Chapter VII: Part 7

The villages and sites located along the Yukon are here enumerated and as far as possible charted. Information about them was obtained from the older Indians or river Eskimo and from such whites as had direct knowledge in that line. Most of these sites were examined personally, but in some instances this was impossible. The details concerning those seen will be found in the Narrative, but a few generalizations may here be useful.

_a_, My "spoils," loaded on sled, Point Hope. (A. H., 1926)

_b_, The load is heavy and sledding over sand and gravel difficult. (A. H., 1926)]

CHARACTERISTIC STONE AXES. MIDDLE YUKON

(A. H. coll., 1926.)]

CRUDE STONE ARTIFACTS, FOUND AT BONASILA, LOWER MIDDLE YUKON

(A. H. coll., 1926.)]

CRUDE STONE ARTIFACTS, FOUND AT BONASILA. LOWER MIDDLE YUKON

(A. H. coll., 1926.)]

The dead village sites are much alike along the whole river. They are generally located at the mouth, of some inland stream that carries clear fresh water, particularly if on the other side there is the protection of a hill. The dwellings were invariably on a flat and were throughout semisubterranean and of the same general type; which applies also to the larger communal houses or "cashims." The sites can often be told from afar in summer by the rich grass that covers them.

The burials were as a rule not far from a village and preferably on the slopes of the nearest hill. They were mostly above ground, but under the influence of Russians there were also shallow-ground burials. The latter can readily be told by the sawed planks of the coffins and the iron nails by which they are fastened. In many places no surface burials remain or there are mere traces. In such, places little mounds may betray old burials assimilated by the tundra. Trenching in likely spots would doubtless reveal others of which no trace remains on the surface.

No excavations of any of these sites have ever been attempted, but many of the surface burials were disturbed or destroyed by seekers of relics and the curious vandal, who is present on the Yukon as in other parts of the country.

The maps shown here were made under my direction on the basis of maps and charts provided by the Geological and Geodetic Surveys, in Washington. Additional old sites will doubtless be located in the future and may be added to these records.

PRE-RUSSIAN SITES

As already told in the Narrative, a search for truly ancient sites along the Yukon has proven largely negative. A more intense and prolonged archeological survey, with exploratory trenches wherever there is promise, may one day prove more fruitful. But, as pointed out before, much can never be expected. Man could at no time have occupied the Yukon Valley and watershed in large numbers. He would not have found enough sustenance. Even with fair resources he would hardly have tarried in these inclement regions as long as the ways toward the south were open. He never built here of lasting materials and had little chance to develop or even keep up any higher culture, and since he is gone the ever-cutting river has taken away whatever it could reach and scattered it through its silts and gravels. There is nevertheless a number of small elevated plateaus along the right bank that ought to be sounded by exploratory pits or trenches, particularly perhaps where there are traces of later habitations.

There are, of course, some sites that are older than others. The most interesting of these was found at Bonasila, beneath the old site of Makki or Magimute, 18 miles downstream from Anvik. (See Narrative.) The main facts concerning this site are as follows:

At the above distance from Anvik, on the right bank of the river and following a wooded hill, is a low flat backed by rising ground and cut across by a little stream. The flat is narrow, at present about 300 feet; and the part above the stream is deeply pitted by the remains of semisubterranean houses of a "dead" native village, which I believe is identifiable with the Magimute of the Russians. On the slope behind the village were still about a score of old surface burials, with an article here and there of Russian derivation.

The bank of the flat rises at present only about 4 feet above the beach of the river, but the flat behind is higher. The bank itself contains many specimens showing human workmanship, consisting of objects of stone, birch bark, bone, and rarely also of ivory, besides many fragments of pottery, many bones of wild Alaskan animals, and here and there a human skeleton. Some of these objects are low down in the bank. All the bones from the bank, including the human, and even the rare points of ivory, are semifossilized; the stone industry is peculiar; and the human remains differ plainly from both those of the later Yukon Indian and from those of the Eskimo. They are apparently Indian (see section on physical characteristics), but a tall Indian of a type that now is only met with much farther south.

The stone industry from the bank appeared at first sight so primitive that even the term "paleolithic" would not fit and the only term that seemed to meet the situation was "protolithic." It consists predominantly of scrapers and knockers, with here and there a tool sharpened for cutting. The scrapers look especially crude. They consist simply of pieces of smaller or larger andesite-like volcanic slabs broken to the desired size and chipped more or less roughly along what was to be the scraping edge. A closer examination of the stones, which were obtained from a base of a cliff farther down the river, showed, however, that they were of material which is hard to work, and that the chipping, under the circumstances, was not really bad. (Pls. 11, 12.) Pottery must have been fairly plentiful and quite up to the average of the river, both in make and decoration.

Two fine long, partly fossilized ivory points picked up formerly on the site were obtained from Mr. Lawrence. They are handsomely barbed on one side and show a high grade of skill. They must have come from the Bering Sea and may belong to the old fine ivory culture of the western part of that region, of which more later.

There are also some fairly ancient sites farther down the river (see Narrative), but just what they are and how old remains to be determined.

A report on the archeological remains from the bank of Bonasila by Mr. H. W. Krieger, one of the curators of the Department of Anthropology, United States National Museum, follows:

ARCHEOLOGY OF CENTRAL ALASKA

ANCIENT STONE CULTURE

"Until the results of Doctor Hrdlička's Alaskan reconnaissance were first made known to science it had been generally assumed that Alaskan and Canadian subboreal regions were archeologically barren. It had been currently accepted that only as one approached the great river valleys of the Skeena, the Fraser, and the Columbia could anthropological exploration be conducted to advantage. One might expect to uncover cemeteries and ancient village sites only there where a dense and sedentary population had long been established. Through the discovery of ancient village sites and centers of population in the lower and middle Yukon River Valley, Doctor Hrdlička has extended the northern archeological horizon into the sub-Arctic.

"Of the many sites examined, the old village site at Bonasila, 18 miles below the confluence of the Anvik and Yukon Rivers, yielded the most interesting data. Crudely flaked implements of trap rock with cutting edges showing evidence of chipping and grinding were uncovered. These implements are unique among Alaskan artifacts and have no relationship with known types of Eskimo or Indian stonework. In the shaping technic employed by their aboriginal makers; in form, and in type; and, generally, in their undeveloped character, the stone artifacts from Bonasila and other ancient archeological sites on the middle Yukon may be classified as primitive neolithic.

