Chapter XI: Palmerston and the Revolution of '48 (2)

The rupture of "the cordial understanding" with England was followed so closely by the downfall of the monarchy, as to suggest that there must have been a connection between the two events. That the quarrel with England was one of the contributory causes of the revolution is almost universally admitted. English writers have generally referred to the events of '48 with some complacency, as the just retribution which promptly overtook Louis Philippe. So shrewd an observer as Baron Stockmar appears to have been convinced that the revelations in connection with the Spanish marriages did the "Citizen King" an incalculable amount of harm in the eyes of the French people and precipitated his overthrow.[956] Now, it is clear that the Spanish marriages had one effect which took those who were responsible for them completely by surprise. M. Guizot had confidently anticipated that, whatever other consequences might flow from them, they would be acclaimed as a great diplomatic triumph achieved at the expense of England. But the event completely falsified his expectations. The men, who in the question of the right of search, in the Pritchard affair, and in many other matters, had constantly accused him of truckling to England, were the first to denounce him for having sacrificed "the cordial understanding" to a purely dynastic object. It is more than probable that the indignation professed by M. Thiers and his friends was not very sincere and was, to a large extent, assumed for purposes of party politics. But their words, none the less, made a deep impression upon the middle-classes which had hitherto steadfastly supported the _régime_ of July. These people, says Lord Normanby, were convinced that their material interests had suffered owing to the rupture of the English alliance. The construction of railways in France had led, as in England, to a wild outburst of speculation. The undue inflation of prices was followed by the inevitable reaction. This unexpected depreciation in the value of the shares of the new companies was not, however, ascribed to its true causes. Disappointed speculators persuaded themselves that their losses were due to the disinclination of the British public to invest in French railways, owing to the change which the Spanish marriages had wrought in the political relations of the two countries.[957]

But in so far as the revolution of '48 is concerned, the true importance of the break-up of "the cordial understanding" consists in the policy which M. Guizot, in consequence, saw fit to adopt. It is undeniable that his attitude towards the Italian national movement and in the Swiss question was severely condemned by the majority of his countrymen, and proved most injurious to the monarchy. Men perceived clearly that the only result of his unnatural alliance with the Cabinet of Vienna had been enormously to diminish French influence at Rome and at Turin. In Switzerland his policy was seen to have been even more ineffectual.[958] All his efforts had been directed to the preservation of the _Sonderbund_. Nevertheless, the alliance of the reactionary cantons had been promptly and ignominiously dissolved, whilst his proffered mediation had been rejected with a haughty intimation that the victorious party intended to settle its affairs without his interference. It has been urged, however, in his defence that his difficulties were greatly aggravated by Lord Palmerston, whose deliberate purpose it was to thwart him on every occasion. A secret alliance, it has been said, existed between the British Foreign Minister and M. Thiers. Gossip on this subject had been rife ever since the close of the year 1844. It would seem that about that time some friendly messages from Palmerston were conveyed to M. Thiers by Sir John Easthope,[959] the proprietor of the _Morning Chronicle_, which was generally regarded as Palmerston's especial organ. In the following year, when M. Thiers visited London, Sir Anthony Panizzi, an Italian political exile, and the chief librarian of the British Museum, took great credit to himself for having cemented a good understanding between the two statesmen.[960] Palmerston afterwards denied absolutely that their interviews were in any way connected with a "conspiracy against M. Guizot."[961] Greville, however, accuses him of having, during the controversy on the subject of the Spanish marriages, permitted Lord Normanby to supply M. Thiers with the diplomatic documents bearing upon the question. Greville was so ready to believe anything discreditable about Palmerston that he cannot, as a rule, be looked upon as an altogether trustworthy witness. But, at the time referred to, he was in a position to speak of his own knowledge of what was taking place, inasmuch as he was in Paris for the express purpose of trying to re-establish "the cordial understanding" and was, moreover, the guest of Lord Normanby at the British embassy.[962] His testimony, therefore, coupled with the corroborative evidence to be found in the published letters of Panizzi, does suggest that certain of Thiers' very damaging criticisms of M. Guizot may have been inspired by Lord Palmerston.[963] But, had the policy of M. Guizot been supported by public opinion, the intrigues of a foreign minister with his chief political opponent would have tended to strengthen, rather than to weaken, his position. The whole affair, indeed, is not of much importance. Some of Thiers' newspaper articles may have been based upon information improperly supplied to him by the agents of Lord Palmerston, but his great speech on the Spanish marriages was not delivered until February 4, 1847,[964] when the British _blue book_ was at the disposal of any one who might desire to purchase it.

But the more serious charge has been made that Palmerston's whole policy, at this period, was subordinated to his desire to avenge the defeat he had sustained in the Spanish marriages.[965] His attitude in the Swiss and Italian questions has been fully explained. It is difficult to see how any British minister could have acted differently. Had Aberdeen been in office, it may safely be surmised that, out of consideration for Austria, he would not have advocated the despatch of one of his colleagues upon such a mission, as was confided to a member of Lord John Russell's government. But, without doubt, he would have furnished his agents at the Italian Courts with instructions substantially the same as those drawn up for the guidance of Lord Minto. In the Swiss affair both Aberdeen and Palmerston sought to avert civil war and foreign intervention by inducing the Pope to recall the Jesuits from Lucerne. There is, in short, a continuity in the British policy, whether conducted by Aberdeen or by Palmerston, not to be found in that of M. Guizot. His _rapprochement_ with the Cabinet of Vienna obliged him to adopt towards the Liberal and national movements in progress throughout Europe the views of Prince Metternich. The precise reasons which induced him to make overtures to Austria can only be conjectured. Having shattered "the cordial understanding," he may have thought that he must be able to show that he had substituted for the English, the Austrian, alliance. Perhaps he may have had some idea of isolating England, by means of the close relations which he proposed to establish between the government of the "Citizen King" and the absolute Courts. But, be his motives what they may, his dealings with Metternich, in 1847, were unquestionably one of the chief reasons of the revolution of '48.[966]

