Chapter XXI: Part 21

Sometimes this bird selects very whimsical situations for a nest. Bishop Stanley, in his "Familiar History of Birds," relates that "A pair of Titmice (_Parus cæruleus_) built their nest in the upper part of an old pump, fixing it on the pin on which the handle worked. It happened that during the time of building and laying the eggs the pump had not been in use; when again set going the female was sitting, and it was naturally supposed that the motion of the pump-handle would drive her away. The young brood were, however, hatched safely, without any other misfortune than the loss of a part of the tail of the sitting bird, which was rubbed off by the friction of the pump-handle. The opening for a pump-handle seems, indeed, to be a favourite spot, notwithstanding its danger, as we knew of another pair of Titmice, who for several days persevered in inserting, close upon the point of the handle, the materials for a nest, though every time the handle was raised they were either crushed or forced out, till the patience of the persevering little builders was fairly exhausted."

In the "Journal of a Naturalist" is the following interesting notice of the Blue Tit:--"I was lately exceedingly pleased in witnessing the maternal care and intelligence of this bird; the poor thing had its young ones in the hole of a wall, and the nest had been nearly all drawn out of the crevice by the paw of a cat, and part of its brood devoured. In re-visiting its home the bird discovered some of its nestlings still alive, though wrapped up and hidden in the tangled moss and feathers of their bed, and it then drew the whole of the nest back into the place from whence it had been taken, unrolled and re-settled the remaining little ones, fed them with the usual attentions, and finally succeeded in rearing them. The parents of even this reduced family laboured with great perseverance to supply the wants of their progeny, one or other of them bringing a grub, caterpillar, or some insect, at intervals of less than a minute during the day, and probably in the earlier part of the morning more frequently. Now if we allow that they brought food to the hole every minute for fourteen hours, and provided for their own wants also, it will admit, perhaps, a total of a thousand grubs a day for the requirements of one, and that a diminished brood, and afford some adequate comprehension of the infinite number requisite for the summer nutriment of our soft-billed birds, and the great distances gone over by such as have young ones, in their numerous trips from hedge to tree in the hours specified when they have full broods to support."

"In winter," says Macgillivray, "the Blue Tit may be occasionally seen about the farm yard, where it finds, when other food fails, a supply of oat or wheat seeds, which it jerks from their husks with its wedge-like bill. It also frequents the doors and dunghills, to pick up a bit of suet, or nibble a morsel of flesh; and where carrion is kept, it is often seen to help itself to a share. Often, at this season too, you may find it clinging to a wall, and digging at the loose plaster, to get at the insects or pupæ concealed behind. It will even make occasional excursions into the stubble near hedges or woods; and, in short, being in a manner omnivorous, it manages to get through the cold part of the year as well as its neighbours. It is accused of attacking other small birds, and splitting their skulls, but I have neither seen it do so, nor met with any other person who has; and we know how, when any assertion of the kind, however incredible, has been made, all the ornithologists catch the cry. It reposes in holes in walls, or among ivy, and seems to suffer less in severe frosts than most birds."

The song of the Blue Tits is a most insignificant performance, and their call-note a single shrill chirp. In other respects, however, they are in no respect inferior to other members of their family. In disposition they are lively, bold, and adventurous, and, were they a little larger, would probably assail enemies twice their own size, at whom they can, as it is, only ruffle up their feathers, and express, by vehement pecks and gesticulations, the pugnacious inclinations they cannot otherwise indulge. During the spring they live in pairs, in the summer in families, and in autumn associate in large flocks before commencing their winter excursions. Naumann tells us that previous to setting forth, these flocks assemble upon the tops of trees, calling incessantly to one another, as though each wished to induce its companions to set the example by commencing the unwonted flight. One after another rises into the air and makes a start, but finding that the rest have not resolution to follow, at once returns to his former perch, until at last all take flight simultaneously; but even when once fairly off, a mere trifle, such as a hat thrown upwards, will often cause them to drop heavily and precipitately to the ground. This unusual behaviour proceeds from the terror with which they regard the approach of any bird of prey, as they are well aware that in flying over any open country their inferior powers of wing place them completely at the mercy of such assailants. For this reason, when journeying to any distance, the flocks of Blue Tits usually rise to a great height before proceeding on their perilous journey.

THE AZURE TIT.

The AZURE TIT (_Parus cyaneus_) is considerably larger than the last-mentioned species. The upper part of the body is light blue, the head and under side are white, the nape and wings deep blue, the latter adorned with a broad white band, and tipped with white; the eye is dark brown, the beak greyish black, and the foot lead-grey. This species is from five inches and a quarter to six inches long, and nine and a half broad. The Azure Tit is spread over the eastern part of Siberia, and from thence wanders annually over some portions of Europe.

