Chapter X: Book I: The poem opens in the island of Calypso, with a complaint (3)

The next two books were _Palmerin d’Ol´iva_ and _Palmerin of
England_. “The former,” said the curé, “shall be torn in pieces and
burnt to the last ember; but _Palmerin of England_ shall be
preserved as a relique of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as
Alexander found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he kept
the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable for two things:
first, for its own especial excellency, and next because it is the
production of a Portuguese monarch, famous for his literary
talents. The adventures of the castle of Miraguarda therein, are
finely imagined, the style of composition is natural and elegant,
and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout.”--Cervantes, _Don
Quixote_, I. i. 6 (1605).

=Palmi´ra=, daughter of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. She and her brother, Zaphna, were taken captives in infancy, and brought up by Mahomet. As they grew in years they fell in love with each other, not knowing their relationship; but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna was appointed to assassinate Alcanor, and was himself afterwards killed by poison. Mahomet then proposed marriage to Palmira, but to prevent such an alliance, she killed herself.--James Miller, _Mahomet, the Impostor_ (1740).

=Pal´myrene= (_The_), Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of “Queen of the East.” She was defeated by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (A.D. 273). Longinus lived at her court, and was put to death on the capture of Zenobia.

The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian.

Tennyson, _The Princess_, ii. (1847).

=Pal´omides= (_Sir_), son and heir of Sir Astlabor. His brothers were Sir Safire and Sir Segwar´idês. He is always called the Saracen, meaning “unchristened.” Next to the three great knights (Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamorake), he was the strongest and bravest of the fellowship of the Round Table. Like Sir Tristram, he was in love with La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, of Cornwall; but the lady favored the love of Sir Tristram, and only despised that of the Saracen knight. After his combat with Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides consented to be baptized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28).

He was well made, cleanly and bigly, and neither too young nor too
old. And though he was not christened, yet he believed in the best
manners, and was faithful and true of his promise, and also well
conditioned. He made a vow that he would never be christened unto
the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint.... And also he
avowed never to take full christendom unto the time that he had
done seven battles within the lists.--Sir T. Malory, _History of
Prince Arthur_, ii. 149 (1470).

=Pam=, Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston (1784-1865).

=Pam´ela.= Lady Edward Fitzgerald is so called (*-1831).

_Pam´ela_ [ANDREWS], a simple, unsophisticated country girl, the daughter of two aged parents, and maid-servant of a rich young squire, called B, who tries to seduce her. She resists every temptation, and at length marries the young squire, and reforms him. Pamela is very pure and modest, bears her afflictions with much meekness, and is a model of maidenly prudence and rectitude. The story is told in a series of letters which Pamela sends to her parents.--S. Richardson, _Pamela_, or _Virtue Rewarded_ (1740).

The pure and modest character of the English maiden [_Pamela_] is
so well maintained, ... her sorrows and afflictions are borne with
so much meekness; her little intervals of hope ... break in on her
troubles so much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy
atmosphere--that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquilizing,
and doubtless edifying.--Sir W. Scott.

_Pamela_ is a work of much humbler pretensions than _Clarissa
Harlowe_.... A simple country girl whom her master attempts to
seduce, and afterwards marries.... The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her
gown of sad-colored stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various
attempts at escape, and the conveyance of her letters; the hateful
character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of her
master before the better part of his nature obtains
ascendancy--these are all touched with the hand of a
master.--Chambers, _English Literature_, ii. 161.

=Pamina and Tam´ino=, the two lovers who were guided by “the magic flute” through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Iris).--Mosart,[TN-61] _Die Zauberflöte_ (1790).

=Pamphlet= (_Mr._), a penny-a-liner. His great wish was “to be taken up for sedition.” He writes on both sides, for as he says, he has “two hands, _ambo dexter_.”

“Time has been,” he says, “when I could turn a penny by an
earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine upon a bloody
murder; but now that’s all over--nothing will do now but roasting a
minister, or telling the people they are ruined. The people of
England are never so happy as when you tell them they are
ruined.”--Murphy, _The Upholsterer_, ii. 1 (1758).

=Pan=, Nature personified, especially the vital crescent power of nature.

Universal Pan.
Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance,
Led on the eternal spring.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 266, etc. (1665).

_Pan_, in Spenser’s ecl. iv., is Henry VIII., and “Syrinx” is Anne Boleyn. In ecl. v. “Pan” stands for Jesus Christ in one passage, and for God the Father in another.--Spenser, _Shepheardes Calendar_ (1572).

_Pan_ (_The Great_), François M. A. de Voltaire; also called “The Dictator of Letters” (1694-1778).

