B
| | |diameter)|
--------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------
11 groups: | | | |
Southwestern and| | | |
Midwestern | 5.34 | 6.38 | 5.86 | _83.8_
6 groups: | | | |
Northwestern | 5.38 | 6.31 | 5.85 | _85.2_
5 groups: | | | |
Northern Arctic | | | |
and | | | |
northeastern | 5.37 | 6.28 | 5.83 | _85.6_
--------------------+--------+--------+---------+-------

ESKIMO SKULLS: LENGTH-BREADTH INDEX OF THE UPPER ALVEOLAR ARCH

BOTH SEXES TAKEN TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and Midwestern_

(5)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 79.4
(8)
Togiak and vicinity 80.5
(4)
Chukchee 81.1
(12)
Hooper Bay 81.7
(9)
Mumtrak 81.7
(9)
Little Diomede Island 82.2
(234)
St. Lawrence Island 83.0
(10)
St. Michael Island 84.3
(22)
Pastolik 84.4
(90)
Nunivak Island 84.4
(4)
Southwest Alaska 84.7
(5)
Cape Nome and Port Clarence 84.9
(22)
Indian Point (Siberia) 85.0
(22)
Nelson Island 85.5

_Northwestern_

(39)
Igloos north of Barrow 84.1
(14)
Shishmaref 84.4
(171)
Point Hope 84.6
(31)
Wales 84.9
(38)
Barrow 85.8
(66)
Point Barrow 87.1

_Northern and northeastern_

(9)
Smith Sound 82.7
(13)
Southampton Island 83.7
(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 84.4
(23)
Baffin Land and vicinity 85.7
(89)
Greenland 85.9
(10)
Northern Arctic 86.5

Sex differences in the index are small, nevertheless the females tend to show a slightly higher index, due to relatively slightly smaller breadth of the arch.

The size of the arch and its index differ but little over the three main areas of the Eskimo territory, yet there are slight differences. They appear plainly in the following table. Notwithstanding the fact that on the whole the southwestern and midwestern groups are somewhat taller than those of the far north and northeast, the largest palate, in the males at least, is found in the latter area.

In the southwest and midwest the upper alveolar arch is relatively (as well as absolutely, barring one group) somewhat broad and short. This may be in correlation with the broader head in this area, just as the absolutely slightly longer palates over the rest of the Eskimo territory and particularly (in males) in the northeast may correlate with the longer heads in those regions. This point may be tested on our splendid material from St. Lawrence Island. Taking the broadest and the narrowest skulls from this locality, the following data are obtained for the proportions of the upper dental arch:

ESKIMO CRANIA: DENTAL ARCH AND FORM OF SKULL

ST. LAWRENCE ISLAND MATERIAL

-----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| Males | Females
-----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
| Narrowest| Broadest| Narrowest| Broadest
| skulls| skulls| skulls| skulls
| (C. I.|(80.6-83.1)|(70.3-74.2)|(80.9-83.8)
|70.7-73.5)| | |
-----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------
Length | 5.68| 5.58| 5.52| 5.20
| | | |
Breadth | 6.83| 6.77| 6.66| 6.36
| | | |
Index | _83.2_| _82.4_| _82.9_| _82.7_
| | | |
Mean diameter | 6.26| 6.18| 6.09| 5.78
| | | |
Mean cranial diameter | | | |
(cranial module) of | 15.61| 15.49| 14.97| 14.73
same skulls | | | |
| | | |
Percentage relation | | | |
of mean dental arch | | | |
diameter to the mean | _40.1_| _39.8_| _40.7_| _39.2_
diameter of the skull | | | |
| | | |
Length of same skulls | 19.21| 18.10| 18.35| 17.25
| | | |
Percentage relation of | | | |
length of dental arch | _29.5_| _30.8_| _30.1_| _30.1_
to that of skull | | | |
-----------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------

The above figures show several conditions. The first is that the arch is quite distinctly larger in the narrow than in the broad skulls in both sexes. The second fact is that the skull (vault) itself is slightly larger in the narrow-headed. The third is that the length of the arch is somewhat greater in the narrow and long skulls than it is in the broad and shorter, relatively to the skull size. The fourth is that there appears a close correlation, more particularly in the females, between the length of the arch and that of the skull.

