Chapter XXI: Book I: Satan presents himself as an old peasant, and, entering into (11)

=Saga and Edda.= The _Edda_ is the Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A saga is a book of instruction, generally, but not always, in the form of a tale, like a Welsh “mabinogi.” In the _Edda_ there are numerous sagas. As our Bible contains the history of the Jews, religious songs, moral proverbs, and religious stories, so the _Edda_ contained the history of Norway, religious songs, a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. The original _Edda_ was compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, an Icelandic priest and scald, in the eleventh century. It contains twenty-eight parts or books, all of which are in verse.

Two hundred years later, Snorro Sturleson, of Iceland, abridged, re-arranged, and reduced to prose the _Edda_, giving the various parts a kind of dramatic form, like the dialogues of Plato. It then became needful to distinguish these two works; so the old poetical compilation is the _Elder_ or _Rythmical Edda_, and sometimes the _Sæmund Edda_, while the more modern work is called the _Younger_ or _Prose Edda_, and sometimes the _Snorro Edda_. The _Younger Edda_ is, however, partly original. Pt. i. is the old _Edda_ reduced to prose, but pt. ii. is Sturleson’s own collection. This part contains “The Discourse of Bragi” (the scald of the gods) on the origin of poetry; and here, too, we find the famous story called by the Germans the _Nibelungen Lied_.

=Sagas.= Besides the sagas contained in the _Eddas_, there are numerous others. Indeed, the whole saga literature extends over 200 volumes.

I. THE EDDA SAGAS. The _Edda_ is divided into two parts and twenty-eight lays or poetical sagas. The first part relates to the gods and heroes of Scandinavia, creation, and the early history of Norway. The Scandinavian “Books of Genesis” are the “Voluspa Saga,” or “prophecy of Vola” (about 230 verses), “Vafthrudner’s Saga,” and “Grimner’s Saga.” These three resemble the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and give a description of chaos, the formation of the world, the creation of all animals (including dwarfs, giants and fairies), the general conflagration, and the renewal of the world, when, like the new Jerusalem, it will appear all glorious, and there shall in no wise enter therein “anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie.”

The “Book of Proverbs” in the _Edda_ is called the “Hâvamâl Saga,” and sometimes “The High Song of Odin.”

The “Völsunga Saga” is a collection of lays about the early Teutonic heroes.

The “Saga of St. Olaf” is the history of this Norwegian king. He was a savage tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because he aided the priests in forcing Christianity on his subjects, he was canonized.

The other sagas in the _Edda_ are “The Song of Lodbrok” or “Lodbrog,” “Hervara Saga,” the “Vilkina Saga,” the “Blomsturvalla Saga,” the “Ynglinga Saga” (all relating to Norway), the “Jomsvikingia Saga,” and the “Knytlinga Saga” (which pertain to Denmark), the “Sturlunga Saga,” and the “Eryrbiggia Saga” (which pertain to Iceland). All the above were compiled and edited by Sæmund Sigfusson, and are in verse; but Snorro Sturleson reduced them to prose in his prose version of the old _Edda_.

II. SAGAS NOT IN THE EDDA. Snorro Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth century, made the second great collection of chronicles in verse, called the _Heimskringla Saga_, or the book of the kings of Norway, from the remotest period to the year 1177. This is a most valuable record of the laws, customs, and manners of the ancient Scandinavians. Samuel Laing published his English translation of it in 1844.

1. _The Icelandic Sagas._ Besides the two Icelandic sagas collected by Sæmund Sigfusson, numerous others were subsequently embodied in the _Landama Bok_, set on foot by Ari hinn Frondê, and continued by various hands.

2. _Frithjof’s Saga_ contains the life and and[TN-144] adventures of Frithjof, of Iceland, who fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful wife of Hring, king of Norway. On the death of Hring, the young widow marries her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived in the eighth century, and this saga was compiled at the beginning of the fourteenth century, a year or two after the _Heimskringla_. It is very interesting, because Tegnér, the Swedish poet, has selected it for his _Idylls_ (1825), just as Tennyson has taken his idyllic stories from the _Morte d’Arthur_ or the Welsh _Mabinogion_. Tegnér’s _Idylls_ were translated into English by Latham (1838), by Stephens (1841), and by Blackley (1857).

3. _The Swedish Saga_, or lay of Swedish “history,” is the _Ingvars Saga_.

4. _The Russian Saga_, or lay of Russian legendary history, is the _Egmunds Saga_.

5. _The Folks-Sagas_ are stories of romance. From this ancient collection we have derived our nursery tales of _Jack and the Bean-Stalk_, _Jack the Giant-Killer_, the _Giant who smelt the Blood of an Englishman_, _Blue Beard_, _Cinderella_, the _Little Old Woman cut Shorter_, the _Pig that wouldn’t go over the Bridge_, _Puss in Boots_, and even the first sketches of _Whittington and His Cat_, and _Baron Munchausen_. (See Dasent, _Tales from the Norse_, 1859.)

6. _Sagas of Foreign origin._ Besides the rich stores of original tales, several foreign ones have been imported and translated into Norse, such as _Barlaham and Josaphat_, by Rudolph of Ems, one of the German minnesingers. On the other hand, the minnesingers borrowed from the Norse sagas their famous story embodied in the _Nibelungen Lied_, called the “German _Iliad_,” which is from the second part of Snorro Sturleson’s _Edda_.

=Sagaman=, a narrator of sagas. These ancient chroniclers differed from scalds in several respects. Scalds were minstrels, who celebrated in verse the exploits of living kings or national heroes; sagamen were tellers of legendary stories, either in prose or verse, like Scheherazādê, the narrator of the _Arabian Nights_, the mandarin, Fum-Hoam, the teller of the _Chinese Tales_, Moradbak, the teller of the _Oriental Tales_, Ferămorz, who told the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so on. Again, scalds resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, and followed the king in all his expeditions; but sagamen were free and unattached, and told their tales to prince or peasant, in lordly hall or at village wake.

=Sage of Concord= (_The_), Ralph Waldo Emerson, author of _Literary Ethics_ (1838), _Poems_ (1846), _Representative Men_ (1850), _English Traits_ (1856), and numerous other works (1803-1882).

In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly religious man, who
is really and entirely undaunted by the discoveries of science,
past, present or prospective. In his case, poetry, with the joy of
a Bacchanal, takes her graver brother, science, by the hand, and
cheers him with immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific
conceptions are continually transmuted into the finer forms and
warmer lines of an ideal world.--Professor Tyndall, _Fragments of
Science_.