For the first time, between the years 1830 and 1848, the attempt was seriously made by the French and English governments to establish, as a primary principle of policy, the necessity of maintaining close and intimate relations between the two countries. The result, on the whole, disappointed expectations. The great work of Talleyrand's old age, the cementing of a good understanding between the Whigs and the Orleans' Monarchy, without doubt, deterred the absolute Courts from intervening in French affairs after the Revolution of July. Unquestionably, also, it averted a great war in the question of the separation of Belgium from Holland. But, on subsequent occasions, it did not prevent grave differences of opinion from arising between the two governments. The time had not yet come when "the cordial understanding" could be placed upon a firm and durable basis. The maintenance of the settlement, agreed to after the great war, was still the foundation of British policy in Europe. France, on the other hand, chafed bitterly at the conditions imposed upon her by the Congress of Vienna. Even among the peace-loving middle-classes the hope was fondly entertained that the man would arise who, "_à grands coups de sabre_," should destroy the treaties of 1815 and give back to France her "natural frontiers." Bonapartism was a living force by reason of the existence of this feeling. Louis Philippe and his ministers sought to allay the restlessness which it engendered by an active policy in the Mediterranean and in more distant waters. Suspicions and jealousies, the consequences of more than a hundred years of war and rivalry, were thus kept alive. French and British officials, whether of high rank or of low degree, continued to regard each other with instinctive hostility. Bulwer was no less anxious to outwit his colleague, Bresson, than was Pritchard to thwart his fellow-consul, Meerenhout. Nevertheless, the policy which finally broke up the alliance was not a policy which commended itself to the French people. Palmerston's views upon European affairs, between 1846 and 1848, accorded far more with the sentiments of the majority of Frenchmen than did those of M. Guizot; and his quarrel was not with the French nation, but with the government of Louis Philippe.

INDEX

Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chief, 358

Abdullah Pasha, 150

Abd-ul-Mejid, Sultan of Turkey, 242

Aberdeen, Earl of, 34, 37, 38, 116, 222, 281, 327, 331, 332, 333, 334, 339, 340, 342, 343, 344, 345, 347, 348, 349, 352, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 379, 380, 382, 385, 392, 401, 404, 421, 426, 442

Adair, Sir Robert, 76, 79, 82, 83, 84, 100, 101, 127

Adelaïde, Madame, sister of Louis Philippe, 9, 401

Ahmed Pasha, 165

Akiff-Effendi, 246

Albani, Cardinal, 104

Albert, Prince Consort of Queen Victoria, 287, 365, 372, 384, 417

Alexander I., Tsar of Russia, 19, 44

Alexander, Tsarewitch, _afterwards_ Alexander II., 236

Ali Pasha, 146

Alison, Secretary of Embassy at Constantinople, 289

Althorp, Viscount. _See_ SPENCER, EARL

Alvanley, Lord, 86

Ancillon, Johann Peter, 111, 112, 136, 141

Apponyi, Count, 66, 68, 273, 292, 295, 411

Argüelles, Agustín, 218

Aston, Arthur, 217, 226, 307, 339, 340, 344, 371, 432

Atthalin, General, Baron, 27, 36, 344

Aubigny, Captain de, 361, 365, 366

Auckland, Earl of, 235

Aumale, Duc d', son of Louis Philippe, 338, 373

Avedick, Armenian _dragoman_, 244

Azeglio, Marquis de, 408, 409

Bagot, Sir Charles, 76, 113

Balbo, Count Cesare, 408, 409

Balmaceda, Carlist chief, 215

Bandiera, Admiral, 290

Barante, Baron de, 130

Baudrand, General, 15, 81

Beauharnais, Eugène de, 48

Beauvale, Lord, 17, 107, 108, 111, 112, 114, 169, 247, 250, 322

Becker, German poet, 312

Bedford, Duke of, 297

Belliard, General, 21, 61, 83, 100, 101

Benedek, Colonel, 406

Berri, Duc de, 62, 350

Bern, Duchesse de, 51, 120, 134, 197

Bernetti, Cardinal, 104, 106, 107

Bernstorff, Count, 24

Berryer, Pierre-Antoine, 350

Beshir, Emir, 152

Bligh, British _chargé d'affaires_ at St. Petersburg, 166, 168, 221

Boghos Bey, 227

Boigne, Comtesse de, 259

Bois-le-Comte, French Ambassador to the Swiss Confederation, 431, 434

Bordeaux, Duc de, 9, 62, 120, 350, 351

Bourqueney, Baron, 241, 286, 321, 322, 323, 326

Boutenieff, Russian Minister at Constantinople, 154, 155, 156, 157,
158, 161, 162, 223, 247

Bravo, Gonzalez, 217

Bresson, Comte, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 371, 374, 375, 379, 380, 383, 384, 387, 388, 390, 391, 394, 395, 397, 398, 399, 401, 411, 444

Broglie, Duc de, 35, 39, 130, 131, 132, 135, 137, 138, 156, 160, 165, 167, 169, 177, 178, 181, 184, 188, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198, 219, 221, 222, 225, 226, 334, 428, 436

Bruat, Admiral, 360, 361

Brunnow, Baron, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 267, 300, 319

Bubna, Field-Marshal, 19

Bugeaud, Marshal, Duc d'Isly, 358, 367

Bülow, Baron, 114, 141, 263, 266, 274, 275, 276, 283

Bulwer, Henry, Lytton, _afterwards_ Lord Dalling, 232, 249, 250, 257, 279, 280, 295, 296, 298, 307, 333, 337, 339, 341, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 378, 379, 380, 385, 386, 388, 390, 393, 396, 400, 411, 432, 444

Buol, Count, 413, 415

Burnes, Sir Alexander, 235, 236

Cabrera, Ramon, 202, 210, 214, 215, 216

Caillier, Captain, 242

Calatrava, Josè Maria, 203, 205, 207

Calomarde, Spanish statesman, 173, 174

Campbell, Colonel, 156, 162, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233, 234, 251, 257

Canning, George, 20, 50, 63, 144, 146, 147, 352, 403

Canning, Sir Stratford, _afterwards_ Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, 151,
153, 155, 174, 175, 177, 221, 433, 434

Carini, Neapolitan Ambassador at Madrid, 374

Carlos, Don, Pretender to the Spanish throne, 173, 174, 176, 178, 179, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 191, 192, 193, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 214, 342, 343, 344, 348, 369, 377, 386, 394, 403

Carlotta, Infanta, 369

Cartwright, Thomas, 49, 50

Castlereagh, Viscount, _afterwards_ Second Marquis of Londonderry, 16,
20

Cea, Bermúdez, Spanish statesman, 174, 175, 177, 178, 336

Chad, British minister at Berlin, 110, 112

Charles X., King of France, 1, 4, 6, 8, 16, 20, 21, 30, 39, 43, 45

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 408, 409, 413, 414, 418, 437