"This beautiful Tit," says Mr. Gould, "is a native of Siberia, whence it frequently strays into the northern parts of Europe, such as Russia and Poland, and it has been known to penetrate as far south as Germany. Like the rest of its family it dwells in woods and forests, generally in the most retired parts; it, therefore, is not to be wondered at that its history is shrouded in obscurity, when we consider how little intercourse naturalists have had with the remote countries that it inhabits. Like the rest of its race, the sexes of the Azure Tit offer little or no difference in the colour of the plumage. Nothing is known respecting nest or eggs."

THE SIBERIAN TIT.

The SIBERIAN TIT (_Parus Sibericus_) is, like the last-mentioned species, an inhabitant of the most northern parts of Europe and Asia. The upper surface of this bird is of a deep ash-colour, tinged on the back with brown; the quills, secondaries, and tail-feathers edged with white; throat black; cheeks and upper part of the chest pure white; under parts greyish white, washed with rufous on the flanks; bill and tarsi lead-colour.

The Siberian Tit is exceedingly rare in Europe. It migrates in winter to some of the provinces of Russia, and has been found in Sweden.

Mr. Lloyd informs us that it is plentiful in Lapland; that the greater portion are stationary all the year round; and that at Mauno, in latitude 68° 35´, it is almost the only bird to be found during the winter.

"The Siberian Titmouse," says M. Malm, "is not only most fearless, but possessed of an extraordinary degree of curiosity, and I have often had the greatest enjoyment in watching its movements. On one occasion I stood for half an hour under a thick spruce pine tree, on the look-out for one of these birds, which I heard chattering in the branches above me, but without being able to get sight of it. At length, however, it left its perch on the top of the tree, and, to my great astonishment, as I was still standing at the foot of the same tree, with the gun under my arm, it descended with the rapidity of an arrow, and took post on the barrel, near the muzzle! Here it remained a long while, and it was not till I had driven it away with my hand that I was enabled to shoot it.

"On another occasion, when out for the purpose of shooting, my gun being charged with large shot, I met with a Siberian Titmouse; and, whilst occupied in changing the shot, it came so very near me that I was enabled, without difficulty, to knock it down with the ramrod of my gun. This bird makes its nest in a hollow pine tree. The under portion of it consists of moss, which, without any kind of arrangement, is stuffed into the hole. Above this again, is a good portion of the hair of the lemming; at times, indeed, pieces of the skin of that animal. The eggs, which are from seven to nine in number, are white, and marked with light red spots and blotches. In shape they resemble those of the Common Creeper."

THE MARSH TIT.

The MARSH TIT (_Parus palustris_) is of a reddish grey on the upper part of the body, and greyish white beneath; the head, as far as the nape, is deep black, the chin greyish black, and the region of the chest white. The eye is dark brown, the beak black, and the foot lead-grey. The body is four inches and a half long, and the span of the wings eight inches; the wing measures two inches and a half, and the tail two inches.

The Marsh Tit inhabits the central portions of Europe. In the extreme south and north it is replaced by nearly allied species. Everywhere this bird frequents marshy localities, low-lying meadows, and moist woodland districts, preferring clumps of bushes or willows to lofty trees. Such as inhabit Great Britain remain throughout the entire year, but those occupying more northern latitudes wander farther south at the approach of winter.

Mr. Yarrell informs us that the Marsh Tit is common about London, and with the Blue, Cole, Long-tailed, and Great Tits, has been observed in Kensington Gardens, and that these birds are probably attracted to this spot by the insect food to be found about old trees in various stages of decay, a London atmosphere being unfavourable to healthy vegetation.

