Chapter XXII: Book I: Satan presents himself as an old peasant, and, entering into (12)

Then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder.... In the
midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more clear by seven times than
the day, and all they were alighted of the grace of the Holy
Ghost.... Then there entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered
with white samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who
bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good odors, and
every knight had such meat and drink as he best loved in the world,
and when the Holy Grale had been borne through the hall, then the
holy vessel departed suddenly, and they wist not where it
became.--Ch. 35.

Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy vessel, that
had all the signs of the passion of Christ, and he said ... “This
is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb on Sher-Thursday, and now
hast thou seen it ... yet hast thou not seen it so openly as thou
shalt see it in the city of Sarras ... therefore thou must go hence
and bear with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart
from the realm of Logris ... and take with thee ... Sir Percivale
and Sir Bors.”--Ch. 101.

So departed Sir Galahad, and Sir Percivale and Sir Bors with him.
And so they rode three days, and came to a river, and found a ship
... and when on board, they found in the midst the table of silver
and the Sancgreall covered with red samite.... Then Sir Galahad
laid him down and slept ... and when he woke ... he saw the city of
Sarras (ch. 103).... At the year’s end ... he saw before him the
holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon his knees in the likeness of
the bishop, which had about him a great fellowship of angels, as it
had been Christ Himself ... and when he came to the sakering of the
Mass, and had done, anon he called Sir Galahad, and said unto him,
“Come forth ... and thou shalt see that which thou hast much
desired to see” ... and he beheld spiritual things ... (ch.
104).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_, iii. 35, 101, 104
(1470).

The earliest story of the Holy Graal was in verse (A.D. 1100), author unknown.

Chrétien de Troyes has a romance in eight-syllable verse on the same subject (1170).

Guiot’s tale of _Titurel_, founder of Graalburg, and _Parzival_, prince thereof, belongs to the twelfth century.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minnesinger, took Guiot’s tale as the foundation of his poem (thirteenth century).

In _Titurel the Younger_ the subject is very fully treated.

Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the _History of Prince Arthur_, translated in 1470 from the French) treats the subject in prose very fully.

R. S. Hawker has a poem on the _Sangraal_, but it was never completed.

Tennyson has an idyll called _The Holy Grail_ (1858).

Boisserée published, in 1834, at Munich, a work _On the Description of the Temple of the Holy Graal_.

=Sangra´do= (_Doctor_), of Valladolid. This is the “Sagredo” of Espinel’s romance called _Marcos de Obregon_. “The doctor was a tall, meagre, pale man, who had kept the shears of Clotho employed for forty years at least. He had a very solemn appearance, weighed his discourse, and used ‘great pomp of words.’ His reasonings were geometrical, and his opinions his own.” Dr. Sangrado considered that blood was not needful for life, and that hot water could not be administered too plentifully into the system. Gil Blas became his servant and pupil, and was allowed to drink any quantity of water, but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas and stewed apples.

Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and stewed prunes.

Dr. Rezio, of Barataria, allowed Sancho Panza to eat “a few wafers and a thin slice or two of quince.”--Cervantes, _Don Quixote_, II. iii. 10 (1615).

=Sansculottes= (3 _syl._), a low, riff-raff party in the great French Revolution, so shabby in dress that they were termed “the trouser-less.” The _culotte_ is the breeches, called _bræck_ by the ancient Gauls, and _hauts-de-chausses_ in the reign of Charles IX.

=Sansculottism=, red republicanism, or the revolutionary platform of the Sansculottes.

The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, invaded France
to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and save legitimacy from the
sacrilegious hands of sansculottism.--G. H. Lewes, _Story of
Goethe’s Life_.

_Literary Sansculottism_, literature of a low character, like that of the “Minerva Press,” the “Leipsic Fair,” “Hollywell Street,” “Grub Street,” and so on.

=Sansfoy=, a “faithless Saracen,” who attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was slain by him. “He cared for neither God nor man.” Sansfoy personifies infidelity.

Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint
He was, and carëd not for God or man a point.

Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

=Sansjoy=, brother of Sansfoy. When he came to the court of Lucifĕra, he noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage was so great that he was with difficulty restrained from running on the champion there and then, but Lucifera bade him defer the combat to the following day. Next day, the fight began, but just as the Red Cross Knight was about to deal his adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried off in the chariot of Night to the infernal regions, where Æsculapius healed him of his wounds.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 4, 5 (1590).

(The reader will doubtless call to mind the combat of Menalāos and Paris, and remember how the Trojan was invested in a cloud and carried off by Venus under similar circumstances.--Homer, _Iliad_, iii.)

=Sansloy= (“_superstition_”), the brother of Sansfoy and Sansjoy. He carried off Una to the wilderness, but when the fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he saved himself by flight.

⁂ The meaning of this allegory is this; Una (_truth_), separated from St. George (_holiness_), is deceived by Hypocrisy; and immediately Truth joins Hypocrisy it is carried away by Superstition. Spenser says the “simplicity of truth” abides with the common people, especially of the rural districts, it is lost to towns and the luxurious great. The historical reference is to Queen Mary, in whose reign Una (_the Re__formation_) was carried captive, and religion, being mixed up with hypocrisy, degenerated into superstition, but the rural population adhered to the simplicity of the Protestant faith.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

=Sansonetto=, a Christian regent of Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne.--Ariosto, _Orlando Furioso_ (1516).

=Santa Klaus= (1 _syl._), the Dutch name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint of youth.

=Santiago= [_Sent.yah´.go_], the war-cry of Spain; adopted because St. James (_Sant Iago_) rendered, according to tradition, signal service to a Christian king of Spain in a battle against the Moors.

=Santiago for Spain.= This saint was James, son of Zebedee, brother of John. He was beheaded, and caught his head in his hands as it fell. The Jews were astonished, but when they touched the body they found it so cold that their hands and arms were paralyzed.--Francisco Xavier, _Añales de Galicia_ (1733).

_Santiago’s Head._ When Santiago went to Spain in his marble ship, he had no head on his body. The passage took seven days, and the ship was steered by the “presiding hand of Providence.”--_España Sagrada_, xx. 6.

_Santiago had two heads._ One of his heads is at Braga, and one at Compostella.

