Chapter X: Front Matter (10)

_Melanthoideae._--The plants have a rhizome or corm, and the fruit is
a capsule. It contains 36 genera, many of which are north temperate
and three are represented in Britain, viz. _Tofieldia_, an arctic and
alpine genus of small herbs with a slender scape springing from a tuft
of narrow ensiform leaves and bearing a raceme of small green flowers;
_Narthecium_ (bog-asphodel), herbs with a habit similar to
_Tofieldia_, but with larger golden-yellow flowers; and _Colchicum_, a
genus with about 30 species including the meadow saffron or autumn
crocus (_C. autumnale_). _Colchicum_ illustrates the corm-development
which is rare in Liliaceae though common in the allied order
Iridaceae; a corm is formed by swelling at the base of the axis (figs.
3, 4) and persists after the flowers and leaves, bearing next season's
plant as a lateral shoot in the axil of a scale-leaf at its base.
_Gloriosa_, well known in cultivation, climbs by means of its
tendril-like leaf-tips; it has handsome flowers with decurved
orange-red or yellow petals; it is a native of tropical Asia and
Africa. _Veratrum_ is an alpine genus of the north temperate zone.

_Asphodeloideae._--The plants generally have a rhizome bearing radical
leaves, as in asphodel, rarely a stem with a tuft of leaves as in
_Aloe_, very rarely a tuber (_Eriospermum_) or bulb (_Bowiea_). The
flowers are borne in a terminal raceme, the anthers open introrsely
and the fruit is a capsule, very rarely, as in _Dianella_, a berry. It
contains 64 genera. _Asphodelus_ (asphodel) is a Mediterranean genus;
_Simethis_, a slender herb with grassy radical leaves, is a native of
west and southern Europe extending into south Ireland. _Anthericum_
and _Chlorophytum_, herbs with radical often grass-like leaves and
scapes bearing a more or less branched inflorescence of small
generally white flowers, are widely spread in the tropics. Other
genera are _Funkia_, native of China and Japan, cultivated in the open
air in Britain; _Hemerocallis_, a small genus of central Europe and
temperate Asia--_H. flava_ is known in gardens as the day lily;
_Phormium_, a New Zealand genus to which belongs New Zealand flax, _P.
tenax_, a useful fibre-plant; _Kniphofia_, South and East Africa,
several species of which are cultivated; and _Aloe_. A small group of
Australian genera closely approach the order Juncaceae in having small
crowded flowers with a scarious or membranous perianth; they include
_Xanthorrhoea_ (grass-tree or black-boy) and _Kingia_, arborescent
plants with an erect woody stem crowned with a tuft of long stiff
narrow leaves, from the centre of which rises a tall dense
flower-spike or a number of stalked flower-heads; this group has been
included in Juncaceae, from which it is doubtfully distinguished only
by the absence of the long twisted stigmas which characterize the true
rushes.

k, Present corm.
h, h, Brown scales covering it.
w, Its roots.
st, Its withered flowering stem.
k´, Younger corm produced from k.
wh, Roots from k´, which grows at expense of k.
s, s´, s´´, Sheathing leaves.
l´, l´´, Foliage leaves.
b, b´, Flowers.
k´´, Young corm produced from
k´, in autumn, which in succeeding autumn will produce flowers.]

_Allioideae._--The plants grow from a bulb or short rhizome; the
inflorescence is an apparent umbel formed of several shortened
monochasial cymes and subtended by a pair of large bracts. It contains
22 genera, the largest of which _Allium_ has about 250 species--7 are
British; _Agapanthus_ or African lily is a well-known garden plant; in
_Gagea_, a genus of small bulbous herbs found in most parts of Europe,
the inflorescence is reduced to a few flowers or a single flower; _G.
lutea_ is a local and rare British plant.

_Lilioideae._--Bulbous plants with a terminal racemose inflorescence;
the anthers open introrsely and the capsule is loculicidal. It
contains 28 genera, several being represented in Britain. The typical
genus _Lilium_ and _Fritillaria_ are widely distributed in the
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere; _F. meleagris_, snake's
head, is found in moist meadows in some of the southern and central
English counties; _Tulipa_ contains more than 50 species in Europe and
temperate Asia, and is specially abundant in the dry districts of
central Asia; _Lloydia_, a small slender alpine plant, widely
distributed in the northern hemisphere, occurs on Snowdon in Wales;
_Scilla_ (squill) is a large genus, chiefly in Europe and Asia--_S.
nutans_ is the bluebell or wild hyacinth; _Ornithogalum_ (Europe,
Africa and west Asia) is closely allied to _Scilla_--_O. umbellatum_,
star of Bethlehem, is naturalized in Britain; _Hyacinthus_ and
_Muscari_ are chiefly Mediterranean; _M. racemosum_, grape hyacinth,
occurs in sandy pastures in the eastern counties of England. To this
group belong a number of tropical and especially South African genera
such as _Albuca_, _Urginea_, _Drimia_, _Lachenalia_ and others.

_Dracaenoideae._--The plants generally have an erect stem with a crown
of leaves which are often leathery; the anthers open introrsely and
the fruit is a berry or capsule. It contains 9 genera, several of
which, such as _Yucca_ (fig. 5), _Dracaena_ and _Cordyline_ include
arborescent species in which the stem increases in thickness
continually by a centrifugal formation of new tissue; an extreme case
is afforded by _Dracaena Draco_, the dragon-tree of Teneriffe. _Yucca_
and several allied genera are natives of the dry country of the
southern and western United States and of Central America. _Dracaena_
and the allied genus _Cordyline_ occur in the warmer regions of the
Old World. There is a close relation between the pollination of many
yuccas and the life of a moth (_Pronuba yuccasella_); the flowers are
open and scented at night when the female moth becomes active, first
collecting a load of pollen and then depositing her eggs, generally in
a different flower from that which has supplied the pollen. The eggs
are deposited in the ovary-wall, usually just below an ovule; after
each deposition the moth runs to the top of the pistil and thrusts
some pollen into the opening of the stigma. Development of larva and
seed go on together, a few of the seeds serving as food for the
insect, which when mature eats through the pericarp and drops to the
ground, remaining dormant in its cocoon until the next season of
flowering when it emerges as a moth.