"The stone implements uncovered at Bonasila are so crudely fashioned and are apparently of such an improvised nature as to suggest an extreme conservatism in culture development, or perhaps a degeneration, due largely to lack of better materials. Due to the lack of basalt, jadeite, or other hard stone in the valley of the lower middle Yukon, recourse was had to sandstone and trap rock by the primitive makers of stone axes and celts.

"Crude pottery vessels and potsherds were discovered associated with the objects of stone. This ware incorporates elementary decorative designs distinct from the known historic Eskimo or Indian types of pottery decoration. There can be no intimation that this ware is archaic or that it belongs to any archaic culture offshoot from farther south. It therefore becomes a question of some unknown earlier Asiatic culture connection that manifested itself in crude forms of flaked and ground stone implements and in unique pottery forms. It is uncertain that the ancient fossil ivory culture of northwest Alaska, of which Doctor Hrdlička has brought in some excellent examples, is in any manner associated with the primitive neolithic stone and pottery forms uncovered at Bonasila. It is established, however, beyond a doubt that both cultures and types of artifacts are Asiatic in origin and have little or no connection with the culture of the western Eskimo.

"The Eskimos of the lower Yukon Valley made extensive use of slate and of jadeite in the production of their polished knives and celts. Slate knives and polished celts of jadeite are characteristic of Eskimoan culture throughout the whole of its extent in Alaska. Each of these materials as well as the finished products shaped from them were subjects of native barter. Eskimos often undertook long journeys for their procurement. It is therefore noteworthy that no single object fashioned from slate or jadeite and but few points of fossilized ivory were recovered at any of the sites characterized by the primitive stone culture and pottery of the Bonasila type.

"The most characteristic finds at Bonasila are the crudely flaked implements of stone, some of which show incipient chipping and grinding. The coarse type of pottery is unlike that of the modern Eskimo in tempering, firing, and decorative design.

"The stone culture of the site, although rich in forms, is deficient in technical development and is scarcely worthy of being classed as neolithic. There were found in numbers the following types of artifacts: Circular, discoidal stone pebbles with rim fractures due to use; river wash pebbles of irregular form used as improvised scrapers and hammerstones; basaltic, discoidal hammerstones with abraded edges and pitted at the center; large flake saws of trachyte (trap rock) triangular in section but provided with sharply fractured cutting edges; slender flaked fragments of trap rock tapered to the form of wedges with intentionally worked end sections and cutting edges; crudely flaked stone knives with evidence of secondary chipping at cutting edges; other knives of thin slabs of trap rock with flaked and bilaterally ground beveled cutting edges; oblong axes of flaked sandstone with hafting notches struck off at the edges midway from the base; abrading tools of sandstone; celts of sandstone with ground and beveled working edge and notched for hafting as an ax; stone scrapers with ground and beveled cutting edges; fragmentary perforators of stone; re-chipped, flaked knives shaped by grinding; roughly worked, multiple-grooved hammers or mauls; and many stone objects unformed and unworked but classified generally as hammerstones.

THE POTTERY

"About a hundred pottery shards and smaller pottery vessels were recovered from the site at Bonasila. Pottery vessels representative of the Bonasila culture were shaped out of the solid and show no trace of coiling. In this respect they conform to the generalized north Asiatic and Eskimo ware. There is, however, no check stamp decorative design that is applied with a paddle by the Eskimo nor evidence that pottery vessels had been built up about a basketry base. The paste is light buff or gray in color, the buff ware being better fired and of the same color on the inside, while the gray ware is either gray or black on the inner surface. A well-defined unfired area covers one-half of the sectional diameter. Both buff and gray wares show evidence of better firing than in modern Eskimo pottery. Tempering is of coarse fragments of steatite, which is much more durable than tempering materials such as blood, feathers, and ashes formerly employed by the primitive Eskimo potter.

"The pottery from Bonasila is utilitarian and consists of shallow spherical lamps, globose bowls, and cooking pots without feet or bases. The ware is coarse, side walls and bottom varying from 1 to 2 centimeters in sectional thickness. This type of pottery is practically duplicated in shards recovered by Doctor Hrdlička from what is now Eskimo territory in the Yukon Valley near the Russian Mission. It is probable that further search would bring to light an extensive region yielding this type of ancient pottery of distinctive design and unrelated either to Tinné or Eskimo ware.

"Decorative attempts consist of bold incised parallel transverse lines on the upper sector of the outer surface of the vessel. Deep corrugations appear on the inside of the rim flare. Both corrugations and incised line decorations were made with a paddle or wood splinter shaped for the purpose. Some of the shards have deeply incised punctations irregularly encircling the outer surface of the vessel just below the rim extension.

"Shallow spherical pottery lamps accompanied surface burials at Bonasila. These lamps have a less durable tempering material than the other pottery fragments recovered. The paste is porous and is poorly fired. Decorative designs incised on the interior surface of the lamps are reminiscent of typical Eskimo punctate designs as traced on the inner circumference of rectilinear or curvilinear etchings on ivory and bone. It is very probable that these pottery lamps are of a later date and are of Eskimoan handicraft.

THE ALASKAN GROOVED STONE AX

[Pl. 10]

"The grooved stone ax is a typical New World implement. Its distribution is limited to tribes of the eastern maize area, the Pueblo tribes of the Southwest, the Athapascans, and the northern woodlands tribes. Elsewhere in America grooved stone implements of any description are rare, although not unknown. The groove for the attachment of cord or sinew binding is common also to the stone adze, which is characteristic of Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest and of the Eskimo of Arctic America. The distribution of the stone adze is more intensive but is much less extensive than is that of the grooved stone ax and appears to be an environmental form borrowed from the Arctic tribes by the Indian of southeast Alaska and of British Columbia.

"The double-bitted, multiple-grooved stone ax has two areas of distribution in North America. One of these is the country of the northeastern woodlands Indians, extending as far south as the Central Atlantic States. The other area of distribution is the extreme northwest, or the mainland of Alaska.

"In the collection brought to the National Museum from Alaska by Doctor Hrdlička are eight grooved stone implements. All but one of these have cutting edges for use as axes or adzes. The exception, Cat. No. 332809, U.S.N.M., is a grooved spherical stone maul or club 9.5 centimeters (3.7 inches) long and 7.5 centimeters (2.9 inches) in sectional diameter. This grooved object was found near Tanana on the beach of the Yukon River. Like the grooved stone axes in Doctor Hrdlička's collection, the groove is incomplete. A flattened space of approximately 2 centimeters is left un-grooved for the hafting of a flat surfaced handle end with binding, which is passed around the transverse groove and then through a hole in the wooden handle.