_Santiago lead the armies of Spain._ Thirty-eight instances of the interference of this saint are gravely set down as facts in the _Chronicles of Galicia_, and this is super-added: “These instances are well known, but I hold it for certain that the appearances of Santiago in our victorious armies have been much more numerous, and in fact that every victory obtained by the Spaniards has been really achieved by this great captain.” Once when the rider on the white horse was asked in battle who he was, he distinctly made answer, “I am the soldier of the King of kings, and my name is James.”--Don Miguel Erce Gimenez, _Armas i Triunfos del Reino de Galicia_, 648-9.

The true name of this saint was Jacobo.... We have first shortened
Santo Jacobo into _Santo Jac’o_. We clipped it again into _Sant’
Jaco_, and by changing the _J_ into _I_ and the _c_ into _g_, we
get _Sant-Iago_. In household names we convert Iago into _D’iago_
or _Diago_, which we soften into _Diego_.--Ambrosio de Morales,
_Coronica General de España_, ix. 7 sect. 2 (1586).

=Santons=, a body of religionists, also called _Abdals_, who pretended to be inspired with the most enthusiastic raptures of divine love. They were regarded by the vulgar as saints. Olearius, _Reisebeschreibung_, i. 971 (1647).

=Sapphi´ra=, a female liar.--_Acts_ v. 1.

She is called the village Sapphira.--Crabbe.

=Sappho=, Greek poetess of the sixth century B.C., called “The Tenth Muse.” Fragments of her verse remain which are very beautiful. She was the victim of unrequited love, and leaped to her death from the Leucadian Rock into the sea.

_Sappho_ (_The English_), Mrs. Mary D. Robinson (1758-1800).

_Sappho_ (_The French_), Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1704).

_Sappho_ (_The Scotch_), Catherine Cockburn (1679-1749).

=Sappho of Toulouse=, Clémence Isaure (2 _syl._), who instituted, in 1490, _Les Jeux Floraux_. She is the authoress of a beautiful _Ode to Spring_ (1463-1513).

=Sapskull=, a raw Yorkshire tike, son of Squire Sapskull, of Sapskull Hall. Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to marry his niece and ward, Arbella, but as Arbella loves Gaylove, a young barrister, the tike is played upon thus: Gaylove assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad, Slango, dresses up as a woman to pass for Arbella; and while Sapskull “marries” Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is then discovered, and Sapskull returns to the home of his father, befooled but not married.--Carey, _The Honest Yorkshireman_ (1736).

=Saracen= (_A_), in Arthurian romance, means any unbaptized person, regardless of nationality. Thus, Priamus, of Tuscany, is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97); so is Sir Palomides, simply because he refused to be baptized till he had done some noble deed (pt. ii.).--Sir T. Malory, _History of Prince Arthur_ (1470).

=Sara Carroll.= Devoted daughter of Major Carroll and firm ally of her dainty stepmother, Madame Carroll, in the latter’s renewal of intercourse with her eldest son and concealment of his existence from her husband. Sara contrives that the mother shall be with the young man when he dies, and by becoming the go-between for the two, incurs the suspicions of her lover.--Constance Fenimore Woolson, _For the Major_.

=Saragossa= (_The Maid of_), Augustina Saragossa or Zaragoza, who, in 1808, when the city was invested by the French, mounted the battery in the place of her lover who had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he was at Seville, “the maid” used to walk daily on the prado, decorated with medals and orders, by command of the junta. Southey, _History of the Peninsular War_ (1832).

Her lover sinks--she sheds no ill timed tear;
Her chief is slain--she fills his fatal post;
Her fellows flee--she checks their base career;
The foe retires--she heads the sallying host.
... the flying Gaul,
Foiled by a woman’s hand before a battered wall.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, i. 56 (1809).

=Sardanapa´lus=, king of Nineveh and Assyria, noted for his luxury and voluptuousness. Arbācês, the Mede, conspired against him, and defeated him; whereupon his favorite slave, Myrra, induced him to immolate himself on a funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having set fire to the pile, leaped into the blazing mass, and was burnt to death with the king, her master (B.C. 817).--Byron, _Sardanapalus_ (1619).

=Sardanapa´lus of China= (_The_), Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his palace with his queen, and then set fire to the building, that he might not fall into the hands of Woo-wong (B.C. 1154-1122).

(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, and Woo-wong founded the Tchow dynasty.)

=Sardanapa´lus of Germany= (_The_), Wenceslas VI. or (IV.), king of Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 1378-1419).

=Sarell Gately.= Shrewd, “capable” girl who “lives out” on the Heybrook farm.

“She was a young woman to take up responsibilities as she went
along. She liked them. She became naturally a part of whatever was
happening in her Troy; and wherever her temporary Troy might be,
there was pretty sure to be something happening.”--A. D. T.
Whitney, _Odd or Even?_ (1880).

=Sassenach=, a Saxon, an Englishman. (Welsh, _saesonig_ adj. and _saesoniad_ noun.)

I would, if I thought I’d be able to catch some of the Sassenachs
in London.--_Very Far West Indeed._

=Satan=, according to the _Talmud_, was once an archangel, but was cast out of heaven with one-third of the celestial host for refusing to do reverence to Adam.

In mediæval mythology, Satan holds the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal orders.

Johan Wier, in his _Præstigiis Dæmonum_ (1564), makes Beëlzebub the sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of the opposition.

In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with horns and tail, saucer eyes, and claws; but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beautiful, daring, and commanding. He declares his opinion that it is “better to reign in hell than serve in heaven.” Defoe has written a _Political History of the Devil_ (1726).

_Satan_, according to Milton, monarch of hell. His chief lords are Beëlzebub, Moloch, Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, Rimmon, and Belial. His standard-bearer is Azaz´el.

He, above the rest
In shape and gesture proudly eminent,
Stood like a tower. His form had not yet lost
All her original brightness; nor appeared
Less than archangel ruined, and the excess
Of glory obscured ... but his face
Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care
Sat on his faded cheek ... cruel his eye, but cast
Signs of remorse.

Milton, _Paradise Lost_, i. 589, etc. (1665).

⁂ The word Satan means “enemy;” hence Milton says:

To whom the arch-enemy,
... in heaven called Satan.

_Paradise Lost_, i. 81 (1665).