FIG. 7.--Rhizome of _Polygonatum multiflorum_.

a, Bud of next year's aerial shoot.
b, Scar of this year's, and c, d, e, scars of three preceding years'
aerial shoots.
w, Roots.]

_Asparagoideae._--Plants growing from a rhizome; fruit a berry.
_Asparagus_ contains about 100 species in the dryer warmer parts of
the Old World; it has a short creeping rhizome, from which springs a
slender, herbaceous or woody, often very much branched, erect or
climbing stem, the ultimate branches of which are flattened or
needle-like leaf-like structures (_cladodes_), the true leaves being
reduced to scales or, in the climbers, forming short, hard more or
less recurved spines. _Ruscus aculeatus_ (fig. 6) is butcher's broom,
an evergreen shrub with flattened leaf-like cladodes, native in the
southerly portion of England and Wales; the small flowers are
unisexual and borne on the face of the cladode; the male contains
three stamens, the filaments of which are united to form a short
stout column on which are seated the diverging cells of the anthers;
in the female the ovary is enveloped by a fleshy staminal tube on
which are borne three barren anthers. _Polygonatum_ and _Maianthemum_
are allied genera with a herbaceous leafy stem and, in the former
axillary flowers, in the latter flowers in a terminal raceme; both
occur rarely in woods in Britain; _P. multiflorum_ is the well-known
Solomon's seal of gardens (fig. 7), so called from the seal-like scars
on the rhizome of stems of previous seasons, the hanging flowers of
which contain no honey, but are visited by bees for the pollen.
_Convallaria_ is lily of the valley; _Aspidistra_, native of the
Himalayas, China and Japan, is a well-known pot plant; its flowers
depart from the normal arrangement of the order in having the parts in
fours (tetramerous). Paris, including the British Herb _Paris_ (_P.
quadrifolia_), has solitary tetra- to poly-merous flowers terminating
the short annual shoot which bears a whorl of four or more leaves
below the flower; in this and in some species of the nearly allied
genus _Trillium_ (chiefly temperate North America) the flowers have a
fetid smell, which together with the dark purple of the ovary and
stigmas and frequently also of the stamens and petals, attracts
carrion-loving flies, which alight on the stigma and then climb the
anthers and become dusted with pollen; the pollen is then carried to
the stigmas of another flower.

_Luzuriagoideae_ are shrubs or undershrubs with erect or climbing
branches and fruit a berry. _Lapageria_, a native of Chile, is a
favourite greenhouse climber with fine bell-shaped flowers.

_Smilacoideae_ are climbing shrubs with broad net-veined leaves and
small dioecious flowers in umbels springing from the leaf-axils; the
fruit is a berry. They climb by means of tendrils, which are stipular
structures arising from the leaf-sheath. _Smilax_ is a characteristic
tropical genus containing about 200 species; the dried roots of some
species are the drug sarsaparilla.

The two tribes _Ophiopogonoideae_ and _Aletroideae_ are often included
in a distinct order, Haemodoraceae. The plants have a short rhizome
and narrow or lanceolate basal leaves; and they are characterized by
the ovary being often half-inferior. They contain a few genera chiefly
old world tropical and subtropical. The leaves of species of
_Sansevieria_ yield a valuable fibre.

Liliaceae may be regarded as the typical order of the series Liliiflorae. It resembles Juncaceae in the general plan of the flower, which, however, has become much more elaborate and varied in the form and colour of its perianth in association with transmission of pollen by insect agency; a link between the two orders is found in the group of Australian genera referred to above under Asphodeloideae. The tribe Ophiopogonoideae, with its tendency to an inferior ovary, suggests an affinity with the Amaryllidaceae which resemble Liliaceae in habit and in the horizontal plan of the flower, but have an inferior ovary. The tribe Smilacoideae, shrubby climbers with net-veined leaves and small unisexual flowers, bears much the same relationship to the order as a whole as does the order Dioscoreaceae, which have a similar habit, but flowers with an inferior ovary, to the Amaryllidaceae.

LILIENCRON, DETLEV VON (1844-1909), German poet and novelist, was born at Kiel on the 3rd of June 1844. He entered the army and took part in the campaigns of 1866 and 1870-71, in both of which he was wounded. He retired with the rank of captain and spent some time in America, afterwards settling at Kellinghusen in Holstein, where he remained till 1887. After some time at Munich, he settled in Altona and then at Altrahistedt, near Hamburg. He died in July 1909. He first attracted attention by the volume of poems, _Adjutantenritte und andere Gedichte_ (1883), which was followed by several unsuccessful dramas, a volume of short stories, _Eine Sommerschlacht_ (1886), and a novel _Breide Hummelsbüttel_ (1887). Other collections of short stories appeared under the titles _Unter flatternden Fahnen_ (1888). _Der Mäcen_ (1889), _Krieg und Frieden_ (1891); of lyric poetry in 1889, 1890 (_Der Heidegänger und andere Gedichte_), 1893, and 1903 (_Bunte Beute_). Interesting, too, is the humorous epic _Poggfred_ (1896; 2nd ed. 1904). Liliencron is one of the most eminent of recent German lyric poets; his _Adjutantenritte_, with its fresh original note, broke with the well-worn literary conventions which had been handed down from the middle of the century. Liliencron's work is, however, somewhat unequal, and he lacks the sustained power which makes the successful prose writer.