Charles, Archduke of Austria, 49, 336

Charles Frederick, Archduke of Austria, 290

Charles, of Naples, Prince, 51, 55, 57, 59, 69

Charlotte, Princess, daughter of George IV., 69

Chassé, General, Baron, 76, 140, 142

Chateaubriand, Vicomte de, 26, 64, 350

Chekib-Effendi, 263, 267, 271

Chesney, Colonel Francis, 237

Chlopicki, General, 44

Chrzanowski, General Adalbert, 229, 251, 252

Clanricarde, Marquis of, 236, 252, 319, 320

Clarendon, Earl of, 177, 184, 186, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 203, 207,
208, 210, 216, 217, 265, 266, 275, 297, 336, 396

Cochelet, Adrien-Louis, 241, 242, 269, 272, 273

Codrington, Admiral, Sir Edward, 146

Coloredo, Count, 436, 437

Concha, General, 338

Constantine, Paulovitch, Grand Duke, 144

Cor, _dragoman_ to French Embassy at Constantinople, 291, 292

Cordoba, General, 201

Cortazar, Modesto, 216

Coste, Jacques, 270, 310

Cousin, Victor, 41

Cowley, Earl, 185, 343, 345, 347, 363, 366, 371, 379, 396

Cubières, General de, 302

Cunningham, Marchioness of, 50

Daine, General, 76, 83

Darmès, regicide, 306

Décazes, Duc, 39, 340

Dedel, Dutch Envoy in London, 266

Deutz, Agent of Duchesse de Bern, 197

Diebitsch, Marshal, Count, 26, 42, 64

Diedrichstein, Baron von, 435

Dino, Duchesse de, 32, 199, 266

Dost Mohammad, Amir of Kabul, 235

Drummond-Hay, British Consul at Tangier, 360

Duckworth, Admiral, 164

Dufour, General, 430, 432

Duhamel, Colonel, 157

Dupetit-Thouars, Admiral, 351, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356, 360

Dupin, André Marie Jean Jacques, 31, 129

Dupont, Jacques, 31, 39

Durham, Earl of, 123, 124, 135, 224

Easthope, Sir John, 440

Eliot, Lord, _afterwards_ Earl of St. Germans, 184, 185

Ellice, Edward, 265, 297, 321

Elphinstone, Miss Mercer, 53

Emin Bey, 148

Enrique, Don, Duke of Seville, 370, 379, 384, 385, 388, 389, 390, 397,
398, 403

Escalera, General, 207

España, Count of, 214

Espartero, General Baldomero, 206, 207, 210, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 307, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, 346, 347, 368, 369, 371, 378, 404

Etterhazy, Prince, 43

Evans, Sir George de Lacy, 187, 202, 211

Excelmans, General, _afterwards_ Marshal, 52

Fabvier, General, Baron, 52

Fanshawe, Captain, 315

Faucher, Léon, 302

Ferdinand VII., King of Spain, 20, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 190,
191, 192, 403

Ferdinand I. (IV.), King of the Two Sicilies, 19

Ferdinand II. ("Bomba,") King of the Two Sicilies, 264, 374, 435

Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg, King Consort of Maria II., Queen of
Portugal, 190

Ferdinand, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, 371, 379, 382, 384, 395

Fernanda, Infanta, 372, 377, 391, 394, 395, 397, 398, 400, 401

Fethi Ahmed Pasha, 270, 273

Fezensac, Duc de, 209

Flahaut, General, Comte de, 53, 54, 265, 407

Forbes, British _chargé d'affaires_ at Vienna, 101

Francis II., Emperor of Austria, 17, 21, 26, 68, 166

Francis IV., Duke of Modena, 64

Francisco de Paula, Infante, 369, 375, 385, 393

Francisco de Asis, Don, Duke of Cadiz, _afterwards_ king Consort of Isabella II., Queen of Spain, 370, 379, 384, 387, 391, 395, 396, 397, 398, 401, 402, 403

Frederick William III., King of Prussia, 17, 22, 23, 24, 26, 31, 32,
68, 167, 274

Frederick William IV., King of Prussia, 166, 408

Frederick William, Crown Prince of Prussia. _See_ FREDERICK WILLIAM IV.

Gallois, Captain, 105, 107

Gendebien, Alexandra, Joseph, 48, 52

George IV., King of Great Britain, 14, 50, 69

Gérard, Marshal, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 139, 140, 141, 142

Gioberti, Vincenzo, 408, 409

Glücksberg, Duc de, 340, 341, 345

Goblet, General, 84, 100, 101, 128

Granville, Earl of, 53, 54, 58, 59, 60, 67, 69, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 95, 99, 103, 129, 131, 132, 134, 137, 160, 181, 185, 188, 193, 194, 196, 202, 205, 208, 209, 228, 234, 244, 279, 280, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 336

Granville, Countess of, 63

Gregory XVI., Pope, 409, 410, 421

Greville, Charles, 64, 70, 265, 283, 297, 299, 302, 312, 321, 329, 441

Grey, 2nd Earl, 39, 40, 46, 49, 51, 57, 74, 79, 80, 81, 83, 89, 92, 96, 98, 102, 116, 118, 119, 123, 134, 137, 140, 172, 183, 199, 222, 265

Grey, 3rd Earl, 381

Grote, George, 423, 424

Guizot, François, 31, 35, 39, 47, 130, 132, 191, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 292, 296, 297, 304, 305, 309, 312, 313, 318, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 329, 332, 333, 334, 337, 339, 341, 345, 347, 348, 349, 352, 353, 355, 356, 357, 359, 360, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 370, 372, 374, 375, 376, 379, 383, 384, 386, 387, 388, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 407, 410, 411, 412, 413, 421, 422, 423, 424, 425, 428, 429, 431, 432, 434, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 444

Haines, Captain, 232.