=Satanic School= (_The_), a class of writers in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, who showed a scorn for all moral rules and the generally received dogmas of the Christian religion. The most eminent English writers of this school were Bulwer (afterwards Lord Lytton), Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. Of French writers: Paul de Kock, Rousseau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo.

=Satire= (_Father of_), Archilŏchos of Paros (B.C. seventh century).

_Satire_ (_Father of French_), Mathurin Regnier (1573-1613).

_Satire_ (_Father of Roman_), Lucilius (B.C. 148-103).

=Satiro-mastix=, or _The Untrussing of the Humorous Poet_, a comedy by Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 1601, had attacked Dekker in _The Poetaster_, where he calls himself “Horace,” and Dekker “Cris´pinus.” Next year (1602), Dekker replied with spirit to this attack, in a comedy entitled _Satiro-mastix_, where Jonson is called “Horace, junior.”

=Saturday.= To the following English sovereigns from the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, Saturday has proved a fatal day:--

HENRY VII. died Saturday, April 21, 1509.

GEORGE II. died Saturday, October 27, 1760.

GEORGE III. died Saturday, January 29, 1820, but of his fifteen children only three died on a Saturday.

GEORGE IV. died Saturday, June 26, 1830, but the Princess Charlotte died on a Tuesday.

PRINCE ALBERT died Saturday, December 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent and the Princess Alice also died on a Saturday.

⁂ William III., Anne, and George I., all died on a Sunday; William IV. on a Tuesday.

=Saturn=, son of Heaven and Earth. He always swallowed his children immediately they were born, till his wife, Rhea, not liking to see all her children perish, concealed from him the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and gave her husband large stones instead, which he swallowed without knowing the difference.

Much as old Saturn ate his progeny;
For when his pious consort gave him stones
In lieu of sons, of those he made no bones.

Byron, _Don Juan_, xiv. 1 (1824).

_Saturn_, an evil and malignant planet.

He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the planet
Saturn, a malicious mortal whose pleasure consists in hating all
the world.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_, v. 12 (1724).

The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be great jangeleres
and chyders ... and they will never forgyve tyll they be revenged
of theyr quarrell.--Ptholomeus, _Compost_.

=Satyr.= T. Woolner calls Charles II. “Charles the Satyr.”

Next flared Charles Satyr’s saturnalia
Of lady nymphs.

_My Beautiful Lady._

⁂ The most famous statue of the satyrs is that by Praxitĕlês, of Athens, in the fourth century.

=Satyrane= (_Sir_), a blunt, but noble knight, who helps Una to escape from the fauns and satyrs.--Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. (1590).

And passion erst unknown, could gain
The breast of blunt Sir Satyrane.

Sir W. Scott.

⁂ “Sir Satyrane” is meant for Sir John Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII., and lord deputy of Ireland, from 1583 to 1588; but, in 1590, he was in prison in the Tower for treason, and was beheaded in 1592.

=Satyr´icon=, a comic romance in Latin, by Petro´nius Ar´biter, in the first century. Very gross, but showing great power, beauty, and skill.

=Saul=, in Dryden’s satire of _Absalom and Achitophel_, is meant for Oliver Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David, and drove him from Jerusalem, so Cromwell persecuted Charles II., and drove him from England.

... ere Saul they chose,
God was their king, and God they durst depose.

Pt. i. (1681).

⁂ This was the “divine right” of kings.

=Saunders=, groom of Sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak.--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time, Charles II.).

_Saunders_ (_Richard_), the pseudonym of Dr. Franklin, adopted in _Poor Richard’s Almanac_, begun in 1732.

=Saunders Sweepclean=, a king’s messenger, at Knockwinnock Castle.--Sir W. Scott, _The Antiquary_ (time George III.).

=Saunderson= (_Saunders_), butler, etc., to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan.--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time, George II.).

=Saurid=, king of Egypt, say the Coptites (2 _syl._) built the pyramids 300 years before the Flood, and according to the same authority, the following inscription was engraved upon one of them:--

I, King Saurid, built the pyramids ... and finished them in six
years. He that comes after me ... let him destroy them in 600 if he
can ... I also covered them ... with satin, and let him cover them
with matting.--Greaves, _Pyramidographia_, (seventeenth century).

=Savage= (_Captain_), a naval commander.--Captain Marryat, _Peter Simple_ (1833).

=Sav´il=, steward to the elder Loveless.--Beaumont and Fletcher, _The Scornful Lady_ (1616).

=Sav´ille= (2 _syl._), the friend of Doricourt. He saves Lady Frances Touchwood from Courtall, and frustrates his infamous designs on the lady’s honor.--Mrs. Cowley, _The Belle’s Stratagem_ (1780).

_Saville_ (_Lord_), a young nobleman with Chiffinch (emissary of Charles II.).--Sir W. Scott, _Peveril of the Peak_ (time Charles II.).

=Saviour of Rome.= C. Marĭus was so called after the overthrow of the Cimbri, July 30, B.C. 101.

=Saviour of the Nations.= So the duke of Wellington was termed after the overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1852).

Oh, Wellington ... called “Saviour of the Nations!”

Byron, _Don Juan_, ix. 5 (1824).

=Sawney=, a corruption of Sandie, a contracted form of Alexander. Sawney means a Scotchman, as David a Welshman, John Bull an Englishman, Cousin Michael a German, Brother Jonathan a native of the United States, Macaire a Frenchman, Colin Tampon a Swiss, and so on.

=Sawyer= (_Bob_), a dissipated, struggling young medical practitioner, who tries to establish a practice at Bristol, but without success. Sam Weller calls him “Mr. Sawbones.”--C. Dickens, _The Pickwick Papers_ (1836)

=Saxon Duke= (_The_), mentioned by Butler in his _Hudibras_, was John Frederick, duke of Saxony, of whom Charles V. said, “Never saw I such a swine before.”

=Sboga= (_Jean_), the hero of a romance by C. Nodier (1818), a leader of bandits, in the spirit of Lord Byron’s _Corsair_ and _Lara_.

=Scadder= (_General_), agent in the office of the “Eden Settlement.” His peculiarity consisted in the two distinct expressions of his profile, for “one side seemed to be listening to what the other side was doing.”--C. Dickens, _Martin Chuzzlewit_ (1844).