=Pancaste= (3 _syl._), or CAMPASPE, one of the concubines of Alexander the Great. Apellés fell in love with her while he was employed in painting the king of Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to the artist, gave her to him for a wife. Apellês selected for his “Venus Rising from the Sea” (usually called “Venus Anadyomĕnê”) this beautiful Athenian woman, together with Phrynê, another courtezan.

⁂ Phrynê was also the academy figure for the “Cnidian Venus” of Praxitĕlês.

=Pancks=, a quick, short, eager, dark man, with too much “way.” He dressed in black and rusty iron grey; had jet-black beads for eyes, a scrubby little black chin, wiry black hair striking out from his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a complexion that was very dingy by nature, or very dirty by art, or a compound of both. He had dirty hands, and dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he had been in the coals. He snorted and sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. Pancks who “moled out” the secret that Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a great estate, which had long lain unclaimed, and was extremely rich (ch. xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clennam to invest in Merdle’s bank shares, and demonstrated by figures the profit he would realize; but the bank being a bubble the shares were worthless.--C. Dickens, _Little Dorrit_ (1857).

=Pancrace=, a doctor of the Aristotelian school. He maintained that it was improper to speak of the “_form_ of a hat,” because form “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont animés,” and therefore we should say the “_figure_ of a hat,” because figure “est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont inanimés;” and because his adversary could not agree, he called him “un ignorant, un ignorantissime, ignorantifiant, et ignorantifiè”[TN-62] (sc. viii.).--Molière, _Le Mariage Forcé_ (1664).

=Pancras= (_The earl of_), one of the skillful companions of Barlow, the famous archer; another was called the “Marquis of Islington;” while Barlow himself was mirthfully created by Henry VIII., “Duke of Shoreditch.”

_Pancras_ (_St._), patron saint of children, martyred by Diocletian at the age of 14 (A.D. 304).

=Pan´darus=, the Lycian, one of the allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is drawn under two widely different characters: In classic story he is depicted as an admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and honored as a hero-god in his own country; but in mediæval romance he is represented as a despicable pimp, insomuch that the word _pander_ is derived from his name. Chaucer, in his _Troïlus and Cresseide_, and Shakespeare, in his drama of _Troilus and Cressida_, represent him as procuring for Troilus the good graces of Cressid, and in _Much Ado About Nothing_, it is said that Troilus “was the first employer of pandars.”

=Pandemo´nium=, “the high capital of Satan and his peers.” Here the infernal parliament was held, and to this council Satan convened the fallen angels to consult with him upon the best method of encompassing the “fall of man.” Satan ultimately undertook to visit the new world; and, in the disguise of a serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit.--Milton, _Paradise Lost_, ii. (1665).

=Pandi´on=, king of Athens, father of Procnê and Philome´la.

None take pity on thy pain;
Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee;
Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee;
King Pandion he is dead;
All thy friends are lapped in lead.

Richard Barnfield, _Address to the Nightingale_ (1594).

=Pandolf= (_Sir Harry_), the teller of whole strings of stories, which he repeats at every gathering. He has also a stock of _bon-mots_. “Madam,” said he, “I have lost by you to-day.” “How so, Sir Harry!” replies the lady. “Why, madam,” rejoins the baronet, “I have lost an excellent appetite.” “This is the thirty-third time that Sir Harry hath been thus arch.”

We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the Glastonbury
Thorn. When we have wondered at that a little, “Father,” saith the
son, “let us have the Spirit in the Wood.” After that, “Now tell us
how you served the robber.” “Alack!” saith Sir Harry, with a smile,
“I have almost forgotten that; but it is a pleasant conceit, to be
sure;” and accordingly he tells that and twenty more in the same
order over and over again.--Richard Steele.

=Pandolfe= (2 _syl._), father of Lélie.--Molière, _L’Etourdi_ (1653).

=Pando´ra=, the “all-gifted woman.” So called because all the gods bestowed some gift on her to enhance her charms. Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, but Hermês gave her in marriage to his brother, Epime´theus (4 _syl._). It is said that Pandora enticed the curiosity of Epimetheus to open a box in her possession, from which flew out all the ills that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was closed in time to prevent the escape of Hope.

More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods
Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son
Of Japhet brought by Hermês, she ensnared
Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged
On him [_Promētheus_] who had stole Jove’s ... fire.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, iv. 714, etc. (1665).

⁂ “Unwiser son” is a Latinism, and means “not so wise as he should have been;” so _audacior_, _timidior_, _vehementior_, _iracundior_, etc.