"The Marsh Tit," he tells us, "from London westward may be traced to Cornwall and Wales." In Ireland, according to Mr. Thompson, "this bird has been killed in the Phœnix Park near Dublin, in the county of Kildare, in the vicinity of Belfast, and in the county of Donegal; from London northward through Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, and Lincolnshire." It is also abundant in Derbyshire and Yorkshire; it is found in Durham and Northumberland; and Mr. Macgillivray saw it near Edinburgh. In his work on "British Birds" he says:--"This species is not nearly so common in the southern districts of Scotland as the Cole Tit, and I am not aware of its having been met with farther north than Fifeshire. Although named the Marsh Tit, it does not confine itself to marshy places, but examines the trees and bushes growing in the driest soil, as well as those of swampy ground; and I have seen it alight on herbaceous plants, especially thistles. Its flight is rapid and undulated, all its motions are quick and abrupt, and it creeps along the twigs, flutters, and throws itself into all sorts of positions. Its food consists chiefly of insects, but in autumn and winter it also eats the seeds of various syngenesian and other plants, and will pick at the flesh of a dead animal. It remains all the year with us, and does not seem to shift its quarters much. Its ordinary cry is a shrill _cheep_, but it also emits a variety of chattering notes, and in spring has a kind of song, which may be expressed by the syllables 'Chicka, chicka, chee!' Towards the end of the season the little flocks disperse, separate from the individuals of other species with which they have associated in winter, and betake themselves to the dense woods, or to the marshy wooded borders of streams and pools, the chief attraction to which seems to be the decayed willows, of which the crevices afford an abundant supply of insect food."

Montague remarks that "the eggs of all the species of Titmouse whose eggs are known are similar in colour, and only to be distinguished from each other by size and weight. Those of the Nuthatch, Creeper, Wren, Yellow Wren, Wood Wren, and Chiffchaff all agree in their markings, and are so like those of the Titmice that it is scarcely possible to separate them with certainty if once mixed together. It is somewhat remarkable that all these birds breed in holes, or make a covered nest."

The nest is usually built in hollow trees, the decayed parts of which, as Colonel Montague informs us, it excavates artfully, carrying the chips in its bill to some distance. It always works downwards, and makes the bottom of its excavation, intended for the reception of the nest, larger than the entrance. The nest itself is compactly formed of moss and wool, lined with the soft seed-down of the willow.

The first brood consists of from eight to twelve, and the second of from six to nine eggs. These are seven lines and a half long, and six broad. The shell is white, spotted with red.

THE CAROLINA TITMOUSE.

The CAROLINA TITMOUSE (_Parus Carolinensis_), an American species, has the bill black, the iris dark brown, and the feet bluish grey. The whole upper part of the head and the hind neck are pure black, as is a large patch on the throat and fore neck. Between these patches of black there is a band of greyish white from the base of the bill down the side of the neck, becoming broader and greyer behind. The back and wing-coverts are ash-grey, tinged with brown; quills brown, margined with greyish blue, as is the tail, which is more tinged with grey; lower parts greyish white, tinged with brown; the sides more deeply tinted. The length of this bird is four inches and a half, extent of wings six inches. The female is similar to the male, but somewhat fainter in its tints.

The Carolina Titmouse is a constant inhabitant of the Southern States of North America, extending from the lower parts of Louisiana through the Floridas, as far as the borders of the Roanoke River, reaching eastward as far as the State of New Jersey. In general it is found only in the immediate vicinity of ponds and deep marshy and moist swamps; it is rarely seen during the winter in greater numbers than one pair together, and frequently singly, whereas the Black-cap Titmouse, which this species much resembles, moves in flocks during the whole winter, frequenting orchards, gardens, or the hedges and trees along the roads, entering the villages, and coming to the wood piles of the farmers, whereas the Southern species is never met with in such places at any time of the year, and is at all seasons a shyer bird. The Carolina Titmouse breeds in the holes abandoned by the Brown-headed Nuthatch, but we are as yet not well informed concerning either its eggs or its nest.

THE BLACK-CAP TITMOUSE.

The BLACK-CAP TITMOUSE (_Parus atricapillus_), likewise an American species, has the bill brownish black, the iris dark brown, and the feet greyish blue, as are the claws. The whole upper part of the head and hind neck are pure black, as is a large patch on the throat and fore neck. Between these patches of black is a band of pure white, from the base of the bill down the sides of the neck, becoming broader behind, and encroaching on the back, which, with the wing-coverts, is ash-grey, tinged with brown. The quills are dark greyish brown, margined with bluish white, the secondaries being so broadly margined as to leave a conspicuous white dash on the wing. Tail same as wings, and the feathers similarly edged; lower parts brownish white, the sides pale yellowish brown. Length of body, five inches and a half; length of wing, three inches and seven-eighths. The female is similar to the male.

The opinion generally entertained concerning the extensive range of the Black-cap Titmouse has, in all probability, arisen from its great similarity to the species last described. In reality the Black-cap is rarely observed further south than the middle portions of Maryland; westward of the Alleghanies it extends as far as Kentucky in winter, but at the approach of spring returns northward.