FOOTNOTES:

[155] See Bull. 62, Bur. Am. Ethn., and writer's Report on an Additional Collection of Skeletal Remains from Arkansas and Louisiana, published with Clarence B. Moore's report on the Antiquities of the Ouachita Valley, Philadelphia, 1909.

THE BASION-NASION DIAMETER

The anterior basal length (basion-nasion) is a measurement of importance, though its full meaning in anthropology is not yet entirely clear. From data quoted by Martin (Lehrb., 715-716) it appears to average in whites up to 10.3 centimeters in males and up to 10.1 centimeters in females, and is known to correlate closely with the length of the vault. Secondarily it also correlates with stature.

Data on American Indians are not yet generally available, though in preparation. The Munsee skulls gave the writer for the diameter the means of 10.27 for the males and 10.02 for the females; the mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana gave 10.45 for the males and 9.77 for the females.

An abstract of the data on the Eskimo skulls is given in the next table. The values for the measurement are rather high, especially for such short people. The percentage relation of the measurement to the length of the skull appears also to be high. Manouvrier (1882, quoted in Martin, Lehrb., 716) found this relation in French skulls to be _53.6_ in the males and _54.7_ in the females.

ESKIMO CRANIA: BASION-NASION LENGTH

---------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------
| Groups of males | Corresponding
| | groups of females
+--------+----------+--------+----------
| | Its | | Its
| Basion-|percentage| Basion-|percentage
| nasion | relation | nasion | relation
|diameter|to length |diameter|to length
| | of skull | | of skull
---------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------
| (13) | (13) | (13) | (13)
Southwestern and Midwestern | 10.38 | _56.4_ | 9.85 | _55.7_
| (6) | (6) | (6) | (6)
Northwestern | 10.58 | _56.4_ | 10.06 | _56.3_
| (5) | (5) | (5) | (5)
Northern Arctic and northeastern | 10.65 | _56.2_ | 10.06 | _55.4_
---------------------------------+--------+----------+--------+----------

The female measurement to that of the male, in the Eskimo, is as _94.9_ to 100. As a similar relation of the cranial modules in the two sexes is close to _95.7_, the anterior basal length would seem to be at a little disadvantage in the female Eskimo skull.

The same condition is seen also when the basion-nasion diameter is compared with the length of the skull. In the males, notwithstanding the fact that the length of the vault is increased through the development of the frontal sinuses and not infrequently also through that of the occipital ridges, the percentage relation of the basion-nasion to the maximum total length of the vault is approximately _56.3_, in the females but _55.8_. It seems therefore safe to say that in the Eskimo, in general, that part of the brain anterior to the foramen magnum is relatively somewhat better developed in the males than in the females.

But to this there are some exceptions. Thus it may be seen in the general table which follows that in the northwestern groups conditions in this respect are equalized; and in the succeeding detailed table it will be noted that while the males exceed the females in this particular in 14 of the groups, in 5 groups conditions are equal (or within one decimal), and in 5 the female percentage exceeds slightly that in the males. In the numerically best represented groups conditions are nearly equal, with the males nevertheless slightly favored.