=Sage of Monticello= (_The_), Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, whose country seat was at Monticello.

As from the grave where Henry sleeps,
From Vernon’s weeping willow,
And from the grassy pall which hides
The Sage of Monticello ...
Virginia, o’er thy land of slaves
A warning voice is swelling.

Whittier, _Voices of Freedom_ (1836).

=Sage of Samos= (_The_), Pythagŏras, a native of Samos (B.C. 584-506).

=Sages= (_The Seven_). (See SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.)

=Sag´ittary=, a monster, half man and half beast, described as “a terrible archer, who neighs like a horse, and with eyes of fire which strike men dead like lightning.” Any deadly shot is a sagittary.--Guido delle Colonna (thirteenth century), _Historia Troyana Prosayce Composita_ (translated by Lydgate).

The dreadful Sagittary,
Appals our numbers.

Shakespeare, _Troilus and Cressida_ (1602).

(See also _Othello_, act i. sc. 1, 3. The barrack is so called from the figure of an archer over the door.)

=Sagramour le De´sirus=, a knight of the Round Table.--See _Launcelot du Lac_ and _Morte d’Arthur_.

=Sailor King= (_The_), William IV. of Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837).

=Saint= (_The_), Kang-he, of China, who assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin (1653, 1661-1722).

=St. Aldobrand=, the noble husband of Lady Imogine, murdered by Count Bertram, her quondam lover.--C. Maturin, _Bertram_ (1816).

=St. Alme= (_Captain_), son of Darlemont, a merchant, guardian of Julio, count of Harancour. He pays his addresses to Marianne Franval, to whom he is ultimately married. Captain St. Alme is generous, high-spirited, and noble-minded.--Thomas Holcroft, _The Deaf and Dumb_ (1785).

=St. Andre=, a fashionable dancing-master in the reign of Charles II.

St. Andre’s feet ne’er kept more equal time.

Dryden, _MacFlecknoe_ (1682).

=St. Asaph= (_The dean of_), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.--Sir W. Scott, _Kenilworth_ (1821).

=St. Basil Outwits the Devil.= (See SINNER SAVED.)

=St. Botolph= (_The Prior of_). Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=St. Cecili=, =Cecily=, or =Cecile= (2 _syl._), the daughter of noble Roman parents, and a Christian. She married Valirian. One day, she told her husband she had “an aungel ... that with gret love, wher so I wake or slepe, is redy ay my body for to kepe.” Valirian requested to see this angel, and Cecile told him he must first go to St. Urban, and, being purged by him “fro synne, than [_then_] schul ye see that aungel.” Valirian was accordingly “cristened” by St. Urban, returned home, and found the angel with two crowns, brought direct from paradise. One he gave to Cecile and one to Valirian, saying that “bothe with the palme of martirdom schullen come unto God’s blisful feste.” Valirian suffered martydom first; then Almachius, the Roman prefect, commanded his officers to “brenne Cecile in a bath of flammês red.” She remained in the bath all day and night, yet, “sat she cold, and felte of it no woe.” Then smote they her three strokes upon the neck, but could not smite her head off. She lingered on for three whole days, preaching and teaching, and then died. St. Urban buried her body privately by night, and the house he converted into a church, which he called the church of Cecily.--Chaucer, _Canterbury Tales_ (“The Second Nun’s Tale,” 1388).

=St. Christopher=, a native of Lycia, very tall, and fearful to look at. He was so proud of his strength that he resolved to serve only the mightiest, and went in search of a worthy master. He first entered the service of the emperor; but one day, seeing his master cross himself for fear of the devil, he quitted his service for that of Satan. This new master he found was thrown into alarm at the sight of a cross; so he quitted him also, and went in search of the Saviour. One day, near a ferry, a little child accosted him, and begged the giant to carry him across the water. Christopher put the child on his back, but found every step he took the child grew heavier and heavier, till the burden was more than he could bear. As he sank beneath his load, the child told the giant he was Christ, and Christopher resolved to serve Christ and Him alone. He died three days afterwards, and was canonized. The Greek and Latin churches look on him as the protecting saint against floods, fire, and earthquake.--James de Voragine, _Golden Legends_, 100 (thirteenth century).

⁂ His body is said to be at Valencia, in Spain; one of his arms at Compostella; a jaw-bone at Astorga; a shoulder at St. Peter’s, in Rome; and a tooth and rib at Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of course, “the Christ-bearer” is an allegory. The gigantic bones called his relics may serve for “matters of faith” to give reality to the fable.

(His name before conversion was Offĕrus, but after he carried Christ across the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, shortened into Christopher, which means “the Christ-bearer.”)

=St. Clare= (_Augustin_), the kind, indulgent master of Uncle Tom. He was beloved by all his slaves.

_Evangeline St. Clare_, daughter of Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the good angel of the family, and was adored by Uncle Tom.

_Miss Ophelia St. Clare_, sister of Augustin.--Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, _Uncle Tom’s Cabin_ (1852).

=St. Distaff=, an imaginary saint to whom January 7, or Twelfth Day is consecrated.

Partly worke and partly play
You must on St. Distaff’s Day;
Give St. Distaff all the right,
Then give Christmas sport good night.

_Wit Asporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies_ (1657).

=St. Filume´na= or FILOMENA, a new saint of the Latin Church. Sabateli has a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, representing her as hovering over a group of sick and maimed, who are healed by her intercession. In 1802 a grave was found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, and near it three tiles, with these words in red letters.

+--------+ +-------+ +-------+
| LUMENA | | PAXTE | | CVMFI |
+--------+ +-------+ +-------+

A re-arrangement of the tiles made the inscription, PAX TE-CUM, FI-LUMENA. That this was the correct rendering is quite certain, for the virgin martyr herself told a priest and a nun in a dream, that she was Fi[lia] Lumina, the daughter Lumina, _i.e._ the daughter of the Light of the world. In confirmation of this dream, as her bones were carried to Mugnano, the saint repaired her own skeleton, made her hair grow, and performed so many miracles, that those must indeed be hard of belief who can doubt the truth of the story.

=St. George= is the national saint of England, in consequence of the miraculous assistance rendered by him, to the arms of the Christians under Godfrey de Bouillon during the first crusade.

_St. George’s Sword_, Askelon.

George he shaved the dragon’s beard,
And Askelon was his razor.

Percy’s _Reliques_, III. iii. 15.

_St. George_ (_Le chevalier de_), James Francis Edward Stuart, called “The Old (or _elder_) Pretender” (1688-1766).

=St. Graal.= (See SANGRAAL.)