Hardy, smart, restless, industrious, and frugal, the Black-cap Titmouse ranges through the forest during the summer, and retiring to its more secluded parts, as if to ensure a greater degree of quiet, it usually breeds there. Its numerous eggs produce a numerous progeny, and as soon as the first brood has been reared the young range hither and thither in a body, searching for food, while their parents, intent on rearing another family, remain concealed and almost silent, laying their eggs in the hole deserted by some Woodpecker, or forming one for themselves. "As it has been my fortune," says Audubon, "to witness a pair at this work, I will state what occurred, notwithstanding the opinion of those who tell us that the bill of a Titmouse is 'not shaped for digging.' While seated one morning under a crab apple-tree (very hard wood). I saw two Black-cap Titmice fluttering about in great concern, as if anxious to see me depart. By their manners I was induced to believe their nest was near, and, anxious to observe their proceedings, I removed to the distance of about twenty paces. The birds now became silent, alighted on the apple-tree, gradually moved towards the base of one of its large branches, and one of them disappeared, in what I then supposed to be the hole of a small Woodpecker, but I saw it presently on the edge with a small chip in its bill, and again cautiously approached the tree. When three or four yards off I distinctly heard the peckings or tappings of the industrious worker within, and saw it come to the mouth of the hole and return many times in succession in the course of half an hour, after which I got up and examined the mansion. The hole was about three inches deep, and dug obliquely downward from the aperture, which was just large enough to admit the bird. I had observed both sexes at this labour, and left the spot perfectly satisfied as to their power of boring a nest for themselves."

"The Black-cap Titmouse, or Chickadee, as it is generally named in our Eastern States, though exceedingly shy in summer, or during the breeding season, becomes quite familiar in winter, although it never ventures to enter the habitations of man; but in the most boisterous weather requiring neither food nor shelter there, it may be seen amidst the snow, in the rugged paths of the cheerless woods, where it welcomes the traveller or woodcutter with a confidence and cheerfulness far surpassing the well-known familiarity of the Robin Redbreast of Europe. Often, on such occasions, should you offer it, no matter how small a portion of your fare, it alights without hesitation, and devours it without manifesting any apprehension. The sound of an axe in the woods is sufficient to bring forth several of these busy creatures, and, having discovered the woodman, they seem to find pleasure in his company. If, as is usually the case, he is provided with a dinner, the Chickadee at once evinces its anxiety to partake of it, and loses no opportunity of accomplishing its object, although it sets about it with much circumspection, as if afraid of being detected and brought to punishment." "A woodcutter in Maine assured me," continues Audubon, "that one day he happened to be at work, and had scarcely hung up his basket of provisions, when it was observed by a flock of these birds, which, having gathered into it at once, attacked a piece of cold beef; but, after each peck, he saw their heads raised above the edge, as if to guard against the least appearance of danger. After picking until they were tired or satisfied, they left the basket, and perched directly over his fire, but out of the direction of the smoke. There they sat enjoying themselves, and ruffling their feathers, to allow the warmth more easy access to their skin, until he began his dinner, when they alighted near him, and, in the most plaintive tones, seemed to solicit a portion."

"Often," continues our author, "have I watched the busy Chickadees as they proceeded from tree to tree and from branch to branch, whether by the roadside or in the interior of the forest. The light rustling sound of their concave wings would intimate their approach as well as their retreat, as gaily one after another they passed onwards from one spot to another, chattering, peeping everywhere, and determined as it were not to suffer a chink to pass without inspection. Now hanging back downwards at the extremity of a twig, its feet almost up to its bill, one would peck at a berry or a seed, until it had devoured it, or it had fallen to the ground. Should the latter be the case, the busy bird would at once fly down and hammer at the fruit. To the Black-cap Titmouse the breaking of a hazel-nut is quite a pleasure, and I have repeatedly seen the feat accomplished, not only by a bird in its natural state, but by one kept in confinement. Courageous, and at times exceedingly tyrannical, it will attack young birds, break their skulls, and feed upon their flesh, as I have more than once witnessed.

"The Chickadee feeds on insects, their larvæ and eggs, as well as on every sort of small fruit or berries, including grapes, acorns, and the seeds of various pines. I have seen it eat the seeds of the sunflower, the pokeberry and pears, as well as flesh of all kinds. Indeed, it may truly be called omnivorous. Often you may see them perched, as it were, upon their food, and holding it beneath their feet while pecking it.