ESKIMO SKULLS: BASION-NASION LENGTH AND ITS RELATION TO LENGTH
OF SKULL

SEXES SEPARATELY IN ASCENDING ORDER

-----------------------------+--------------+--------------
| Males | Females
+--------------+--------------
| B-N. | B-N.
|BN×100/Skull l|BN×100/Skull l
-----------------------------+--------------+--------------
_Southwestern | |
and Midwestern_ | |
| (4) | (7)
Little Diomede Island | 10.18 _56.2_| 9.91 _54.9_
| (3) | (2)
Chukchee | 10.20 _54.8_| 10.00 _54.8_
| (3) | (3)
Pilot Station (Yukon) | 10.27 _54.3_| 9.97 _56_
| (9) | (4)
Hooper Bay | 10.29 _57.6_| 9.70 _55.7_
| (4) | (6)
Mumtrak | 10.32 _57_ | 9.52 _55.1_
| (146) | (133)
St. Lawrence Island | 10.36 _56.3_| 9.93 _56.1_
| (3) |
Yukon Delta | 10.37 _55.8_|
| (11) | (18)
Pastolik | 10.41 _56.5_| 9.98 _56.3_
| (8) | (6)
St. Michael Island | 10.44 _57.3_| 9.98 _56.3_
| (9) | (15)
Nelson Island | 10.46 _55.8_| 9.73 _55.9_
| (3) | (7)
Togiak | 10.47 _57.2_| 9.56 _55.7_
| (3) | (2)
Southwestern Alaska | 10.47 _57.6_| 9.80 _54.8_
| (15) | (16)
Indian Point and Puotin | 10.54 _56.5_| 9.97 _56.5_
| (46) | (69)
Nunivak Island | 10.55 _56.1_| 10.02 _56_
| |
_Northwestern_ | |
| (2) |
Kotzebue | 10.45 _57.3_|
| (133) | (82)
Point Hope | 10.48 _57_ | 10.00 _56.9_
| (12) | (8)
Shishmaref | 10.50 _56.8_| 10.20 _57.5_
| (47) | (52)
Point Barrow | 10.54 _56.2_| 9.94 _55.5_
| (35) | (34)
Barrow | 10.61 _55.9_| 10.01 _56.3_
| (19) | (15)
Wales | 10.64 _56.7_| 10.01 _55.5_
| (27) | (24)
Igloos north of Barrow | 10.70 _55.6_| 10.18 _56.2_
| |
_Northern and northeastern_| |
| (16) | (17)
Baffin Land and vicinity | 10.51 _55.6_| 10.11 _55.2_
| (5) | (2)
Hudson Bay and vicinity | 10.60 _56.4_| 9.75 _55.6_
| (48) | (52)
Greenland | 10.60 _55.9_| 10.13 _56.2_
| (5) | (10)
Northern Arctic | 10.68 _56.1_| 10.07 _55.3_
| (7) |
Smith Sound | 10.70 _56.4_|
| (9) | (5)
Southampton Island | 10.83 _57.3_| 10.34 _56.9_
-----------------------------------------------------------

An interesting point is that in the north and northeast, where the skulls are longest, there is evidently a slightly greater relative development of the occipital portion of the vault, or slightly lesser development of the frontal portion.

Some additional points of interest appear when the basion-nasion: skull-length index, taken collectively for the two sexes, is compared in the different groups. All these comparisons suffer, naturally, from unevenness and often insufficiency of the numbers of specimens, yet some of the results are very harmonious with those brought out repeatedly by other data. Thus the St. Lawrence material stands once more close to the medium of the southwestern and midwestern groups; Barrow and Point Barrow are almost identical; and so are the Old Igloos from near Barrow and Greenland. The St. Michael islanders show very favorably in the midwest, the Shishmarefs in the northwest and the Southampton islanders in the northeast.

ESKIMO SKULLS: BASION-NASION LINE IN RELATION TO SKULL LENGTH

(BN×100/SL)

BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and midwestern_

(5)
Chukchee 54.8
(6)
Pilot Station, Lower Yukon 55.2
(11)
Little Diomede Island 55.6
(24)
Nelson Island 55.9
(115)
Nunivak Island 56.0
(10)
Mumtrak 56.1
(279)
St. Lawrence Island 56.2
(5)
Southwestern Alaska 56.2
(29)
Pastolik 56.4
(10)
Togiak 56.5
(31)
Indian Point and vicinity
(Siberia) 56.5
(13)
Hooper Bay 56.6
(14)
St. Michael Island 56.8

_Northwestern_

(51)
Igloos southwest of Barrow 55.9
(99)
Point Barrow 55.9
(69)
Barrow 56.1
(34)
Wales 56.1
(215)
Point Hope 57.0
(20)
Shishmaref 57.1