Liliencron's _Sämtliche Werke_ have been published in 14 vols.
(1904-1905); his _Gedichte_ having been previously collected in four
volumes under the titles _Kampf und Spiele, Kämpfe und Ziele, Nebel
und Sonne_ and _Bunte Beute_ (1897-1903). See O. J. Bierbaum, _D. von
Liliencron_ (1892); H. Greinz, _Liliencron, eine literarhistorische
Würdigung_ (1896); F. Oppenheimer, _D. von Liliencron_ (1898).

LILITH (Heb. _lilâtu_, "night"; hence "night-monster"), a female demon of Jewish folk-lore, equivalent to the English vampire. The personality and name are derived from a Babylonian-Assyrian demon Lilit or Lilu. Lilith was believed to have a special power for evil over children. The superstition was extended to a cult surviving among some Jews even as late as the 7th century A.D. In the Rabbinical literature Lilith becomes the first wife of Adam, but flies away from him and becomes a demon.

LILLE, a city of northern France, capital of the department of Nord, 154 m. N. by E. of Paris on the Northern railway. Pop. (1906) 196,624. Lille is situated in a low fertile plain on the right bank of the Deûle in a rich agricultural and industrial region of which it is the centre. It is a first-class fortress and headquarters of the I. army corps, and has an enceinte and a pentagonal citadel, one of Vauban's finest works, situated to the west of the town, from which it is divided by the Deûle. The modern fortifications comprise over twenty detached forts and batteries, the perimeter of the defences being about 20 m. Before 1858 the town, fortified by Vauban about 1668, occupied an elliptical area of about 2500 yds. by 1300, with the church of Notre-Dame de la Treille in the centre, but the ramparts on the south side have been demolished and the ditches filled up, their place being now occupied by the great Boulevard de la Liberté, which extends in a straight line from the goods station of the railway to the citadel. At the S.E. end of this boulevard are grouped the majority of the numerous educational establishments of the city. The new enceinte encloses the old communes of Esquermes, Wazemmes and Moulins-Lille, the area of the town being thus more than doubled. In the new quarters fine boulevards and handsome squares, such as the Place de la République, have been laid out in pleasant contrast with the sombre aspect of the old town. The district of St André to the north, the only elegant part of the old town, is the residence of the aristocracy. Outside the enceinte populous suburbs surround the city on every side. The demolition of the fortifications on the north and east of the city, which is continued in those directions by the great suburbs of La Madeleine, St Maurice and Fives, must accelerate its expansion towards Roubaix and Tourcoing. At the demolition of the southern fortifications, the Paris gate, a triumphal arch erected in 1682 in honour of Louis XIV., after the conquest of Flanders, was preserved. On the east the Ghent and Roubaix gates, built in the Renaissance style, with bricks of different colours, date from 1617 and 1622, the time of the Spanish domination. On the same side the Noble-Tour is a relic of the medieval ramparts. The present enceinte is pierced by numerous gates, including water gates for the canal of the Deûle and for the Arbonnoise, which extends into a marsh in the south-west corner of the town. The citadel, which contains the barracks and arsenal, is surrounded by public gardens. The more interesting buildings are in the old town, where, in the Grande Place and Rue Faidherbe, its animation is concentrated. St Maurice, a church in the late Gothic style, dates in its oldest portions from the 15th century, and was restored in 1872; Ste Cathérine belongs to the 15th, 16th and 18th centuries, St André to the first years of the 18th century, and Ste Madeleine to the last half of the 17th century; all possess valuable pictures, but St Maurice alone, with nave and double aisles, and elegant modern spire, is architecturally notable. Notre-Dame de la Treille, begun in 1855, in the style of the 15th century, possesses an ancient statue of the Virgin which is the object of a well-known pilgrimage. Of the civil buildings the Bourse (17th century) built round a courtyard in which stands a bronze statue of Napoleon I., the Hôtel d'Aigremont, the Hôtel Gentil and other houses are in the Flemish style; the Hôtel de Ville, dating in the main from the middle of the 19th century, preserves a portion of a palace built by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, in the 15th century. The prefecture, the Palais des Beaux-Arts, the law-courts, the school of arts and crafts, and the Lycée Faidherbe are imposing modern buildings. In the middle of the Grande Place stands a column, erected in 1848, commemorating the defence of the town in 1792 (see below), and there are also statues to Generals L. L. C. Faidherbe and F. O. de Négrier, and busts of Louis Pasteur and the popular poet and singer A. Desrousseaux. The Palais des Beaux-Arts contains a museum and picture galleries, among the richest in France, as well as a unique collection of original designs of the great masters bequeathed to Lille by J. B. Wicar, and including a celebrated wax model of a girl's head usually attributed to some Italian artist of the 16th century. The city also possesses a commercial and colonial museum, an industrial museum, a fine collection of departmental and municipal archives, the museum of the Institute of Natural Sciences and a library containing many valuable manuscripts, housed at the Hôtel de Ville. The large military hospital, once a Jesuit college, is one of several similar institutions.

Lille is the seat of a prefect and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a board of trade arbitrators, a chamber of commerce and a branch of the Bank of France. It is the centre of an académie (educational division) and has a university with faculties of laws, letters, science and medicine and pharmacy, together with a Catholic institute comprising faculties of theology, law, medicine and pharmacy, letters, science, a technical school, and a department of social and political science. Secondary education is given at the Lycée Faidherbe, and the Lycée Fénelon (for girls), a higher school of commerce, a national technical school and other establishments; to these must be added schools of music and fine arts, and the Industrial and Pasteur Institutes.