"The nest of this species, whether it be placed in the hole of a Woodpecker or Squirrel, or in a place dug by itself, is seldom found at a height exceeding ten feet. Most of those which I have seen were in low, broken, or hollowed stumps, a few feet high. The materials of which it is composed vary in different districts, but are generally the hair of quadrupeds in considerable quantity, and disposed in the shape of a loose bag or purse, as in most other species which do not hang their nests outside." The eggs rarely exceed eight in number; they are five-eighths of an inch long by three-eighths and three-quarters, rather pointed at the smaller end with minute reddish dots and markings. The first brood are laid from the middle of April to that of May, the second two months later. "The flight of this species," says Audubon, "like that of all American Titmice, is short, fluttering generally from tree to tree, and is accompanied with a murmuring sound, produced by the concavity of the wings. It is seldom seen on the ground, unless when it has followed a fruit that has fallen, or when searching for materials for its nest. It usually roosts in its nest during winter, and in summer amid the close foliage of firs or evergreens. In winter indeed, as well as in autumn, it is seen near the farmhouses, and even in villages and towns, busily seeking for food among the trees."

"On seeing a cat, or other object of natural antipathy," says Mr. Nuttall, "the Chickadee, like the peevish Jay, scolds in a loud, angry, and hoarse note, ''tshe! daigh, daigh, daigh!' Among the other notes of this species I have heard a call like ''tshe-de-jay! 'tshe-de-jay!' the two first syllables being a feeble chirp, with the _jay_ strongly pronounced. The only note of this bird which can be called a song, is one which is frequently heard at intervals in the depths of the forest at times of day usually when all other birds are silent. We may then sometimes hear, in the midst of this solitude, two feeble, drawling, clearly whistled and rather melancholy notes, like 'Te dizzy!' and sometimes 'Ye perrit!' and occasionally, but rarely, in the same wiry, whistling, solemn tone, 'Phebe!' On fine days, about the commencement of October, I have heard the Chickadee sometimes for half an hour at a time, attempt a lively petulant warble, very different from his ordinary note. On these occasions he appears to flirt about, still hunting for his prey, in an ecstasy of delight and vigour. But, after awhile, the usual drawling note again occurs."

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STANDARD WORKS.

=British Battles on Land and Sea.= By JAMES GRANT, Author of
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in cloth, 9s. each. _The Volumes can be had separately._ LIBRARY
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=Cassell's History of India.= With Maps, Plans, and
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=The History of Protestantism.= By the Rev. J.A. WYLIE, LL.D.
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=Cassell's New Popular Educator.= Revised to the Present Date,
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=Cassell's Guinea Illustrated Bible.= With 900 Illustrations,
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=The Child's Bible.= With 220 Illustrations. Demy 4to, cloth
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=The Life of Christ.= By the Rev. F. W. FARRAR, D.D., F.R.S.,
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=Matthew Henry's Commentary.= NEW ANNOTATED EDITION, consisting
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=Cassell's Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress.= Containing 100
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=Cassell's Bunyan's Holy War.= Uniform with the above, and same
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POPULAR WORKS ON NATURAL HISTORY.

=THE NEW AND CHEAPER EDITIONS OF
LOUIS FIGUIER'S POPULAR SCIENTIFIC WORKS=,

Containing all the Original Illustrations, the Text Revised and
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=The Human Race.= Newly Edited and Revised by ROBERT WILSON,
Fellow of the Royal Physical Society, Edinburgh. With 242
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=Mammalia.= Revised and Corrected by Professor E. PERCEVAL
WRIGHT, M.D. With 260 Illustrations.

=The World before the Deluge.= With 233 Illustrations. _Fifth
Edition._ Revised and Corrected by W. H. BRISTOW, F.R.S.

=The Ocean World. With 427 Illustrations.= _Third Edition._
Revised and Corrected by Professor E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT, M.D.

=Reptiles and Birds.= With 300 Illustrations. _Second Edition._
Revised and Corrected by Captain PARKER GILLMORE.

=The Insect World.= With 576 Illustrations. _Fourth Edition._
Revised by Professor DUNCAN, M.D., F.R.S.

=The Vegetable World.= With 470 Illustrations. _Third Edition._
Revised and Corrected by an EMINENT BOTANIST.

=Cassell's Brehm's Book of Birds.= Translated from the Text of
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400 Engravings, and numerous full-page Coloured Plates. _Complete
in Four Volumes_, 4to, cloth, 7s. 6d.; cloth gilt, gilt edges,
10s. each; or Two Vols., half-calf, £2 2s.

=The Book of the Horse.= By SAMUEL SIDNEY. With 25 fac-simile
Coloured Plates, from Original Paintings, and upwards of 100 Wood
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edges, £2 2s.

