Chapter III: The Age of Heroes and Gods

1. GENERAL CHARACTER OF THE HEROIC AGE Significance of the
individual personality--The hero an ideal human being, the god an
ideal hero--Changes in economic life and in society--The rise of
the State.

2. THE EXTERNAL CULTURE OF THE HEROIC AGE Folk migration and
the founding of States--Plough-culture--Breeding of domestic
animals--The wagon--The taming of cattle--The ox as a draught
animal--The production of milk--Relation of these achievements to
cult--Warfare and weapons--Rise of private property--Colonization
and trade.

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SOCIETY The place of the State
in the general development of society--The duodecimal and the
decimal systems in the organization of political society--The mark
community and military organization.

4. FAMILY ORGANIZATION WITHIN POLITICAL SOCIETY The joint
family--The patriarchal family--Paternal descent and paternal
dominance--Reappearance of the monogamous family.

5. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF CLASSES Common property and private
property--The conquering race and the subjugated population--
Distinction in rank and property--The influence of State and of
legal system.

6. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF VOCATIONS The priesthood as combining
class and vocation--Military and political activity--Agriculture
and the lower vocations---The gradual equalization of respect
accorded to vocations.

7. THE ORIGIN OF CITIES The original development of the
city--Castle and temple as the signs of a city--The guardian deity
of city and State--Secondary developments.

8. THE BEGINNINGS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM Custom and law--Civil law as
the original province of law--Political and religious factors--The
council of elders and the chieftain--The arbitrator and the
appointed judge--The religious sanction of legal practices.

9. THE DEVELOPMENT OF PENAL LAW Blood revenge and its
replacement--Wergild--Right of sanctuary--Development of
imprisonment out of private custody of wrongdoer--The _Jus
Talionis_--Increase in complexity of rewards and punishments.

10. THE DIFFERENTIATION OF LEGAL FUNCTIONS Division of the
judicial function--Influence of social organization--Logical
classification of forms of the State lacking in genetic
significance--Development of constitutions out of history and
custom.

11. THE ORIGIN OF GODS Degeneration theories and developmental
theories--Hypotheses of an original monotheism or
polytheism--Theory based on nature-mythology--Demon theory of
Usener--Characteristics distinguishing the god from the demon and
the hero--The god as the result of a fusion of ideal hero and
demon.

12. THE HERO SAGA The hero of saga and the hero of märchen--The
purely mythical and the historical hero saga--Magic in märchen and
saga--The religious legend--The saint legend.

13. COSMOGONIC AND THEOGONIC MYTHS The gods as demoniacal
beings--Their struggle with the demons of earliest times--Myths of
creation--Sagas of flood and of universal conflagration--Myths of
world-destruction.

14. THE BELIEF IN SOULS AND IN A WORLD BEYOND Sequence of
ideas of the beyond--The spirit-village--The islands of
the blessed--Myths of the underworld--Distinction between
dwelling-places of souls--Elysium--The underworld and the
celestial regions--Purgatory--Cults of the beyond--The conception
of salvation--Transmigration of souls.

15. THE ORIGIN OF DEITY CULTS Relation of myth and cult--Religious
significance of cult--Vegetation cults--Union of cult
purposes--Mystery cults.

16. THE FORMS OF CULT PRACTICES Prayer--Conjuration and the prayer
of petition--Prayer of thanksgiving--Praise--The penitential
psalm--Sacrifice--Purpose of sacrifice originally magical--Jewish
peace-offering and sin-offering--Development of conception
of gift--Connection between value and sacrifice--Votive and
consecration gifts--Sacrifice of the first fruits--Sanctification
ceremonies--Means of lustration as means of sanctification--Water
and fire--Baptism and circumcision--Magical sanctification--Human
sacrifice as a means of sanctification.

17. THE ART OF THE HEROIC AGE Temple and palace--The human
figure as the subject of formative art--Art as generic and as
individualizing--The appreciation of the significant--Expression
of subjective mood in landscape painting--The epic--Its influence
upon the cult-song--The drama--Music as an accessory and as an
independent art.