The industries, which are carried on in the new quarters of the town and in the suburbs, are of great variety and importance. In the first rank comes the spinning of flax and the weaving of cloth, table-linen, damask, ticking and flax velvet. The spinning of flax thread for sewing and lace-making is specially connected with Lille. The manufacture of woollen fabrics and cotton-spinning and the making of cotton-twist of fine quality are also carried on. There are important printing establishments, state factories for the manufacture of tobacco and the refining of saltpetre and very numerous breweries, while chemical, oil, white lead and sugar-works, distilleries, bleaching-grounds, dye-works, machinery and boiler works and cabinet-making occupy many thousands of workmen. Plant for sugar-works and distilleries, military stores, steam-engines, locomotives, and bridges of all kinds are produced by the company of Fives-Lille. Lille is one of the most important junctions of the Northern railway, and the Deûle canal affords communication with neighbouring ports and with Belgium. Trade is chiefly in the raw material and machinery for its industries, in the products thereof, and in the wheat and other agricultural products of the surrounding district.

Lille (l'Île) is said to date its origin from the time of Count Baldwin IV. of Flanders, who in 1030 surrounded with walls a little town which had arisen around the castle of Buc. In the first half of the 13th century, the town, which had developed rapidly, obtained communal privileges. Destroyed by Philip Augustus in 1213, it was rebuilt by Joanna of Constantinople, countess of Flanders, but besieged and retaken by Philip the Fair in 1297. After having taken part with the Flemings against the king of France, it was ceded to the latter in 1312. In 1369 Charles V., king of France, gave it to Louis de Male, who transmitted his rights to his daughter Margaret, wife of Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy. Under the Burgundian rule Lille enjoyed great prosperity; its merchants were at the head of the London Hansa. Philip the Good made it his residence, and within its walls held the first chapters of the order of the Golden Fleece. With the rest of Flanders it passed from the dukes of Burgundy to Austria and then to Spain. After the death of Philip IV. of Spain, Louis XIV. reclaimed the territory and besieged Lille in 1667. He forced it to capitulate, but preserved all its laws, customs, privileges and liberties. In 1708, after an heroic resistance, it surrendered to Prince Eugène and the duke of Marlborough. The treaty of Utrecht restored it to France. In 1792 the Austrians bombarded it for nine days and nights without intermission, but had ultimately to raise the siege.

See É. Vanhende, _Lille et ses institutions communales de 620 à 1804_
(Lille, 1888).

LILLEBONNE, a town of France in the department of Seine-Inférieure, 3½ m. N. of the Seine and 24 m. E. of Havre by the Western railway. Pop. (1906) 5370. It lies in the valley of the Bolbec at the foot of wooded hills. The church of Notre-Dame, partly modern, preserves a Gothic portal of the 16th century and a graceful tower of the same period. The park contains a fine cylindrical donjon and other remains of a castle founded by William the Conqueror and rebuilt in the 13th century. The principal industries are cotton-spinning and the manufacture of calico and candles.

Lillebonne under the Romans, _Juliobona_, was the capital of the Caletes, or inhabitants of the Pays de Caux, in the time of Caesar, by whom it was destroyed. It was afterwards rebuilt by Augustus, and before it was again ruined by the barbarian invasions it had become an important centre whence Roman roads branched out in all directions. The remains of ancient baths and of a theatre capable of holding 3000 persons have been brought to light. Many Roman and Gallic relics, notably a bronze statue of a woman and two fine mosaics, have been found and transported to the museum at Rouen. In the middle ages the fortifications of the town were constructed out of materials supplied by the theatre. The town recovered some of its old importance under William the Conqueror.

LILLIBULLERO, or LILLIBURLERO, the name of a song popular at the end of the 17th century, especially among the army and supporters of William III. in the war in Ireland during the revolution of 1688. The tune appears to have been much older, and was sung to an Irish nursery song at the beginning of the 17th century, and the attribution of Henry Purcell is based on the very slight ground that it was published in _Music's Handmaid_, 1689, as "A new Irish Tune" by Henry Purcell. It was also a marching tune familiar to soldiers. The doggerel verses have generally been assigned to Thomas Wharton, and deal with the administration of Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel, appointed by James as his lieutenant in Ireland in 1687. The refrain of the song _lilliburllero bullen a la_ gave the title of the song. Macaulay says of the song "The verses and the tune caught the fancy of the nation. From one end of England to the other all classes were singing this idle rhyme." Though Wharton claimed he had "sung a king out of three kingdoms" and Burnet says "perhaps never had so slight a thing so great an effect" the success of the song was "the effect, and not the cause of that excited state of public feeling which produced the revolution" (Macaulay, _Hist. of Eng._ chap. ix.).

LILLO, GEORGE (1693-1739), English dramatist, son of a Dutch jeweller, was born in London on the 4th of February 1693. He was brought up to his father's trade and was for many years a partner in the business. His first piece, _Silvia, or the Country Burial_, was a ballad opera produced at Lincoln's Inn Fields in November 1730. On the 22nd of June 1731 his domestic tragedy, _The Merchant_, renamed later _The London Merchant, or the History of George Barnwell_, was produced by Theophilus Cibber and his company at Drury Lane. The piece is written in prose, which is not free from passages which are really blank verse, and is founded on "An excellent ballad of George Barnwell, an apprentice of London who ... thrice robbed his master, and murdered his uncle in Ludlow." In breaking through the tradition that the characters of every tragedy must necessarily be drawn from people of high rank and fortune he went back to the Elizabethan domestic drama of passion of which the _Yorkshire Tragedy_ is a type. The obtrusively moral purpose of this play places it in the same literary category as the novels of Richardson. Scoffing critics called it, with reason, a "Newgate tragedy," but it proved extremely popular on the stage. It was regularly acted for many years at holiday seasons for the moral benefit of the apprentices. The last act contained a scene, generally omitted on the London stage, in which the gallows actually figured. In 1734 Lillo celebrated the marriage of the Princess Anne with William IV. of Orange in _Britannia and Batavia_, a masque. A second tragedy, _The Christian Hero_, was produced at Drury Lane on the 13th of January 1735. It is based on the story of Scanderbeg, the Albanian chieftain, a life of whom is printed with the play. Thomas Whincop (d. 1730) wrote a piece on the same subject, printed posthumously in 1747. Both Lillo and William Havard, who also wrote a dramatic version of the story, were accused of plagiarizing Whincop's _Scanderbeg_. Another murder-drama, _Fatal Curiosity_, in which an old couple murder an unknown guest, who proves to be their own son, was based on a tragedy at Bohelland Farm near Penryn in 1618. It was produced by Henry Fielding at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in 1736, but with small success. In the next year Fielding tacked it on to his own _Historical Register for 1736_, and it was received more kindly. It was revised by George Colman the elder in 1782, by Henry Mackenzie in 1784, &c. Lillo also wrote an adaptation of the Shakespearean play of _Pericles, Prince of Tyre_, with the title _Marina_ (Covent Garden, August 1st, 1738); and a tragedy, _Elmerick, or Justice Triumphant_ (produced posthumously, Drury Lane, February 23rd, 1740). The statement made in the prologue to this play that Lillo died in poverty seems unfounded. His death took place on the 3rd of September 1739. He left an unfinished version of _Arden of Feversham_, which was completed by Dr John Hoadly and produced in 1759. Lillo's reputation proved short-lived. He has nevertheless a certain cosmopolitan importance, for the influence of _George Barnwell_ can be traced in the sentimental drama of both France and Germany.