=Transformations of Insects.= By Professor P. MARTIN DUNCAN,
M.D., F.R.S. With about 250 Illustrations. _New and Cheaper
Edition._ Now ready, demy 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.

=Cassell's Popular Natural History.= With about 2,000 Engravings
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=The Illustrated Book of Poultry.= By L. WRIGHT. A Complete and
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of Prize Birds, painted from Life, and numerous Engravings. Demy
4to, 600 pp., cloth bevelled, gilt edges, 31s. 6d.; half-morocco,
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=The Book of Pigeons.= By ROBERT FULTON. Edited and arranged by
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MISCELLANEOUS WORKS.

=A Ride to Khiva.= By Capt. F. BURNABY, Royal Horse Guards. Being
a narrative of the Author's adventures and experiences during his
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Eastward towards India. One vol., 500 pp., demy 8vo, with large
Maps showing districts traversed, &c., 21s.

=Cassell's Family Magazine.= A High-class Illustrated Family
Magazine. Monthly, 7d.; Yearly Vols., 9s.

=Civil Service, Guide to Employment in the.= _New Edition._
With an Introduction by J. D. MORELL, LL.D. Containing the New
Regulations complete. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

=Civil Service, Guide to the Indian.= By A. C. EWALD, F.S.A. _New
and Cheaper Edition._ Cloth, 2s. 6d.

=Cobden Club Essays. Second Series.= 500 pp., demy 8vo, cloth,
15s. _Second Edition._

=Decorative Design, Principles of.= By CHRISTOPHER DRESSER,
Ph.D., F.L.S., &c. Illustrated with Two Coloured Plates and
numerous Designs and Diagrams. _Second Edition._ Extra crown 4to,
cloth gilt, 7s. 6d.

=Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Brewer's=; giving the
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=Facts and Hints for Every-day Life.= A Comprehensive Book on
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=Historical Scenes.= Containing some of the most striking
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writings of the following writers, and used by special
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Fcap. 8vo, 224 pages, cloth, 4s. 6d.

=Local Government and Taxation.= The Volume of COBDEN CLUB ESSAYS
for 1875. Edited by J. W. PROBYN. Cloth, 12s. 6d.

=Manners of Modern Society.= A Comprehensive Work on the
Etiquette of the Present Day. _Fourth Edition._ Cloth gilt, 2s.
6d.

=North-West Passage by Land, The.= By Lord MILTON and Dr.
CHEADLE. _Original Edition_, demy 8vo, cloth, with Twenty-two
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cloth gilt, gilt edges, 3s. 6d.

=Practical Kennel Guide, The.= By Dr. GORDON STABLES, Author of
"Cats: their Points and Characteristics." With Illustrations. 192
pages, crown 8vo., cloth, 3s. 6d.

=Practical Poultry-Keeper, The.= _Ninth Edition._ A Standard
Guide to the Management of Poultry for Domestic Use, the Market,
or Exhibition. By L. WRIGHT. With 48 Plain Illustrations. Cloth,
3s. 6d.; or 36 Plain and 8 New Chromo Plates, 5s.

=Quiver, The.= The Illustrated Magazine for Sunday Reading.
Monthly, 6d.; and Yearly Volumes, 7s. 6d.

=Shorter English Poems.= By Professor HENRY MORLEY. Being Vol.
I. of CASSELL'S LIBRARY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE. Containing the
leading characteristic shorter Poems of English Literature, from
the earliest period to the present time, with upwards of 200
Illustrations. 512 pages, extra crown 4to, cloth, 12s. 6d.

=Stock Exchange Year-Book, The.= By THOMAS SKINNER. Containing a
careful Digest of Information relating to the Origin, History,
and Present Position of each of the Joint Stock Companies and
Public Securities known to the Markets of the United Kingdom.
Cloth, 5s.

=Talks about Trees.= A Popular Account of their Nature and Uses.
By M. and E. KIRBY. Profusely Illustrated. 320 pp., extra crown
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=The Theory and Action of the Steam-Engine: For Practical Men.=
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Demy 8vo, 224 pages, with numerous Diagrams and Tables, cloth,
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EDUCATIONAL WORKS.

=A First Sketch of English Literature.= By HENRY MORLEY,
Professor of English Literature at University College, and
Examiner in English Language, Literature, and History to the
University of London. _Fourth and Cheaper Edition._ Crown 8vo,
912 pp., cloth, 7s. 6d.

=A Complete Manual of Spelling.= On the Principles of Contrast
and Comparison. By J. D. MORELL, LL.D., H.M. Inspector of
Schools. _Forty-fifth Thousand._ Cloth, 1s.