=Scalds=, court poets and chroniclers of the ancient Scandinavians. They resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, and attended the king in all his wars. They also acted as ambassadors between hostile tribes, and their persons were held sacred. These bards celebrated in song the gods, the kings of Norway, and national heroes. Their lays or _vyses_ were compiled in the eleventh century by Sæmund Sigfusson, a priest and scald of Iceland, and the compilation is called the _Elder_ or _Rythmical Edda_.

=Scallop-Shell= (_The_). Every one knows that St. James’s pilgrims are distinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a blunder to suppose that other pilgrims are privileged to wear them. Three of the popes have, by their bulls, distinctly confirmed this right to the Compostella pilgrim alone: viz., Pope Alexander III., Pope Gregory IX. and Pope Clement V.

Now, the escallop or scallop, is a shell-fish, like an oyster or large cockle; but Gwillim tells us what ignorant zoölogists have omitted to mention, that the bivalve is “engendered solely of dew and air. It has no blood at all; yet no food that man eats turns so soon into life-blood as the scallop.”--_Display of Heraldy_, 171.

_Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims._ The reason why the scallop-shell is used by pilgrims is not generally known. The legend is this: When the marble ship which bore the headless body of St. James approached Bouzas, in Portugal, it happened to be the wedding day of the chief magnate of the village; and while the bridal party was at sport, the horse of the bridegroom became unmanageable, and plunged into the sea. The ship passed over the horse and its rider, and pursued its onward course, when, to the amazement of all, the horse and its rider emerged from the water uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was thickly covered with scallop-shells. All were dumbfounded, and knew not what to make of these marvels, but a voice from heaven exclaimed, “It is the will of God that all who henceforth make their vows to St. James, and go on pilgrimage, shall take with them scallop-shells; and all who do so shall be remembered in the day of judgment.” On hearing this, the lord of the village, with the bride and bridegroom, were duly baptized, and Bouzas became a Christian Church.--_Sanctoral Portugues_ (copied into the _Breviaries_ of _Alcobaça and St. Cucufate_).

Cunctis mare cernentibus,
Sed a profundo ducitur;
Natus Regis submergitur,
Totus plenus conchilibus.

_Hymn for St. James’s day._

In sight of all the prince went down,
Into the deep sea dells;
In sight of all the prince emerged,
Covered with scallop-shells.

=Scalping= (_Rules for_). The Cheyennes, in scalping, remove from the part just over the left ear a piece of skin not larger than a silver dollar. The Arrapahoes take a similar piece from the region of the right ear. Others take the entire skin from the crown of the head, the forehead, or the nape of the neck. The Utes take the entire scalp from ear to ear, and from the forehead to the nape of the neck.

=Scambister= (_Eric_), the old butler of Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

⁂ A udaller is one who holds his lands by allodial tenure.

=Scandal=, a male character in _Love for Love_, by Congreve (1695).

_Scandal_ (_School for_), a comedy by Sheridan (1777).

=Scanderbeg.= So George Castriota, an Albanian hero, was called. Amurath II. gave him the command of 5000 men, and such was his daring and success, that he was called Skander (_Alexander_). In the battle of Morava (1443) he deserted Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, won several battles over the Turks. At the instigation of Pius II. he headed a crusade against them, but died of a fever, before Mahomet II. arrived to oppose him (1404-1467). (Beg or Bey is the Turkish for “prince.”)

_Scanderbeg’s sword needs Scanderbeg’s arm._ Mahomet II. “the Great” requested to see the scimitar which George Castriota used so successfully against the Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and wholly unable to draw it, he pronounced the weapon to be a hoax, but received for answer, “Scanderbeg’s sword needs Scanderbeg’s arm to wield it.”

The Greeks had a similar saying, “None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses’s bow.”

=Scapegoat= (_The_), a farce by John Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned pundit, master of seventeen languages, is the tutor of Charles Eustace, aged 24 years. Charles has been clandestinely married for four years, and has a little son named Frederick. Circumstances have occurred which render the concealment of this marriage no longer decorous or possible, so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals his young wife for the nonce in Polyglot’s private room. Here she is detected by the housemaid, Molly Maggs, who tells her master, and old Eustace says, the only reparation a man can make in such circumstances is to marry the girl at once. “Just so,” says the tutor. “Your son is the husband, and he is willing at once to acknowledge his wife and infant son.”

=Scapin=, valet of Léandre, son of Seignior Géronte. (See FOURBERIES.)--Molière, _Les Fourberies de Scapin_ (1671).

(Otway has made an English version of this play, called _The Cheats of Scapin_, in which Léandre is Anglicized into “Leander,” Géronte is called “Gripe,” and his friend, Argante, father of Zerbinette, is called “Thrifty,” father of “Lucia.”[TN-160]

=Scapi´no=, the cunning, knavish servant of Gratiano, the loquacious and pedantic Bolognese doctor.--_Italian Mask._

=Scar= (_Little_), son of Major and Madam Carroll, believed by his father to be legitimate, known by his mother to have been born during the lifetime of her first husband, although she had married the major, supposing herself a widow.--Constance Fenimore Woolson, _For the Major_.

=Scar´amouch=, a braggart and fool, most valiant in words, but constantly being drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch is a common character in Italian farce, originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish don, and therefore dressed in Spanish costume. Our clown is an imbecile old idiot, and wholly unlike the dashing poltroon of Italian pantomime. The best “Scaramouches” that ever lived were Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born 1608), and Gandini (eighteenth century).

_Scar´borough Warning_ (_A_), a warning given too late to be taken advantage of. Fuller says the allusion is to an event which occurred in 1557, when Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough Castle, before the townsmen had any notice of his approach. Heywood says a “Scarborough warning” resembles what is now called Lynch law: punished first, and warned afterwards. Another solution is this: If ships passed the castle without saluting it by striking sail, it was customary to fire into them a shotted gun, by way of warning.

Be suërly seldom, and never for much ...
Or Scarborow warning, as ill I believe,
When (“Sir, I arrest ye”) gets hold of thy sleeve.

T. Tusser, _Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry_, x. 28 (1557).

=Scarlet= (_Will_), =Scadlock= or =Scathelocke=, one of the companions of Robin Hood.