See _Lillo's Dramatic Works with Memoirs of the Author by Thomas
Davies_ (reprint by Lowndes, 1810); Cibber's _Lives of the Poets_, v.;
Genest, _Some Account of the English Stage_; Alois Brandl, "Zu Lillo's
Kaufmann in London," in _Vierteljahrschrift für Literaturgeschichte_
(Weimar, 1890, vol. iii.); Leopold Hoffmann, _George Lillo_ (Marburg,
1888); Paul von Hofmann-Wellenhof, _Shakspere's Pericles und George
Lillo's Marina_ (Vienna, 1885). There is a novel founded on Lillo's
play, _Barnwell_ (1807), by T. S. Surr, and in "George de Barnwell"
(_Novels by Eminent Hands_) Thackeray parodies Bulwer-Lytton's _Eugene
Aram_.

LILLY, WILLIAM (1602-1681), English astrologer, was born in 1602 at Diseworth in Leicestershire, his family having been settled as yeomen in the place for "many ages." He received a tolerably good classical education at the school of Ashby-de-la-Zouche, but he naïvely tells us what may perhaps have some significance in reference to his after career, that his master "never taught logic." In his eighteenth year, his father having fallen into great poverty, he went to London and was employed in attendance on an old citizen and his wife. His master, at his death in 1627, left him an annuity of £20; and, Lilly having soon afterwards married the widow, she, dying in 1633, left him property to the value of about £1000. He now began to dabble in astrology, reading all the books on the subject he could fall in with, and occasionally trying his hand at unravelling mysteries by means of his art. The years 1642 and 1643 were devoted to a careful revision of all his previous reading, and in particular having lighted on Valentine Naibod's _Commentary on Alchabitius_, he "seriously studied him and found him to be the profoundest author he ever met with." About the same time he tells us that he "did carefully take notice of every grand action betwixt king and parliament, and did first then incline to believe that as all sublunary affairs depend on superior causes, so there was a possibility of discovering them by the configurations of the superior bodies." And, having thereupon "made some essays," he "found encouragement to proceed further, and ultimately framed to himself that method which he ever afterwards followed." He then began to issue his prophetical almanacs and other works, which met with serious attention from some of the most prominent members of the Long Parliament. If we may believe himself, Lilly lived on friendly and almost intimate terms with Bulstrode Whitlock, Lenthall the speaker, Sir Philip Stapleton, Elias Ashmole and others. Even Selden seems to have given him some countenance, and probably the chief difference between him and the mass of the community at the time was that, while others believed in the general truth of astrology, he ventured to specify the future events to which its calculations pointed. Even from his own account of himself, however, it is evident that he did not trust implicitly to the indications given by the aspects of the heavens, but like more vulgar fortune-tellers kept his eyes and ears open for any information which might make his predictions safe. It appears that he had correspondents both at home and in foreign parts to keep him conversant with the probable current of affairs. Not a few of his exploits indicate rather the quality of a clever police detective than of a profound astrologer. After the Restoration he very quickly fell into disrepute. His sympathy with the parliament, which his predictions had generally shown, was not calculated to bring him into royal favour. He came under the lash of Butler, who, making allowance for some satiric exaggeration, has given in the character of Sidrophel a probably not very incorrect picture of the man; and, having by this time amassed a tolerable fortune, he bought a small estate at Hersham in Surrey, to which he retired, and where he diverted the exercise of his peculiar talents to the practice of medicine. He died in 1681.

Lilly's life of himself, published after his death, is still worth
looking into as a remarkable record of credulity. So lately as 1852 a
prominent London publisher put forth a new edition of Lilly's
_Introduction to Astrology_, "with numerous emendations adapted to the
improved state of the science."

LILOAN, a town of the province of Cebú, Philippine Islands, on the E. coast, 10 m. N.E. of Cebú, the capital of the province. Pop. (1903), after the annexation of Compostela, 15,626. There are seventeen villages or _barrios_ in the town, and eight of them had in 1903 a population exceeding 1000. The language is Visayan. Fishing is the principal industry. Liloan has one of the principal coal beds on the island; and rice, Indian corn, sugar-cane and coffee are cultivated. Coconuts and other tropical fruits are important products.