"Three single-grooved, double-bitted stone axes were collected from various points on the Yukon River. These are of interest because of their similar grooving and double cutting edges. Each is identical in form, each has been shaped by pecking, except in the sector near the cutting edges where they have been sharpened and polished by grinding. Between the raised borders of the centrally pecked groove and the cutting edges the surface has been shaped to a slight concavity by pecking. In Cat. No. 332805, U.S.N.M., this concavity is replaced by a well-defined convex bevel. The pecked groove is at right angles to the longitudinal axis and is comparatively shallow but has a wide diameter of 2 centimeters or more. The material is uniformly of basalt. The axes are 20 centimeters or more long, while the sectional diameter varies from 6 to 10 centimeters according to whether the ax is flattened or oval in section.

"Grooved, double-bitted stone axes similar to those collected by Doctor Hrdlička from the Middle Yukon region have since become known also from stations farther south in Alaska. One was plowed up in a field near Matanuska and is now in the chamber of commerce exhibit at Anchorage, while another was collected in 1927 by the writer from near Chitna, Alaska. This Alaskan type of grooved ax is practically identical with that of the central Atlantic seaboard States, as figured by Walter Hough in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum, volume 60, article 9, page 14.

"Another grooved type of stone object brought to the National Museum by Doctor Hrdlička is a stone war club of unusual type. It was found on the Yukon River beach 1½ miles below the Mission at Tanana. It is 20 centimeters (7.9 inches) long and is slender, the maximum sectional diameter being but 3.5 centimeters (1.4 inches). Like the single-grooved axes, it was shaped by pecking, but much of the surface was also ground. The reverse or hafting surface is flat; the obverse is convexly tapered to sharp cutting edges which are at right angles to the haft. The material is basalt. The hafting grooves, two in number, are comparatively deep and closely spaced. As to form this stone weapon is unique, appearing, so far as is known to the writer, nowhere else on the American Continent. It has been entered on the records of the National Museum as Cat. No. 332807, U.S.N.M.

"One form of the double-bitted, multiple-grooved stone axes resembles closely ivory forms made from walrus tusks in the Bering Sea region. This form also gives evidence of secondary modification, specimens having been broken intentionally to reduce the tool to a simple adze. The material is basalt and its range in the north is limited to the Eskimo area, but becomes widespread to the south in southeastern Alaska and in British Columbia. The form of this widely diffused stone adze is approximated in a series of broken stone axes collected by Doctor Hrdlička. Two such broken and originally double-bitted axes, Cat. Nos. 332806 and 332810, U.S.N.M., were collected from the banks of the Yukon at an old village site below Anvik. These axes are broken with a crude irregular fracture just above the upper transverse groove. Another stone ax, Cat. No. 332812, U.S.N.M., is from Ruby, Alaska, and is practically identical with the double-bitted but single-grooved stone ax from Tanana.

"It would appear from this brief presentation that there is a remarkable similarity of form, approaching identity, in the ancient stone axes from the river valleys of central Alaska. Whether the particular ax has one cutting edge or is double-bitted; whether it is provided with one or with two parallel transverse hafting grooves, the general identity of form remains. The striking thing about the presence of the double-bitted ax among archeological finds from central Alaska is that we do not find it represented in such numbers anywhere until it again reappears in the Atlantic seaboard States. The very interesting cultural objects discovered by Doctor Hrdlička and supplemented by my collection in 1927 show that Alaska is far from sterile or fully known archeologically and make further exploration both promising and important."

ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE YUKON

Notes on the physique of the Yukon natives are found in the reports of all the explorers of the river, but they are imperfect and of little scientific value; the principal ones are given below.[26] Anthropometric observations on the living people of the middle and lower Yukon, with its tributaries, are nonexistent.[27] As to crania, there are a few measurements on two "Yukon Indian" skulls (No. 7530, and probably No. 7531), and on three crania of the Yukon Eskimo, by Jeffries Wyman (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, XI, 452); on one "Ingaleet" and three "Mahlemut" or Norton Sound Eskimo skulls by George A. Otis (List of Specimens, etc., 35); and on four skulls collected by Dall, one from Nulato and the rest presumably from St. Michael, by Hrdlička (Catal. of Crania, p. 30, Nos. 242925, 242899, 242901, 242936).

FOOTNOTES:

[26] Glazunof (Wrangell, Stat. und Ethnog. Nachr., 146-147): "The men are big, brunette, with bristly black hair."

Zagoskin (pt. II, 61-62): "The Tinneh belong in general to the American family of redskins, but marked external differences are perceptible in those who are mixed with the Eskimo. The Tinneh are of medium stature, rather dry but well shaped, with oblong face, forehead medium, upright, frequently hairy, nose broad and straight, hooked, eyes black and dark brown, rather large * * * expression intelligent, in those of more distant tribes somber, roving; lips full, compressed; teeth white, straight; hair straight, black to dark brown, fairly soft; many of the men hairy over the body and with fairly thick, short mustache and beard; hands and feet medium, calves small; in general lively, communicative, cheerful, and very fond of pleasure and song."

Dall, William H., Alaska and Its Resources, 53-54: "The Ingaliks are, as a rule, tall, well made, but slender. They have very long, squarely oval faces, high, prominent cheek bones, large ears, small mouths, noses, and eyes, and an unusually large lower jaw. The nose is well formed and aquiline, but small in proportion to the rest of the face. The hair is long, coarse, and black, and generally parted in the middle. * * * Their complexion is an ashy brown, perhaps from dirt in many cases, and they seldom have much color. On the other hand, the Koyúkuns, with the same high cheek bones and piercing eyes, have much shorter faces, more roundly oval, of a pale olive hue, and frequently arched eyebrows and a fine color. They are the most attractive in appearance of the Indians in this part of the territory, as they are the most untamable. The women especially are more attractive than those among the Ingaliks, whose square faces and ashy complexion render the latter very plain, not to say repulsive." (Some of these statements were evidently somewhat in error.--A. H.)

Schwatka, F. (Milit. Reconn. (1883), Comp. Narr. Explor. Alas., 350): "As regards these Ingaliks as a class, they are, as a rule, of average height, tolerably well built, but slender, differing in this respect from the natives farther down the river. They have long black hair and a complexion brown by nature, but often verging toward black on account of a liberal covering of dirt."

See also Richardson, J. (Arctic Search. Exp., I, 379). Jones, S., The Kutchin Tribes (Smiths. Rept. for 1866, 320-327). Whymper, F., Travel and Advent., etc.; and later writers (including Bancroft's "Native Races," etc., I, 127 et seq.).