=St. Leon=, the hero of a novel of the same name, by W. Goodwin (1799). St. Leon becomes possessed of the “elixir of life,” and of the “philosopher’s stone;” but this knowledge, instead of bringing him wealth and happiness, is the source of misery and endless misfortunes.

=Saint Maur=, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Bœuf (a follower of Prince John).--Sir W. Scott, _Ivanhoe_ (time, Richard I.).

=St. Nicholas=, the patron saint of boys. He is said to have been bishop of Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed in the year 326.

Under his triple names of _St. Nicholas_, _Santa Claus_ and _Kriss Kringle_, he fills good children’s stockings on Christmas Eve. Clement C. Moore has made the annual visit of this saint “in a miniature sleigh drawn by eight tiny reindeer,” the subject of his famous nursery poem beginning:

“’Twas the night before Christmas, and all through the house,
Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse.”

(1844).

=St. Prieux=, the _amant_ of Julie, in Rousseau’s novel entitled _Julie_ ou _La Nouvelle Héloïse_ (1760).

=St. Ronan’s Well=, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1823). An inferior work; but it contains the character of Meg Dods, of the Clachan or Mowbray Arms inn, one of the very best low comic characters in the whole range of fiction.

=St. Stephen’s Chapel=, properly the House of Commons, but sometimes applied to the two Houses of Parliament. So called by a figure of speech from St. Stephen’s Chapel, built by King Stephen, rebuilt by Edward II. and III., and finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. Stephen’s Chapel was fitted up for the use of the House of Commons in the reign of Edward IV. The great council of the nation met before in the chapel-house of the abbey.

=St. Swithin=, tutor of King Alfred, and bishop of Winchester. The monks wished to bury him in the chancel of the minster; but the bishop had directed that his body should be interred under the open vault of heaven. Finding the monks resolved to disobey his injunction, he sent a heavy rain on July 15, the day assigned to the funeral ceremony, in consequence of which it was deferred from day to day for forty days. The monks then bethought them of the saint’s injunction, and prepared to inter the body in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled his approbation by sending a beautiful sunshiny day, in which all the robes of the heirarchy[TN-145] might be displayed without the least fear of being injured by untimely and untoward showers.

=Saints= (_Island of_), Ireland.

_Saints_ (_Royal_).

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153).

Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042-1066).

Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979).

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).

Ethelred I., king of Wessex (*, 866-871).

Eugenius I., pope (*, 654-657).

Felix I., pope (*, 269-274).

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon (1200, 1217-1252).

Julius I., pope (*, 337-352).

Kâng-he, second of the Manchoo dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722).

Lawrence Justiniani, patriarch of Venice (1380, 1451-1465).

Leo IX., pope (1002, 1049-1054).

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270).

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038).

=Saints for Diseases.= These saints either ward off ills or help to relieve them, and should be invoked by those who trust their power:--

AGUE. St. Pernel cures.

BAD DREAMS. St. Christopher protects from.

BLEAR EYES. St. Otilic cures.

BLINDNESS. St. Thomas à Becket cures.

BOILS and BLAINS. St. Rooke cures.

CHASTITY. St. Susan protects.

CHILDREN’S DISEASES (_All_). St Blaise heals; and all cattle diseases. The bread consecrated on his day (February 3) and called “the Benediction of St. Blaise,” should have been tried in the recent cattle plague.

CHOLERA. Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindûs in this malady.

COLIC. St. Erasmus relieves.

DANCING MANIA. St. Vitus cures.

DEFILEMENT. St. Susan preserves from.

DISCOVERY OF LOST GOODS. St. Ethelbert and St Elian.

DOUBTS. St. Catherine resolves.

DYING. St. Barbara relieves.

EPILEPSY. St. Valentine cures.

FIRE. St. Agatha protects from it, but St. Florian should be invoked if it has already broken out.

FLOOD, FIRE, and EARTHQUAKE. St. Christopher saves from.

GOUT. St. Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than Blair’s pills.

GRIPES. St. Erasmus cures.

IDIOCY. St. Gildas is the guardian angel of idiots.

INFAMY. St. Susan protects from.

INFECTION. St. Roque protects from.

LEPROSY. St. Lazarus, the beggar.

MADNESS. St. Dymphna cures.

MICE and RATS. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick ward them off.

NIGHT ALARMS. St. Christopher protects from.

PLAGUE. St. Roch, they say, in this case is better than the “good bishop of Marseilles.”

QUENCHING FIRE. St. Florian and St. Christopher should not be forgotten by fire-insurance companies.

QUINSY. St. Blaise will cure it sooner than tartarized antimony.

RICHES. St. Anne and St. Vincent help those who seek it. Gold-diggers should ask them for nuggets.

SCABS. St. Rooke cures.

SMALL-POX. St. Martin of Tours may be tried by those objecting to vaccination. In Hindûstan, Seetla wards it off.

SUDDEN DEATH. St. Martin saves from.

TEMPERANCE. Father Mathew is called “The Apostle of Temperance” (1790-1856).

TOOTH-ACHE. St. Appolline cures better than creosote.

VERMIN-DESTROYERS. St. Gertude and St. Huldrick.

WEALTH-BESTOWER. St. Anne, recommended to the sultan.

=Saints of Places.= The following are the patron saints of the cities, nations, or places set down:--

ABERDEEN, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

ABYSSINIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.

ALEXANDRIA, St. Mark, who founded the church there (died A.D. 52). His day is April 25th.

ALPS (_The_), Felix Neff (1798-1829).

ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.

ARDENNES (_The_), St. Hubert (656-730). He is called “The Apostles of the Ardennes.” His days are May 30 and November 3d.

ARMENIA, St. Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day is September 30.

BATH, St. David, from whose benediction the waters of Bath received their warmth and medicinal qualities (480-544). His day is March 1.

BEAUVAIS, St. Lucian (died 290), called “The Apostle of Beauvais.” His day is January 8.

BELGIUM, St. Boniface (680-755). His day is on June 5.

BOHEMIA, St. Wenceslaus.

BRUSSELS, the Virgin Mary; St. Gudule, who died 712. St. Gudule’s day is January 8.

CAGLIARI (in Sardinia), St. Efisio or St. Ephesus.

CAPPADOCIA, St. Matthias (died A.D. 62). His day is February 24.

CARTHAGE, St. Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7.

COLOGNE, St. Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21.

CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is December 14.

CREMONA, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.

DENMARK, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St. Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19.

EDINBURGH, St. Giles (died 550). His day is September 1.