Hafiz Pasha, 228, 240, 242, 243, 251, 252

Halen, General Van, 344

Halil Pasha, 155, 158, 159, 243, 269

Hay, Admiral, Lord John, 201, 207, 213

Heine, Heinrich, 63, 120, 302

Heytesbury, Lord, 26, 27, 28, 42, 68, 87, 88, 89, 90, 110, 123, 125

Hinüber, General, 72

Hobson, Captain William, 351

Hodges, Colonel, 269, 272

Holland, Lord, 255, 266, 275, 298, 302, 321, 327

Holland, Lady, 298

Hosrew Pasha, 150, 243, 247, 268, 269, 272, 273

Howard de Walden, Lord, 189, 190

Howden, Lord, 411

Hugon, Admiral, 226, 306

Humann, Jean-Georges, 132

Hume, Joseph, 281

Hussein Pasha, 151

Ibell, Charles, 24

Ibrahim Pasha, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 219, 220, 232, 234, 240, 241, 242, 245, 247, 251, 252, 253, 268, 269, 271, 280, 283, 287, 291, 294, 295, 296, 301, 310, 311, 314, 317

Isabella II., Queen of Spain, 174, 176, 180, 186, 204, 206, 208, 211, 213, 216, 335, 337, 338, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 347, 348, 368, 369, 370, 371, 374, 375, 377, 378, 379, 382, 383, 387, 388, 391, 394, 396, 397, 400, 401, 402, 403, 405, 411

Isturiz, Francisco, Javier de, 202, 379

Jarnac, Philippe de Bohan-Chabot, Comte de, 349, 360, 361, 362, 363,
364, 365, 366, 375, 376, 383, 384, 386, 388, 391, 392, 394, 402

Jochmus, General, 252, 314

Joinville, Prince de, son of Louis Philippe, 189, 244, 338, 356, 358,
359, 364, 367

Klindworth, secret diplomatic agent, 412

Kotchuby, Russian minister, 156

Kotzebue, Augustus, 24

La Fayette, Marquis de, 5, 9, 11, 35, 46

Laffitte, Jacques, 4, 9, 39, 62, 63

Lalande, Admiral, 243, 244, 245

Lallemand, General, Baron, 52

Lamarque, General, Comte, 46, 120

Lamartine, Alphonse de, 438

Lamb, Sir Frederick. _See_ BEAUVALE, LORD

Lamoricière, General Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de, 358, 360

Lansdowne, Marquis of, 181, 266, 275, 302

La Tour-Maubourg, Marie-Charles-César de Faÿ, General, Marquis de, 82,
84, 95, 98, 99, 100, 127, 139

Lawoëstine, Colonel, Marquis de, 54, 55, 56

Leon, General Diego, 338

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, _afterwards_ Leopold I., King of the Belgians, 49, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 79, 82, 84, 85, 91, 92, 93, 99, 100, 101, 126, 127, 139, 143, 285, 287, 300, 307, 367, 384

Leopold of Saxe-Coburg, Prince, 371, 375, 377, 379, 385, 391, 392,
395, 402

Lesseps, Viscomte Ferdinand de, 227, 345, 346

Leuchtenberg, Duc Auguste de, 48, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 189

Lieven, Prince, 42, 90, 115, 221

Lieven, Princess, 222, 259, 265, 274

Lobau, Marshal Mouton de, 46

Londonderry, 3rd Marquis of, 74, 85, 223

Louis XVIII., King of France, 6, 7, 30, 39, 62, 340

Louis Philippe, King of the French, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 40, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 67, 69, 81, 92, 97, 100, 121, 124, 129, 130, 131, 134, 137, 144, 173, 177, 182, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205, 207, 209, 212, 214, 220, 239, 250, 258, 264, 265, 279, 285, 287, 292, 293, 300, 305, 307, 308, 309, 311, 319, 327, 329, 331, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 344, 347, 348, 350, 351, 355, 356, 357, 358, 365, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 374, 375, 376, 379, 382, 383, 384, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395, 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 407, 410, 413, 422, 423, 425, 429, 437, 438, 439, 443, 444

Louise, Princesse, daughter of Louis Philippe, consort of Leopold I.,
King of the Belgians, 126, 392

Loulé, Marquise de, 189

Lushington, Doctor, 334

Lützow, Count, 67

Lyndhurst, Lord, 118, 119

Lyons, Sir Edmund, 411

Maanen, Cornelius van, 29

Macneil, British minister at Teheran, 235

Mahmud II., Sultan of Turkey, 145, 146, 147, 150, 152, 153, 157, 159, 161, 163, 165, 169, 219, 220, 227, 228, 229, 232, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 246

Maison, Marshal, Marquis, 41, 64, 66, 67, 108

Malcolm, Sir Pulteney, 164

Mandeville, British _chargé d'affaires_ at Constantinople, 154, 155,
157, 158, 160

Maria II., Queen of Portugal, 171, 173, 174, 176, 189, 190

Maria Amalia of Saxony, 3rd wife of Ferdinand VII., King of Spain, 172

Maria Christina, 4th wife of Ferdinand VII. and Queen Regent of Spain, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 186, 192, 194, 195, 202, 203, 206, 207, 209, 213, 215, 216, 217, 218, 307, 335, 336, 337, 338, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 368, 369, 370, 372, 374, 376, 378, 379, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 389, 392, 395, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401

Marie Amélie, Queen of the French, Consort of Louis Philippe, 9, 51,
391

Mareuil, French _chargé d'affaires_ in London, 132

Maroto, General Rafael, 211, 212, 213, 214

Martínez de la Rosa, Francisco, 178, 180, 184, 187, 190, 192

Matuszewic, Count, 111, 115, 169

Mauguin, François, 49

Maurojeni, Turkish _chargé d'affaires_ at Vienna, 153

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 408

Medem, Count, 252

Meerenhout, French consul at Tahiti, 352, 353, 354, 444

Mehemet Ali, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 159, 161, 164, 168, 169, 170, 171, 219, 220, 224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 253, 255, 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 284, 285, 290, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 300, 301, 303, 305, 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 403

Melbourne, Viscount, 183, 186, 205, 266, 275, 282, 283, 286, 287, 297,
298, 299, 303, 307, 309, 326

Mendizabal, Juan Alvarez, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 201, 202

Mérode, Comte Félix de, 55

Metternich, Clement Wenceslas, Prince, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 42, 43, 49, 65, 67, 68, 101, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112, 114, 121, 135, 144, 166, 167, 168, 169, 198, 204, 225, 245, 247, 254, 266, 269, 293, 300, 310, 312, 316, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 326, 332, 336, 342, 343, 344, 370, 393, 407, 408, 409, 411, 412, 413, 414, 415, 416, 418, 421, 422, 423, 424, 429, 435, 437, 442, 443