_Northern and northeastern_

(33)
Baffin Land and vicinity 55.4
(10)
Northern Arctic 55.7
(7)
Hudson Bay and vicinity 56.0
(100)
Greenland 56.1
(7)
Smith Sound (male) 56.4
(14)
Southampton Island 57.1

The next table gives the percentage relations of the basion-nasion diameter to the mean diameter of the skull. The correlation of the two is even closer than in the case of the skull length, and the grouping, while in the main alike, seems in general even more in harmony with that in previous comparisons. The St. Lawrence Island females are very exceptional, as was also apparent in other connections. The unusual smallness of their skull (compare section on Cranial module) is evidently due to a poor development of its posterior half.

ESKIMO CRANIA: PERCENTAGE RELATION OF THE BASION-NASION DIAMETER TO
MEAN CRANIAL DIAMETER (CRANIAL MODULE)

(BN×100/CM)

BOTH SEXES TOGETHER IN ASCENDING ORDER

_Southwestern and Midwestern_

Pilot Station, Yukon 65.6
Chukchee 66.0
Little Diomede Island 66.1
Hooper Bay 66.4
Nelson Island 66.7
Togiak 66.9
Southwest Alaska 67.3
Indian Point, Siberia 67.4
Mumtrak 67.4
Nunivak Island 67.6
Pastolik 67.6
St. Michael Island 68.0
St. Lawrence Island:
Male 67.2
Female (69.6)

_Northwestern_

Wales 67.7
Point Barrow 67.8
Point Hope 68.1
Barrow 68.4
Old Igloos 69.0
Shishmaref 69.2

_Northern Arctic and northeastern_

Baffin Land 67.4
Hudson Bay 67.6
Smith Sound (male) 67.6
North Arctic 68.1
Greenland 68.5
Southampton Island 68.7

PROGNATHISM

Since better understood, the subject of facial prognathism has lost much of its allure in anthropology; yet the matter is not wholly without interest.

Facial protrusion is as a rule secondary to and largely caused by alveolar protrusion, which in turn is caused by the size and shape of the dental arch; and the dental arch is generally proportional to the size of the teeth. The form of the arch is, however, quite influential. With the teeth identical in size a narrow arch will be more, a broad arch less protruding, and a narrow arch with small teeth may protrude more than a broad one with larger teeth. Another influence is that of the height of the upper face, the same arch protruding more in a low face than in a high one. And still another factor is the incline of the front teeth, though this affects merely the appearance of prognathism and not its measurements.

There are different ways of measuring facial prognathism, and with sufficient care all may be effective; I prefer, for practical reasons, linear measurements from the basion, which, together with the facial and subnasal heights, give triangles that can readily be reconstructed on paper and allow a direct measurement of both the facial and the alveolar angle. The three needed diameters from basion are taken, the first to the "prealveolar point," or the _most anterior_ point on the upper dental arch above the incisors; the second to the "subnasal point," or the point on the left (for convenience) of the nasal aperture, where the outer part of its border passes into that which belongs to the subnasal portion of the maxilla (the point where the subnasal slant begins); and the third to nasion. The facial height is that from the alveolar point (_lowest_ point of the upper alveolar border in the median line) to nasion; while for the subnasal height, which can not be measured directly, I utilize the difference between the facial and nasal heights, which is very close to the needed dimension.

The important basion-nasion diameter has already been considered. That to the subnasal point needs no comment. That to the prealveolar point shows in the western and other Eskimo as follows:

ESKIMO CRANIA: BASION-PREALVEOLAR POINT DIAMETER

ALL ESKIMO

Males:
Mean diameter centimeters 10.54
Mean relation to length of skull per cent _56.3_
Females:
Diameter centimeters 9.99
Relation per cent _55.8_

MALES

A = Basion prealveolar point diameter
B = Its relation to length of skull

+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| Southwestern and | Northwestern | Northern Arctics |
| midwestern | | and northeastern |
+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| _A_ _B_ | _A_ _B_ | _A_ _B_ |
| 10.38 _56.4_ | 10.58 _56.4_ | 10.65 _56.2_ |
| Mean skull lengths |
| 18.41 | 18.75 | 18.96 |
+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| FEMALES |
+------------------+------------------+------------------+
| 9.85 _55.7_ | 10.06 _56.3_ | 10.06 _55.4_ |
| Mean skull lengths |
| 17.69 | 17.86 | 18.15 |
+------------------+------------------+------------------+

As in other details, so here there is a remarkable similarity between the skulls from the three large areas, pointing both to the unity of the people and to absence of heterogeneous admixtures. As the skull length increases so does the basi-alveolar line, but the relative proportions of the two remain very nearly the same.