ENGLAND, St. George (died 290). St. Bede calls Gregory the Great “The Apostle of England,” but St. Augustin was “The Apostle of the English People” (died 607). St. George’s day is April 23.

ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.

FLANDERS, St. Peter (died 66). His day is June 29.

FLORENCE, St. John the Baptist (died A.D. 32). His days are June 24 and August 29.

_Forests_, St. Sylvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His day is June 20.

_Forts_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

FRANCE, St. Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. St. Remi is called “The Great Apostle of the French” (439-535). His day is October 1.

FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day is July 8.

FRISELAND, St. Wilbrod or Willibrod (657-738), called “The Apostle of the Frisians.” His day is November 7.

GAUL, St. Irenæus (130-200), whose day is June 28; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 12; St. Denys is called “The Apostle of the Gauls.”

GENOA, St. George of Cappadocia. His day is April 23.

GENTILES. St. Paul was “The Apostle of the Gentiles” (died A.D. 66). His days are January 25 and June 29.

GEORGIA, St. Nino, whose day is September 16.

GERMANY, St. Boniface, “Apostles of the Germans” (680-755), whose day is June 5; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 11. (St. Boniface was called Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.)

GLASGOW, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601).

_Groves_, St. Sylvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His day is June 20.

HIGHLANDERS, St. Columb (521-597). His day is June 9.

_Hills_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

HOLLAND, the Virgin Mary. Her days are: her _Nativity_, November 21; _Visitation_, July 2; _Conception_, December 8; _Purification_, February 2; _Assumption_, August 15.

HUNGARY, St. Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (_Aix-la-Chapelle_); and St. Anastatius (died 628), whose day is January 22.

INDIA, St. Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566):[TN-146] the Rev. J. Eliot (1603-1690); and Francis Xavier (1506-1552), called “The Apostle of the Indians,” whose day is December 4.

IRELAND, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. (Some give his birth 387, and some his death 495).

ITALY, St. Anthony (251-356). His day is January 17.

LAPLAND, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

LICHFIELD, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His day is March 2.

LIEGE, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21.

LISBON, St. Vincent (died 304). His translation to Lisbon is kept September 15.

LONDON, St. Paul, whose day is January 25; and St. Michael, whose day is September 29.

MOSCOW, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

_Mountains_, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

NAPLES, St. Januarius (died 291), whose day is September 19; and St. Thomas Aquīnas (1227-1274), whose days are March 7 and July 18.

NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679).

NORTH (_The_), St. Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). NORWAY, St. Anscharius, called “The Apostle of the North” (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St. Olaus (992, 1000-1030).

OXFORD, St. Frideswide.

PADUA, St. Justina, whose day is October 7; and St. Anthony (1195-1231), whose day is June 13.

PARIS, St. Geneviève (419-512). Her day is January 3.

PEAK (_The_), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702).

PICTS (_The_), St. Ninian (fourth century), whose day is September 16; and St. Columb (521-597), whose day is June 9.

PISA, San Ranieri.

POITIERS, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14.

POLAND, St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 15; and St. Stanislaus (died 1078), whose day is May 7.

PORTUGAL, St. Sebastian (250-288). His day is January 20.

PRUSSIA, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30; and St. Albert (died 1195), whose day is November 21.

ROCHESTER, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.

ROME, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on the same day of the month, June 29. The old tutelar deity was Mars.

RUSSIA, St. Nicholas, St. Andrew, St. George, and the Virgin Mary.

SARAGOSSA, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 304). His day is January 22.

SARDINIA, Mary the Virgin. Her days are: _Nativity_, November 21; _Visitation_, July 2; _Conception_, December 8; _Purification_, February 2; _Assumption_, August 15.

SCOTLAND, St. Andrew, because his remains were brought by Regulus into Fifeshire in 368. His day is November 30.

SEBASTIA (in Armenia), St. Blaise (died 316). His day is February 3.

SICILY, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 251.[TN-147] Her day is February 5. The old tutelar deity was Cerês.

SILESIA, St. Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). His day is October 15.

SLAVES or SLAVI, St. Cyril, called “The Apostle of the Slavi” (died 868). His day is February 14.

SPAIN, St. James the Greater (died A.D. 44). His day is July 24.

SWEDEN, St. Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. (reigned 1155-1161).

SWITZERLAND, St. Gall (died 646). His day is October 16.

_Valleys_, St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5.

VENICE, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is April 25. St. Pantaleon, whose day is July 27; and St. Lawrence Justiniani (1380-1465).

VIENNA, St. Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day is December 26.

_Vineyards_, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25.

WALES, St. David, uncle of King Arthur (died 544). His day is March 1.

_Woods_, St. Silvester, because _silva_, in Latin, means “a wood.” His day is June 20.

YORKSHIRE, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.

=Saints for Special Classes of Persons=, such as tradesmen, children, wives, idiots, students, etc.:--

ARCHERS, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them.

ARMORERS, St. George of Cappadocia.

ARTISTS and the ARTS, St. Agatha; but St. Luke is the patron of painters, being himself one.

BAKERS, St. Winifred, who followed the trade.

BARBERS, St. Louis.

BARREN WOMEN. St. Margaret befriends them.

BEGGARS, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities are often called “St. Giles.”

BISHOPS, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 _Tim._ iii. 1; _Titus_ i. 7).

BLIND FOLK, St. Thomas à Becket, and St. Lucy, who was deprived of her eyes by Paschasius.

BOOKSELLERS, St. John Port Latin.

BRIDES, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, filled with wedding portions, into the chamber window of three virgins, that they might marry their sweethearts, and not live a life of sin for the sake of earning a living.

BURGLARS, St. Dismas, the penitent thief.

CANDLE and LAMP MAKERS, St. Lucy and Lucian. A pun upon _lux lucis_ (“light”).

CANNONEERS, St. Barbara, because she is generally represented in a fort or tower.

CAPTIVES, St. Barbara and St. Leonard.

CARPENTERS, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter.

CHILDREN, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter saint restored to life some children, murdered by an inkeeper,[TN-148] of Myra, and pickled in a pork-tub.

COBBLERS, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade.

CRIPPLES, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured of an accidental lameness, that he might mortify his flesh.

DIVINES, St. Thomas Aquinas, author of _Somme de Theology_.

DOCTORS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon in Cilicia.

DRUNKARDS. St. Martin, because St. Martin’s Day (November 11) happened to be the day of the Vinalia, or feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects.

DYING, St. Barbara.

FERRYMEN, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.

FISHERMEN, St. Peter, who was a fisherman.

FOOLS, St. Maturin because the Greek word _matia_ or _matê_ means “folly.”

