Chapter IV: The Development to Humanity (3)

Thus was determined the programme which historical science, at about the same time, accepted as its own--the programme of a universal history, whose task did not consist in presenting a loosely connected series of the histories of separate States, but in describing the common participation of peoples and States in the development of a universal culture. Furthermore, the way was cleared for the philosophical position that history is not, as was once thought, the expression of a predetermined plan whose purpose is that of a divine education, but that it is the result of laws immanent in historical life itself. Though variously expressed and partly obscured by surviving ideas of the preceding period, this is the fundamental conviction common to the nineteenth-century philosophers of history. It received its most complete expression in the writings of Hegel, not merely in his _Lectures on the Philosophy of History_, but in his entire philosophy, which reflects throughout a broad historical outlook. History had by this time come to be regarded as a strictly self-dependent development of ideas in which each advance proceeds with rigid logical necessity from that which went before. In other words, it was thought of as a development of reason in time, or, in the phraseology of a religious world-view, as the living development of God himself. God is no longer conceived as a transmundane being who guides the destinies of mankind according to a preconceived plan. On the contrary, He is represented as immanent in the world. His innermost nature is described as the world-reason, and this is said to be unfolded particularly in the history of mankind.

However superior this conception may be to the preceding semi-mythological and semi-rationalistic theory of a divine education, it is clearly apparent that it was the outcome of a continuous development, characterized, we may doubtless say, by strict logical necessity. Antecedent to it were, first, the conception that this world is a preparation for the kingdom of God, and, later, the thought that life is an education in accordance with a predetermined plan. That the Hegelian conception is the result of such a development is evident from the very fact that it continues to regard the destinies of mankind as guided by a plan. This plan has, from stage to stage, merely passed from transcendence to immanence, inasmuch as it is finally thought to be present to the mind of the philosopher who interprets the meaning of history. Hence this later philosophy of history resembles the earlier in still another respect. Ultimately, both are more concerned with the future than with the past, thus being at once history and prophecy. Even at the later period, the central question to whose answer everything else is preparatory concerns the final goal toward which mankind is striving. Hence it is that the philosophers of this age are led time and again to divide the total life of humanity into periods inclusive of past, present, and future, precisely as did the world-plan of Augustine, whose basal conception was the idea of redemption. Since these periods are not derived from the progress of events, but are for the most part imposed upon it in conformity to the dictates of logic, the course of history is mapped out by reference to logical categories. Each of the great cultural peoples is portrayed as representing a specific idea, and, disregarding everything that might disturb their sequence, these ideas are arranged in a logical series. Thus, Hegel begins his reconstruction of history with an account of the Chinese as the people who possessed the earliest civilization. He does so, however, not because Chinese culture was as a matter of fact the earliest, but because it has apparently been more stable than other cultures, as well as more closely bound up with rigid external forms. Correspondingly, all succeeding stages of history are arranged by Hegel according to the principle, on the one hand, of a progress from bondage to spiritual freedom, and, on the other, of a transition from finite limitation to a striving for the infinite. This philosophy of history should not be criticized for its lack of knowledge concerning the beginnings of culture. Its fundamental error lies in the fact that, in tracing the development of mankind, it is guided, not by the rich concrete actuality of events but by a logical schematism which is in large measure imposed upon history, and only to a far less degree abstracted from it. That which was once a plan prescribed by God for mankind here at length becomes a plan elaborated by philosophers.

Without question, therefore, a philosophy of history must henceforth adopt a different course. True, it cannot dispense with principles that are in a certain sense external to history itself. Yet the function of such a philosophy would appear to consist in considering historical life from the point of view of the purposes that come to realization within it, and of the values that are created on the various levels of historical culture. Such a teleology of history--indeed, in the last analysis, every teleology--must be preceded by a causal investigation, which begins, here as everywhere, by entirely ignoring purposes and values. Now, history is really an account of mental life. As such, it gives consideration to physical factors only in so far as they furnish the indispensable basis of mind. Hence the direct approach to a philosophy of history which aims, not to acquire a knowledge of reality from _a priori_ concepts but, conversely, to derive ideas from reality, is a _psychological account of the development of mankind_. Although the concrete significance of the particular, as such, precludes the historian from disregarding it, everything that is merely particular should be ignored by one who is giving a psychological account of events. The aim, in this latter case, should be that of discovering the determining motives of historical life and its changes, and of interpreting these by reference to the universal laws of mind. Supplementing this aim should be the endeavour to gain, so far as possible, an insight into the laws that are immanent in history itself. Our first three chapters have attempted to give an account of the development of folk consciousness during the periods that, for the most part, preceded self-conscious historical life. But neither this account nor the bare outline which our final chapter gives of the beginnings of the development to humanity must pretend to be a substitute for, or in any way to represent, a philosophy of history. The difference between an investigation such as ours and a philosophy of history is precisely the same as that which distinguishes a psychological description of mental life in general from a philosophical interpretation. But, if anywhere, it is especially in the field of history that a psychological analysis, concerned primarily to understand life in its actual occurrence, must precede questions regarding the meaning of events and the value which individual historical characters possess as respects both themselves and their permanent influence. In other words, we may henceforth demand that any philosophy of history which seeks to contribute to our understanding of the questions just mentioned, should be based on a psychological account of the development of mankind.