=Little Folks' History of England.= By ISA CRAIG-KNOX. With
Thirty Illustrations. _New and Cheaper Edition._ Cloth, 1s. 6d.

=The Animal Kingdom.= By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON. With numerous
Illustrations. _Twentieth Thousand, Revised and Corrected._
Cloth, 1s. 6d.

=Cassell's School Board Arithmetic.= With about 3,000 Examples.
1s. 6d.; or with Key, 1s. 9d. KEY separate, 6d.

=Hart's Elementary Chemistry.= By the Rev. H. MARTYN HART, M.A.
With Coloured Frontispiece and numerous Illustrations. Cloth, 3s.
6d.

=Colour.= By A. H. CHURCH, M.A., Professor of Chemistry in the
Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. With Coloured Plates and
numerous Diagrams. Cloth, 2s. 6d.

=Elementary Lessons in Applied Mechanics.= By Professor R.
S. BALL, LL.D. With numerous Diagrams and 140 Questions for
Examination. Cloth, 2s.

=Natural Philosophy in Easy Lessons.= By Professor TYNDALL,
F.R.S. _Third Edition._ Cloth, 2s. 6d.

=Euclid, Cassell's.= Edited by Professor WALLACE, A.M. _One
Hundredth Thousand._ 8vo, 216 pp., stiff-covers, 1s.; cloth, 1s.
6d.

=Algebra (Elements of), Cassell's.= Crown 8vo, cloth, 1s. 6d.

=A Course of Painting in Neutral Tint.= With 24 Plates from
Designs by R. P. LEITCH. The Letterpress to each Plate contains
Full Instructions to the Learner, and the Plates show the
progress of the work through its different stages. Oblong 4to,
cloth, price 5s.

=A Course of Water-Colour Painting.= By R. P. LEITCH. With 24
Coloured Plates, and full Instructions to Learners. _Fourth
Edition._ Cloth, 5s.

=Cassell's German-English and English-German Pronouncing
Dictionary.= _New Edition._ Crown 8vo, 364 pages, cloth, 3s. 6d.

=Cassell's Latin-English, English-Latin Dictionary.= 914 pp.,
demy 8vo, cloth, 3s. 6d.

=Cassell's Modern School Copy-Books.= A very comprehensive
Series, printed from Copper-plate copies on superior writing
paper. Prepared in accordance with the requirements of the New
Code of 1876. Complete in 18 Books, price 3d. each.

=Cassell's Graduated Copy-Books=, adapted to the requirements of
the New Code for 1876; each Book containing 24 Pages of Writing
Copies, fcap. 4to. Complete in 18 Books, price 2d. each.

=Cassell's Penny Copy-Books.= Complete in 18 Books, price 1d.
each.

=Cassell's Penny Drawing-Copy Books.= Complete in 28 Books, price
1d. each, each Penny Book consisting of 14 pages of Drawing
Copies, fcap. 4to.

=Cassell's Sixpenny Drawing Copies.= Comprising Five Series of
Books, each Series complete in Twelve Parts, price 6d. each;
Twelve Packets on Cardboard, price 1s. each; or One Volume,
cloth, 7s. 6d.

=Cassell's Course of Practical Geometry.= By E. A. DAVIDSON.
Consisting of 64 Copies on Cardboard, in Packet, 5s.

=Cassell's School Board Freehand Drawing Copy Books=, consisting
of 4 Books, each containing 16 pp., fcap. folio, 1s. 4d. the set.

=The Marlborough French Grammar.= _Tenth Edition, Enlarged and
Revised._ Arranged and Compiled by the Rev. J. F. BRIGHT, M.A.,
Master of the Modern School in Marlborough College. 164 pages,
cloth, 2s. 6d.

=The Marlborough French Exercises.= _Sixth Edition, Enlarged and
Revised._ By the Rev. G. W. DE LISLE, M.A., French Master in
Marlborough College. Cloth, 3s. 6d.

=Cassell's French-English and English-French Dictionary.= _New
and Revised Edition._ By Professors DE LOLME and WALLACE. Crown
8vo, 956 pages, cloth, 3s. 6d.

=The Marlborough German Grammar.= _New and Enlarged Edition._
Arranged and Compiled by the Rev. J. F. BRIGHT, M.A. Cloth, 3s.
6d.

=A Course of Sepia Painting.= With 24 Plates from Designs by R.
P. LEITCH. The Letterpress to each contains Full Instructions to
the Learner, and the Plates show the progress of the work through
the different stages. Oblong 4to, cloth, price 5s.