[27] Ten (8 m. 2 f.) Loucheux, or Kucha-Kuchin, from the upper Yukon, were measured by A. J. Stone and reported by F. Boas (Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist, New York, vol. XIV, pp. 53-68, 1901).

THE LIVING INDIAN

Notes on the living Indians of the Yukon have already been given in the Narrative. They will be briefly summarized in this place. Measurements of the living were impracticable during the journey.

TANANA INDIAN WOMAN]

CHIEF SAN JOSEPH, NEAR TANANA VILLAGE, ON THE YUKON

(A. H., 1926.)]

_a_. Jacob and Andrew, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. Jacob probably has a trace of white blood.

(A. H., 1926.)

_b_, Yukon Indians at Kokrines. (A. H., 1926.)]

_a_, Marguerite Johnny Yatlen, Koyukuk village. (A. H., 1926)

_b_, Lucy John, Koyukuk, daughter of a former chief. (A. H., 1926)

YUKON INDIANS]

_a_, George Halfway, Nulato, on the Yukon. (A. H., 1926)

_b_, Jack Curry, of Nulato, 41 years old. (Now at Ruby, Middle Yukon; Eskimoid physiognomy)

_c_, Arthur Malamvot, of Nulato

YUKON INDIANS]

_a_, Indian children, Mission School at Anvik, Lower Middle Yukon

_b_, Indian children, Mission School at Anvik, Lower Middle Yukon

_c_, Two women of Anvik, on the Yukon, somewhat Eskimoid]

_Pure bloods._--The Yukon Indians are a sparse and largely mixed population. The mixture is especially evident in the children and the younger generation. It is mainly that with whites, but in the lower settlements there is also a good deal of older mixture with the Eskimo. There is fortunately as yet no Negro admixture.

_General type._--The full bloods are typically Indian, though not of the pronounced plains type. The type is fairly uniform, but there is not seldom, even up the river, as elsewhere in Alaska, a suggestion of something Eskimoid in the physiognomy.

_Color._--The color in general is near medium brown, ranging to lighter rather than darker. The hair is the usual full black of the Indian.

_Stature and strength._--- The stature and build are generally near medium, rather slightly below than above.

_Head form._--The head is generally moderately rounded high meso- to moderately brachycephalic. The face is medium Indian.

_Body._--The body proportions seldom impress one with unusual strength, yet some of the men are by no means weaklings. The most fitting term by which to characterize conditions in this respect is again "medium," with an occasional deviation one way or the other.

_Photographs._--The accompanying photographs, taken by the writer from Tanana to Anvik, show a few of the physiognomies. Some of the girls and women, as well as boys and men, are quite good looking. (Pls. 13-18.)

From Anvik downward along the river the type of the people becomes plainly more Eskimoid and on the whole more robust. But as one can frequently meet farther up the river individuals who remind one more or less of the Eskimo, so here it is frequent to see faces that look like Indian. Whether due to old mixture or to other reason, the fact is that there is no line of somatological demarcation in the living populations of the river, and the same applies, as will be seen later, to the skulls.

SKELETAL REMAINS OF THE YUKON

The first Yukon Indian skull measured was that of a half-chief of the Nulato group, collected in the early sixties by William H. Dall. There are now three records of this skull, originally and again now a Smithsonian specimen, one in Wyman ("Observations on Crania," Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1868, XI, 452, No. 7530), one in the Otis "Catalogue" (35, No. 259), and one in Hrdlička's "Catalogue of Human Crania in the United States National Museum Collections" (p. 30, No. 242925). It is a normal, well-developed male skull, which gives no suggestion of mixture. The true measurements of this "type" specimen, taken by present-day instruments and methods, are as follows:

_Yukon Indian skull No. 242925_

Vault:
Length cm 18.4
Breadth cm 14
Height to bregma cm 13.8
Cranial index _76.1_
Mean height index _85.2_
Height-breadth index _98.6_
Cranial module
(mean diameter) cm 15.40
Cranial capacity c. c. 1,520
Face:
Menton-nasion (teeth but
slightly worn) cm 12.1
Alveolar point-nasion cm 7.3
Diameter bizygomatic
maximum cm 14
Facial index, total _86.4_
Facial index, upper _52.1_
Facial angle 69°
Alveolar angle 53.5°
Orbits:
Right--
Height cm 3.25
Breadth cm 4.2
Left--
Height cm 3.45
Breadth cm 4
Mean index _81_
Nose:
Height cm 5.1
Breadth cm 2.5
Index _49_
Upper alveolar arch:
Length cm 5.7
Breadth cm 6.7
Index _85.1_
Basio-facial diameters:
Basion-alveolar point cm 10.6
Basion-subnasal point cm 9.4
Basal-nasion cm 10.5

The skull is seen to be mesocephalic, rather high, and of good brain capacity; the face is of medium Indian proportions; the orbits are unequal, rather low; the nose is of medium height and breadth; the upper dental arch, the basic-facial diameters, and the facial and alveolar angles, are all near medium Indian.

There was another Indian skull in the five Wyman reported, but its identity is uncertain. A later collection by Dall included three Indian female crania from Alaska, but their exact provenience is uncertain; their measurements are given in my catalogue.

On the 1926 trip I succeeded in collecting directly from the burials along the lower middle Yukon 17 adult skulls and skeletons. Such material is both scarce and difficult to obtain, due to the attitude of the Indians. All the specimens in the collection are from the Russian times on the river. A few of the skulls show traces of Eskimoid in their features, but none offer a suspicion of a mixture with the whites. The measurements are given below. They partly agree, partly disagree, with those of the Nulato skull. The vault, the breadth of the nose, the dimensions of the dental arch, are much alike, but the height of the face, nose, and orbits in the Nulato specimen is somewhat lower. These may be tribal but also simply individual differences. We may generalize by stating that the lower middle Yukon Indian was mesocephalic, with a fairly high vault, and moderate capacity. The face was of relatively good height but moderate breadth, resulting in a high upper facial index. Facial and alveolar prognathism and other features approach the prevalent Indian medium.