The point that we would emphasize is not that the philosophy of history has failed, in the past centuries, to find a satisfactory solution of its problem, and that its failure was inevitable. To the historical mind there is a far more important consideration. This consists in the fact that, when freed from its original mythological and teleological connections, the general conception of a history of mankind developed during these centuries has given clear definition to the idea of humanity in its most universal form. Humanity, it has been shown, includes within itself all antecedent social phenomena--peoples and States, religion and culture. This entire social complex has been subsumed under the principle that law is immanent in all history.

INDEX

_Prepared by Dr. Alma de Vries Schaub on the basis of the German Index compiled by Dr. Hans Lindau._

Abraham, 45, 154, 355, 361, 384, 435;
and Isaac, 435
Adornment, 21, 86, 100, 105, 110, 120, 131, 449 ff.
Adventure, Märchen of, 279 f., 395
Æsculapius, 439
Agamy, 36, 169, 181
Age,
of the development to humanity, 470 ff.;
of heroes and gods, 281 ff.;
of personalities, 320;
of primitive man, 11 ff.;
the totemic, 116 ff.
Age-groups, 41, 51, 131
Agricultural ceremonies, 135
Agriculture, 126 f., 140, 486;
Animals in, 120 f., 124
Alexandrianism, 490
Allegories, 421 ff.
Amulets, 86, 227 ff., 292, 439, 451
Anabaptists, 444
Ancestor,
Animal, 117, 132 f., 204, 230 ff.;
Demon, 467;
Human, 204, 214, 230 ff.;
Totem, 186
Ancestor cults, 205, 230 ff.
Ancestor theory, 361 f.
Ancestor worship, 117, 186 f., 204, 214, 410, 480
Ancestral spirits, 419
Animals,
Breeding of, 120, 289 ff., 420;
Domestic, 120, 289 ff., 420;
Sacred, 121;
Soul, 83, 190 ff., 214, 368, 412 f.;
Totem, 117 ff., 131 ff., 143, 188 ff., 193, 200, 260, 412 f.;
Transformations into, 133, 272 ff., 412 f.
Animal cult, 117, 136
Animal dance, 464
Animal fable, 272
Animal mask, 95, 105, 135
Animal names, 187 f.
Animal sacrifice, 210 f., 433 f.
Animal totem, 117, 138 f., 186, 214
Animism, 139, 193, 204 f.
Anthropology, Prehistoric, 14 f.
Anthropophagy, 31, 209 f.
Arbitrator, 331
Architecture, 261, 451 ff.
Art, 94 ff., 104, 256 ff., 322, 448 ff., 490;
Formative, 100 ff., 256 f.;
Imitative, 107 f.;
Memorial, 23 f., 107 f.;
Miniature, 453;
Musical, 262 ff., 456 ff.
Aristotle, 12 f., 19, 350, 504, 517
Asceticism, 198
Augustine, 516, 521
Aversion, 194
Awe, 194

_Bachofen, J.,_, 34 ff.
Baptism, 444 f.
Barter, 168;
Secret, 10, 21, 31 ff., 55, 120;
Marriage by, 157
Beyond, Belief in a, 394 ff., 412, 420 f., 423 ff., 431, 495, 502
Blessedness, 396, 403 f., 406
Blood,
Relation of soul to, 191, 206 ff., 213;
Taboo of, 200, 210
Blood-magic, 191
Blood-relationship, 208 f.
Blood-revenge, 163, 314, 333, 339 ff., 344 ff.
Blowpipe, 100 f., 104
Boat, 129
Boomerang, 27 f., 125, 177
Bow and arrow, 16, 26 ff., 33, 49, 112, 124
Breath, Relation of soul to, 192 f., 205 ff., 212 f., 242
_Bücher, Karl_, 267
Buddha, 381 f., 425 f., 498 f., 504, 507
Buddhism, 10, 478, 496 ff., 515
Bull-roarer, 99 f., 181, 266
Burial, 216 ff., 397
Bush soul, 232