=Pandos´to=, or _The Triumph of Time_, a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the quarry of the plot of _The Winter’s Tale_ by Shakespeare.

=Panel= (_The_), by J. Kemble, is a modified version of Bickerstaff’s comedy _’Tis Well ’tis no Worse_. It contains the popular quotation:

Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love;
But why do you kick me downstairs?

=Pangloss= (_Dr. Peter_), an LL.D. and A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he was raised from the chandler’s shop in Gosport to the peerage, employed the doctor “to larn him to talk English;” and subsequently made him tutor to his son Dick, with a salary of £300 a year. Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of ponderous pomposity. He talked of a “locomotive morning,” of one’s “sponsorial and patronymic appellations,” and so on; was especially fond of quotations, to all of which he assigned the author, as “Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. Hem!” or “_Verbum sat._ Horace. Hem!” He also indulged in an affected “He! he!”--G. Colman, _The Heir-at-Law_ (1797).

A.S.S. stands for _Artium Societatis Socius_ (“Fellow of the Society of Arts”).

_Pangloss_, an optimist philosopher. (The word means “All Tongue.”)--Voltaire, _Candide_.

=Panjam=, a male idol of the Oroungou tribes of Africa; his wife is Alēka, and his priests are called _panjans_. Panjam is the special protector of kings and governments.

=Panjandrum= (_The Grand_), and village potentate or Brummagem magnate. The word occurs in S. Foote’s farrago of nonsense, which he wrote to test the memory of old Macklin, who said in a lecture “he had brought his own memory to such perfection that he could learn anything by rote on once hearing it.”

He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.--Percy Fitzgerald.

⁂ The squire of a village is the Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies.

Foote’s nonsense lines are these:

So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple
pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street,
pops its head into the shop. “What! no soap?” So he died, and she
very imprudently married the barber! and there were present the
Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the Grand
Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they
all fell to playing the game of catch as catch can, till the
gunpowder ran out at the heel of their boots.--S. Foote, _The
Quarterly Review_, xcv. 516, 517 (1854).

=Pan´ope= (3 _syl._), one of the nereids. Her “sisters” are the sea-nymphs. Panopê was invoked by sailors in storms.

Sleek Panope with all her sisters played.

Milton, _Lycidas_, 95 (1638).

=Pansy Osmund=, daughter of Mr. Osmund and Madame Merle, but ignorant who her mother is. After her father’s second marriage, the girl, who has been brought up by the nuns, is extremely fond of her step-mother, and when she grows under her fostering care into a lovely woman, becomes attached to Edward Rosier, a man of small fortune. Her father, cold and hard as stone, decrees that she shall marry an English lord, and upon her refusal, sends her back to the convent.--Henry James, Jr., _Portrait of a Lady_ (1881).

=Pantag´ruel´=, king of the Dipsodes (2 _syl._), son of Gargantua, and last of the race of giants. His mother, Badebec, died in giving him birth. His paternal grandfather was named Grangousier. Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Polypheme (3 _syl._), and all the other giants traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in that extraordinary period noted for its “week of three Thursdays.” The word is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek _panta_ (“all”), and the Hagarene word _gruel_ (“thirsty”). His immortal achievement was his “quest of the oracle of the Holy Bottle.”--Rabelais, _Gargantua and Pantagruel_, ii. (1533).

=Pantagruel’s Course of Study.= Pantagruel’s father, Gargantua, said in a letter to his son:

“I intend and insist that you learn all languages perfectly; first
of all Greek, in Quintillian’s method; then Latin, then Hebrew,
then Arabic and Chaldee. I wish you to form your style of Greek on
the model of Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no
history you have not at your finger’s ends, and study thoroughly
cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, such as geometry,
mathematics and music, I gave you a taste when not above five years
old, and I would have you now master them fully. Study astronomy,
but not divination and judicial astrology, which I consider mere
vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the _digests_ by
heart. You should also have a perfect knowledge of the works of
Nature, so that there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which
you do not know for what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and
whither it directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and
trees, whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, all metals
and stones should be mastered by you. Fail not at the same time
most carefully to peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure
by frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of that other
world called the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your
young days, and let nothing be superficial; as you grow into
manhood, you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field
manœuvres.”--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 8 (1533).

=Pantag´ruel’s Tongue.= It formed shelter for a whole army. His throat and mouth contained whole cities.

Then did they [_the army_] put themselves in close order, and stood
as near to each other as they could, and Pantagruel put out his
tongue half-way, and covered them all, as a hen doth her
chickens.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32 (1533).