FREE TRADE. R. Cobden is called “The Apostle of Free Trade” (1804-1865).

FREEMEN, St. John.

FULLERS, St. Sever, because the place so called, on the Adour, is or was famous for its tanneries and fulleries.

GOLDSMITHS, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith.

HATTERS, St. William, the son of a hatter.

HOG and SWINEHERDS, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for food used anciently to have their ears slit, but one of the proctors of St. Anthony’s Hospital once tied a bell about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one ever attempted to injure it.

HOUSEWIVES, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their losing the keys, and to help them in finding these “tiny tormentors;” St. Martha, the sister of Lazarus.

HUNTSMEN, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a famous hunting forest; and St. Eustace.

IDIOTS. St. Gildas restores them to their right senses.

INFANTS, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas.

INFIDELS. Voltaire is called “The Apostle of Infidels” (1694-1778).

INSANE FOLKS, St. Dymphna.

LAWYERS, St. Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called “The Advocate of the Poor,” because he was always ready to defend them in the law courts gratuitously (1233-1303).

LEARNED MEN, St. Catherine, noted for her learning, and for converting certain philosophers, sent to convince the Christians of Alexandria of the folly of the Christian faith.

MADMEN, St. Dymphna.

MAIDENS, the Virgin Mary.

MARINERS, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman; and St. Nicholas, who was once in danger of shipwreck, and who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest for some pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land.

MILLERS, St. ARNOLD,[TN-149] the son of a miller.

MERCERS, St. Florian, the son of a mercer.

MOTHERS, the Virgin Mary; St. Margaret, for those who wish to be so. The girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Germain’s, is placed round the waist of those who wish to be mothers.

MUSICIANS, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent musician.

NAILERS, St. Cloud, because _clou_, in French means “a nail.”

NETMAKERS, St. James and St. John (_Matt._ iv. 21).

NURSES, St. Agatha.

PAINTERS, St. Luke, who was a painter.

PARISH CLERKS, St. Nicholas.

PARSONS, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology, at Paris.

PHYSICIANS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon; St. Luke (_Col._ iv. 14).

PILGRIMS, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Compostella.

PINMAKERS, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of arrows in his martydom[TN-150] as a pincushion is of pins.

POOR FOLKS, St. Giles, who affected indigence, thinking “poverty and suffering” a service acceptable to God.

PORTRAIT-PAINTERS and PHOTOGRAPHERS, St. Veronica, who had a handkerchief with the face of Jesus stamped on it.

POTTERS, St. Gore, who was a potter.

PRISONERS, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard.

SAGES, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Katherine.

SAILORS, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher.

SCHOLARS, St. Katherine. (See “Learned Men.”)

SCHOOL CHILDREN, St. Nicholas and St. Gregory.

SCOTCH REFORMERS. Knox is “The Apostle of the Scotch Reformers” (1505-72).

SEAMAN, St. Nicholas, who once was in danger of shipwreck; and St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.

SHEPHERDS and their FLOCKS, St. Windeline, who kept sheep, like David.

SHOEMAKERS, St. Crispin, who made shoes.

SILVERSMITHS, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and silver.

SLAVES, St. Cyril. This is a pun; he was “The Apostle of the Slavi.”

SOOTHSAYERS, etc., St. Agabus (_Acts_ xxi. 10).

SPORTSMEN, St. Hubert. (See “Huntsmen.”)

STATUARIES, St. Veronica. (See above, “Portrait-painters.”)

STONEMASONS, St. Peter, (_John_ i. 42).

STUDENTS, St. Katherine, noted for her great learning.

SURGEONS, St. Cosme, who practised medicine in Cilicia gratuitously (died 310).

SWEETHEARTS, St. Valentine, because in the Middle Ages ladies held their “courts of love” about this time. (See VALENTINE.)

SWINEHERDS and SWINE, St. Anthony.

TAILORS, St. Goodman, who was a tailor.

TANNERS, St. Clement, the son of a tanner.

TAX-COLLECTORS, St. Matthew, (_Matt._ ix. 9).

TENTMAKERS, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were tentmakers (_Acts_ xviii. 3).

THIEVES, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. St. Ethelbert and St. Elian ward off thieves.

TRAVELLERS, St. Raphael, because he assumed the guise of a traveller in order to guide Tobias from Nineveh to Ragês (_Tobit_ v.).

VINTNERS and VINEYARDS, St. Urban.

VIRGINS, St. Winifred and St. Nicholas.

WHEELWRIGHTS, St. Boniface, the son of a wheelwright.

WIGMAKERS, St. Louis.

WISE MEN, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catherine.

WOOLCOMBERS and STAPLERS, St. Blaise, who was torn to pieces by “combes of yren.”

=Sakhar=, the devil who stole Solomon’s signet. The tale is that Solomon, when he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to his favorite concubine, Amina. Sakhar one day assumed the appearance of Solomon, got possession of the ring, and sat on the throne as the king. During this usurpation, Solomon became a beggar, but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and flung the signet-ring into the sea. It was swallowed by a fish, the fish was caught and sold to Solomon, the ring was recovered, and Sakhar was thrown into the sea of Galilee with a great stone round his neck.--Jallâlo´ddin, _Al Zamakh_. (See FISH AND THE RING.)

=Sa´kia=, the dispenser of rain, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 _syl._).

Sakia, we invoked for rain;
We called on Razeka for food;
They did not hear our prayers--they could not hear.
No cloud appeared in heaven,
No nightly dews came down.

Southey, _Thalaba, the Destroyer_, i. 24 (1797).

=Sakunta´la=, daughter of Viswamita and a water-nymph, abandoned by her parents, and brought up by a hermit. One day, King Dushyanta came to the hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to marry him. In due time a son was born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the hermitage. When the boy was six years old, his mother took him to the king, and Dushyanta recognized his wife by a ring which he had given her. Sakuntala was now publicly proclaimed queen, and the boy (whose name was Bhârata) became the founder of the glorious race of the Bhâratas.

This story forms the plot of the famous drama, _Sakuntala_, by Kâlidasa, well known to us through the translation of Sir W. Jones.

=Sakya-Muni=, the founder of Buddhism. Sakya is the family name of Siddharta, and _muni_ means “a recluse.” Buddha (“perfection”) is a title given to Siddharta.

=Sal´ace= (3 _syl._) or SALACIA, wife of Neptune, and mother of Triton.

Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race,
Sprung from the god by Salace’s embrace.

Camoens, _Lusiad_, vi. (1672).