LILY, _Lilium_, the typical genus of the botanical order Liliaceae, embracing nearly eighty species, all confined to the northern hemisphere, and widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone. The earliest in cultivation were described in 1597 by Gerard (_Herball_, p. 146), who figures eight kinds of true lilies, which include _L. album_ (_L. candidum_) and a variety, _bizantinum_, two umbellate forms of the type _L. bulbiferum_, named _L. aureum_ and _L. cruentum latifolium_, and three with pendulous flowers, apparently forms of the martagon lily. Parkinson, in his _Paradisus_ (1629), described five varieties of martagon, six of umbellate kinds--two white ones, and _L. pomponium_, _L. chalcedonicum_, _L. carniolicum_ and _L. pyrenaicum_--together with one American, _L. canadense_, which had been introduced in 1629. For the ancient and medieval history of the lily, see M. de Cannart d'Hamale's _Monographie historique et littéraire des lis_ (Malines, 1870). Since that period many new species have been added. The latest authorities for description and classification of the genus are J. G. Baker ("Revision of the Genera and Species of Tulipeae," _Journ. of Linn. Soc._ xiv. p. 211, 1874), and J. H. Elwes (_Monograph of the Genus_ Lilium, 1880), who first tested all the species under cultivation, and has published every one beautifully figured by W. H. Fitch, and some hybrids. With respect to the production of hybrids, the genus is remarkable for its power of resisting the influence of foreign pollen, for the seedlings of any species, when crossed, generally resemble that which bears them. A good account of the new species and principal varieties discovered since 1880, with much information on the cultivation of lilies and the diseases to which they are subject, will be found in the report of the Conference on Lilies, in the _Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society_, 1901. The new species include a number discovered in central and western China by Dr Augustine Henry and other collectors; also several from Japan and California.

The structure of the flower represents the simple type of monocotyledons, consisting of two whorls of petals, of three free parts each, six free stamens, and a consolidated pistil of three carpels, ripening into a three-valved capsule containing many winged seeds. In form, the flower assumes three types: trumpet-shaped, with a more or less elongated tube, e.g. _L. longiflorum_ and _L. candidum_; an open form with spreading perianth leaves, e.g. _L. auratum_; or assuming a pendulous habit, with the tips strongly reflexed, e.g. the martagon type. All have scaly bulbs, which in three west American species, as _L. Humboldti_, are remarkable for being somewhat intermediate between a bulb and a creeping rhizome. _L. bulbiferum_ and its allies produce aerial reproductive bulbils in the axils of the leaves. The bulbs of several species are eaten, such as of _L. avenaceum_ in Kamchatka, of _L. Martagon_ by the Cossacks, and of _L. tigrinum_, the "tiger lily," in China and Japan. Medicinal uses were ascribed to the species, but none appear to have any marked properties in this respect.

The white lily, _L. candidum_, the [Greek: leirion] of the Greeks, was
one of the commonest garden flowers of antiquity, appearing in the
poets from Homer downwards side by side with the rose and the violet.
According to Hehn, roses and lilies entered Greece from the east by
way of Phrygia, Thrace and Macedonia (_Kulturpflanzen und Hausthiere_,
3rd ed., p. 217). The word [Greek: leirion] itself, from which
_lilium_ is derived by assimilation of consonants, appears to be
Eranian (Ibid. p. 527), and according to ancient etymologists
(Lagarde, _Ges. Abh._ p. 227) the town of Susa was connected with the
Persian name of the lily _sûsan_ (Gr. [Greek: souson], Heb.
_shôshan_). Mythologically the white lily, _Rosa Junonis_, was fabled
to have sprung from the milk of Hera. As the plant of purity it was
contrasted with the rose of Aphrodite. The word [Greek: krinon], on
the other hand, included red and purple lilies, Plin. _H.N._ xxi. 5
(11, 12), the red lily being best known in Syria and Judaea
(Phaselis). This perhaps is the "red lily of Constantinople" of
Gerard, _L. chalcedonicum_. The lily of the Old Testament (shôshan)
may be conjectured to be a red lily from the simile in Cant. v. 13,
unless the allusion is to the fragrance rather than the colour of the
lips, in which case the white lily must be thought of. The "lilies of
the field," Matt. vi. 28, are [Greek: krina], and the comparison of
their beauty with royal robes suggests their identification with the
red Syrian lily of Pliny. Lilies, however, are not a conspicuous
feature in the flora of Palestine, and the red anemone (_Anemone
coronaria_), with which all the hill-sides of Galilee are dotted in
the spring, is perhaps more likely to have suggested the figure. For
the lily in the pharmacopoeia of the ancients see Adams's _Paul.
Aegineta_, iii. 196. It was used in unguents and against the bites of
snakes, &c. In the middle ages the flower continued to be common and
was taken as the symbol of heavenly purity. The three golden lilies of
France are said to have been originally three lance-heads.

Lily of the valley, _Convallaria majalis_, belongs to a different
tribe (_Asparagoideae_) of the same order. It grows wild in woods in
some parts of England, and in Europe, northern Asia and the Alleghany
Mountains of North America. The leaves and flower-scapes spring from
an underground creeping stem. The small pendulous bell-shaped flowers
contain no honey but are visited by bees for the pollen.

The word "lily" is loosely used in connexion with many plants which
are not really liliums at all, but belong to genera which are quite
distinct botanically. Thus, the Lent lily is _Narcissus
Pseudo-narcissus_; the African lily is _Agapanthus umbellatus_; the
Belladonna lily is _Amaryllis Belladonna_ (q.v.); the Jacobaea lily is
_Sprekelia formosissima_; the Mariposa lily is _Calochortus_; the lily
of the Incas is _Alstroemeria pelegrina_; St Bernard's lily is
_Anthericum Liliago_; St Bruno's lily is _Anthericum_ (or _Paradisia_)
_Liliastrum_; the water lily is _Nymphaea alba_; the Arum lily is
_Richardia africana_; and there are many others.