LOWER MIDDLE YUKON INDIAN CRANIA

SEX: MALE

---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------
Catalogue|Collection|Locality |Approximate| Vault: Diameter|Diameter
No. | | |age of |antero-posterior| lateral
| | |subject | maximum| maximum
| | | | (glabella ad|
| | | | maximum)|
---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------
332512 |A. |Magi |Adults | 18.4| 13.8
|Hrdlička |(Bonasila)| | |
| | | | |
332517 |do |Ghost |do | 18.1| 13.8
| |Creek, | | |
| |near Holy | | |
| |Cross. | | |
| | | | |
332514 |do |do |do | 18.0| 13.9
| | | | |
332503 |do |Greyling |do | [28] (17.3)| (13.4)
| |River | | |
| |(above | | |
| |Anvik). | | |
| | | | |
332507 |do |Ghost |do | 18.2| 14.1
| |Creek | | |
| | | | |
332526 |do |do |do | 18.5| 14.4
| | | | |
339752 |H. W. |do |do | 17.5| 13.9
|Krieger | | | |
| | | | |
332502 |A. |do |do | 17.8| 14.2
|Hrdlička | | | |
+================+========
| (7)| (7)
| |
Total | 126.5| 98.1
| |
Average | _18.07_| _14.01_
| |
Minimum | 17.5| 13.8
| |
Maximum | 18.5| 14.4
---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------

---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------
Catalogue|Basion-bregma|Cranial| Mean|Height-breadth|Cranial| Capacity,
No. | height| index|height| index| module| in c. c.
| | | index| | |(Hrdlička's
| | | | | | method)
| | | | | |
---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------
332512 | 14.0| _75.0_|_87.0_| _101.4_| 15.40| 1,480
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332517 | 13.4| _76.2_|_83.8_| _97.1_| 15.10| 1,375
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332514 | 14.0| _77.2_|_87.5_| _100.7_| 15.30| 1,425
| | | | | |
332503 | (12.7)| _77.5_|_82.5_| _94.8_|(14.47)| (1,220)
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332507 | 13.2| _77.5_|_81.5_| _93.6_| 15.17| 1,480
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332526 | 13.7| _77._8|_83.5_| _95.1_| 15.53|
| | | | | |
339752 | 13.5| _79.4_|_86.0_| _97.1_| 14.97| 1,515
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332502 | 13.3| _79.8_|_83.1_| _93.7_| 15.10| 1,370
| | | | | |
=============+=======+======+==============+=======+===========
(7)| (_7_)| (_7_)| (_7_)| (7)| (6)
| | | | |
Total 95.1| | | | 106.57| 8,645
| | | | |
Average _13.59_| _77.5_|_84.7_| _96.9_|_15.22_| _1,441_
| | | | |
Minimum 13.2| _75.0_|_81.5_| _93.6_| 14.97| 1,370
| | | | |
Maximum 14.0| _79.8_|_87.5_| _101.4_| 15.53| 1,515
---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------

---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------
Catalogue| Teeth:|Alveolar| Diameter|Facial|Facial| Basion-
No. | Wear| point-|bizygomatic|index,|index,|alveolar
| menton-| nasion|maximum (c)| total| upper| point
| nasion| height| | (a ×| (b ×|
| height| (b)| |100/c)|100/c)|
| (a)| | | | |
---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------
332512 |[28]12.3| 7.5| 13.4|_91.8_| _56_| 10.2
| | | | | |
332517 | | 7.4| 13.4| |_55.2_| 10.2
| | | | | |
332514 | [29]13| 7.7| 13.3|_97.7_|_57.9_| 10.2
| | | | | |
332503 |[30]12.8| 8.1| 13.6|_94.1_|_59.6_| 10.5
| | | | | |
332507 | [31]| | 14.1| | |
| | | | | |
332526 | | | | | |
| | | | | |
332552 | [32]| | 13.6| | |
| | | | | |
332502 | [28]13| 8.1| 14.1|_92.2_|_57.4_| 10.4
| | | | | |
| (4)| (5)| (5)| (_4_)| (_5_)| (5)
| | | | | |
Totals | 51.1| 38.8| 67.8| | | 51.5
| | | | | |
Averages | _12.78_| _7.76_| _13.56_|_93.9_|_57.2_| _10.3_
| | | | | |
Minimum | 12.3| 7.4| 13.3| 91.8| 55.2| 10.2
| | | | | |
Maximum | 13| 8.1| 14.1| 97.7| 59.6| 10.5
| | | | | |
| | | (7)| | |
| | | | | |
Totals | | | 95.5| | |
| | | | | |
Averages | | | _13.64_| | |
| | | | | |
Minimum | | | 13.3| | |
| | | | | |
Maximum | | | 14.1| | |
---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------

---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------
Catalogue|Basion-subnasal|Basion-nasion|Facial|Alveolar| Height
No. | point| | angle| angle| of
| | | | |symphysis
| | | | |
| | | | |
---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------
332512 | 8.9| 10.2| 68.5| 51| 3.9
| | | | |
332517 | 8.9| 9.7| 64.5| 51.5| 4
| | | | |
332514 | 9.4| 10.4| 69| 63.5| 4.5
| | | | |
332503 | 9.5| 10.4| 66.5| 59.5| 3.7
| | | | |
332507 | 8.6| 10 | | | 3.7
| | | | |
332526 | | 10.4| | |
| | | | |
332552 | 8.8| 10.1| | | 3.8
| | | | |
332502 | 9.2| 9.7| 62| 53| 4.2
| | | | |
| (7)| (8)| (5)| (5)| (7)
| | | | |
Totals | 63.3| 80.9| | | 27.8
| | | | |
Averages | _9.04_| _10.11_| _66_| _55_| _3.97_
| | | | |
Minimum | 8.6| 9.7| 62| 51| 3.7
| | | | |
Maximum | 9.5| 10.4| 69| 63.5| 4.5
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Totals | | | | |
| | | | |
Averages | | | | |
| | | | |
Minimum | | | | |
| | | | |
Maximum | | | | |
---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------

--------+-------+------+------+------
Cata- |Orbits:| Brea-| Or-| Nose:
logue |Height,| dth,| bital|Height
No. | right,|right,|index,|
| left| left| mean|
| | | |
--------+-------+------+------+------
332512 | {3.65| 3.8|} 96 | 5.3
| {3.65| 3.8|} |
| | | |
332517 | {3.35| 3.9|} 88.3| 5
| {3.45| 3.8|} |
| | | |
332514 | {3.5| 3.7|} 94.6| 5.5
| {3.5| 3.7|} |
| | | |
332503 | {3.65| 4|} 91.2| 5.7
| {3.6| 3.95|} |
| | | |
332507 | {3.75| 3.85|} 95.5| 5.2
| {3.7| 3.95|} |
| | | |
332526 | --| --| --| --
| | | |
332552 | {3.5| 3.9|} --| 5.35
| {3.5| 3.9|} |
| | | |
332502 | {3.45| 4.15|} 84| 5.8
| {3.4| 4|} |
| | | |
Right | (7)| (7)| (7)|
Left | (7)| (7)| (7)| (7)
| | | |
Totals | 24.85| 27.30|} --| 37.85
{r. {l. | 24.80| 27.10|} |
| | | |
Averages| _3.55_|_3.90_| _91_|_5.41_
{r. {l. | _3.54_|_3.87_|_91.5_|}
| | | |
| | | |
Minimum | 3.35| 3.7|} --| 5
{r. {l. | 3.4| 3.7|} |
| | | |
Maximum | 3.75| 4.15|} --| 5.8
{r. {l. | 3.7| 4|} |
--------+-------+------+------+------