Capture, Marriage by, 154 ff., 163, 168
Castle, 324 f., 327, 452
Castration, 290 f., 294 f.
Cattle-raising, 120, 124, 137 f.
Causality, 92 f.
Cave, 22 ff., 106, 108
Celestial cults, 251
Celestial märchen, 275 f.
Celestial mythology, 76, 80, 91, 130 f., 134 ff., 140, 189,
220, 246, 258, 355 ff., 419
Celestial phenomena, 304 ff.
Ceramics, 30, 80, 135, 259 f.
Ceremonies,
Intichiuma, 185 f., 188 f., 244 ff.;
Sanctification, 442 ff.;
Vegetation, 135 f., 189, 249, 418 ff
Chaos, 388, 390, 392
Chief wife, 45f., 168 ff., 316
Chieftain, 121, 134, 195, 233
Chieftainship, 119, 125, 233, 314, 332
Christianity, 10, 478, 496 ff., 515 f.
Church and State, 491 f.
Churingas, 177, 181, 185, 190, 204, 221, 224 ff.
Circumcision, 445
Cities, Foundation of, 311, 323 f.
Clan names, 141 ff.
Classes, Differentiation of, 125, 311, 316 ff.
Club, Men's, 41, 47, 119, 131, 173 f., 255, 312, 409
Coat of arms, 143, 232
Colonization, 300 f.
Common property, 248, 317 ff.
Community labour, 136, 247 f.
Compurgator, 335
Conception totemism, 176, 180 ff., 189 f., 191, 193
Conjuration, 269, 427 f.
Conscience, 329, 431
Consecration gift, 438 ff.
Constitution, 349 ff.
Contract, Marriage by, 158 f.
Cord magic, 86 f., 202, 415, 440
Corporeal soul, 82, 191 f., 205 ff., 211 ff., 216, 221 f., 406
Corroboree, 184, 464
Cosmogony, 370, 385 ff., 393, 404
Cosmopolitanism, 489
Counter-gods, 370
Counter-magic, 84, 105, 201, 203, 444 f.
Counting, Systems of, 304 ff.
Couvade, 198
Creation-myths, 388 ff.
Cremation, 218 ff., 397
Crouching graves, 218
Cults,
Ancestor, 117, 204f., 230 ff.;
Celestial, 251 f.;
of the dead, 452;
Deity, 205, 325, 414 ff., 424 ff.;
Demon, 249 ff.;
Hero, 204;
Magic, 416 f.;
Mystery, 420 ff., 502;
of saints, 178 f.;
of the soil, 245 ff.;
Soul, 421 f., 502;
Totemic, 236 ff.;
Vegetation, 135, 243 ff., 250 f., 294, 418 ff.
Cult associations, 119, 136, 143, 161, 179 f., 255
Cult ceremonies, 90
Cult practices, 426 ff.
Cult songs, 96, 267 ff., 461
Custom, 350

Dance, 90, 95 f., 104, 249, 262 ff., 449, 457;
Ceremonial, 264;
Ecstatic, 249, 264, 418, 423
Dance-song, 95 f.
Dead,
Disposal of the, 81, 215 ff., 234 f., 238 f., 397, 405;
Realm of the, 398 ff.;
Sacrifice to the, 238 ff., 253 f., 433 f.
Deaf and dumb, The, 59 f.
Death, 81 f., 494
Debt, 343
Degeneration theory, 225, 353
Deity cult, 205, 325, 414 ff., 424 ff.
Deity saga, 384 f.
Demon battles, 370, 404 f.
Demon cult, 249 ff.
Demons, 75 ff., 81 ff., 105, 196, 201, 203, 217 f., 221 f.,
224, 236, 263 f., 284 f., 351 ff., 361 ff., 387 ff., 418 ff.;
and the epic, 458 f.;
and heroes, 283 ff., 369, 372 f., 454;
Vegetation, 441
Destiny, 366
Development, Theory of, 353 ff.
Devourment, Märchen of, 276 ff.
Differentiation of classes, 125, 311, 316 ff.;
of vocations, 311, 321 ff.
Digging-stick, 26, 100, 120, 124, 126 f.
Dionysian mysteries, 447
Discoveries, Geographical, 492
Divination, 441 f.
Divine State, 329, 373, 388, 411, 416, 494
Dog, 22 f., 124, 290
Domestic animals, Breeding of, 120 f., 289 ff.
Drama, 9, 462 ff., 490
Dreams, 189 f., 193, 205 f., 401, 407
Dress, 21;
Origin of, 85 ff., 120, 126, 131, 133, 449
Duel, 336
Dwelling, 21 ff., 106
Dwarf peoples, 19, 77 f., 115, 353

