Chapter II: The Totemic Age

1. THE GENERAL CHARACTER OF TOTEMISM The word 'totem'--Its
significance for cult--Tribal organization and the institution of
chieftainship--Tribal wars--Tribal ownership of land--The rise of
hoe-culture and of the raising of domestic animals.

2. THE STAGES OF TOTEMIC CULTURE Australian culture--Its low level
of economic life--Its complicated tribal organization--Perfected
weapons--Malayo-Polynesian culture--The origin and migrations
of the Malays--Celestial elements in Malayo-Polynesian
mythology--The culture of the American Indians and its distinctive
features--Perfection of totemic tribal organization--Decline of
totem cults--African cultures--Increased importance of cattle
raising--Development of despotic forms of rulership--Survivals of
totemism in the Asiatic world.

3. TOTEMIC TRIBAL ORGANIZATION Similarity in the tribal
organizations of the Australians and the American Indians--Totem
groups as cult associations--Retrogression in America--The totem
animal as a coat of arms--The principle of dual division--Systems
consisting of two, four, and eight groups.

4. THE ORIGIN OF EXOGAMY Unlimited and limited exogamy--Direct
and indirect maternal or paternal descent--Effects upon
marriage between relatives--Hypotheses concerning the origin of
exogamy--Hygienic theory--Marriage by capture.

5. MODES OF CONTRACTING MARRIAGE Marriage by peaceful
capture within the same kinship group--Exogamous marriage by
barter--Marriage by purchase and marriage by contract--Survivals
of marriage by capture.

6. THE CAUSES OF TOTEMIC EXOGAMY Relation of clan division to
totem groups--Totem friendships--Parental and traditional totem
alliances--The rise of exogamy with direct and with indirect
maternal or paternal descent.

7. THE FORMS OF POLYGAMY Origin of group-marriage--Chief wife and
secondary wives--Polyandry and polygyny and their combination--The
prevalence and causes of these forms of marriage.

8. THE DEVELOPMENTAL FORMS OF TOTEMISM Two principles of
classification--Tribal and individual totemism--Conception
and sex totemism--Animal and plant totemism--Inanimate totems
(churingas)--Relation to ancestor worship and to fetishism.

9. THE ORIGIN OF TOTEMIC IDEAS Theories based on names--Spencer
and Lang--Frazer's theory of conception totemism as the origin of
totemism--The animal transformations of the breath soul--Relations
to soul belief--Soul animals as totem animals.

10. THE LAWS OF TABOO The concept 'taboo'--The taboo in Polynesia
--The taboo of mother-in-law and father-in-law--Connection with
couvade--The sacred and the impure--Rites of purification--Fire,
water, and magical transference.

11. SOUL BELIEFS OF THE TOTEMIC AGE The psyche as a breath and
shadow soul--Its relation to the corporeal soul--Chief bearers of
the corporeal soul--Modes of disposition of the dead.

12. THE ORIGIN OF THE FETISH Fetishes in totem cult--Attainment of
independence by fetishism--Fetishes as the earliest forms of the
divine image--Retrogressive development of cult objects--Fetish
cult as a cult of magic and demons--Amulet and talisman.

13. THE ANIMAL ANCESTOR AND THE HUMAN ANCESTOR The Mura-Mura
legends of the Australians--The animal ancestor--Transition to the
human ancestor--Relation to disposal of the corpse and to cults of
the dead--Surviving influences of totemism in ancestor cult.

14. THE TOTEMIC CULTS Customs relating to disposition of
the corpse and to sacrifices to the dead--Initiation into
manhood--Vegetation cults--Australian Intichiuma festivals--Cults
of the soil at the stage of hoe-culture--Underlying factor of
community of labour--Unification of cult purposes and their
combination with incipient deity cults.

15. THE ART OF THE TOTEMIC AGE Tatooing--Ceramics--Construction
of dwellings--Pole-houses--The ceremonial dance--Instruments of
concussion and wind Instruments--Cult-songs and work-songs--The
märchen-myth and its developmental forms.