“Take thy good bowe in thy hande,” said Robyn.
“Let Moche wend with the
And so shall Wyllyam Scathelocke,
And no man abyde with me.”

Ritson, _Robin Hood Ballads_, i. 1 (1520).

The tinker looking him about,
Robin his horn did blow;
Then came unto him Little John
And William Scadlock, too.

Ditto, ii. 7 (1656).

And there of him they made a
Good yeoman Robin Hood,
Scarlet and Little John,
And Little John, hey ho!

Ditto, appendix 2 (1790).

In the two dramas called _The First and Second Parts of Robin Hood_, by Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle, Scathlock or Scadlock, is called the brother of Will Scarlet.

... possible that Warman’s spite ... doth hunt the lives
Of bonnie Scarlet and his brother, Scathlock.

Pt. i. (1597).

Then “enter Warman, with Scarlet and Scathlock bounde,” but Warman is banished, and the brothers are liberated and pardoned.

=Scarlet Woman= (_The_), popery (_Rev._ xvii. 4).

And fulminated
Against the scarlet woman and her creed.

Tennyson, _Sea Dreams_.

=Scathelocke= (2 _syl._) or =Scadlock=, one of the companions of Robin Hood. Either the brother of Will Scarlet or another spelling of the name. (See SCARLET.)

=Scatterbury= (_Juliet_). Ambitious New York woman, who lives in a flat and pretends to distant friends that she lives in a Fifth Avenue brown stone front; “an egregious follower of Ananias and Sapphira.”--William Henry Bishop, _The Brown Stone Boy and Other Stories_ (1888).

=Scavenger’s Daughter= (_The_), an instrument of torture, invented by Sir William Skevington, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. “Scavenger” is a corruption of Skevington.

_To kiss the scavenger’s daughter_, to suffer punishment by this instrument of torture, to be beheaded by a guillotine or some similar instrument.

=Sceaf= [_Sheef_], one of the ancestors of Woden. So called because in infancy he was laid on a wheatsheaf, and cast adrift in a boat; the boat stranded on the shores of Sleswig, and the infant, being considered a gift from the gods, was brought up for a future king.--_Beowulf_ (an Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century).

=Scepticism= (_Father of Modern_), Pierre Bayle (1647-1706).

=Schacabac=, “the hare-lipped,” a man reduced to the point of starvation, invited to a feast by the rich Barmecide. Instead of victuals and drink, the rich man set before his guest empty dishes and empty glasses, pretending to enjoy the imaginary foods and drinks. Schacabac entered into the spirit of the joke, and did the same. He washed in imaginary water, ate of the imaginary delicacies, and praised the imaginary wine. Barmecide was so delighted with his guest, that he ordered in a substantial meal, of which he made Schacabac a most welcome partaker.--_Arabian Nights_ (“The Barber’s Sixth Brother”). (See SHACCABAC.)

=Schah´riah=, sultan of Persia. His wife being unfaithful, and his brother’s wife too, Schahriah imagined that no woman was virtuous. He resolved, therefore, to marry a fresh wife every night, and to have her strangled at daybreak. Scheherazādê, the vizier’s daughter, married him notwithstanding, and contrived, an hour before daybreak, to begin a story to her sister, in the sultan’s hearing, always breaking off before the story was finished. The sultan got interested in these tales; and, after a thousand and one nights, revoked his decree, and found in Scheherazadê a faithful, intelligent, and loving wife.--_Arabian Nights’ Entertainments._

=Schah´zaman=, sultan of the “Island of the children of Khal´edan,” situated in the open sea, some twenty day’s sail from the coast of Persia. The sultan had a son, an only child, named Camaral´zaman, the most beautiful of mortals. Camaralzaman married Badoura, the most beautiful of women, the only daughter of Gaiour (2 _syl._), emperor of China.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Camaralzaman and Badoura”).

=Schaibar= (2 _syl._), brother of the fairy Pari-Banou. He was only eighteen inches in height, and had a huge hump both before and behind. His beard, though thirty feet long, never touched the ground, but projected forwards. His moustaches went back to his ears, and his little pig’s eyes were buried in his enormous head. He wore a conical hat, and carried for quarterstaff an iron bar of 500 lbs. weight at least.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Ahmed and Pari-Banou”).

=Schamir= (_The_) that instrument or agent with which Solomon wrought the stones of the Temple, being forbidden to use any metal instrument for the purpose. Some say the Schamir´ was a worm; some that it was a stone; some that it was “a creature no bigger than a barleycorn, which nothing could resist.”

=Scheherazade= [_Sha.ha´.ra.zah´.de_], the hypothetical relater of the stories in the _Arabian Nights_. She was the elder daughter of the vizier of Persia. The sultan, Schahriah, exasperated at the infidelity of his wife, came to the hasty conclusion that no woman could be faithful; so he determined to marry a new wife every night, and strangle her at daybreak. Scheherazādê, wishing to free Persia of this disgrace, requested to be made the sultan’s wife, and succeeded in her wish. She was young and beautiful, of great courage and ready wit, well read, and an excellent memory, knew history, philosophy, and medicine, was besides a good poet, musician, and dancer. Scheherazadê obtained permission of the sultan for her younger sister, Dinarzadê, to sleep in the same chamber, and instructed her to say, one hour before daybreak, “Sister, relate to me one of those delightful stories which you know, as this will be the last time.” Scheherazadê then told the sultan (under pretence of speaking to her sister) a story, but always contrived to break off before the story was finished. The sultan, in order to hear the end of the story, spared her life till the next night. This went on for a thousand and one nights, when the sultan’s resentment was worn out, and his admiration of his sultana was so great that he revoked his decree.--_Arabian Nights’ Entertainments._ (See MORADBAK.)

Roused like the Sultana Scheherazadê, and forced into a story.--C.
Dickens, _David Copperfield_ (1849).

=Schemseddin Mohammed=, elder son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his brother on the subject of their two children’s hypothetical marriage; but the brothers were not yet married, and children “were only in supposition.” Noureddin Ali quitted Cairo, and travelled to Basora, where he married the vizier’s daughter, and on the very same day Schemseddin married the daughter of one of the chief grandees of Cairo. On one and the same day a daughter was born to Schemseddin, and a son to his brother, Noureddin Ali. When Schemseddin’s daughter was 20 years old, the sultan asked her in marriage, but the vizier told him she was betrothed to his brother’s son, Bed´reddin Ali. At this reply, the sultan, in anger, swore she should be given in marriage to the “ugliest of his slaves;” and accordingly betrothed her to Hunchback, a groom, both ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the groom, but at daybreak was conveyed to Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, and was discovered by his mother by his cheese-cakes. Being restored to his country and his wife, he ended his life happily.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Noureddin Ali,” etc.). (See CHEESE-CAKES.)