Meulinäer, Dutch statesman, 82, 84, 126, 128

Miguel, Dom, usurping King of Portugal, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177,
178, 179

Miller, Major-General, 354

Mimaut, French consul-general at Alexandria, 227, 272

Minto, Earl of, 417, 418, 421, 424, 425, 427, 428, 431, 432, 433, 435,
442

Miraflores, Marquis of, 378, 396

Mohammad, Shah of Persia, 235, 236

Molé, Louis, Comte, 31, 35, 36, 38, 39, 48, 196, 204, 205, 207, 212,
234, 329, 336

Moltke, Major Helmuth von, _afterwards_ Field-Marshal, 230, 238, 251

Montalivet, Comte de, 45

Montpensier, Duc de, son of Louis Philippe, 371, 372, 377, 383, 387,
391, 393, 394, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402

Montrond, Comte Casimir de, 32, 58

Morier, Burnet, 426

Morier, David, 425, 426, 432

Morny, Duc de, 53

Mortemart, Duc de, 87

Mounier, Baron, 321

Muñagorri, Basque lawyer, 210, 212

Muravieff, General, 154, 155, 156, 158

Mustafa-Effendi, 153

Namic Pasha, 153

Napier, Commodore, Sir Charles, 175, 290, 295, 301, 313, 314, 315,
316, 317, 360

Napoleon, Prince Charles, 66

Napoleon, Prince Louis, _afterwards_ Napoleon III., 53, 66, 121, 285,
286

Narvaez, General Ramon Maria, 211, 335, 346, 368, 374, 376, 378, 379,
383

Nemours, Duc de, son of Louis Philippe, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60,
61, 139, 189, 373

Nesselrode, Charles Robert Count, 20, 22, 87, 88, 90, 110, 125, 156,
165, 166, 167, 168, 220, 221, 236, 252, 269, 365

Neumann, Baron, 258, 263, 266, 273, 283

Nicholas I., Tsar of Russia, 20, 26, 27, 28, 36, 44, 68, 73, 88, 90, 101, 105, 108, 109, 112, 113, 116, 123, 124, 135, 140, 146, 147, 154, 156, 157, 160, 163, 166, 168, 220, 223, 224, 239, 241, 246, 253, 257, 319, 356, 357, 429

Normanby, Marquis of, 391, 393, 407, 411, 416, 439, 441

Nourri-Effendi, 242, 262, 263

Nuñoz. _See_ RIANZAREZ, DUKE OF

Nuñoz, brother of Duke of Rianzarez, 390

Ochsenbein, Ulrich, 424, 427, 428, 429, 432, 433

O'Donnell, General, 216, 338

Olozaga, Salustiano de, 339

Orange, Prince Frederick of, 29

Orange, William, Prince of, 29, 36, 47, 48, 50, 52, 57, 70, 76, 83

Orléans, Duc de. _See_ LOUIS PHILIPPE, King of the French

Orléans, Duc de, eldest son of Louis Philippe, 139, 198, 204, 225, 293

Orloff, General, Count Alexis, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115,
116, 162, 163, 170, 254

Osman Bey, 243

Otho, King of Greece, 311, 411

Otrante, Comte Athanase de, 65

Pageot, French diplomatist, 341, 342, 343

Palmella, Duke of, 189

Palmerston, Viscount, 41, 42, 46, 49, 53, 58, 59, 60, 61, 66, 70, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 98, 99, 102, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 115, 116, 125, 128, 134, 136, 139, 141, 143, 144, 153, 156, 166, 169, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 189, 192, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 204, 208, 209, 213, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 225, 226, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 248, 249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 281, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 292, 296, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333, 336, 352, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 397, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 406, 407, 411, 415, 416, 417, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433, 435, 436, 440, 441, 442, 444

Palmerston, Lady, 382

Panizzi, Sir Anthony, 441

Parnell, Sir Henry, 39

Pedro I., Emperor of Brazil, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 189

Peel, Sir Robert, 183, 186, 222, 281, 327, 331, 357, 360, 372, 373,
380, 381, 401, 432

Peel, Robert, son of Sir Robert, 431, 432, 433

Périer, Casimir, 39, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 72, 75, 78, 79, 81, 86, 100,
102, 103, 105, 108, 112, 118, 120, 121, 129, 130

Périgord, Comte Edmond de, 32

Piscatory, French minister at Athens, 411

Pius IX., Pope, 409, 414

Polignac, Prince Jules de, 3, 14, 15, 26, 45, 155

Pomare, Queen of Tahiti, 352, 353, 354, 361, 365

Ponsonby, Viscount, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 59, 60, 71, 72, 156, 162, 223, 224, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234, 239, 240, 243, 244, 247, 248, 269, 270, 273, 291, 303, 305, 316, 324, 325, 326, 415

Pontois, French ambassador at Constantinople, 269, 291, 292

Pottinger, Eldred, 235

Pozzo di Borgo, Charles, Count, 160

Prim, Brigadier-General, _afterwards_ Marshal, 346

Pritchard, George, 353, 354, 355, 356, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365,
366, 367, 444

Quesada, General, 203

Radetzky, Field-Marshal, Count, 104, 435, 437

Radowitz, General von, 436, 437

Ranjit Singh, Maharajah of Lahore, 235

Rayneval, Alphonse Gérard de, 187, 195, 197

Reeve, Henry, 281, 302, 312, 329

Reichstadt, Duc de, son of Napoleon I., 67, 121

Rémusat, Comte Charles de, 5, 47

Reshid Bey, 159

Reshid, Mustafa, Pasha, 229, 239, 240, 244, 269, 273, 291, 292

Rianzarez, Duke of, 369, 372, 387

Riego, Rafael del, 179

Rifat Bey, 288, 290, 294, 301

Rigny, Admiral, Comte de, 178, 179

Rives, American minister in Paris, 5

Rodil, General, 179

Rossi, Comte Pellegrino, 410, 421

Roussin, Albin Reine, Admiral, Baron, 75, 158, 159, 160, 162, 168,
172, 228, 234, 241, 247, 248, 257, 272, 302

Royer-Collard, Pierre Paul, 130

Russell, Lord John, 282, 297, 299, 303, 380, 381, 383, 392, 416, 442

Sainte-Aulaire, Louis-Clair de Beaupoil, Marquis de, 66, 104, 193,
247, 333, 380, 428

