Chapter I: Front Matter

Transcriber's notes:

(1) Numbers following letters (without space) like C2 were originally
printed in subscript. Letter subscripts are preceded by an
underscore, like C_n.

(2) Characters following a carat (^) were printed in superscript.

(3) Side-notes were relocated to function as titles of their respective
paragraphs.

(4) Macrons and breves above letters and dots below letters were not
inserted.

(5) [root] stands for the root symbol; [alpha], [beta], etc. for greek
letters.

(6) The following typographical errors have been corrected:

ARTICLE LOTHAIR I.: "He was alternately master of the Empire, and
banished and confined to Italy; at one time taking up arms in
alliance with his brothers and at another fighting against them
..." 'alternately' amended from 'alternetely'.

ARTICLE LOTI, PIERRE: "He proceeded to the South Seas, and on
leaving Tahiti published the Polynesian idyll, originally called
Rarahu (1880) ..." 'idyll' amended from 'idyl'.

ARTICLE LOUIS XIV.: "His numerous descendants seemed at one time to
place the succession beyond all difficulty." 'beyond' amended from
'beyong'.

ARTICLE LOUVET DE COUVRAI, JEAN BAPTISTE: "They were mainly written
in the various hiding-places in which Louvet took refuge, and they
give a vivid picture of the sufferings of the proscribed
Girondists." 'took' amended from 'rook'.

ARTICLE LUGO: "The bishopric dates from a very early period, and it
is said to have acquired metropolitan rank in the middle of the 6th
century; it is now in the archiepiscopal province of Santiago de
Compostela." 'is' amended from 'it'.

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768-1771.
SECOND " " ten " 1777-1784.
THIRD " " eighteen " 1788-1797.
FOURTH " " twenty " 1801-1810.
FIFTH " " twenty " 1815-1817.
SIXTH " " twenty " 1823-1824.
SEVENTH " " twenty-one " 1830-1842.
EIGHTH " " twenty-two " 1853-1860.
NINTH " " twenty-five " 1875-1889.
TENTH " ninth edition and eleven
supplementary volumes, 1902-1903.
ELEVENTH " published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910-1911.

COPYRIGHT

in all countries subscribing to the Bern Convention

by

THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

_All rights reserved_

THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

A DICTIONARY OF
ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XVII
LORD CHAMBERLAIN to MECKLENBURG

New York

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
342 Madison Avenue

Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910,
by
The Encyclopædia Britannica Company.

VOLUME XVII, SLICE I

Lord Chamberlain to Luqman

ARTICLES IN THIS SLICE:

LORD CHAMBERLAIN LÖWE, JOHANN KARL GOTTFRIED
LORD CHIEF JUSTICE LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE
LORD GREAT CHAMBERLAIN LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL
LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL
LORD HIGH CONSTABLE LOWELL, JOHN
LORD HIGH STEWARD LOWELL (Massachusetts, U.S.A.)
LORD HIGH TREASURER LOWELL INSTITUTE
LORD HOWE LÖWENBERG
LORD JUSTICE CLERK LÖWENSTEIN
LORD JUSTICE-GENERAL LOWESTOFT
LORD KEEPER OF THE GREAT SEAL LOWIN, JOHN
LORD MAYOR'S DAY LOWLAND
LORD PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL LOWNDES, THOMAS
LORDS JUSTICES OF APPEAL LOWNDES, WILLIAM THOMAS
LORDS OF APPEAL IN ORDINARY LOW SUNDAY
LORD STEWARD LOWTH, ROBERT
LORÉ, AMBROISE DE LOXODROME
LORE LOYALISTS or TORIES
LORELEI LOYALTY
LORETO (Italy) LOYALTY ISLANDS
LORETO (Peru) LOYOLA, ST IGNATIUS OF
LORIENT LOZENGE
LORINER LOZÈRE
LORIS LUANG-PRABANG
LORIS-MELIKOV, TARIELOVICH LUBAO
LORIUM LÜBBEN
LÖRRACH LÜBECK
LORRAINE LUBLIN (government of Poland)
LORTZING, GUSTAV ALBERT LUBLIN (town of Poland)
LORY, CHARLES LUBRICANTS
LORY LUBRICATION
LOS ANDES LUCAN
LOS ANGELES LUCANIA
LOS ISLANDS LUCARIS, CYRILLUS
LOSSIEMOUTH LUCARNE
LOSSING, BENSON JOHN LUCAS, SIR CHARLES
LÖSSNITZ LUCAS, CHARLES
LOST PROPERTY LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR
LOSTWITHIEL LUCAS VAN LEYDEN
LOT (Biblical) LUCCA
LOT (Franch river) LUCCA, BAGNI DI
LOT (Franch department) LUCCEIUS, LUCIUS
LOT-ET-GARONNE LUCCHESINI, GIROLAMO
LOTHAIR I. LUCENA (southern Spain)
LOTHAIR II. or III. LUCERA (Italy)
LOTHAIR (king of France) LUCERNE (Swiss canton)
LOTHAIR (king of Lotharingia) LUCERNE (Swiss town)
LOTHIAN, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF LUCERNE, LAKE OF
LOTHIAN LUCERNE (plant)
LOTI, PIERRE LUCHAIRE, DENIS JEAN ACHILLE
LÖTSCHEN PASS LUCHU ARCHIPELAGO
LOTTERIES LUCIA (or Lucy), ST
LOTTI, ANTONIO LUCIAN (Christian martyr)
LOTTO, LORENZO LUCIAN (Greek satirist)
LOTTO LUCIFER (bishop of Cagliari)
LOTUS LUCIFER (planet)
LOTUS-EATERS LUCILIUS, GAIUS
LOTZE, RUDOLF HERMANN LUCILIUS JUNIOR
LOUBET, ÉMILE FRANÇOIS LUCINA
LOUDON, ERNST GIDEON LUCIUS
LOUDOUN, JOHN CAMPBELL LUCK
LOUDUN LÜCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH
LOUGHBOROUGH LUCKENWALDE
LOUGHREA LUCKNOW
LOUGHTON LUÇON
LOUHANS LUCRE
LOUIS (name) LUCRETIA
LOUIS I. (Roman emperor) LUCRETILIS MONS
LOUIS II. (Roman emperor) LUCRETIUS
LOUIS III. (Roman emperor) LUCRINUS LACUS
LOUIS IV., or V. (Roman emperor) LUCULLUS
LOUIS (king of the East Franks) LUCUS FERONIAE
LOUIS I. (king of Bavaria) LUCY, RICHARD DE
LOUIS II. (king of Bavaria) LUCY, SIR THOMAS
LOUIS II. (king of France) LUDDITES
LOUIS III. (king of France) LÜDENSCHEID
LOUIS IV. (king of France) LUDHIANA
LOUIS V. LUDINGTON
LOUIS VI. LUDLOW, EDMUND
LOUIS VII. LUDLOW (town)
LOUIS VIII. LUDLOW GROUP
LOUIS IX. LUDOLF (or Leutholf), HIOB
LOUIS X. LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM
LOUIS XI. LUDWIG, OTTO
LOUIS XII. LUDWIGSBURG
LOUIS XIII. LUDWIGSHAFEN
LOUIS XIV. LUDWIGSLUST
LOUIS XV. LUG
LOUIS XVI. LUGANO
LOUIS XVII. LUGANO, LAKE OF
LOUIS XVIII. LUGANSK
LOUIS I. (king of Hungary) LUGARD, SIR FREDERICK JOHN DEALTRY
LOUIS II. (king of Hungary) LUGO (Spanish province)
LOUIS (kings of Naples) LUGO (Spanish town)
LOUIS (king of the Franks) LUGOS
LOUIS OF NASSAU LUGUDUNUM
LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE LUINI, BERNARDINO
LOUIS PHILIPPE I. LUKE
LOUISBURG LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST
LOUISE LULEÅ
LOUISE OF SAVOY LULL (or Lully), RAIMON
LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO LULLABY
LOUISIANA (U.S.A. state) LULLY, JEAN-BAPTISTE
LOUISIANA (U.S.A. city) LUMBAGO
LOUISIANA PURCHASE LUMBER
LOUISVILLE LUMBINI
LOULÉ LUMP-SUCKER
LOURDES LUMSDEN, SIR HARRY BURNETT
LOURENÇO MARQUES LUNA, ÁLVARO DE
LOUSE LUNA
LOUTH (Leinster, Ireland) LUNATION
LOUTH (Lincolnshire, England) LUNAVADA
LOUVAIN LUNCHEON
LOUVER LUND, TROELS FREDERIK
LOUVET, JEAN LUND
LOUVET DE COUVRAI, JEAN BAPTISTE LUNDY, BENJAMIN
LOUVIERS LUNDY, ROBERT
LOUVOIS, FRANÇOIS LE TELLIER LUNDY
LOU[:Y]S, PIERRE LÜNEBURG
LOVAT, SIMON FRASER LÜNEBURGER HEIDE
LOVE-BIRD LUNETTE
LOVEDALE LUNÉVILLE
LOVELACE, RICHARD LUNG (anatomy)
LOVELL, FRANCIS LOVELL LUNG (symbolical creature)
LOVER, SAMUEL LUNGCHOW
LOVERE LUNGE, GEORG
LOW, SETH LUPERCALIA
LOW, WILL HICOK LUPINE
LOWBOY LUPUS, PUBLIUS RUTILIUS
LOW CHURCHMAN LUPUS
LOWE, SIR HUDSON LUQMAN