=Pantagruelian Lawsuit= (_The_). This was between Lord Busqueue and Lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own cases. The writs, etc., were as much as four asses could carry. After the plaintiff had stated his case, and the defendant had made his reply, Pantagruel gave judgment, and the two suitors were both satisfied, for no one understood a word of the pleadings, or the tenor of the verdict.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. (1533).

=Pantaloon.= In the Italian comedy, _Il Pantalo´ne_ is a thin, emaciated, old man, and the only character that acts in slippers.

The sixth age shifts
Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon.

Shakespeare, _As You Like It_, act ii. sc. 7 (1600).

=Panther= (_The_), symbol of pleasure. When Dantê began the ascent of fame, this beast met him, and tried to stop his further progress.

Scarce the ascent
Began, when lo! a panther, nimble, light,
And covered with a speckled skin, appeared,
... and strove to check my onward going.

Dantê, _Hell_, i. (1300).

_Panther_ (_The Spotted_), the Church of England. The “milk-white doe” is the Church of Rome.

The panther, sure the noblest next the hind,
The fairest creature of the spotted kind;
Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away,
She were too good to be a beast of prey.

Dryden, _The Hind and the Panther_, i. (1687).

=Panthino=, servant of Antonio (the father of Protheus, one of the two heroes of the play).--Shakespeare, _Two Gentlemen of Verona_ (1594).

=Panton=, a celebrated punster in the reign of Charles II.

And Panton, waging harmless war with words.

Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_, (1682).

=Panurge=, a young man, handsome and of good stature, but in very ragged apparel when Pantag´ruel first met him on the road leading from Charenton Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his person, and moved with pity at his distress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, first in German, then in Arabic, then in Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas-Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew none of these languages, Panurge tried Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no better success. “Friend,” said the prince, “can you speak French?” “Right well,” answered Panurge, “for I was born in Touraine, the garden of France.” Pantagruel then asked him if he would join his suite, which Panurge most gladly consented to do, and became the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great _forte_ was practical jokes. Rabelais describes him as of middle stature, with an aquiline nose, very handsome, and always moneyless. Pantagruel made him governor of Salmygondin.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, iii. 2 (1545).

=Panza= (_Sancho_), of Adzpetia, the squire of Don Quixote de la Mancha; “a little squat fellow, with a tun belly and spindle shanks” (pt. I. ii. 1). He rides an ass called Dapple. His sound common sense is an excellent foil to the knight’s craze. Sancho is very fond of eating and drinking, is always asking the knight when he is to be put in possession of the island he promised. He salts his speech with most pertinent proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, though sometimes of rather a vulgar savor.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605).

⁂ The wife of Sancho is called “Joan Panza” in pt. I., and “Teresa Panza” in pt. II. “My father’s name,” she says to Sancho, “was Cascajo, and I, by being your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, though by right I should be called Teresa Cascajo” (pt. II. i. 5).

=Paolo= (2 _syl._), the cardinal brother of Count Guido Franceschi´ni, who advised his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, in order to repair his fortune.

When brother Paolo’s energetic shake
Should do the relics justice.

R. Browning, _The Ring and the Book_, ii. 409.

=Paper King= (_The_), John Law, projector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671-1729).

The basis of Law’s project was the idea that paper money may be
multiplied to any extent, provided there be security in fixed
stock.--Rich.

=Paphian Mimp=, a certain plie of the lips, considered needful for “the highly genteel.” Lady Emily told Miss Alscrip, “the heiress,” that it was acquired by placing one’s self before a looking-glass, and repeating continually the words “nimini pimini;” “when the lips cannot fail to take the right plie.”--General Burgoyne, _The Heiress_, iii. 2 (1781).

(C. Dickens has made Mrs. General tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is given to the lips by pronouncing the words “papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes and prism.”)

=Papillon=, a broken-down critic, who earned four shillings a week for reviews of translations “without knowing one syllable of the original,” and of “books which he had never read.” He then turned French valet, and got well paid. He then fell into the service of Jack Wilding, and was valet, French marquis, or anything else to suit the whims of that young scapegrace.--S. Foote, _The Liar_ (1761).

=Papy´ra=, goddess of printing and literature; so called from papyrus, a substance once used for books, before the invention of paper.

Till to astonished realms Papyra taught
To paint in mystic colors sound and thought.
With Wisdom’s voice to print the page sublime,
And mark in adamant the steps of Time.

Darwin, _Loves of the Plants_, ii. (1781).

=Paracelsus= is said to have kept a small devil prisoner in the pommel of his sword. He favored metallic substances for medicines, while Galen preferred herbs. His full name was Philippus Aure´olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but his family name was Bombastus (1493-1541).