The relative value of the basi-alveolar length in the males, compared to the length of the skull, is in general about 0.5 per cent higher than it is in the females. This is just about the excess of the relative proportion of the length of the male dental arch when compared to the same skull dimension. The general mean skull length in the Eskimo male approximates 18.705, in female 17.899 centimeters; the mean length of the arch is, in the male, close to 5.625, in the female 5.365 centimeters; and the percentage relation of the latter to the former is _30.6_ in the males, _30_ in the females. The relatively slightly greater basi-alveolar length in the males is evidently, therefore, at least partly due to the relatively longer male dental arch, which in turn is doubtless due to the somewhat larger teeth in the males.[156]

Notwithstanding the just discussed slight sex difference in the Eskimo, the facial angle, i. e., the angle between the basi-alveolar line and the line nasion-alveolar point, is equal in the two sexes. This equalization is due largely, if not wholly, to the effect in the males of the relatively longer basio-nasion diameter (v. a.), while the alveolar angle, or that between the basi-alveolar and the subnasal lines, is in general by about 1 per cent lower in the females (males, 56°; females, 55°), indicating a slightly greater slant of the subnasal region in the female, which can only be due to a relatively slightly shorter in this sex of the basion-subnasal point diameter. As a matter of fact, the percentage relation of this diameter to the length of the skull amounts in the males to _56.3_, in the females to but _55.6_.

Compared to that in the Indians, the facial angle in the Eskimo skulls shows close affinities. Its value (69°) is very nearly the same as in the mound skulls from Arkansas and Louisiana (males 70.7°, females 69°). In other Indians it ranges from close to 68° to 71.5°. In the Munsee it reached 73.5°. In whites, according to Rivet's data,[157] it ranges from about 72° to 75°; in a group of negroes it was 68.5°. In American and other negro crania measured by me[158] it ranged from 67° to 70.5°, in Melanesians from 66° to 68°, in Australians from 67° to 69°.

The _alveolar angle_ is more variable. It shows considerable individual, sex, and group differences. It averages slightly to moderately higher, which means a more open angle or less slant in the males than in the females. In the Eskimo as a whole it was seen to be approximately 56° in the males, 55° in the females; in the Munsee Indians (Bull. 62, Bur. Amer. Ethn.) it was males 59°, females 57°; in the Arkansas and Louisiana skulls (J. Ac. Sci., Phila., 1909, XIV) it averaged males 55°, females 52°. In my catalogue material it shows a group variation of 46.5° to 55.5° in the negro, 47.5° to 52.5° in the Australians, 46.5° to 50.5° in the Melanesians. In the whites it generally exceeds 60°.

Differences in facial and alveolar protrusion among the Eskimo according to area are small, yet they are not wholly absent. The figures below show that in the southwesterners and midwesterners, where the skull is more rounded, the prognathism is smallest; and that toward the north and northeast, where the skull is narrower and the palate (dental arch) tends to become longer, prognathism increases. The "Old Igloo" group shows once more such affinity with the Greenlanders that it is placed with the third subdivision.