=Schemsel´nihar=, the favorite sultana of Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph of Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboulhassan Ali ebn Becar, prince of Persia. From the first moment of their meeting they began to pine for each other, and fell sick. Though miles apart, they died at the same hour, and were both buried in the same grave.--_Arabian Nights_ (“Aboulhassen and Schemselnihar”).

=Schlemihl= (_Peter_), the hero of a popular German legend. Peter sells his shadow to an “old man in grey,” who meets him while fretting under a disappointment. The name is a household term for one who makes a desperate and silly bargain.--Chamisso, _Peter Schlemihl_ (1813).

=Schmidt= (_Mr._), a German of kindly spirit and refined tastes, “in his talk gently cynical.” “To know him a little was to dislike him, but to know him well was to love him.” At the feet of a pretty Quaker dame, he laid an homage, which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was schooled by sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he hardly ever wished to change.--Silas Weir Mitchell, _Hephzibah Guinness_ (1880).

=Scholastic= (_The_), Epipha´nius, an Italian scholar (sixth century).

=Scholastic Doctor= (_The_), Anselm, of Laon (1050-1117).

=Scholey= (_Lawrence_), servant at Burgh-Westra. His master is Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland.--Sir W. Scott, _The Pirate_ (time, William III.).

⁂ Udaller, one who holds land by allodial tenure.

=Schonfelt=, lieutenant of Sir Archibald von Hagenbach, a German noble.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=School of Husbands=, (_L’école des Maris_, “wives trained by men”), a comedy by Molière (1661). Ariste and Sganarelle, two brothers, bring up Léonor and Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to their systems for making them in time their model wives. Sganarelle’s system was to make the women dress plainly, live retired, attend to domestic duties, and have few indulgences. Ariste’s system was to give the woman great liberty, and trust to her honor. Isabelle, brought up by Sganarelle, deceived him and married another; but Léonor, brought up by Ariste, made him a fond and faithful wife.

Sganarelle’s plan:

J’entend que la mienne vive à ma fantaisie--
Que d’une serge honnête elle ait son vêtement,
Et ne porte le noir, qu’ aux bons jours seulement;
Qu’ enfermée au logis, en personne bien sage,
Elle s’applique toute aux choses du ménage,
A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir,
Ou bien à tricoter quelques bas par plasir;[TN-161]
Qu’ aux discours des muguets elle ferme l’oreille,
Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille.

Ariste’s plan:

Leur sexe aime à jouir d’un peu de liberté;
On le retient fort mal par tant d’austérité;
Et les soins défiants les verroux et les grilles,
Ne font pas la vertu des femmes ni des filles;
C’est l’honneur qui les doit tenir dans le devoir,
Non la sévérité que nous leur faisons voir ...
Je trouve que le cœur est ce qu’il faut gagner.

Act i. 2.

=School for Wives= (_L’école des Femmes_, “training for wives”), a comedy by Molière (1662). Arnolphe has a crotchet about the proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme upon Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant’s cottage, and designs in due time to make his wife. He sends her from early childhood to a convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored. When removed from the convent she treats men as if they were schoolgirls, kisses them, plays with them, and treats them with girlish familiarity. The consequence is, a young man named Horace falls in love with her and makes her his wife, but Arnolphe loses his pains.

=Schoolmen.= (For a list of the schoolmen of each of the three periods, see _Dictionary of Phrase and Fable_, 794.)

=Schoolmistress= (_The_), a poem in Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (1758). The “schoolmistress” was Sarah Lloyd, who taught the poet himself in infancy. She lived in a thatched cottage, before which grew a birch tree, to which allusion is made in the poem.

There dwells, in lowly shed and mean attire,
A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name ...
And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree.

Stanzas 2, 3.

=Schreckenwald= (_Ital._), steward of Count Albert.--Sir W. Scott, _Anne of Geierstein_ (time, Edward IV.).

=Schwaker= (_Jonas_), jester of Leopold, archduke of Austria.--Sir W. Scott, _The Talisman_ (time, Richard I.).

=Scian Muse= (_The_), Simon´dês, born at Scia, or Cea, now _Zia_, one of the Cyclades.

The Scian and the Teian Muse [_Anacreon_] ...
Have found the fame your shores refuse.

Byron, _Don Juan_, iii. (“The Isles of Greece,” 1820).

=Science= (_The prince of_), Tehuhe, “The Aristotle of China” (died A.D. 1200).

=Scio= (now called _Chios_), one of the seven cities which claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. Hence he is sometimes called “Scio’s Blind Old Bard.” The seven cities referred to make an hexameter verse:

Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenæ; _or_
Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Ithacâ, Pylos, Argos, Athenæ.

Antipater Sidonius, _A Greek Epigram_.

=Sciol´to= (3 _syl._), a proud Genoese nobleman, the father of Calista. Calista was the bride of Altamont, a young man proud and fond of her, but it was discovered on the wedding day that she had been seduced by Lothario. This led to a series of calamities: (1) Lothario was killed in a duel by Altamont; (2) a street riot was created, in which Sciolto received his death-wound; and (3) Calista stabbed herself.--N. Rowe, _The Fair Penitent_ (1703).

(In Italian, _Sciolto_ forms but two syllables, but Rowe has made it three in every case.)

=Scipio= “dismissed the Iberian maid” (Milton, _Paradise Regained_, ii.). The poet refers to the tale of Scipio’s restoring a captive princess to her lover, Allucius, and giving to her, as a wedding present, the money of her ransom. (See CONTINENCE.)