--------+------+------+-------+--------+------
Cata- | Brea-| Nasal|Palate:|External| Pal-
logue | dth,| index| exter-|breadth,| atal
No. | max-| | nal| maximum| index
| imum| | length| (b)| (b ×
| | | (a)| |100/a)
--------+------+------+-------+--------+------
332512 | 2.55| 48.1| 5.5| 6.4|_85.9_
| | | | |
| | | | |
332517 | 2.6| 52| 5.6| 6.5|_86.2_
| | | | |
| | | | |
332514 | 2.3| 41.8| 5.3| 7|_75.7_
| | | | |
| | | | |
332503 | 2.45| 43| 5.4| 6.3|_85.7_
| | | | |
| | | | |
332507 | 2.5| 48.1| --| --| --
| | | | |
| | | | |
332526 | --| --| --| --| --
| | | | |
332552 | 2.5| --| --| --| --
| | | | |
| | | | |
332502 | 2.95| 50.9| 5.9| 6.5|_90.8_
| | | | |
| | | | |
Right | | | | |
Left | (7)| (7)| (5)| (5)| (_5_)
| | | | |
Totals | 17.85| --| 27.7| 32.7| --
{r. {l. | | | | |
| | | | |
Averages|_2.55_|_47.2_| _5.54_| _6.54_|_84.7_
{r. {l. | | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
Minimum | 2.3|_41.8_| _5.3_| 6.3|_75.7_
{r. {l. | | | | |
| | | | |
Maximum | 2.95| _52_| 5.9| 7|_90.8_
{r. {l. | | | | |
--------+------+------+-------+--------+------

SEX: FEMALE

---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------
Catalogue|Collection|Locality |Approximate| Vault: Diameter|Diameter
No. | | |age of |antero-posterior| lateral
| | |subject | maximum| maximum
| | | | (glabella ad|
| | | | maximum)|
---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------
332506 |A. |Magi |Adults | 18.2| 13.4
|Hrdlička |(Bonasila)| | |
| | | | |
332520 |do |Ghost |do | 17.9| 13.2
| |Creek | | |
| | | | |
332508 |do |Magi |do | 17.2| 12.8
| | | | |
332519 |do |Ghost |do | 16.2| 12.3
| |Creek | | |
| | | | |
332510 |do |Magi |do | 17.6| 13.5
| | | | |
332504 |do |do |do | 17.9| 13.8
| | | | |
332525 |do |Ghost |do | 17.4| 13.5
| |Creek | | |
| | | | |
332525 |do |Magi |do | 17.2| 13.4
| | | | |
332522 |do |Novi |do | 16.7| 13.4
| |River | | |
| | | | |
339751 |H. W. |Magi |do | 16.4| 13.4
|Krieger | | | |
+================+========
| (10)| (10)
| |
Totals | 172.7| 132.7
| |
Averages | _17.27_| _13.27_
| |
Minimum | 16.4| 12.3
| |
Maximum | 18.2| 13.8
---------+----------+----------+-----------+----------------+--------

---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------
Catalogue|Basion-bregma|Cranial| Mean|Height-breadth|Cranial| Capacity,
No. | height| index|height| index| module| in c. c.
| | | index| | |(Hrdlička's
| | | | | | method)
| | | | | |
---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------
332506 | 13.1| _73.6_|_82.9_| _97.8_| 14.90 | 1,400
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332520 | 12.7| _73.7_|_81.4_| _96.2_| 14.60 | 1,335
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332508 | 13.1| _74.4_|_87.3_| _102.3_| 14.37 | 1,225
| | | | | |
332519 | 12.3| _75.9_|_86.6_| _100.0_| 13.60 | 1,070
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332510 | 13.2| _76.7_|_84.6_| _97.8_| 14.77 | 1,375
| | | | | |
332504 | 13.5| _77.1_|_85.4_| _97.8_| 15.07 | 1,355
| | | | | |
332525 | 12.5| _77.6_|_81.2_| _92.6_| 14.47 | 1,260
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
332525 | 12.6| _77.9_|_82.4_| _94.0_| 14.40 | 1,230
| | | | | |
332522 | 12.8| _80.2_|_85.3_| _95.5_| 14.30 | 1,210
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
339751 | 12.6| _81.7_|_84.6_| _94.0_| 14.13 | 1,210
| | | | | |
=============+=======+======+==============+=======+===========
(10)| (_10_)|(_10_)| (_10_)| (10) | (10)
| | | | |
Totals 128.4| --| -- | --|144.6 | 12,670
| | | | |
Averages _12.84_| _76.8_|_84.1_| _96.8_|_14.46_| _1,267_
| | | | |
Minimum 12.3| _73.6_|_81.2_| _92.6_| 13.60 | 1,070
| | | | |
Maximum 13.5| _81.7_|_87.3_| _102.3_| 15.07 | 1,400
---------+-------------+-------+------+--------------+-------+-----------

---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------
Catalogue| Teeth:|Alveolar| Diameter|Facial|Facial| Basion-
No. | Wear| point-|bizygomatic|index,|index,|alveolar
| menton-| nasion|maximum (c)| total| upper| point
| nasion| height| | (a ×| (b ×|
| height| (b)| |100/c)|100/c)|
| (a)| | | | |
---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------
332506 |[34]12.1| 7.5| 12.7|_95.3_|_59.1_| 9.9
| | | | | |
332520 | --| 6.9| 13.3| --|_51.9_| 10.6
| | | | | |
332508 |[35]10.8| -7| 12.6|_85.7_|_55.6_| 9.6
| | | | | |
332519 | --| 6.7| 12.1| --|_55.4_| 9.3
| | | | | |
332510 | +11.6| -7| -12|_96.7_|_58.3_| 9.7
| | | | | |
332504 |[34]13.1| -8| 13.6|_91.8_| _56_| 10.4
| | | | | |
332525 | [36]| --| 12.9| --| --|
| | | | | |
332505 |[37]11.8| 6.8| 12.8|_92.2_|_53.1_| 9.5
| | | | | |
322522 | | 7.1| 13.3| --|_54.1_| 9.2
| | | | | |
332751 | [38]11| 6.7| 13.1| _-84_|_51.1_| 9.6
---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------
| (6)| (9)| (10)| (_6_)| (_9_)| (9)
| | | | | |
Totals | 70.4| 63.7| 128.4| --| --| 87.8
| | | | | |
Averages | _11.73_| _7.08_| _12.84_|_91.7_|_55.1_| _9.76_
| | | | | |
Minimum | 10.8| 6.7| -12| _-84_|_51.1_| 9.2
| | | | | |
Maximum | 13.1| -8| 13.6|_96.7_|_59.1_| 10.6
---------+--------+--------+-----------+------+------+--------