ESKIMO SKULLS: FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR ANGLE WITH PRINCIPAL AREAS

----------------+---------------------------+---------------------------
| Males | Females
+-------+---------+---------+-------+---------+---------
| South-| | North | South-| | North
| and |Northwest| and | and |Northwest| and
|midwest| |northeast|midwest| |northeast
----------------+-------+---------+---------+-------+---------+---------
Groups | (13) | (5) | (6) | (13) | (5) | (6)
Facial angle | 68 | 69 | 70 | 67.5 | 69 | 70
Alveolar angle | 55 | 56 | 55 | 54 | 55 | 54.5
----------------+-------+---------+---------+-------+---------+---------

Individual group differences in the facial and alveolar angle are moderate, yet evidently not negligible. (See next table.) The most prognathic, especially in the subnasal region, are the skulls from Nelson Island. A marked alveolar slant is also present in the Pilot Station Yukon group, and in Greenland. The least prognathic are the St. Michael Islanders, the Point Hope people, and those from Southampton Island. St. Lawrence stands once more near the middle of the southwesterners and midwesterners, and there are to be seen the principal old relations.

The main points shown by the above conditions are the group variability, particularly in the southwest and midwest; the tendency, on the whole, toward a slightly greater prognathy, both facial and alveolar, in this same area; and the evidence that the alveolar slant has some individuality.

ESKIMO SKULLS: GROUP CONDITIONS IN FACIAL AND ALVEOLAR ANGLE[159]

_South and Midwest_

Facial Alveolar
angle angle
(20)
Nelson Island 66.3 51.5
(4)
Southwest Alaska 66.8 54.5
(4)
Chukchee 66.8 57.0
(21)
Indian Point 67.0 56.5
(8)
Togiak 67.0 54.0
(242)
St. Lawrence Island 67.8 55.3
(86)
Nunivak Island 67.8 56.5
(23)
Pastolik 68.3 54.8
(10)
Hooper Bay 68.3 55.3
(10)
Little Diomede Island 68.5 57.5
(9)
Mumtrak 68.8 55.3
(5)
Pilot Station, Yukon 68.8 52.0
(10)
St. Michael Island 70.0 56.8

_Northwest_

(11)
Sledge Island 69.5 54.9
(31)
Wales 67.8 56.0
(17)
Shishmaref 68.3 55.8
(73)
Point Barrow 69.5 56.0
(43)
Barrow 69.8 56.8
(181)
Point Hope 70.5 56.5

_North and northeast_

(11)
North Arctic 68.5 54.5
(24)
Baffin Land 70.0 55.0
(87)
Greenland 69.8 53.8
(35)
Old Igloos near Barrow 70.3 55.8
(7)
Hudson Bay 70.3 56.8
(12)
Southampton Island 71 55