The true lilies are so numerous and varied that no general cultural
instructions will be alike suitable to all. Some species, as _L.
Martagon_, _candidum_, _chalcedonicum_, _Szovitzianum_ (or
_colchicum_), _bulbiferum_, _croceum_, _Henryi_, _pomponium_--the
"Turk's cap lily," and others, will grow in almost any good garden
soil, and succeed admirably in loam of a rather heavy character, and
dislike too much peat. But a compost of peat, loam and leaf-soil suits
_L. auratum_, _Brownii_, _concolor_, _elegans_, _giganteum_,
_japonicum_, _longiflorum_, _monadelphum_, _pardalinum_, _speciosum_,
and the tiger lily (_L. tigrinum_) well, and a larger proportion of
peat is indispensable for the beautiful American _L. superbum_ and
_canadense_. The margin of rhododendron beds, where there are
sheltered recesses amongst the plants, suits many of the more delicate
species well, partial shade and shelter of some kind being essential.
The bulbs should be planted from 6 to 10 in. (according to size) below
the surface, which should at once be mulched over with half-decayed
leaves or coconut fibre to keep out frost.

The noble _L. auratum_, with its large white flowers, having a yellow
band and numerous red or purple spots, is a magnificent plant when
grown to perfection; and so are the varieties called _rubro-vittatum_
and _cruentum_, which have the central band crimson instead of yellow;
and the broad-petalled _platyphyllum_, and its almost pure white
sub-variety called _virginale_. Of _L. speciosum_ (well known to most
gardeners as _lancifolium_), the true typical form and the red-spotted
and white varieties are grand plants for late summer blooming in the
conservatory. The tiger lily, _L. tigrinum_, and its varieties
_Fortunei_, _splendidum_ and _flore-pleno_, are amongst the best
species for the flower garden; _L. Thunbergianum_ and its many
varieties being also good border flowers. The pretty _L. Leichtlinii_
and _L. colchicum_ (or _Szovitsianum_) with drooping yellow flowers
and the scarlet drooping-flowered _L. tenuifolium_ make up, with those
already mentioned, a series of the finest hardy flowers of the summer
garden. The Indian _L. giganteum_ is perfectly distinct in character,
having broad heart-shaped leaves, and a noble stem 10 to 14 ft. high,
bearing a dozen or more large deflexed, funnel-shaped, white,
purple-stained flowers; _L. cordifolium_ (China and Japan) is similar
in character, but dwarfer in habit.

For pot culture, the soil should consist of three parts turfy loam to
one of leaf-mould and thoroughly rotted manure, adding enough pure
grit to keep the compost porous. If leaf-mould is not at hand, turfy
peat may be substituted for it. The plants should be potted in
October. The pots should be plunged in a cold frame and protected from
frost, and about May may be removed to a sheltered and moderately
shady place out-doors to remain till they flower, when they may be
removed to the greenhouse. This treatment suits the gorgeous _L.
auratum_, the splendid varieties of _L. speciosum_ (_lancifolium_) and
also the chaste-flowering trumpet-tubed _L. longiflorum_ and its
varieties. Thousands of bulbs of such lilies as _longiflorum_ and
_speciosum_ are now retarded in refrigerators and taken out in batches
for greenhouse work as required.

_Diseases._--Lilies are, under certain conditions favourable to the
development of the disease, liable to the attacks of three parasitic
fungi. The most destructive is _Botrytis cinerea_ which forms
orange-brown or buff specks on the stems, pedicels, leaves and
flower-buds, which increase in size and become covered with a delicate
grey mould, completely destroying or disfiguring the parts attacked.
The spores formed on the delicate grey mould are carried during the
summer from one plant to another, thus spreading the disease, and also
germinate in the soil where the fungus may remain passive during the
winter producing a new crop of spores next spring, or sometimes
attacking the scales of the bulbs forming small black hard bodies
embedded in the flesh. For prevention, the surface soil covering bulbs
should be removed every autumn and replaced by soil mixed with kainit;
manure for mulching should also be mixed with kainit, which acts as a
steriliser. If the fungus appears on the foliage spray with potassium
sulphide solution (2 oz. in 3 gallons of water). _Uromyces
Erythronii_, a rust, sometimes causes considerable injury to the
foliage of species of _Lilium_ and other bulbous plants, forming large
discoloured blotches on the leaves. The diseased stems should be
removed and burned before the leaves fall; as the bulb is not attacked
the plant will start growth next season free from disease. _Rhizopus
necans_ is sometimes the cause of extensive destruction of bulbs. The
fungus attacks injured roots and afterwards passes into the bulb which
becomes brown and finally rots. The fungus hibernates in the soil and
enters through broken or injured roots, hence care should be taken
when removing the bulbs that the roots are injured as little as
possible. An excellent packing material for dormant buds is coarsely
crushed wood-charcoal to which has been added a sprinkling of flowers
of sulphur. This prevents infection from outside and also destroys any
spores or fungus mycelium that may have been packed away along with
the bulbs.

When cultivated in greenhouses liliums are subject to attack from
aphides (green fly) in the early stages of growth. These pests can be
kept in check by syringing with nicotine, soft-soap and quassia
solutions, or by "vaporising" two or three evenings in succession,
afterwards syringing the plants with clear tepid water.

LILYE, or LILY, WILLIAM (c. 1468-1522), English scholar, was born at Odiham in Hampshire. He entered the university of Oxford in 1486, and after graduating in arts went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. On his return he put in at Rhodes, which was still occupied by the knights of St John, under whose protection many Greeks had taken refuge after the capture of Constantinople by the Turks. He then went on to Italy, where he attended the lectures of Sulpitius Verulanus and Pomponius Laetus at Rome, and of Egnatius at Venice. After his return he settled in London (where he became intimate with Thomas More) as a private teacher of grammar, and is believed to have been the first who taught Greek in that city. In 1510 Colet, dean of St Paul's, who was then founding the school which afterwards became famous, appointed Lilye the first high master. He died of the plague on the 25th of February 1522.