---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------
Catalogue|Basion-subnasal|Basion-nasion|Facial|Alveolar| Height
No. | point| | angle| angle| of
| | | | |symphysis
| | | | |
| | | | |
---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------
332506 | 8.8| -10| -69| -54| 3.8
| | | | |
332520 | 9.4| 9.7| -63| -52| --
| | | | |
332508 | 8.5| 9.9| -71| -51| -3
| | | | |
332519 | 7.8| 8.8| 64.5| 42.5| --
| | | | |
332510 | 8.4| 9.5| -67| -51| 3.7
| | | | |
332504 | 9.1| 10.5| -68| 54.5| 3.9
| | | | |
332525 | 8.7| 9.9| | | 3.6
| | | | |
332505 | 8.4| 9.6| -70| -51| 3.7
| | | | |
322522 | 8.6| -10| 74.5| -64|
| | | | |
332751 | 8.5| 9.3| -67| 48.5| 3.35
+===============+=============+======+========+=========
| (10)| (10)| (9)| (9)| (7)
| | | | |
Totals | 86.2| 97.2| | | 25.05
| | | | |
Averages | _8.62_| _9.72_| _-68_| _-52_| _3.58_
| | | | |
Minimum | 7.8| 8.8| -63| 42.5| -3
| | | | |
Maximum | 9.4| 10.5| 74.5| -64| 3.9
---------+---------------+-------------+------+--------+---------

--------+-------+------+------+------+------
Cata- |Orbits:| Brea-| Or-| Nose:| Brea-
logue |Height,| dth,| bital|Height| dth,
No. | right,|right,|index,| | max-
| left| left| mean| | imum
| | | | |
--------+-------+------+------+------+------
332506 | { 3.55| 3.8|_94.1_| 5.5| 2.2
| { 3.6| 3.8|} | |
| | | | |
332520 | { 3.3| 3.7|_90.5_| | 2.4
| { 3.4| 3.7|} | 4.75|
| | | | |
332508 | { 3.7| 4|_92.5_| 5.2| 2.5
| { | |} | |
| | | | |
332519 | { 3.4| 3.7|_93.9_| 4.7| 2.3
| { 3.5| 3.65|} | |
| | | | |
332510 | { 3.3| 3.55|_91.6_| 4.7| 2.3
| { 3.2| 3.55|} | |
| | | | |
332504 | { 3.7| 3.95|_91.9_| 5.4| 2.15
| { 3.65| 4.05|} | |
| | | | |
332525 | { | |_85.5_| 5.15| 2.2
| { 3.25| 3.8|} | |
| | | | |
332505 | { 3.8| 3.95|_94.0_| 4.9| 2.35
| { 3.6| 3.85|} | |
| | | | |
332522 | { 3.7| 3.95|_92.4_| 5.45| 2.3
| { 3.6| 3.95|} | |
| | | | |
332751 | { 3.1| 3.8|} _84_| 5| 2.4
| { 3.2| 3.7|} | |
+=======+======+======+======+======
Right | (9)| (9)| (_9_)| |
Left | (9)| (9)| (_9_)| (10)| (10)
| | | | |
Totals | 31.55| 34.4|} | 50.75| 23.1
{r. {l. | 31| 34.05|} | |
| | | | |
Averages| _3.51_|_3.82_|_91.7_|_5.07_|_2.31_
{r. {l. | _3.44_|_3.78_| _91_| |
| | | | |
Minimum | 3.1| 3.55|} | 4.7| 2.15
{r. {l. | 3.2| 3.55|} | |
| | | | |
Maximum | 3.8| 4|} | 5.5| 2.5
{r. {l. | 3.65| 4.05|} | |
--------+-------+------+------+------+------

--------+------+-------+--------+------
Cata- | Nasal|Palate:|External| Pal-
logue | index| exter-|breadth,| atal
No. | | nal| maximum| index
| | length| (b)| (b ×
| | (a)| |100/a)
--------+------+-------+--------+------
332506 | _40_| 5.2| 6.1|_85.2_
| | | |
| | | |
332508 |_50.5_| 5.4| 6| _90_
| | | |
| | | |
332508 |_48.1_| 5.2| 5.8|_89.7_
| | | |
| | | |
332519 |_48.9_| 5.4| 5.5|_98.2_
| | | |
| | | |
332510 |_48.9_| 5.3| 6.4|_82.8_
| | | |
| | | |
332504 |_39.8_| 5.7| 6.7|_85.1_
| | | |
| | | |
332525 |_42.7_| --| --| --
| | | |
| | | |
332505 | _48_| 5.3| 5.8|_91.4_
| | | |
| | | |
332522 |_42.2_| 5| 6.6|_75.8_
| | | |
| | | |
332751 | _48_| 5.3| 6.5|_81.5_
| | | |
+======+=======+========+======
Right | | | |
Left |(_10_)| (9)| (9)| (_9_)
| | | |
Totals | | 47.8| 55.4| --
{r. {l. | | | |
| | | |
Averages|_45.5_| _5.31_| _6.16_|_86.3_
{r. {l. | | | |
| | | |
Minimum |_39.8_| 5| 5.5|_75.8_
{r. {l. | | | |
| | | |
Maximum |_50.5_| 5.7| 6.7|_98.2_
{r. {l. | | | |
--------+------+-------+--------+------

FOOTNOTES:

[28] Premature occlusion of sagittal and subdevelopment of vault; probably a moron, facial and skeletal parts all normal.

[29] Medium.

[30] Slight.

[31] Moderate.

[32] Cons.

[33] Unknown; all lost.

[34] Slight.

[35] Cons.

[36] Medium.

[37] Moderate.

[38] U. medium; l. moderate

SKELETAL PARTS

There are seven adult skeletons of males and seven of females. For present purposes it will suffice to take the males alone and to restrict consideration to the long bones. The essential data on these are given on page 160, where they are contrasted with those of North American Indians in general, and with those of the western Eskimo.

The bones show both relations to as well as differences from the bones of Indians in general and fair distinctness from those of the Eskimo.