_Paracelsus_, at the age of 20, thinks _knowledge_ the _summum bonum_, and, at the advice of his two friends, Festus and Michal, retires to a seat of learning in quest thereof. Eight years later, being dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an Italian poet, and resolves to seek the _summum bonum_ in love. Again he fails, and finally determines “to know and to enjoy.”--R. Browning, _Paracelsus_.

=Par´adine= (3 _syl._), son of Astolpho, and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for the love of Laura. In the combat provoked by Prince Oswald against Gondibert, which was decided by four combatants on each side, Hugo “the Little” slew both the brothers.--Sir. Wm. Davenant, _Gondibert_, i. (died 1668).

=Paradisa´ica= (“_the fruit of paradise_”). So the banana is called. The Mohammedans aver that the “forbidden fruit” was the banana or Indian fig, and cite in confirmation of this opinion that our first parents used fig leaves for their covering after their fall.

=Paradise=, in thirty-three cantos, by Dantê (1311). Paradise is separated from Purgatory by the river Lethê; and Dantê was conducted through nine of the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in the sphere of “unbodied light,” under the charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). The entire region is divided into ten spheres, each of which is appropriated to its proper order. The first seven spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) the Moon, for angels, (2) Mercury, for archangels, (3) Venus, for virtues, (4) the Sun, for powers, (5) Mars, for principalities, (6) Jupiter, for dominions, (7) Saturn, for thrones. The eighth sphere is that of the fixed stars for the cherubim; the ninth is the _primum mobĭlê_ for the seraphim; and the tenth is the empyre´an for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, Rebecca and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were enthroned in Venus, the sphere of the virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a sphere of “unbodied light,” “bright effluence of bright essence, uncreate.” This is what the Jews called “the heaven of the heavens.”

_Paradise_ was placed in the legendary maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon; but Mahomet placed it “in the seventh heaven.” The Arabs have a tradition that when our first parents were cast out of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of Mecca).--_Al Korân_, ii.

=Paradise and the Pe´ri.= A peri was told she would be admitted into heaven if she would bring thither the gift most acceptable to the Almighty. She first brought a drop of a young patriot’s blood, shed on his country’s behalf; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She next took thither the last sigh of a damsel who had died nursing her betrothed, who had been stricken by the plague; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She then carried up the repentant tear of an old man converted by the prayers of a little child. All heaven rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and the peri was received with a joyous welcome.--T. Moore, _Lalla Rookh_ (“Second Tale,” 1817).

=Paradise Lost.= Satan and his crew, still suffering from their violent expulsion out of heaven, are roused by Satan’s telling them about a “new creation;” and he calls a general council to deliberate upon their future operations (bk. i.). The council meet in the Pandemonium hall, and it is resolved that Satan shall go on a voyage of discovery to this “new world” (bk. ii.). The Almighty sees Satan, and confers with His Son about man. He foretells the Fall, and arranges the scheme of man’s redemption. Meantime, Satan enters the orb of the sun, and there learns the route to the “new world” (bk. iii.). On entering Paradise, he overhears Adam and Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk. iv.). Raphael is now sent down to warn Adam of his danger, and he tells him who Satan is (bk. v.); describes the war in heaven, and expulsion of the rebel angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant goes on to tell Adam why and how this world was made (bk. vii.); and Adam tells Raphael his own experience (bk. viii.) After the departure of Raphael, Satan enters into a serpent, and, seeing Eve alone, speaks to her. Eve is astonished to hear the serpent talk, but is informed that it had tasted of “the tree of knowledge,” and had become instantly endowed with both speech and wisdom. Curiosity induces Eve to taste the same fruit, and she persuades Adam to taste it also (bk. ix.). Satan now returns to hell, to tell of his success (bk. x.). Michael is sent to expel Adam and Eve from the garden (bk. xi.); and the poem concludes with the expulsion, and Eve’s lamentation (bk. xii.).--Milton (1665).

_Paradise Lost_ was first published by Matthias Walker, of St. Dunstan’s. He gave for it £5 down; on the sale of 1300 copies, he gave another £5. On the next two impressions, he gave other like sums. For the four editions, he therefore paid £20. The agreement between Walker and Milton is preserved in the British Museum.

It must be remembered that the wages of an ordinary workman was at that time about 3_d._ a day, and now we give 3_s._; so that the price given was equal to about £250, according to the present value of money. Goldsmith tells us that the clergyman of his “deserted village” was “passing rich” with £40 a year = £500 present value of money.

=Paradise Regained=, in four books. The subject is the Temptation. Eve, being tempted, _lost_ paradise; Christ, being tempted, _regained_ it.