During his command in Spain a circumstance occurred which
contributed more to his fame and glory than all his military
exploits. At the taking of New Carthage, a lady of extraordinary
beauty was brought to Scipio, who found himself greatly affected by
her charms. Understanding, however, that she was betrothed to a
Celtibērian prince named Allucius, he resolved to conquer his
rising passion, and sent her to her lover without recompense. A
silver shield, on which this interesting event is depicted, was
found in the river Rhone by some fishermen in the seventeenth
century.--Goldsmith, _History of Rome_, xiv. 3. (Whittaker’s
improved edition contains a fac-simile of the shield on p. 215.)

_Scipio_, son of the gypsy woman, Coscolīna, and the soldier, Torribio Scipio. Scipio becomes the secretary of Gil Blas, and settles down with him at “the castle of Lirias.” His character and adventures are very similar to those of Gil Blas himself, but he never rises to the same level. Scipio begins by being a rogue, who pilfered and plundered all who employed him, but in the service of Gil Blas he was a model of fidelity and integrity.--Lesage, _Gil Blas_ (1715).

=Sciro´nian Rocks=, between Meg´ara and Corinth. So called because the bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, were changed into these rocks when Theseus (2 _syl._) hurled him from a cliff into the sea. It was from these rocks that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian bay.--_Greek Fable._

=Scirum.= The men of Scirum used to shoot against the stars.

Like ... men of wit bereaven,
Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven.

Wm. Browne, Britannia’s Pastorals, iv. (1613).

=Scogan= (_Henry_), M.A., a poet, contemporary with Chaucer. He lived in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and probably Henry V. Among the gentry who had letters of protection to attend Richard II. in his expedition into Ireland, in 1399, is “Henricus Scogan, Armiger.”--Tyrwhitt’s _Chaucer_, v. 15 (1773).

Scogan? What was he?
Oh, a fine gentleman and a master of arts
Of Henry the Fourth’s time, that made disguises
For the king’s sons, and writ in ballad royal
Daintily well.

Ben Jonson, _The Fortunate Isles_ (1626).

_Scogan_ (_John_), the favorite jester and buffoon of Edward IV. “Scogan’s jests” were published by Andrew Borde, a physician in the reign of Henry VIII.

The same Sir John [_Falstaff_], the very same. I saw him break
Skogan’s head at the court-gate, when he was a crack not thus
high.--Shakespeare, 2 _Henry IV._ act iii. sc. 2.

⁂ Shakespeare has confounded Henry Scogan, M.A., the poet, who lived in the reign of Henry IV., with John Scogan, the jester, who lived about a century later, in the reign of Edward IV.; and, of course, Sir John Falstaff, could not have known him when “he was a mere crack.”

=Scogan’s Jest.= Scogan and some companions, being in lack of money, agreed to the following trick: A peasant, driving sheep, was accosted by one of the accomplices, who laid a wager that his sheep were hogs, and agreed to abide by the decision of the first person they met. This, of course, was Scogan, who instantly gave judgment against the herdsman.

A similar joke is related in the _Hitopadesa_, an abridged version of Pilpay’s _Fables_. In this case, the “peasant” is represented by a Brahmin carrying a goat, and the joke was to persuade the Brahmin that he was carrying a dog. “How is this, friend,” says one, “that you, a Brahmin, carry on your back such an unclean animal as a dog?” “It is not a dog,” says the Brahmin, “but a goat;” and trudged on. Presently another made the same remark, and the Brahmin, beginning to doubt, took down the goat to look at it. Convinced that the creature was really a goat, he went on, when presently a third made the same remark. The Brahmin, now fully persuaded that his eyes were befooling him, threw down the goat and went away without it; whereupon the three companions took possession of it and cooked it.

In _Tyll Eulenspiegel_ we have a similar hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man with a piece of green cloth, which he resolves to obtain. He employs two confederates, both priests. Says Eulenspiegel to the man, “What a famous piece of blue cloth! Where did you get it?” “Blue, you fool! why, it is green.” After a short contention, a bet is made, and the question in dispute is referred to the first comer. This was a confederate, and he at once decided that the cloth was blue. “You are both in the same boat,” says the man, “which I will prove by the priest yonder.” The question being put to the priest, is decided against the man, and the three rogues divide the cloth amongst them.

Another version is in novel 8 of Fortini. The joke was that certain kids he had for sale were capons.--See Dunlop, _History of Fiction_, viii. art. “Ser Giovanni.”

=Scone= [_Skoon_], a palladium stone. It was erected in Icolmkil for the coronation of Fergus Eric, and was called the _Lia-Fail_ of Ireland. Fergus, the son of Fergus Eric, who led the Dalriads to Argyllshire, removed it to Scone; and Edward I. took it to London. It still remains in Westminster Abbey, where it forms the support of Edward the Confessor’s chair, which forms the coronation chair of the British monarchs.

Ni fallat fatum, Scoti, quocunque locatum
Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.

Lardner, _History of Scotland_, i. 67 (1832).

Where’er this stone is placed, the fates decree,
The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be.

⁂ Of course, the “Scottish race” is the dynasty of the Stuarts and their successors.

=Scotch Guards=, in the service of the French kings, were called his _garde du corps_. The origin of the guard was this: When St. Louis entered upon his first crusade, he was twice saved from death by the valor of a small band of Scotch auxiliaries under the commands of the earls of March and Dunbar, Walter Stuart, and Sir David Lindsay. In gratitude thereof, it was resolved that “a standing guard of Scotchmen, recommended by the king of Scotland, should ever more form the body-guard of the king of France.” This decree remained in force for five centuries.--Grant, _The Scottish Cavalier_, xx.

=Scotland.= So called, according to legend, from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. What gives this legend especial interest is, that when Edward I. laid claim to the country as a fief of England, he pleaded that Brute, the British king, in the days of Eli and Samuel, had conquered it. The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded their independence in virtue of descent from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. This is not fable, but sober history.--Rymer, _Fœdera_, I. ii. (1703).

=Scotland a Fief of England.= When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland as a fief of the English crown, his great plea was that it was awarded to Adelstan, by direct miracle, and, therefore, could never be alienated. His advocates seriously read from _The Life and Miracles of St. John of Beverley_, this extract: Adelstan went to drive back the Scotch, who had crossed the border, and, on reaching the Tyne, St. John of Beverley appeared to him, and bade him cross the river at daybreak. Adelstan obeyed, and reduced the whole kingdom to submission. On reaching Dunbar, in the return march, Adelstan prayed that some sign might be given, to testify to all ages that God had delivered the kingdom into his hands. Whereupon he was commanded to strike the basaltic rock with his sword. This did he, and the blade sank into the rock “as if it had been butter,” cleaving it asunder for “an ell or more.” As the cleft remains to the present hour, in testimony of this miracle, why, of course, _cela va sans dire_.--Rymer, _Fœdera_, I. ii. 771 (1703).