=Sal´adin=, the soldan of the East. Sir W. Scott introduces him in _The Talisman_, first as Sheerkohf, emir of Kurdistan, and subsequently as Adonbeck el Hakim, the physician.

=Salamanca= (_The Bachelor of_), the title and hero of a novel by Lesage. The name of the bachelor is Don Cherubim, who is placed in all sorts of situations suitable to the author’s vein of satire (1704)[TN-151]

=Sala´nio=, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.--Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1598).

=Salari´no=, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.--Shakespeare, _Merchant of Venice_ (1598).

=Sa´leh.= The Thamûdites (3 _syl._), proposed that Sâleh should, by miracle, prove that Jehovah was a God superior to their own. Prince Jonda said he would believe it if Sâleh made a camel, big with young, come out of a certain rock which he pointed out. Sâleh did so, and Jonda was converted.

(The Thamûdites were idolaters, and Sâleh, the prophet, was sent to bring them back to the worship of Jehovah.)

_Sâleh’s Camel._ The camel thus miraculously produced, used to go about the town, crying aloud, “Ho! every one that wanteth milk, let him come, and I will give it him.”--Sale, _Al Korân_, vii. notes. (See _Isaiah_ lv. 1).

_Saleh_, a son of Faras´chê (3 _syl._) queen of a powerful under-sea empire. His sister was Gulna´rê (3 _syl._), empress of Persia. Saleh asked the king of Samandal, another under-sea emperor, to give his daughter, Giauha´rê, in marriage to Prince Beder, son of Gulnarê; but the proud, passionate despot ordered the prince’s head to be cut off for such presumptuous insolence. However, Saleh made his escape, invaded Samandal, took the king prisoner, and the marriage between Beder and the Princess Giauharê was duly celebrated.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Beder and Giauharê”).

=Sa´lem=, a young seraph, one of the two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary and of John the Divine, “for God had given to John two tutelar angels, the chief of whom was Raph´ael, one of the most exalted seraphs of the hierarchy of heaven.”--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, iii. (1748).

=Sal´emal=, the preserver in sickness, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 _syl._).--D’Herbelot, _Bibliothèques Orientale_[TN-152] (1697).

=Salian Franks.= So called from the Isăla or Yssel, in Holland. They were a branch of the Sicambri; hence, when Clovis was baptized at Rheims, the old prelate addressed him as “Sigambrian,” and said that “he must henceforth set at naught what he had hitherto worshipped, and worship what he had hitherto set at naught.”

=Salisbury= (_Earl of_), William Longsword, natural son of Henry II. and Jane Clifford, “The Fair Rosamond.”--Shakespeare, _King John_ (1596); Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Sallust of France= (_The_). César Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by Voltaire.

=Salmigondin=, or “Salmygondin,” a lordship of Dipsody, given by Pantagruel to Panurge (2 _syl._). Alcofribas, who had resided six months in the giant’s mouth without his knowing it, was made castellan of the castle.--Rabelais, _Pantagruel_, ii. 32; iii. 2 (1533-45).

The lordship of Salmygodin was worth 67 million pounds sterling,
per annum, in “certain rent,” and an annual revenue for locusts and
periwinkles, varying from £24,357 to 12 millions in a good year,
when the exports of locusts and periwinkles were flourishing.
Panurge, however, could not make the two ends meet. At the close of
“less than fourteen days” he had forestalled three years’ rent and
revenue, and had to apply to Pantagruel to pay his
debts.--_Pantagruel_, iii. 2.

=Salmo´neus= (3 _syl._), king of Elis, wishing to be thought a god, used to imitate thunder and lightning by driving his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darting burning torches on every side. He was killed by lightning for his impiety and folly[TN-153]

Salmoneus, who while he his carroach drave
Over the brazen bridge of Elis’ stream,
And did with artificial thunder brave
Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam.

Lord Brooke, _Treatise on Monarchie_, vi.

It was to be the literary Salmoneus of the political Jupiter.--Lord
Lytton.

=Sally in our Alley=, subject of popular ballad of same name, by Henry Carew (1663-1743).

=Sally= (_red haired_), remembered love of a poor pioneer, whom the Indians have scalped and blinded. As he lies by the camp-fire, he bemoans his hard lot and wishes he had been left to die.

“It’s twice dead not to see.”

Rose Terry Cooke, _Poems_ (1888).

_Sally_ (_Kittredge_), black-eyed, rosy-cheeked country girl, Mara Linnotti’s friend, and finally, the wife of Moses Pennell.--Harriet Beecher Stowe, _The Pearl of Orr’s Island_ (1860).

=Salome and the Baptist.= When Salomê delivered the head of John the Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled out the tongue and stabbed it with her bodkin.

When the head of Cicero was delivered to Marc Antony, his wife, Fulvia, pulled out the tongue and stabbed it repeatedly with her bodkin.

=Salvage Knight= (_The_), Sir Arthegal, called Artegal, from bk. iv. 6. The hero of bk. v. (_Justice_).--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_ (1596).

=Salva´tor Rosa= (_The English_)[TN-154] John Hamilton Mortimer (1741-1779.[TN-155]

=Salvato´re= (4 _syl._), Salva´tor Rosa, an Italian painter, especially noted for his scenes of brigands, etc. (1615-1673).

But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision,
Fatigued with these hereditary glories,
There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian,
Or wilder group of savage Salvatore’s.

Byron, _Don Juan_, xiii. 71 (1824).

=Sam=, a gentleman, the friend of Francis´co.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _Mons. Thomas_ (1619).

_Sam_; one of the Know-Nothings, or Native American party. One of “Uncle Sam’s” sons.

_Sam_ (_Dicky_), a Liverpool man.

_Sam_ (_Uncle_), the United States of North America, or rather the government of the states personified. So called from Samuel Wilson, uncle of Ebenezer Wilson. Ebenezer was inspector of Elbert Anderson’s store on the Hudson, and Samuel superintended the workmen. The stores were marked E·A. U·S. (“Elbert Anderson, United States”), but the workmen insisted that U·S. stood for Uncle[TN-156] Sam.”--Mr. Frost.

=Sam Kimper.= Reformed convict who sets himself earnestly to work to lead a new life, toiling steadily at the shoemaker’s bench, and _acting_ his new religion. His only creed is to believe simply in the Saviour of sinners. “He” (the chaplain) “says to me--‘Just believe in Jesus like you do in Andrew Jackson and you’ll be right in the course of time. Believe that what He said was true, an’ get your mind full of what He said, an’ _keep it full_.’”--John Habberton, _All He Knew_ (1890).