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XVII. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS,[1] WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. C. G.
ALBERT CHARLES LEWIS GOTTHILF GUNTHER, M.A., M.D., PH.D., F.R.S.

Keeper of Zoological Department, British Museum, 1875-1895. Gold
Medalist, Royal Society, 1878. Author of _Catalogues of Colubrine
Snakes, Batrachia salientia, and Fishes in the British Museum_;
&c.

Mackerel (_in part_).

A. C. S.
ALGERNON CHARLES SWINBURNE.

See the biographical article: SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES.

Marlowe, Christopher;
Mary, Queen of Scots.

A. E. J.
ARTHUR ERNEST JOLLIFFE, M.A.

Fellow, Tutor and Mathematical Lecturer, Corpus Christi College,
Oxford. Senior Mathematical Scholar, 1892.

Maxima;
Minima.

A. F. P.
ALBERT FREDERICK POLLARD, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC.

Professor of English History in University of London. Fellow of
All Souls' College, Oxford. Author of _England under the Protector
Somerset_; _Henry VIII._; &c.

Macalpine, John.

A. G. D.
ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.HIST.S.

Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of
Canada. Author of _The Cradle of New France_; &c. Joint-editor of
_Documents relating to the Constitutional History of Canada_.

McGee, T. A.

A. Ha.
ADOLF HARNACK.

See the biographical article: HARNACK, ADOLF.

Manichaeism (_in part_);
Marcion.

A. H. F.
REV. ANDREW HOLLINGSWORTH FROST, M.A.

Principal of Church Missionary College, Islington, 1870-1874.

Magic Square.

A. H. S.
REV. ARCHIBALD HENRY SAYCE, LL.D., LITT.D.

See the biographical article: SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY.

Lycia;
Lydia.

A. H.-S.
SIR A. HOUTUM-SCHINDLER, C.I.E.

General in the Persian Army. Author of _Eastern Persian Irak_.

Mazandaran.

A. J. G.*
ARTHUR JAMES GRANT, M.A.

King's College, Cambridge. Professor of History in the University
of Leeds.

Louis XIII., XIV. and XV. of France.

A. J. H.
ALFRED J. HIPKINS, F.S.A. (1826-1903).

Formerly Member of Council and Hon. Curator of the Royal College
of Music, London. Member of Committee of the Inventions and Music
Exhibition, 1885; of the Vienna Exhibition, 1892; and of the Paris
Exhibition, 1900. Author of _Musical Instruments_; &c.

Lute (_in part_);
Lyre (_in part_).

A. M. C.
AGNES MARY CLERKE.

See the biographical article: CLERKE, A. M.

Maskelyne;
Mayer, Johann Tobias.

A. M. Cl.
AGNES MURIEL CLAY (Mrs Edward Wilde).

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.
Joint-editor of _Sources of Roman History, 133-79 B.C._

Magistrate.

A. M. F.
REV. ANDREW MARTIN FAIRBAIRN, M.A., D.D., LL.D.

See the biographical article: FAIRBAIRN, A. M.

Martineau, James.

A. N.
ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, ALFRED.

Lory;
Love-Bird;
Lyre-Bird;
Macaw;
Magpie;
Mallemuck;
Manakin;
Manucode;
Martin.

A. N. W.
ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD, M.A., D.SC, F.R.S.

Fellow and Senior Lecturer in Mathematics, Trinity College,
Cambridge. Author of _A Treatise on Universal Algebra_.

Mathematics.

A. R. C.
ALEXANDER ROSS CLARKE, C.B., F.R.S.

Colonel R.E. Royal Medal of Royal Society, 1887. In charge of
Trigonometrical Operations of the Ordnance Survey, 1854-1881.

Map: _Projections_ (_in part_).

A. R. L.*
ARTHUR ROBERT LING, F.I.C.

Editor of the _Journal of the Institute of Brewing_. Lecturer on
Brewing and Malting at the Sir John Cass Institute, London.
Vice-President of the Society of Chemical Industry.