=Scotland’s Scourge=, Edward I. His son, Edward II., buried him in Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is still to be seen, with the following inscription:--

Edwardus Longus, Scotorum Malleus, hic est.
(Our Longshanks, “Scotland’s Scourge,” lies here).

Drayton, _Polyolbion_, xvii. (1613).

So Longshanks, Scotland’s Scourge, the land laid waste.

Ditto, xxix. (1622).

=Scots= (_scuite_, “a wanderer, a rover”), the inhabitants of the western coast of Scotland. As this part is very hilly and barren, it is unfit for tillage; and the inhabitants used to live a roving life on the produce of the chase, their chief employment being the rearing of cattle.

_Scots_ (_The Royal_). The hundred cuirassiers, called _hommes des armes_, which formed the body-guard of the French king, were sent to Scotland in 1633, by Louis XIII., to attend the coronation of Charles I., at Edinburgh. On the outbreak of the civil war, eight years afterwards, these cuirassiers loyally adhered to the crown, and received the title of “The Royal Scots.” At the downfall of the king, the _hommes des armes_ returned to France.

=Scott= (_The Southern_). Ariosto is so called by Lord Byron.

First rose
The Tuscan father’s “comedy divine” [_Dantê_];
Then, not unequal to the Florentine,
The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth
A new creation with his magic line,
And, like the Ariosto of the north [_Sir W. Scott_],
Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.

Byron, _Childe Harold_, iv. 40 (1817).

⁂ Dante was born at Florence.

=Scott of Belgium= (_The Walter_), Hendrick Conscience (1812- ).

=Scottish Anacreon= (_The_), Alexander Scot is so called by Pinkerton.

=Scottish Boanerges= (_The_), Robert and James Haldane (nineteenth century). Robert died 1842, aged 79, and James 1851.

=Scottish Hogarth= (_The_), David Allan (1744-1796).

=Scottish Homer= (_The_), William Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme, entitled _The Epigoniad_ (1753).

=Scottish Solomon= (_The_), James VI. of Scotland, subsequently called James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625).

⁂ The French king called him far more aptly, “The Wisest Fool in Christendom.”

=Scottish Terriers= (_The_), Sir David Wilkie (1785-1841).

=Scottish Theoc´ritos= (_The_), Allan Ramsay (1685-1758).

=Scotus.= There were two schoolmen of this name: (1) John Scotus _Erigena_, a native of Ireland, who died 886, in the reign of King Alfred; (2) John Duns Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. Longfellow confounds these two in his _Golden Legend_ when he attributes the Latin version of _St. Dionysius_, _the Areopagite_, to the latter schoolman.

And done into Latin by that Scottish beast,
Erigena Johannes.

Longfellow, _The Golden Legend_ (1851).

=Scourers=, a class of dissolute young men, often of the better class, who infested the streets of London, in the seventeenth century, and thought it capital fun to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, beat quiet citizens, and molest young women. These young blades called themselves at different times, Muns, Hectors, Scourers, Nickers, Hawcabites, and Mohawks or Mohocks.

=Scourge of Christians= (_The_), Noureddin-Mahmûd, of Damascus (1116-1174).

=Scourge of God= (_The_), Attila, king of the Huns, called _Flagellum Dei_ (died A.D. 453). Gensĕric, king of the Vandals, called _Virga Dei_ (*, reigned 429-477).

=Scourge of Princes= (_The_), Pietro Aretino, of Arezzo, a merciless satirist of kings and princes, but very obscene and licentious. He called himself “Aretino the Divine” (1492-1557).

Thus Aretin of late got reputation
By scourging kings, as Lucian did of old
By scorning gods.

Lord Brooke, _Inquisition Upon Fame_ (1554-1628).

Suidas called Lucian “The Blasphemer;” and he added that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety. Some of his works attack the heathen philosophy and religion. His _Jupiter Convicted_ shows Jupiter to be powerless, and _Jupiter, the Tragedian_, shows Jupiter and the other gods to be myths (120-200).

=Scourge of Scotland=, Edward I., _Scotōrum Malleus_ (1239, 1272-1307).

=Scrape-All=, a soapy, psalm-singing hypocrite, who combines with Cheatly to supply young heirs with cash at most exorbitant usury. (See CHEATLY.)--Shadwell, _Squire of Alsatia_ (1688).

=Scrape on, Gentlemen.= Hadrian went once to the public baths, and, seeing an old soldier scraping himself with a potsherd, for want of a flesh-brush, sent him a sum of money. Next day the bath was crowded with potsherd scrapers; but the emperor said when he saw them, “Scrape on, gentlemen, but you will not scrape an acquaintance with me.”

=Scribble=, an attorney’s clerk, who tries to get married to Polly Honeycombe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well off. He is happily foiled in his scheme, and Polly is saved from the consequences of a most unsuitable match.--G. Colman, the elder, _Polly Honeycombe_ (1760).

=Scrible´rus= (_Cornelius_), father of Martinus. He was noted for his pedantry, and his odd whims about the education of his son.

_Martīnus Scriblērus_, a man of capacity, who had read everything; but his judgment was worthless, and his taste perverted.--(?) Arbuthnot, _Memoirs of the Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martin Scriblerus_.

⁂ These “memoirs” were intended to be the first instalment[TN-162] of a general satire on the false taste in literature prevalent in the time of Pope. The only parts of any moment that were written of this intended series, were Pope’s _Treatise of the Bathos, or Art of Sinking in Poetry_, and his _Memoirs of P. P., Clerk of this Parish_ (1727), in ridicule of Dr. Burnett’s _History of His Own Time_. The _Dunciad_ is, however, preceded by a _Prolegomena_, ascribed to Martinus Scriblerus, and contains his notes and illustrations on the poem, thus connecting this merciless satire with the original design.

=Scriever= (_Jock_), the apprentice of Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully Veolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan).--Sir W. Scott, _Waverley_ (time George II.).