=Cassell's School Board Geometrical Drawing Copy Books=,
consisting of 4 Books, each containing 24 pages, fcap. 4to, 1s.
4d. the set.

GALBRAITH AND HAUGHTON'S SCIENTIFIC MANUALS.

By the Rev. Professor GALBRAITH, M.A., Fellow of Trinity College, Dublin, and the Rev. Professor HAUGHTON, M.D., D.C.L., F.R.S.

=Manual of Arithmetic.= Cloth, 3s. 6d.
=Manual of Plane Trigonometry.= Cloth, 2s. 6d.
=Manual of Euclid.= Books I., II., III. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
=Manual of Euclid.= Books IV., V., VI. Cloth, 2s. 6d.
=Manual of Mathematical Tables.= Cloth, 3s. 6d.
=Manual of Mechanics.= Cloth, 3s. 6d.
=Manual of Optics.= Cloth, 2s. 6d.
=Manual of Hydrostatics.= Cloth, 3s. 6d.
=Manual of Tides and Tidal Currents.= With Tidal Cards, 3s.
=Manual of Astronomy.= Cloth, 5s.
=Manual of the Steam Engine.= Cloth, 3s. 6d.
=Manual of Algebra.= Part I., 2s. 6d. Complete, 7s. 6d.
=The Three Kingdoms of Nature.= Illustrated. Cloth, 5s.
=A Manual of Natural Philosophy.= With 160 Illustrations. Cloth, 3s. 6d.

*** _A Complete List of_ CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN'S _Educational Works will be found in their_ EDUCATIONAL CATALOGUE, _a copy of which will be forwarded post free on application_.

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*** LITTLE FOLKS _is published in Monthly Parts, 6d.; and in Half-Yearly
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=Paws and Claws:= being True Stories of Clever Creatures, Tame
and Wild. By One of the Authors of "Poems Written for a Child."
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=Around and About Old England.= By C. L. MATÉAUX. With numerous
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=Ups and Downs of a Donkey's Life.=

Each book contains 184 pages, fcap. 8vo, cloth gilt, gilt edges,
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=The Boy Joiner and Model-Maker.= By ELLIS A. DAVIDSON.
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=Tiny Houses and their Builders.= Uniform with "Paws and Claws."
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=Half-Hours with the Early Explorers.= By T. FROST. Containing
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=The Child's Book of Song and Praise.= With 250 Illustrations and
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=Robinson Crusoe.= _New Edition._ With One Hundred Illustrations.
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_A List of_ CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN'S _Children's Books will be forwarded post free on application_.

_The following CATALOGUES of CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN'S PUBLICATIONS can be had from all Booksellers, or post free on application to the Publishers_:--

=CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN'S COMPLETE CATALOGUE=, containing a List
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=CASSELL'S CLASSIFIED LIST=, containing a List of Books arranged
according to their value, from 6d. upwards.

_CASSELL PETTER & GALPIN: LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK._

* * * * *

+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Transcriber's note: |
| |
| P. iv. 'The eiled Owls, 'eiled' should be 'Veiled', changed. |
| P. 107. 'Coloured Plate X.' The plate should be 'XVI', changed. |
| P. 138. 'and very decidedy', 'decidedy' changed to 'decidedly'. |
| P. 155. 'they are know', 'know' changed to 'known'. |
| P. 178. 'the the beak' changed to 'the beak'. |
| P. 178. 'Van Dieman's Land' changed to 'Van Diemen's Land'. |
| P. 182. 'boundaries of Chili', changed 'Chili' to Chile'. |
| P. 210. Illustration caption 'Turdus ilacus.', changed to |
| 'Turdus iliacus.' |
| P. 221. 'the eye it deep', changed to 'the eye is deep'. |
| Pp. 234-235. 'Tumat country', changed to 'Tumut country'. |
| P. 247. 'THE FIRE-EYED WARBLERS', heading, Warblers is singular in |
| the table of contents, not changed. |
| P. 286. 'Affghanistan' changed to 'Afghanistan'. |
| P. 297. 'hyemal months' changed to 'hiemal months'. |
| p. 316. 'before proceding' changed 'proceding' to 'proceeding'. |
| P. 320. 'break heir skulls", changed 'heir' to 'their'. |
| Add. 'Tw Vols.,' changed to 'Two Vols.' |
| Corrected various punctuation errors. Three instances of unpaired |
| double quotation marks could not be corrected with confidence. |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+