Malt.

A. Sl.
ARTHUR SHADWELL, M.A., M.D., LL.D.

Member of Council of Epidemiological Society. Author of _The
London Water-Supply_; _Industrial Efficiency_; _Drink, Temperance
and Legislation_.

Malaria (_in part_);
Massage.

A. Sy.
ARTHUR SYMONS.

See the biographical article: SYMONS, ARTHUR.

Mallarmé, Stéphane.

A. Wa.
ARTHUR WAUGH, M.A.

Managing Director of Chapman & Hall, Ltd., Publishers. Formerly
Literary Adviser to Kegan Paul & Co. Author of _Alfred Lord
Tennyson_; _Legends of the Wheel_; _Robert Browning_ in
"Westminster Biographies." Editor of Johnson's _Lives of the
Poets_.

Lytton, 1st Baron.

A. W. H.*
ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of
Gray's Inn, 1900.

Louis I., II., III. and IV.: _Roman Emperors_;
Louis the German;
Louis II. and III. of France;
Louis the Child;
Magna Carta;
Maximilian I.: _Roman Emperor_.

A. W. Hu.
REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON HUTTON, M.A.

Rector of Bow Church, London. Formerly Librarian of the National
Liberal Club. Author of _Life of Cardinal Manning_; &c.

Manning, Cardinal.

A. W. M.
ARTHUR WILLIAM MOORE, C.V.O., M.A. (1853-1909).

Trinity College, Cambridge. Formerly Speaker of the House of Keys,
and J.P. for the Isle of Man. Author of _A History of the Isle of
Man_; &c.

Man, Isle of.

A. W. R.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of
_Encyclopaedia of the Laws of England_.

Maxims, Legal.

B. W.
BENJAMIN WILLIAMSON, M.A., D.SC., F.R.S.

Professor of Natural Philosophy, and Vice-Provost of Trinity
College, Dublin. Author of _Differential Calculus_; &c.

Maclaurin, Colin.

C. A. M. F.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS MAUDE FENNELL, M.A., LITT.D.

Formerly Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge. Editor of Pindar's
_Odes and Fragments_, and of the _Stanford Dictionary of
Anglicized Words and Phrases_.

Magic Square (_in part_).

C. B. P.
CATHERINE BEATRICE PHILLIPS, B.A. (Mrs W. Alison Phillips).

Associate of Bedford College, London.

Louis XVIII. of France;
Marie Antoinette.

C. Ch.
CHARLES CHREE, M.A., LL.D., D.SC., F.R.S.

Superintendent, Kew Observatory. Formerly Fellow of King's
College, Cambridge. President of Physical Society of London. Watt
Medallist, Institute of Civil Engineers, 1905.

Magnetism, Terrestrial.

C. F. A.
CHARLES FRANCIS ATKINSON.

Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Captain, 1st City of
London (Royal Fusiliers). Author of _The Wilderness and Cold
Harbour_.

Machine-Gun.

C. F. Cl.
CHARLES FREDERICK CLOSE, C.M.G.

Lieutenant-Colonel, R.E. Head of the Geographical Section, British
General Staff. Formerly British Representative on the
Nyasa-Tanganyika Boundary Commission. Author of _Text-Book of
Topographical Surveying_; &c.

Map: _Projections_ (_in part_).

C. G. Cr.
CHARLES GEORGE CRUMP, M.A.

Balliol College, Oxford. Clerk in H.M. Public Record Office,
London. Editor of _Landor's Works_; &c.

Manor: _in England_.

C. H. Ha.
CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York
City. Member of the American Historical Association.

Matilda, Countess of Tuscany;
Lucius.

C. L. K.
CHARLES LETHBRIDGE KINGSFORD, M.A., F.R.HIST.S., F.S.A.

Assistant Secretary to the Board of Education. Author of _Life of
Henry V._ Editor of _Chronicles of London_ and Stow's _Survey of
London_.

Lovell, Viscount;
Margaret of Anjou.

C. M.
CARL THEODOR MIRBT, D.TH.

Professor of Church History in the University of Marburg. Author
of _Publizistik im Zeitalter Gregor VII._; _Quellen zur Geschichte
des Papstthums_; &c.

Lyons, Councils of;
Marburg, Colloquy of.

C. Pf.
CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D. ÈS L.

Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of
Honour. Author of _Études sur le règne de Robert le Pieux_.

Mayor of the Palace.