Eclipse of the sun, 81
Ecstasy, 249, 397, 423 f., 434
Education and history, 519
Elysium, 403 f.
Emotion, 81, 92 f., 105, 114, 264, 268, 356, 367 ff., 423, 466, 468 f.;
as related to magic, 93
Endogamy, 118, 149, 151, 166
Enlightenment, 11, 470, 517
Epic, 9, 280, 450, 457 ff.
Ethnology, 5 f., 122
Eunuchs, 294
Evil magic, 274
Exogamy, 46, 118, 144 ff., 163 ff., 183, 196, 289 f.

Family, 12f., 34 ff., 235, 311 ff.;
Joint, 153, 312 ff.;
The original, 12;
Single, 313, 315
Father-right, 36, 314
Fear, 81, 92, 194, 200, 224, 370, 400
Fetish, 186 f., 214, 220 ff., 352 f., 439, 454
Fetishism, 139, 186 f., 204, 352
Fire, 30 f., 124;
Acquisition of, 30 ff;
Kindling of, 49, 292;
Lustration by, 201 f., 218 ff., 243, 338, 407, 443 f., 446;
Solstice, 202;
Trial by, 243, 338
First-fruits, Sacrifice of, 440 f.
Flood, Universal, 391 ff.
Flood saga, 391 ff.
Flute, 97, 266
Folk psychology,
History of, 1 ff.;
Methods of, 6 f.;
Problem of, 3 f.;
relation to ethnology, 5 f.;
relation to general psychology, 3;
relation to philosophy of history, 522 f.
Food,
of primitive man, 24 ff.;
Prohibitions on, 199 f.
Forest-dwellers, 19, 122, 395
Formative art, 99 ff., 256 f.
Fortitude, 242 f., 247
Foundation of cities, 311, 323 ff.
_Frazer, J. G.,_, 38, 152, 189 f.
Fusion, Racial, 111, 288 f.

Gathering of food, 24 f., 124, 140, 144
Genetic psychology, 4
Gesture language, 58 ff., 69
Gestures,
Graphic, 62 f,;
Pointing, 61 f.;
Significant, 63
Gift, 432ff.;
Consecration, 438f.;
Marriage by, 158, 163f.;
Votive, 438 f.
Gift theory of sacrifice, 240, 432 ff.
_Gillen, Messrs. Spencer and_, 18, 38, 188
Gods,
Abode of, 364, 366;
Age of heroes and, 8 f., 121, 235 f., 281 ff.;
Battles of, 370, 388 f., 404 f.;
Belief in, 285 f.;
Characteristics of, 282 ff., 362 ff.;
Cult of, 205, 325, 414 ff., 424 ff.;
Decline of, 365;
and demons, 366 f., 369, 459;
Development of, 362 ff.;
Images of, 223 f., 247, 450, 453f.;
Judgment of, 337;
of the moment, 362 ff.;
Origin of, 350 ff., 364 ff., 369;
Particular, 362 ff.;
Perfection of, 364 f.;
Personality of, 236, 366 ff.;
of the present, 234;
Saga of, 228, 374 f., 384 f.;
Superpersonal, 390, 467, 504 ff.
God-man, 506 f.
Greek language and culture, 488 ff.
_Grimm, Jacob_, 459
Graves, Crouching, 218
Group-marriage, 38, 41 f., 44 f., 48, 168 ff., 316
Guardian animal, 190, 232
Guardian deity, 325, 501
Guardian spirits, 178, 369
Guide, 407 f.
Guilt, 203, 253, 430
Gynocracy, 35 f.