Saldanha, Marshal, Duke of, 189

Salis-Soglio, Ulrich von, 430

Salvandy, Comte de, 340, 341

Sami Bey, 272, 273

Samos, Prince of, 272

Sand, Karl Ludwig, 24

Sarim-Effendi, 227, 228, 272

Sarsfield, General Pedro, 207

Sartorius, Sir George, 172, 175

Sébastiani, General, _afterwards_ Marshal, 41, 51, 52, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 77, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 87, 89, 94, 98, 99, 100, 132, 256, 257, 258, 259, 348

Sébastiani, General Tiburce, 100

Serrano, General, 411

Sèves, Colonel. _See_ SOLIMAN PASHA

Seymour, George, 106, 107

Simonitch, Count, 235, 236

Soliman Pasha, 149, 291, 301

Sotomayor, Duke of, 382

Soult, Marshal, Duc de Dalmatie, 79, 85, 131, 132, 142, 197, 212, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250, 252, 254, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 309, 356

Southern, secretary to British legation and _chargé d'affaires_ at
Madrid, 194, 215, 337

Spencer, Earl, 183, 297

Stockmar, Baron, 77, 84, 91, 92, 93, 98, 101, 115, 116, 125, 126, 127,
439

Stopford, Admiral, Sir Robert, 249, 251, 264, 278, 289, 290, 301, 311,
314, 315

Stuart de Rothesay, Lord, 34, 35, 38, 45, 48, 53

Stürmer, Baron, 247, 316, 326

Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince de, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 48, 49, 51, 54, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 70, 71, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94, 95, 98, 99, 102, 105, 115, 116, 137, 141, 144, 178, 179, 180, 198, 259, 443

Taylor, Sir Brooke, 66

Temple, Sir William, 264

Terceira, Duke of, 176

Thiers, Louis-Adolphe, 4, 8, 132, 197, 198, 201, 203, 204, 225, 226, 227, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 288, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 302, 304, 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 318, 328, 329, 412, 437, 439, 440, 441

Toreno, Count, 192, 337, 343, 396

Trapani, Count, 369, 370, 373, 374, 376, 378, 379, 384, 387, 402

Turner, Lieutenant, 208, 210, 212

Varennes, French _chargé d'affaires_ at Constantinople, 154, 155, 157,
160

Véron, Doctor Louis-Désiré, 248

Verstolk van Soelen, Johan Gijsbert, Dutch statesman, 71, 113

Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, 212, 285, 299, 303, 325, 348, 350,
356, 367, 368, 372, 373, 391, 392, 417

Villèle, Jean-Baptiste de, 146

Villiers, George. _See_ CLARENDON, EARL OF

Vogoride, Prince Nicolae, 272

Walewski, Comte, 284, 294, 411

Walker, Captain, 245, 301, 314

Wellington, Duke of, 14, 15, 28, 32, 34, 37, 41, 81, 86, 96, 116, 119,
147, 183, 185, 222, 223, 224, 281, 287, 331, 332, 357

Werther, Baron, 31, 136, 295, 319

Weyer, Silvain van de, 52, 91, 100, 116, 117, 128

William I., King of the Netherlands, 29, 43, 47, 55, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 91, 93, 101, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 122, 123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137, 138, 141, 142, 143

William IV., King of Great Britain, 15, 32, 39, 40, 106, 118, 134,
137, 153, 183

Witkewitch, Captain, 235, 236

Wittgenstein, Prince, 22, 24, 437

Wylde, Colonel, 187, 200, 201, 210, 213

Zumalacárregui, General, 183, 200

Zuylen, Baron van, 125, 128

FOOTNOTES:

[1] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), I. pp. 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, and 354.

[2] The "_pré carré_," the sea, the Rhine, and the Pyrenees.

[3] N. Senior, _Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc._, I. pp. 288, 323, and 334.

[4] L. Blanc, _Histoire de dix ans._, I. p. 383.

[5] F. Daudet, _Revue des Deux Mondes_. 1^{er} décembre, 1909. "La police politique sous la Restauration."

[6] Guizot, _Mémoires_, II. pp. 12-16.

[7] The son of the Duchesse de Berri. The Duc de Berri had been murdered at the Opera House on February 13, 1820, and his son had been born in the following September. The Duc de Bordeaux was therefore the grandson of Charles X. and the nephew of the Duc d'Angoulême, the Dauphin. He is better known by the title of the Comte de Chambord.

[8] L. Vitet, "La monarchie de" 1830, _Revue des Deux Mondes_. 1^{er} décembre, 1860.

[9] L. Blanc, _Histoire de dix ans._, I. pp. 384-388.

[10] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leyland), I. pp. 141, 142.

[11] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 26-28.

[12] Affaires étrangères 631, Angleterre, Baudrand à Molé, août 28, 1830. H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, I. p. 330. _Edinburgh Review_, October, 1830. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 131-134. C. Greville, _Journals_, II. pp. 94, 95. _Correspondence of Princess Lieven with Earl Grey_, II. Grey to Princess Lieven, July 29, 1830.

[13] _Despatches and Correspondence of Wellington_, VII. Wellington to Aberdeen, August 12th, 1830, pp. 162-169, _Memorandum upon Relations with France_. C. Greville, _Journal_, II. p. 21.

[14] Affaires étrangères 631, Angleterre: Baudrand à Molé, 23 août, 1830; Vaudreuil à Molé, 28 août, 1830.

[15] F.O. Austria 243, Lamb to Palmerston, September 3, 1833.

[16] Bolton King, _History of Italian Unity_, I. pp. 51-61.

[17] Metternich, _Memoires_, IV. p. 222: Metternich à Esterhazy, 7 août, 1825.

[18] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 10-17.

[19] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 17-30.

[20] E. Quinet, _De l'Allemagne_. _Revue des Deux Mondes_, V. Premier semestre.

[21] William A'Court, first Baron Heytesbury (1779-1860).

[22] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, August 17, 18, 19, 1830.

[23] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen (most secret and confidential), August 20, 1830.

[24] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, September 8, 14, 1830.

[25] Guizot, _Mémoires_, II. pp. 86-87.

[26] Broglie, _Souvenirs_, IV. pp. 41-42.

[27] Affaires étrangères, 631 Angleterre. Talleyrand à Molé, 25 septembre, 1830. Barante, _Souvenirs_, IV. p. 9.

[28] C. Greville, _Journals_, II. p. 57.