Contrasted with the long bones of miscellaneous North American tribes taken together, the Yukon Indian bones show absolutely slightly shorter humerus (or arm), somewhat shorter radius (or forearm), a slightly shorter femur (or upper part of the leg), and a plainly shorter tibia. These Indians had therefore relatively somewhat shorter forearm and especially the leg below the knees than their continental cousins. These facts are plainly evident from the radio-humeral and tibio-femoral indices of the two groups. In this relative shortness of the distal parts of the limbs the Yukon Indian approaches the Eskimo, standing near midway between the Indian in general and the Eskimo. There might be a ready temptation to attribute this to a mixture with the Eskimo; but an examination of the records will show that the same condition, so far at least as the upper limb is concerned (lower?), is already present in the old Bonasila skeleton, which gives no suggestion of an Eskimo mixture. It is more likely, therefore, that these are generalized characteristics of functional origin such as a considerable use of the small canoes. This view seems to be supported by the relative strength of the bones. In the Yukon Indian the humerus is stouter, the femur of the same strength, and the tibia very perceptibly weaker than they are in Indians in general. In the Eskimo, with even greater dependence on the canoe, both the humerus and the femur are notably stouter, while the tibia is weaker, than are similar bones in the Indians in general.

The humero-femoral index in the Yukon Indians is unusually high, indicating a relative shortness of the femur. This character is not present in the Eskimo, nor in the continental Indian. It is probably also of old functional origin, though, this for the present must remain a mere suggestion.

All of this shows clearly the interest and value of other skeletal parts than the skull, and particularly of the long bones, for anthropological studies.

SKELETAL REMAINS FROM THE BANK AT BONASILA

The skeletal material from the bank at Bonasila consists now of portions of three adult skulls, one male and two females, and of 13 bones of the male skeleton. All the specimens are more or less stained by manganese and iron and all are distinctly heavier than normal, showing some grade of fossilization. They closely resemble in all these respects the numerous animal bones from the bank and in all differ from the later surface burials of the place.

THE CRANIA

The male skull, No. 332513, is represented by the frontal bone united with a larger part of the face, a separated left temporal, and the right half of the lower jaw. A large Inca bone, recovered from the beach a year later, may also belong to the same specimen. The missing parts are probably still somewhere in the sands of the beach where there is going on a very instructive scattering and redeposition on a 4 to 6 feet lower level of the contents of the old bank.

The skull is that of a male of somewhat over 50 years of age, judging from the moderate to marked wear of the remaining teeth. It is a normal undeformed specimen, and the same applies to the bones of the skeleton.

_Notes and measurements._--The frontal shows a medium development, no slope. The supraorbital ridges are rather weakly developed for a male, leaving the upper borders of the orbits rather sharp.

Cm.

Diameter frontal minimum 9.75
Diameter frontal maximum 11.8
Diameter nasion-bregma 11.5

The skull as a whole was evidently mesocephalic, and neither low nor very high. The thickness of the frontal is about medium for an Indian.

The face is of medium proportions and strength, with rather large orbits, good interorbital breadth, medium malars, medium broad nose, and but moderate alveolar prognathism. The nasal bridge is not high, nasal bones fairly broad, spine moderate, lower borders well defined though not sharp. The sub-malar (canine) fossae are shallow.

_Measurements_

Alveolar point-nasion height cm 7.8
Facial breadth about medium
for an Indian.
Nose:
Height cm 5.5
Breadth, near cm 2.75
Index _50_
Left orbit:
Height cm 3.75
Breadth cm 4
Index _93.7_
Minimum interorbital distance cm 2.6
Upper dental arch:
Length, approximately cm 5.6
Breadth, approximately cm 7
Index, approximately _80_
Lower jaw:
Height at symphysis
approximately cm 4.1
Thickness at M₂ (with the
tooth held midway between
branches of compass) cm 1.5
Height of asc. ramus cm 6.9
Breadth minimum of asc. ramus cm 3.7

The condyloid process of the lower jaw is high, mandibular notch deep. The whole jaw is strong but not thick or massive. It is Indianlike, not Eskimoid, in all its features. The teeth are of good medium size.

_Skull No. 333383._--Of this skull I brought the right parietal with about one-third of the frontal; Mr. Krieger, a year later, the remainder of the frontal. Other parts are missing.

The specimen was evidently, a good-size female skull, normal, undeformed, probably mesocephalic in form, and moderately high. The thickness of the bones is not above moderate.

Cm.
Diameter frontal minimum 9.7
Diameter frontal maximum 12.5
Diameter nasion-bregma 11.1

_Skull No. 333950._--Of the third skull, recovered from the sands of the beach at low water in 1927 by Mr. Lawrence, there are only the two parietals. The specimen is that of a young adult female. The bones, rather submedium in thickness, indicate a skull of slightly smaller size and slightly shorter than the preceding but of much the same general type.

_The skeletal parts of male No. 332513._--Humeri: The long bones all give the impression of straightness, length, and of a certain gracility of form combined with strength, but without massiveness. The right humerus presents a small but distinct supracondylar process, a rarity among Indians. The fossae are not perforated. Measurements:

Length, maximum:
Right cm 35.8
Left cm 35.3
Major diameter at middle:
Right cm 2.5
Left cm 2.4
Minor diameter at middle:
Right cm 1.65
Left cm 1.6
Index at middle:
Right _66_
Left _66.7_
Type of shaft at middle,
prismatic:
Right cm 1
Left cm 1
Right radius:
Length, maximum, near cm 27
Radio-humeral index,
approximately _75.5_

The shaft approaches type IV (quadrilateral). There is but small curvature.

Right ulna: Lacks the olecranon; shaft prismatic, with anterior and posterior surfaces fluted; but a moderate curvature backward upper third.

Femora:
Length, bicondylar, right cm 48.2
Humero-femoral index _74.3_
Diameter antero-posterior
maximum at middle--
Right cm 3.05
Left cm 3.2
Diameter lateral maximum
at middle--
Right cm 2.5
Left cm 2.65
Index at middle--
Right _82_
Left _82.8_
Diameter maximum at upper
flattening--
Right cm 3.5
Left cm 3.7
Diameter minimum at upper
flattening--
Right cm 2.1
Left cm 2.25
Index at upper flattening--
Right _60_
Left _60.8_
Type shaft at middle--
Right 1
Left, near 1

The bones, especially the right, are remarkable for their graceful form and approach to straightness. The linea aspera is high but not massive or rough.

Right tibia: Length (?), extremities wanting. A moderate physiological curvature forward, middle third.