Hades, 398, 401, 404
Hammurabi, Code of, 330, 338, 343, 347, 411
Harvest, Sacrifices in connection with, 440 f.
Heart and soul, 207
Heaven, 395, 404
Heavens,
Mythology of the, 76, 80, 91 f., 130 f., 134 f., 140, 189,
220, 246, 258, 355 f., 419;
Phenomena of the, 304 ff.
_Hegel_, 520 f.
Helios, 358 f.
Hercules, 376 f., 382, 407
Herd, 52, 121
_Herder_, 52, 470, 472, 519
Hermes, 407 f.
Hero, 9, 281 ff,;
Cult of the, 204;
and demon, 283 ff., 369, 372 f., 454;
and god, 282 ff., 364, 369 ff., 454
Hero saga, 228, 356, 374 ff.
Heroic age, 281 ff.
Heroic song, 9
_Hillebrand, Karl_, 1
Historical consciousness, 478
Historical religion, 509
History, 510 ff.;
and saga, 377 ff.
_Hobbes, Thomas_, 11 f., 34, 36, 111
Hoe, 120, 126 f., 134
Hoe-culture, 134, 138, 246, 248, 250, 289
Horde, 52, 120, 145, 180, 237, 302, 471, 511
Horse, 293
Hospitality, 341
Hostage, 343
_Howitt, A. W._, 18, 37f., 142, 188
Human nature, 471 f., 475
Humanity, 9, 470 ff.;
Ideal of, 410
Hunting, 24 f., 140, 144;
Use of dog in, 22 f.
Hut,
Conical, 261, 451;
Pole, 261;
Spherical, 261
Hymns, 385, 393, 430, 461, 465

Ideals, Religious, 410
Ideas,
of a beyond, 393 ff., 420, 423 ff., 431, 495;
Concrete, 72;
Mythological, 74
Idols, 131
Images, Divine, 223 f., 447, 450, 453 f.
Imitation of animals, 95
Immortality, Belief in, 233, 394 ff., 412, 420 f., 423 ff.,
431, 495, 502
Imprisonment, 342 ff.
Individual rulership, 287, 313
Individualism, 489, 492
Infanticide, 43 f., 175, 237
Infinitude, 505 f.
Instruments,
of concussion, 265;
Musical, 97 ff., 265 f., 457, 468;
Stringed, 97 f., 266;
Wind, 265 f.
Initiation ceremonies, 202, 241 ff., 247
Intelligence of primitive man, 109 ff.
Intichiuma ceremonies, 185 f., 188 f., 244 ff.
Islamism, 10, 316, 497

Javelin, 124 f.
Joint family, 153, 312 ff.
Jordan festival, 203, 446
Judaism, 497
Judge, 331 ff., 347;
Appointed, 331;
in the underworld, 403
Judgment of the gods, 337
Judicial functions, Division of, 348 f.
Justice, Administration of, 331 ff.
_Jus primæ noctis_, 46, 168
_Jus talionis_, 345 ff.

_Kant_, 470, 517
_Kern, H._, 55
Kidneys, as vehicles of the soul, 209, 211 f., 221, 434 f., 445
Kiss, 242
_Klaatsch, Hermann_, 15
Knife, 131, 449
_Kollman, Julius_, 77

Labour,
Community, 136, 247 f.;
Degradation of, 321 f.;
Division of, 49 f., 300;
Equalization of, 322 f.
Landscape painting, 456
_Lang, Andrew_, 153, 187
Language, 53 ff., 137;
Gesture, 58 ff., 69
Lawgivers, 307 f.
_Lazarus and Steinthal, Messrs._, 2
Legal system, 327 ff.
Legends, 381 ff., 421 f.;
Mura-mura, 231;
of redemption, 382 f.;
Religious, 381;
of saints, 381 ff., 464
_Lessing_, 414, 519
Lie, 63, 114
_Lippert, Julius_, 205, 231
Liturgy, 463, 465 ff.
Loin cord, 85 ff.
Lustration, 201 ff., 219 f., 252 f., 338, 407, 412, 443 ff.