ESKIMO CRANIA

SOUTHWESTERN AND WESTERN ALASKA, BERING SEA ISLANDS, AND ASIATIC
COAST

MALES

-----------+-------+------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| Prince|Kodiak| Unalaska| Nushagak|Togiak|Mumtrak|Nunivak|
|William|Island|Peninsula| Bay and| | | Island|
| Sound| | |Kanakanak| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
-----------+-------+------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+
Vault: | (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (4)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Length | 18.1| 18.6| 17.8| 17.4| 18.30| 18.10| 18.81|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (4)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Breadth | 13.8| 14.4| 14.1| 14.4| 14.20| 14.20| 14.09|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (4)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Height | 12.8| 14| 13.6| 13.4| 13.25| 13.35| 13.69|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (4)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Cranial | 14.90| 15.67| 15.17| 15.07| 15.25| 15.22| 15.53|
Module | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| | (1)| (3)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Capacity | 1,380| 1,485| --| 1,440| 1,447| 1,465| 1,504|
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_4_)| (_4_)| (_46_)|
| | | | | | | |
Cranial | _76.2_|_77.4_| _79.2_| _82.3_|_77.6_| _78.5_| _75_|
Index | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_4_)| (_4_)| (_46_)|
| | | | | | | |
Mean | _80.3_|_84.8_| _85.3_| _84.3_|_81.6_| _82.7_| _83.2_|
height | | | | | | | |
Index | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_4_)| (_4_)| (_46_)|
| | | | | | | |
Height- | _90.7_|_97.2_| _96.4_| _93_|_93.3_| _94_| _97.1_|
breadth | | | | | | | |
index | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Face: | | (1)| | (1)| (2)| (3)| (24)|
| | | | | | | |
Menton- | --| 11.8| --| 12.6| 12.90| 12.17| 12.95|
nasion | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| | (1)| (3)| (3)| (43)|
| | | | | | | |
Nasion- | 7.5| 7.8| --| 7.6| 8| 7.60| 7.83|
upper | | | | | | | |
alveolar | | | | | | | |
point | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (45)|
| | | | | | | |
Diameter- | 13.4| 14.8| 14.1| 14.6| 14.07| 13.90| 14.32|
bizygomatic| | | | | | | |
maximum | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | (_1_)| | (_1_)| (_2_)| (_3_)| (_24_)|
| | | | | | | |
Facial | --|_79.7_| --| _86.3_|_95.6_| _88.8_| _90.3_|
Index, | | | | | | | |
total | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| | (_1_)| (_3_)| (_3_)| (_43_)|
| | | | | | | |
Facial | _56_|_49.3_| --| _52.1_|_56.9_| _55.5_| _54.6_|
Index, | | | | | | | |
upper | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Basio- | (1)| (1)| (3)| | (1)| (3)| (42)|
facial: | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Basion | 11| 10.5| 10.43| | 10| 10.43| 10.65|
alveolar | | | | | | | |
point | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (44)|
| | | | | | | |
Basion- | 9.4| 9.4| 9| 8.6| 9.37| 9.12| 9.51|
subnasal | | | | | | | |
point | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (46)|
| | | | | | | |
Basion- | 10.4| 10.8| 10.2| 9.9| 10.47| 10.32| 10.55|
nasion | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| | (_1_)| (_4_)| (_3_)| (_41_)|
| | | | | | | |
Facial | _65.5_| _72_| | _67.5_| _68_| _69_| _68_|
angle | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| | (_1_)| (_4_)| (_3_)| (_41_)|
| | | | | | | |
Alveolar | _48.5_|_56.5_| | _49_|_56.5_| _55_| _58_|
angle | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Orbits: | (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (42)|
| | | | | | | |
Mean height| 3.47| 3.55| 3.62| 3.67| 3.64| 3.45| 3.59|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (42)|
| | | | | | | |
Mean | 3.85| 4.07| 4| 3.9| 3.95| 4.09| 4.02|
breadth | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_3_)| (_4_)| (_42_)|
| | | | | | | |
Mean index | _90.2_|_87.1_| _90.7_| _94.2_|_92.2_| _84.3_| _89.2_|
| | | | | | | |
Nose: | (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (44)|
| | | | | | | |
Height | 4.9| 5.1| 5.4| 5.3| 5.57| 5.49| 5.35|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| (1)| (1)| (3)| (4)| (44)|
| | | | | | | |
Breadth | 2.4| 2.45| 2.45| 2.45| 2.35| 2.54| 2.35|
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_1_)| (_3_)| (_4_)| (_44_)|
| | | | | | | |
Index | _49_| _48_| _45.4_| _46.2_|_42.2_| _46.3_| _43.8_|
| | | | | | | |
Upper | (1)| (1)| | (1)| (3)| (3)| (44)|
alveolar | | | | | | | |
arch: | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Length | 5.9| 5.6| | 5.5| 5.60| 5.40| 5.66|
| | | | | | | |
| (1)| (1)| | (1)| (3)| (3)| (44)|
| | | | | | | |
Breadth | 6.9| 6.8| | 6.6| 6.43| 6.63| 6.79|
| | | | | | | |
| (_1_)| (_1_)| | (_1_)| (_3_)| (_3_)| (_44_)|
| | | | | | | |
Index | _87_|_82.4_| | _83.3_| _87_| _81.4_| _83.4_|
| | | | | | | |
| | (1)| | (1)| (2)| (4)| (28)|
| | | | | | | |
Lower jaw: | | 3.3| | 4| 3.8| 3.55| 4|
Height at | | | | | | | |
symphysis | | | | | | | |
-----------+-------+------+---------+---------+------+-------+-------+

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Anthropological Survey in AlaskaChapter XIII: Part 13

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