[29] _La Jeune Captive._

[30] There is an interesting article on the subject of Montrond, by H. Welschinger, in the _Revue de Paris_ of the 1^{er} février, 1895, entitled "Un ami de Talleyrand." His name figures constantly in T. Raikes' _Journal_, _Chroniques de Madame de Dino_, C. Greville's _Journals_, H. Greville's _Diary_, Gronow's _Recollections_, etc.

[31] T. Raikes, _Journal_, I. p. 268, and III. pp. 153-154. Among the papers discovered at the Tuileries, after the Revolution of 1848, and published in the _Revue Retrospective_, p. 37, Montrond's name appears opposite a sum of 36,000 francs in the accounts of the secret service funds of the Foreign Office for the year 1842.

[32] Affaires étrangères, 631 Angleterre, Vaudreuil à Molé 31 août, 1830. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 144-147.

[33] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 3, 1830.

[34] Affaires étrangères, 681 (_bis_) Angleterre Talleyrand a Molé, 3, 6, 8 octobre, 1830.

[35] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 12, 1830. F.O. France 414, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 1, 8, 11, 1830, Guizot, _Mémoires_, II. pp. 95-98. Broglie, _Souvenirs_, IV. pp. 28-29. L. Blanc, _Histoire de dix ans._, II. pp. 103-114.

[36] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Molé, 11 octobre, 1830.

[37] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Molé à Talleyrand, 13 octobre, 1830. F.O. France 414 & 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, 12, 15 October, 1830.

[38] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Molé à Talleyrand, 9, 20 octobre, 1830; Talleyrand à Molé, 15, 23, 25 octobre, 1830; 1 novembre, 1830.

[39] F.O. France 405, Aberdeen to Stuart, October 22, 1830. F.O. France 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 18, 22, 25, 31, 1830.

[40] Broglie, _Souvenirs_, IV. pp. 87-91. Guizot, _Mémoires_, II. pp. 128-135.

[41] Affaires étrangères, 681 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, novembre 27, 1830.

[42] N. Senior, _Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc._, II. p. 280. C. Greville, _Journals_, III. p. 210.

[43] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, I. pp. 315-316, 322; II. p. 8

[44] F.O. Russia 186, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, September 4, 1830.

[45] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Maison à Talleyrand, 13, 15, 22 novembre, 1830. F.O. France 416, Stuart to Aberdeen and Palmerston, November 22, 26, 29, 1830.

[46] F.O. Russia 187, Heytesbury to Aberdeen, October 12, 1830.

[47] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 43-48 and 51-57; Metternich à Esterhazy, 21 octobre, 1830. _Memoire pour Orloff_, 6 octobre, 1830.

[48] Affairs étrangères, 601 (_bis_) et 632, Angleterre, Talleyrand à Molé, 29 octobre, 1830; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 20 novembre, 1830, 10, 21 novembre, 1831.

[49] Schools upon the system advocated by Joseph Lancaster (1778-1838), _i.e._ upon the monitorial system. (_Dictionary of National Biography._)

[50] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 28 décembre, 1830. Metternich, _Memoires_, V. p. 79, Metternich à Ficquelmont, 31 décembre, 1830.

[51] F.O. France 417, Stuart to Palmerston, December 10, 1830.

[52] Barante, _Souvenirs_, IV. pp. 174 and 187, Rémusat à Barante, 2 avril, 1831; Guizot à Barante, 8 avril, 1831. Cf. also N. Senior, _Conversations with Thiers, Guizot, etc._, Conversation with Victor Cousin, May 20, 1856.

[53] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 728, 729.

[54] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 749, 750. Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand, à Sébastiani, 20 décembre, 1830.

[55] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 759-773.

[56] F.O. France 415, Stuart to Aberdeen, October 19, 1830.

[57] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Maison, 7 novembre, 1830.

[58] _State Papers_, XVII. p. 1242.

[59] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 27 novembre, 1830; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 25 décembre, 1830. Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 25 déc, 1830.

[60] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 2 décembre, 1830; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 30 décembre, 1830.

[61] F.O. France 416, Stuart to Palmerston, December 31, 1830; January 3, 1831.

[62] Lord Lamington, _In the Days of the Dandies_, pp. 127, 128. _Dictionary of National Biography_, Ponsonby, John, Viscount (1770-1855).

[63] Affaires étrangères, 187 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 19 décembre 1830; 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 8, 14, 18 janvier, 1831 (particulière et confidentielle).

[64] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) and 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 3, 10, 19 janvier, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7 janvier, 1831.

[65] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 19 janvier, 1831.

[66] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 17 janvier, 1831.

[67] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 janvier, 1831.

[68] Affaires étrangères, 187 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 décembre, 1830.

[69] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 6 janvier, 1831.

[70] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 17 janvier, 1831 (particulière); 18 janvier, 1831 (particulière et confidentielle).

[71] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, January 21, 1831.

[72] T. Raikes' _Journal_, III. p. 182.

[73] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 37-40; Palmerston to Granville, February 8, 1831.

[74] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, January 14, 21, 22, 1831.

[75] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 25 janvier, 1831.

[76] T. Juste, _Sylvain Van de Weyer_, pp. 135-137 and notes.

[77] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 19 janvier, 1831.

[78] The leader of the Catholic party in Belgium.

[79] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 21 janvier, 1831.

[80] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 22, 24 janvier, 1831.

[81] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 29 janvier, 1831.

[82] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Lawoëstine à Sébastiani, 29 janvier, 1831.

[83] F.O. Belgium 4, Ponsonby to Palmerston, February 4, 1831.

[84] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 2, 4, 5 février, 1831.

[85] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 774-775.

[86] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7, 9, 10 février, 1831.

[87] F.O. France 426, Granville to Palmerston, February 4, 9, 1831.

[88] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 8 février 1831.

[89] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, February 8, 1831.

[90] F.O. France 426 and 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 11, 12, 1831.

[91] F.O. Belgium 4, Ponsonby to Palmerston. February 11, 1831.

[92] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, February 25, 1831.

[93] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 28, 1831.

[94] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 12 février, 1831.

[95] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Bresson à Sébastiani, 9 février, 1831.

[96] Affaires étrangères, 190 Belgique, Sébastiani à Bresson, 12 février, 1831.

[97] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 13 février, 1831.

[98] The Comte de Chambord, the posthumous son of the Duc de Berri, in whose favour Charles X. and the Duc d'Angoulême had abdicated.