=Sam Silverquill=, one of the prisoners at Portanferry.--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

=Sam Weller=, servant of Mr. Pickwick. The impersonation of the shrewdness, quaint humor, and best qualities of cockney low life.--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836).

=Sa´mael= (3 _syl._), the prince of demons, who, in the guise of a serpant,[TN-157] tempted Eve in paradise. (See SAMIEL.)

=Samarcand Apple=, a perfect panacea of all diseases. It was bought by Prince Ahmed, and was instrumental in restoring Nouroun´nihar to perfect health, although at the very point of death.

In fact sir, there is no disease, however painful or dangerous,
whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any other disorder, but it will
instantly cure; and that in the easiest possible way; it is simply
to make the sick person smell of the apple.--_Arabian Nights_,
(“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”).

=Sam´benites= [_Sam´.be.neetz_], persons dressed in the _sambenĭto_, a yellow coat without sleeves, having devils painted on it. The sambenito was worn by “heretics” on their way to execution.

And blow us up i’ the open streets.
Disguised in rumps, like sambenites.

S. Butler, _Hudibras_, iii. 2 (1678).

=Sambo=, any male of the negro race.

No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to varying soil
and circumstances as the negro. Alike to them the snows of Canada,
the rocky land of New England or the gorgeous profusion of the
Southern States. Sambo and Cuffey expand under them all.--Harriet
Beecher Stowe.

=Sam´eri= (_Al_), the proselyte who cast the golden calf at the bidding of Aaron. After he had made it, he took up some dust on which Gabriel’s horse had set its feet, threw it into the calf’s mouth, and immediately the calf became animated and began to low. Al Beidâwi says that Al Sâmeri was not really a proper name, but that the real name of the artificer was Mûsa ebn Dhafar. Selden says Al Sameri means “keeper,” and that Aaron was so called, because he was the _keeper_ or “guardian of the people.”--Selden, _De Diis Syris_, i. 4 (see _Al Korân_, ii. notes).

=Sa´mian= (_The Long-Haired_), Pythagoras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of Samos (sixth century B.C.).

=Samian He´ra.= Hera or Herê, wife of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was worshipped in Egypt as well as in Greece.

=Samian Sage= (_The_)[TN-158] Pythagoras, born at Samos (sixth century B.C.).

’Tis enough
In this late age, adventurous to have touched
Light on the numbers of the Samian Sage.

Thomson.

=Samias´a=, a seraph, in love with Aholiba´mah, the granddaughter of Cain. When the Flood came, the seraph carried off his _innamorata_ to another planet.--Byron, _Heaven and Earth_ (1819).

=Sa´miel=, the Black Huntsman of the Wolf’s Glen, who gave to Der Freischütz seven balls, six of which were to hit whatever the marksman aimed at, but the seventh was to be at the disposal of Samiel. (See SAMAEL.)--Weber, _Der Freischütz_ (libretto by Kind, 1822).

=Samient=, the female ambassador of Queen Mercilla to Queen Adicia (wife of the soldan). Adicia treated her with great contumely, thrust her out of doors, and induced two knights to insult her; but Sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one of the unmannerly knights with such fury as to knock him from his horse and break his neck.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. (1596).

(This refers to the treatment of the deputies sent by the states of Holland to Spain for the redress of grievances. Philip (“the soldan”) detained the deputies as prisoners, disregarding the sacred rights of their office as ambassadors).

=Sam´ma=, the demoniac that John “the Beloved,” could not exorcise. Jesus, coming from the Mount of Olives, rebuked Satan, who quitted “the possessed,” and left him in his right mind.--Klopstock, _The Messiah_, ii. (1748).

=Sammy Craddock=, oracle of the Riggan coal-pits. Crabbed, wrinkled, sarcastic old fellow, whose self-conceit is immeasurable. “The biggest trouble I ha’ is settlin’ i’ my moind what the world’ll do when I turn up my toes to th’ daisies, an’ how the government’ll mak’ up their moinds who shall ha’ th’ honer o’ payin’ fer th’ moniment.”--Frances Hodgson Burnett, _That Lass o’ Lowrie’s_ (1877).

=Sampson=, one of Capulet’s servants.--Shakespeare, _Romeo and Juliet_ (1597).

_Sampson_, a foolish advocate, kinsman of Judge Vertaigne (2 _syl._).--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Little French Lawyer_ (1647).

_Sampson_ (_Mrs. Amanda Welsh_), well-born Bohemian, financial adventurer and lobbyist. “She was still accustomed to at least a fair semblance of respect from the men who came to see her; women, it is to be noted, being not often seen within her walls.”--Arlo Bates, _The Philistines_ (1888).

_Sampson_ (_Dominie_), or Abel Sampson, tutor to Harry Bertram, son of the laird of Ellangowan. One of the best creations of romance. His favorite exclamation is “Prodigious!” Dominie Sampson is very learned, simple and green. Sir Walter describes him as “a poor, modest, humble scholar, who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to the leeward in the voyage of life.”--Sir W. Scott, _Guy Mannering_ (time, George II.).

His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue worsted
stockings, pewter-headed long cane.--_Guy Mannering_ (dramatized),
i. 2.

_Sampson_ (_Dr._), eccentric Irish physician; inventor of _Chronothermalism_.--Charles Reade, _Very Hard Cash_.

_Sampson_ (_George_), a friend of the Wilfer family. He adored Bella Wilfer, but married her youngest sister, Lavinia.--C. Dickens, _Our Mutual Friend_ (1864).

_Sampson_ (_Nurse_), dry-visaged, soft-hearted sick-nurse, whose adage is, “Somebody must eat drumsticks,” and whose practice is based upon the formula.--A. D. T. Whitney, _Faith Gartney’s Girlhood_ (1863).

=Samson= (_The British_), Thomas Topham (1710-1749).

=Samson Agonistes= (4 _syl._), “Samson, the Combatant,” a sacred drama by Milton, showing Samson blinded and bound, but triumphant over his enemies, who sent for him to make sport by feats of strength on the feast of Dagon. Having amused the multitude for a time, he was allowed to rest awhile against the “grand stand,” and, twining his arms round two of the supporting pillars, he pulled the whole edifice down, and died himself in the general devastation (1632).

=Samson’s Crown=, an achievement of great renown, which costs the life of the doer thereof. Samson’s greatest exploit was pulling down the “grand stand” occupied by the chief magnates of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By this deed “he slew at his death more than [_all_] they which he slew in his life.”--_Judges_ xvi. 30.

And by self-ruin seek a Samson’s crown.