Lilye is famous not only as one of the pioneers of Greek learning, but
as one of the joint-authors of a book, familiar to many generations of
students during the 19th century, the old Eton Latin grammar. The
_Brevissima Institutio_, a sketch by Colet, corrected by Erasmus and
worked upon by Lilye, contains two portions, the author of which is
indisputably Lilye. These are the lines on the genders of nouns,
beginning _Propria quae maribus_, and those on the conjugation of
verbs beginning _As in praesenti_. The _Carmen de Moribus_ bears
Lilye's name in the early editions; but Hearne asserts that it was
written by Leland, who was one of his scholars, and that Lilye only
adapted it. Besides the _Brevissima Institutio_, Lilye wrote a variety
of Latin pieces both in prose and Verse. Some of the latter are
printed along with the Latin verses of Sir Thomas More in
_Progymnasmata Thomae Mori et Gulielmi Lylii Sodalium_ (1518). Another
volume of Latin verse (_Antibossicon ad Gulielmum Hormannum_, 1521) is
directed against a rival schoolmaster and grammarian, Robert
Whittington, who had "under the feigned name of Bossus, much provoked
Lilye with scoffs and biting verses."

See the sketch of Lilye's life by his son George, canon of St Paul's,
written for Paulus Jovius, who was collecting for his history the
lives of the learned men of Great Britain; and the article by J. H.
Lupton, formerly sur-master of St Paul's School, in the _Dictionary of
National Biography_.

LIMA, a city and the county-seat of Allen county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Ottawa river, about 70 m. S.S.W. of Toledo, Pop. (1890) 15,981; (1900) 21,723, of whom 1457 were foreign-born and 731 were negroes; (1910 census) 30,508. It is served by the Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago division), the Erie, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, the Lake Erie & Western, the Detroit, Toledo & Ironton railways, and by six interurban electric lines. Immediately N. of the city is a state asylum for the insane. Lima has a Carnegie library, a city hospital and a public park of 100 acres. Among the principal buildings are the county court house, a masonic temple, an Elks' home and a soldiers' and sailors' memorial building. Lima College was conducted here from 1893 to 1908. Lima is situated in the centre of the great north-western oil-field (Trenton limestone of the Ordovician system) of Ohio, which was first developed in 1885; the product of the Lima district was 20,575,138 barrels in 1896, 15,877,730 barrels in 1902 and 6,748,676 barrels in 1908. The city is a headquarters of the Standard Oil Company, and the refining of petroleum is one of the principal industries. The total value of the factory product in 1905 was $8,155,586, an increase of 31.1% over that in 1900. Lima contains railway shops of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton and the Lake Erie & Western railways. The city has a large wholesale and jobbing trade. The municipality owns and operates the water-works. Lima was laid out in 1831, and was first organized as a city under a general state law in 1842.

LIMA, a coast department of central Peru, bounded N. by Ancachs, E. by Junin and Huancavelica, S. by Ica and W. by the Pacific Ocean. Pop. (1906 estimate) 250,000; area 13,314 sq. m. The eastern boundary follows the crests of the Western Cordillera, which gives to the department the western slopes of this chain with the drainage basins of the rivers Huaura, Chancay, Chillon, Rimac, Lurin, Mala and Cañete. Although the department forms part of the rainless region, these rivers, fed from the snows of the high Andes, provide water for the irrigation of large areas devoted to the raising of cotton, sugar, sorghum, Indian corn, alfalfa, potatoes, grapes and olives. The sugar estates of the Cañete are among the best in Peru and are served by a narrow gauge railway terminating at the small port of Cerro Azul. Indian corn is grown in Chancay and other northern valleys, and is chiefly used, together with alfalfa and barley, in fattening swine for lard. The mineral resources are not important, though gold washings in the Cañete valley have been worked since early colonial times. One of the most important industrial establishments in the republic is the smelting works at Casapalca, on the Oroya railway, in the Rimac valley, which receives ores from neighbouring mines of the district of Huarochiri. The department is crossed from S.W. to N.E. by the Oroya railway, and several short lines run from the city of Lima to neighbouring towns. Besides Lima (q.v.) the principal towns are Huacho, Cañete (port), Canta, Yauyos, Chorrillos, Miraflores and Barranco--the last three being summer resorts for the people of the capital, with variable populations of 15,000, 6000 and 5000 respectively. About 15 m. S. of Lima, near the mouth of the Lurin, are the celebrated ruins of Pachacamac, which are believed to antedate the occupation of this region by the Incas.

LIMA, the principal city and the capital of Peru and of the department and province of Lima, on the left bank of the river Rimac, 7½ m. above its mouth and the same distance E. by N. of its seaport Callao, in 12° 2´ 34´´ S., 77° 7´ 36´´ W. Pop. (1906 estimate) 140,000, of whom a large proportion is of negro descent, and a considerable number of foreign birth. The city is about 480 ft. above sea-level, and stands on an arid plain, which rises gently toward the S., and occupies an angle between the Cerros de San Jeronimo (2493 ft.) and San Cristobal (1411 ft.) on the N. and a short range of low hills, called the Cerros de San Bartolomé, on the E. The surrounding region is arid, like all this part of the Pacific coast, but through irrigation large areas have been brought under cultivation, especially along the watercourses. The Rimac has its source about 105 m. N.E. of Lima and is fed by the melting snows of the higher Andes. It is an insignificant stream in winter and a raging torrent in summer. Its tributaries are all of the same character, except the Rio Surco, which rises near Chorrillos and flowing northward joins the Rimac a few miles above the city. These, with the Rio Lurin, which enters the Pacific a short distance S. of Chorrillos, provide water for irrigating the districts near Lima. The climate varies somewhat from that of the arid coast in general, in having a winter of four months characterized by cloudy skies, dense fogs and sometimes a drizzling rain. The air in this season is raw and chilly. For the rest of the year the sky is clear and the air dry. The mean temperature for the year is 66° F., the winter minimum being 59° and the summer maximum 78°.