Magic,
Belief in, 75 ff., 81, 84 ff., 92, 94 f., 105, 376 f., 434 ff.;
Cord, 86 f., 202, 415, 440;
Evil, 274;
Imitative, 354;
Protective, 85, 449
Magic staff, 335 f.
Magic test, 337 f.
Magical offering, 440
Magical transference, 201 ff.
Magician, 84 f., 330, 378
_Man, E.H._, 79
Mankind and human nature, 471 f., 475
_Mannhardt, W._., 249, 292, 441
Märchen, 270 ff.;
of adventure, 279 f., 395;
Celestial, 275 f., 395;
of devourment, 277 ff.
Märchen-cycle, 380
Märchen-hero, 356, 375 ff., 387, 459
Märchen-myth, 270 ff., 387 ff., 413, 458 f.
Mark community, 309 f.
Market, 327, 463
Marriage, 12, 34 ff., 89;
by barter, 157;
of brother and sister, 118, 148 ff.;
by capture, 153 ff., 163, 167 f.;
by contract, 158 f.;
by gift, 158 f.;
Group, 38, 41 f., 44 f., 48, 168 ff., 316;
Modes of contracting, 155 ff., 172 f.;
Pirrauru, 168 ff.;
by purchase, 158 f.;
Single, 51
Mask, 95, 105, 135, 262 ff.
Maternal descent, 35 ff., 47, 146 ff., 165, 173 f., 196 f., 314
Maternal rule, 35, 314
_Martin, Rudolf_, 50
_McLennan, J. F._, 145, 153
Meal-times of primitive man, 24
Medicine-men, 83 f., 89, 105, 180, 223, 233, 254 f., 330, 341, 409
Memorial art, 24, 107
Men's club, 41, 47, 119, 131, 173 f., 255 f., 312, 409
Metempsychosis, 412 ff.
Migrations, 111, 287 f.;
Folk, 126 ff., 164, 288 f.;
Tribal, 120, 138, 191, 488
Military organization, 310
Milk industry, 137 f., 289, 296 f.
Mimic play, 459, 462, 490
Monogamy, 34, 36, 43, 46 ff., 89, 114, 167, 169 ff., 311 ff.
Monotheism, 77, 225, 231, 353 ff.
Monumental edifices, 452, 490
Morality, Primitive, 114 f.
_Morgan, Lewes_, 38, 152
Mother-right, 34 ff., 314
_Müller, Max_, 225
Mummy, 207
Mura-mura legends, 176 f., 231
Murder, 339 f., 346
Music, 95 ff., 264 ff., 449, 456 f., 464, 466 ff.;
Absolute, 468
Musical instruments, 97 ff., 265 f., 457, 468
Mystery cults, 420 ff., 502
Myth, 75 f., 375 f., 384 ff., 413 ff.;
Celestial, 76, 80, 91, 130 f., 134 ff., 140, 189, 220, 246,
258, 355 ff., 419;
Cosmogonic, 385 ff., 404;
and cult, 414 ff.;
Märchen-, 270 ff., 387 ff., 413, 458f.;
Theogonic, 384 ff.;
of the underworld, 397 ff.;
of world destruction, 391 f.
Mythical hero, 379
Mythology, Nature, 76

Narrative, 270 ff.
Nature, Man of, 11 ff.
Nature-demons, 370
Nature-mythology, 76
Neanderthal skull, 14 f.
Nirvana, 499
Nomads, 120, 138, 419
Novel, Short, 464
Numbers,
Sacred, 305, 407;
Social organization and, 304 ff.

Oath, 335 f.
Offering, 432 ff.
Oracle, 442
Ordeal, 336 f.
Orders, 255
Organization,
Military, 310;
Political, 302 ff.;
Tribal, 117 ff., 132, 140 ff., 152
Ornamentation, 100 ff.
Other-world ideas, 394 ff., 410, 420 ff., 431, 495, 502