Lord Brooke, _Inquisition upon Fame, etc._ (1554-1628).

=San Bris= (_Conte di_), father of Valenti´na. During the Bartholomew slaughter his daughter and her husband (Raoul) were both shot by a party of musketeers, under the count’s command.--Meyerbeer, _Les Huguenots_ (opera, 1836).

=Sancha=, daughter of Garcias, king of Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez, of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life of her husband: when he was cast into a dungeon by some personal enemies who waylaid him, she liberated him by bribing the jailer; and when he was incarcerated at Leon she effected his escape by changing clothes with him.

The countess of Nithsdale effected the escape of her husband from the Tower, in 1715, by changing clothes with him.

The Countess de Lavalette, in 1815, liberated her husband, under sentence of death, in the same way; but the terror she suffered so affected her nervous system that she lost her senses, and never afterwards recovered them.

=San´chez II.= of Castile, was killed at the battle of Zamo´ra, 1065.

It was when brave King Sanchez
Was before Zamora slain.

Longfellow, _The Challenge_.

=Sanchi´ca=, eldest daughter of Sancho and Teresa Panza.--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15)[TN-159]

=Sancho= (_Don_), a rich old beau, uncle to Victoria. “He affects the misdemeanors of a youth, hides his baldness with amber locks, and complains of toothache, to make people believe that his teeth are not false ones.” Don Sancho “loves in the style of Roderigo I.”--Mrs. Cowley, _A Bold Stroke for a Husband_ (1782).

=Sancho Panza=, the squire of Don Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, with plenty of shrewdness and good common sense. He rode upon an ass which he dearly loved, and was noted for his proverbs.

_Sancho Panza’s Ass_, Dapple.

_Sancho Panza’s Island-City_, Barataria, where he was for a time governor.

_Sancho Panza’s Wife_, Teresa [Cascajo] (pt. II. i. 5); Maria or Mary [Gutierez] (pt. II. iv. 7); Dame Juana [Gutierez] (pt. I. i. 7); and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21).--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_ (1605-15).

⁂ The model painting of Sancho Panza is by Leslie; it is called “Sancho and the Duchess.”

=Sanchoni´athon= or SANCHONIATHO. Nine books ascribed to this author are published at Bremen in 1838. The original was said to have been discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, by Colonel Pereira, a Portuguese; but it was soon ascertained that no such convent existed, that there was no colonel of the name Pereira in the Portuguese service, and that the paper bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills. (See IMPOSTORS, LITERARY.)

=Sanct-Cyr= (_Hugh de_), the seneschal of King René, at Aix.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Sancy Diamond= (_The_) weighs 53-1/2 carats, and belonged to Charles “the Bold” of Burgundy. It was bought, in 1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and was sold, in 1580, by Don Antonio to the Sieur de Sancy, in whose family it remained for a century. The sieur deposited it with Henri IV. as a security for a loan of money. The servant entrusted with it, being attacked by robbers, swallowed it, and being murdered, the diamond was recovered by Nicholas de Harlay. We next hear of it in the possession of James II. of England, who carried it with him in his flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. bought it of him for £25,000. It was sold in the Revolution; Napoleon I. rebought it; in 1825 it was sold to Paul Demidoff for £80,000. The prince sold it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of the Mining Society; but as Levrat failed in his engagement, the diamond became, in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which was given in favor of the prince. We next hear of it in Bombay; in 1867 it was transmitted to England by the firm of Forbes and Co.; in 1873 it formed part of “the crown necklace,” worn by Mary of Sachsen Altenburg, on her marriage with Albert of Prussia; 1876, in the investiture of the Star of India by the Prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. Russel tells us it was worn as a pendant by the maharajah of Puttiala.

⁂ Streeter, in his book of _Precious Stones and Gems_, 120 (1877), tells us it belongs to the Czar of Russia, but if Dr. Russel is correct, it must have been sold to the maharajah.

=Sand= (_George_). Her birth name was Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, afterwards Dudevant (1803-1877).

=San´dabar=, an Arabian writer, about a century before the Christian era, famous for his _parables_.

It was rumored he could say
The _parables_ of Sandabar.

Longfellow, _The Wayside Inn_ (prelude 1863).

=Sanford= (_Marion_). Truth-loving, sincere, and simple-hearted woman, loyal in deed and thought to her traduced lover until time establishes his innocence.

A marked woman in general society; a woman who reigned, queen-like,
over every heart, but among the circle of her relatives ... she was
held to be little less than the angels.--Charles King, _Marion’s
Faith_ (1886).

=Sandford= (_Harry_), the companion of Tommy Merton.--Thomas Day, _History of Sandford and Merton_ (1783-9).

=Sandpiper= (_The_).

“Comrade, where wilt thou be to-night?
When the loosed storm breaks furiously?
My driftwood fire will burn so bright!
To what warm shelter can’st thou fly?
I do not fear for thee, ’though wroth
The tempest rushes through the sky.
For are we not GOD’S children both,
Thou little sandpiper and I?”

Celia Thaxter, _Drift-weed_ (1878).

=San´glamore= (3 _syl._), the sword of Braggadochio.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, iii. (1590).

=Sanglier= (_Sir_), a knight who insisted on changing wives with a squire, and when the lady objected, he cut off her head, and rode off with the squire’s wife. Being brought before Sir Artegal, Sir Sanglier insisted that the living lady was his wife, and that the dead woman was the squire’s wife. Sir Artegal commanded that the living and dead women should both be cut in twain, and half of each be given to the two litigants. To this Sir Sanglier gladly assented; but the squire objected, declaring it would be far better to give the lady to the knight than that she should suffer death. On this, Sir Artegal pronounced the living woman to be the squire’s wife, and the dead one to be the knight’s.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, v. 1 (1596).

(“Sir Sanglier” is meant for Shan O’Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. Of course this judgment is borrowed from that of Solomon, 1 _Kings_ iii. 16-27.)

=Sanglier des Ardennes=, Guillaume de la Marck (1446-1485).

=Sangraal=, =Sancgreal=, etc., generally said to be the holy plate from which Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to England by Joseph of Arimathy. Whatever it was, it appeared to King Arthur and his 150 knights of the Round Table, but suddenly vanished, and all the knights vowed they would go in quest thereof. Only three, Sir Bors, Sir Percivale and Sir Galahad, found it, and only Sir Galahad had touched it, but he soon died, and was borne by angels up into heaven. The Sangraal of Arthurian romance is “the dish” containing Christ transubstantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, and made visible to the bodily eye of man. This will appear quite obvious to the reader by the following extracts:--