Painting, 106 ff., 456, 468
Palace, Royal, 452, 454, 481
_Pasha, Emin_, 114
Passion plays, 463, 465
Particular gods, 362 f.
Paternal descent, 37, 146 ff., 173 f., 196 f., 314
Paternal rule, 35, 314
Patriarchal family, 313
Patriarchal period, 35 f.
Penal law, 338 ff.
Penitential psalm, 430 f.
Personalities, Age of, 320
Personality, 489, 505
Phallus cult, 212
Philology, 2, 53, 490
Philosophy, 354, 496, 504, 518;
of history, 519 ff.
Pirrauru marriage, 168 ff.
Plant totem, 134, 176, 184, 188 ff., 192, 199, 214, 245
Platform disposal of the dead, 216, 405
Plough, 134, 138, 248, 289 ff., 298
Poison,
Arrow, 26;
Plant, 25 f.
Poetry, 267 ff., 457
Pole-houses, 261
Political organization, 302 ff.
Polyandry, 42 ff., 167, 171 f., 313
Polygamy, 41 f., 47, 166 ff., 312
Polygyny, 42 ff., 139, 167, 170 ff., 312, 315 f.
Polytheism, 80, 355, 357, 371
Pottery, 30, 80, 135, 259 f.
Praise, Hymns of, 430
Prayer, 427 ff.;
Penitential, 430 f.;
of petition, 427 f., 439;
of thanksgiving, 429 f., 439
Prehistory, 13 f., 451
_Preusz, K. Th._, 242, 435, 464
Priesthood, 321, 330, 332
Priests' Code, 200, 210, 329, 345, 432
Primitive man, Discovery of, 11 ff.
Property, 47, 114, 120, 138, 173 f., 195 f.;
Common, 248, 317 ff.;
Private, 298, 300, 317 ff.
Prophetic signs, 442
Promiscuity, 36, 38, 169, 181
Prohibition of certain foods, 199 f.
Protection, Right to, 340 ff.
Protective magic, 85
Psyche, 205 f., 212 ff., 217, 220, 241, 405
Punishment, 338, 342, 404, 406 f., 431;
and sacrifice, 433
Puppet show, 464 f.
Purgatory, 407 f., 412
Purification, 201 f., 219 f., 499;
Rites of, 201, 443 f.
_Cf._ Lustration.
Pygmies, 19, 77 ff., 115, 353

Rain-magic, 253, 268
Rain priests, 249, 263, 268
Rattle, 100, 266
_Ratzel, Friedrich_, 5
Realm of the dead, 396 f., 400
Reconciliation, 432
Redemption, 410, 447, 495 f.;
Legends of, 381;
Religions of, 496
Reformation, 492
Refrain, 96 f., 104
Relationship, Malayan system of, 38 ff.
Religion, Origin of, 75 ff., 282 ff.
Religious ideals, 410
Renaissance, 455 f., 491 f., 517
Retribution, Idea of, 401, 408, 411, 413
Revelation, 518
Rhythm, 103 f., 268 f.
Rights, Equality of, 320
Rings, Exchange of, 87
Root languages, 68 f.
_Roskoff, G.G._, 75
_Rousseau, J.J._, 12
Rulership, Individual, 287, 313

Sacredness, 195 f., 199
Sacrifice, 253 f., 295 f., 427, 431 ff.;
Animal, 210 f., 433 f.;
to the dead, 238 ff., 253 f., 433 f.;
Human, 210, 433 ff., 440, 447;
of reconciliation, 432
Sacrificial animal, 210 f.
Sacrificial feast, 446 f.
Saga,
Deity, 384 f.;
Flood, 391 ff.;
Hero, 228, 356, 374 ff.
Saints,
Legends of, 381 ff., 464;
Worship of, 178 f.
Sanctification, 427;
Ceremonies of, 442
Sanctuary, 341 f.
_Sarasin, F. and P._, 19, 49, 75, 90
Satisfaction of wants, 448 f.
Satyric play, 464
Scapegoat, 203
Scarab, 229
_Schmalz, E._, 60
_Schmidt, Wilhelm_, 78 f., 114, 353
_Schultze, Leonard_, 88
_Schweinfurth, Georg_, 18 f., 77
Science, 449, 489 f.
_Scott, W. R._, 60
Sculpture, 261, 453 ff., 490
Secret barter, 10, 21, 31 ff., 55, 120
Secret societies, 254 ff.
Secondary wives, 45, 168 ff., 316
Self-education, 519
Self-mutilation, 294 f., 434
Sex totemism, 119, 176, 182 f., 186 f., 190, 193
Sexual organs and the soul, 211, 434, 445
Shadow soul, 192 f., 205 f.
Shamans, 84
Shame, Feeling of, 88
Shield, 125, 131
Sickness, 81, 83 ff., 90, 494;
Demons of, 82 f., 105, 236
Sin offering, 432 f.
Single marriage, 51
Skull, 217;
Neanderthal, 14 f.
Slave, 154, 156
Slavery, 139
Smoke, 220
Snake society, 256, 269
Social psychology, 4
Society, Primitive, 50 ff.
Soil, Cults of the, 245 ff.
Solstice festivals, 420
Solstice fire, 202
Song, 95 ff., 104, 267 ff., 449, 458, 460 ff.;
of praise, 430;
Work, 268 f., 461
Soul,
Breath, 192 f., 205 ff., 212 f., 242 f.;
Corporeal, 82, 191 f., 205 ff., 211 ff.; 216, 221 f., 406;
Ideas of the, 190 ff., 394 ff.;
and kidneys, 209, 211 f.;
Shadow, 192 f., 205 f.;
Vehicles of the, 207 ff., 211 f., 221, 434 f., 445
Soul animals, 83, 190 ff., 214, 368, 412 f.
Soul belief, 204 ff.
Soul cults, 421 f., 502
Souls,
Exchange of, 242;
Transmigration of, 412 ff.
Sound and meaning, 65 ff.
Spear, 125
Speech, 496 f.
_Spencer and Gillen, Messrs._, 18, 38, 188
_Spencer, Herbert_, 187, 205, 231
Spirit villages, 396
Sprinkling, 203, 445 f.
State, 8 f., 119, 285 f., 287, 303, 472 ff.;
Church and, 491 f.;
Divine, 329, 373, 388, 411, 416, 494;
Forms of the, 349, 517
_Steinen, Karl von den_, 102
_Steinthal, H._, 2, 68
Stipulation, 334
Stringed instruments, 97 f., 266
_Stuhlmann, Franz_, 114
Substitute, 435
Sun, Eclipse of the, 81
Sweat-lodges, 252
Sword, 131, 299
Symbolism, 334, 422, 447
Symmetry, 103 f.

Taboo, 131 f., 193 ff., 203, 219, 341;
on foods, 199 f.;
on relations by marriage, 196 ff.
Talisman, 89, 104, 227 ff.
Tattooing, 21, 87, 131, 135, 255, 257 ff., 451
Teleology, 522
Temple, 195, 324 f., 450, 452 f., 465, 467, 481
Theft, 114;
of women, 46
Theogony, 384 ff., 417
Thinking, Primitive, 68 ff.
Tippamalku, 168 ff.
Torture, 344
Totem, 8, 116 ff., 203 f., 412 f.;
Inanimate, 177, 185 ff.
Totem animal, 117 ff., 131 ff., 143, 188 ff., 193, 200, 260, 412 f.
Totem friendships, 162 ff.
Totem poles, 143 f., 232 ff.
Totemism, 116 ff.;
Animal, 117 ff., 131 ff., 138 f., 175 ff., 193, 214, 245, 412 f.;
Conception, 176, 180 ff., 189 f., 191, 193;
Individual, 119, 175, 178 ff., 187, 189 f.;
Plant, 134, 176, 184, 188 ff., 192, 199, 214, 245;
Sex, 119, 176, 180, 182 f., 186 f., 190, 193;
Tribal, 177 ff., 187
Trade, 121, 300 f., 452
Transference, Magical, 201 ff.
Transformation into animals, 133, 272 ff., 412 f.
Transmigration of souls, 412 ff.
Tribal division, 117 f., 141, 143, 159 ff.
Tribal migrations, 120, 138, 191, 488
Tribal organization, 117 ff., 132, 140 ff. 152
Tribal warfare, 119 f., 123, 125
_Tylor, Edward_, 205

Underworld, 397 ff., 402 ff.
Unity of the world, 483
Universalism, 492
_Usener, Hermann_, 361 f.

Vegetation ceremonies, 135 f., 189, 249, 418 ff.
Vegetation cults, 135, 243 ft, 250 f., 294, 418 ff.
Vegetation demons, 441
Vessels, 30, 49
_Vico, G._, 516
Vision, 407, 442
Vocations, Differentiation of, 311, 321 ff.
Votive offering, 438

Wagon, 292 ff.
Wants,
Freedom from, 110, 114;
Satisfaction of, 448 f.
Warfare, 33, 111, 209;
of the gods, 370, 388 f., 404 f.
Water,
Lustration by, 201 ff., 219 f., 252 f., 338, 443 ff.;
Trial by, 338
Weapons, 26 ff., 120, 124 f., 131, 133, 299
Week, 305
_Wergild_, 163, 339
_Westermann, D._, 58, 68
Wheel, 291 f.
Wife,
Chief, 45 f., 168 ff., 316;
Secondary, 45, 168 ff., 316
Wind instruments, 265 f.
Witchcraft, 338
Work-songs, 268 f., 461
World, Unity of the, 483
World culture, 477, 484 ff., 512
World destruction, Myths of, 391 f.
World empires, 476, 478 ff., 484 ff., 493, 512
World history, 474 f., 478, 509 ff.
World language, 487, 493
World religions, 10, 477, 491, 494 ff.
Writing, 486 f.