[99] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 27 février, 1831.

[100] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 14, 1831.

[101] Metternich, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 128-130; Metternich à Apponyi, 21 mars, 1831. H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 51-53, Palmerston to Granville, March 15, 1831.

[102] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by C. Leland), I. pp. 114, 115, 118.

[103] _Letters of Harriet, Countess Granville_, II. p. 93, Lady Granville to Lady Carlisle, March 14, 1841.

[104] Chateaubriand, _Mémoires_, IV. p. 451.

[105] C. Greville, _Journal_, I. pp. 310-311.

[106] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, February 21, 24, 1831.

[107] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 157-161; Metternich à Apponyi, 16, 19 février, 1831.

[108] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, I^{er} mars, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 8, 24 mars, 1831. F.O. France 427 and 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 7, 21, 1831.

[109] The Austrian ambassador at Rome.

[110] Metternich, _Memoires_, V. p. 125, Metternich à Apponyi, 12 mars, 1831.

[111] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 18, 1831.

[112] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 28, 1831.

[113] Louis Philippe evidently considered that the large majority of his subjects had no religion at all.

[114] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[115] F.O. France 427, Granville to Palmerston, March 14, 1831.

[116] F.O. Russia 191, Heytesbury to Palmerston, March 21, 1831.

[117] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 4, 1831.

[118] Affaires étrangères, 682 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 24 mars, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, March 25, 1831.

[119] F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[120] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 80-127.

[121] C. Greville, _Journals_ (I), II. p. 133. Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 4 avril, 1831.

[122] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 28 mars, 1831.

[123] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, March 18, April 1, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 1, 1831.

[124] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 798-796. Affaires étrangères, 132 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 17 avril, 1831. F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, April 17, 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 22, 1831.

[125] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 12 août 1831. F.O. France 428, Granville to Palmerston, April 8, 11, 1831.

[126] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 3 mai, 1831.

[127] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, May 17, 1831.

[128] F.O. France 424, Palmerston to Granville, June 7, 1831.

[129] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 9 juin, 1831.

[130] F.O. France 429, Granville to Palmerston, June 10, 1831.

[131] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 13, 15, and 22 juin, 1831; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 25 juin, 1831.

[132] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 802-806.

[133] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 161-172.

[134] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 4 mars, 1831, 16 avril, 1831, 13 juin, 1831. Talleyrand à Sébastiani, June 16, 1831.

[135] C. Greville, _Journals_, (I) II. p. 178.

[136] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 807-817.

[137] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 96-98, Palmerston to Granville, August 5, 1831. F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 8, 1831.

[138] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 15 août, 1831.

[139] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 177-179. F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 22, 1831.

[140] Affaires étrangères, 134 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand 4 août, 1831. F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 4, 1831.

[141] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 7, 9 août, 1831.

[142] C. Greville, _Journals_ (I) II, pp. 178-179.

[143] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 824-825.

[144] F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 5, 7, 13, 14, 15, 1831. F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 21, 1831.

[145] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 11, 12, 15 août, 1831; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 14, 15 août, 1831.

[146] F.O. France 425, Palmerston to Granville, August 17, 1831.

[147] _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 830-831.

[148] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Louis Philippe à Talleyrand, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 27 août, 1841.

[149] F.O. France 425, Palmerston to Granville, August 31, September 5, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Baudrand à Sébastiani, 31 août, 1831.

[150] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 27 août, 1 septembre, 1831.

[151] F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, August 22, 1831. F.O. France 425, Palmerston to Granville, August 31, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 19 août, 1831; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 22 août, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 192 Belgique, Sébastiani à La Tour-Maubourg, 15 août, 1831.

[152] F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 21, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 192 Belgique, La Tour-Maubourg à Sébastiani, 20 août, 1831.

[153] Affaires étrangères, 192 Belgique, Belliard à Sébastiani, 7, 9 août, 1831.

[154] F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 11, 14, 1831.

[155] F.O. Belgium 6, Adair to Palmerston, August 19, 22, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 192 Belgique, Belliard à Sébastiani, 19, 21 août; Meulinäer à Gérard, 22 août, 1831. Leopold à Gérard (undated) undertaking that troops left in Belgium will be the object of his minute attention and will be retained no longer than necessary.

[156] F.O. Belgium 6, Palmerston to Adair, August 27, 1831; Adair to Palmerston, August 30, and September 6, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 192 Belgique, Belliard à Sébastiani, 1, 3, 8 septembre, 1831.

[157] F.O. France 425, Palmerston to Granville, September 5, 1831.

[158] F.O. Belgium 7, Adair to Palmerston, September 11, 1831.

[159] F.O. France 431, Granville to Palmerston, September 10, 16, 1831.

[160] _The Times_, September 30, 1831.

[161] T. Raikes' _Journal_, I. p. 137.

[162] F.O. France 431, Granville to Palmerston, September 19, 21, 1831.

[163] Affaires étrangères, 631 (_bis_) Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 21 décembre, 1830; Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 25 décembre, 1830; 3 janvier 1831.

[164] Affaires étrangères, 632 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 9 mars, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 13, 25 mars, 1831.

[165] F.O. Russia 191, Heytesbury to Palmerston, April 13, 30, 1831.

[166] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 7 juillet, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 14, 20, 22 juillet, 4 septembre, 1831.

[167] F.O. Russia 193, Heytesbury to Palmerston, October 8, 10, 1831; November 12, 18.

[168] F.O. Russia 190, Palmerston to Heytesbury, November 23, 1831.

[169] F.O. Russia 198 & 199, Heytesbury to Palmerston, December 18, 1831, January 2, 1832. Affaires étrangères, 635 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 19 novembre, 1831.

[170] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 179-209.

[171] As the system of the barrier fortresses was to be abandoned.

[172] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 13 septembre, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, septembre 29, 1831; 635 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, 4 octobre, 1831; Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20 octobre, 1831; Sébastiani à Talleyrand 22 octobre, 1831, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 16 novembre, 1831.

[173] F.O. France 426, Palmerston to Granville, October 28, 1831; 431, Granville to Palmerston, September 26, 30, 1831.

[174] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 216-218, 225, 230. H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 116-120; Palmerston to Granville, August 25, 1831.

[175] F.O. Belgium 7, Palmerston to Adair (secret), November 16, 1831. _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, I. p. 338, Grey to Taylor, August 26, 1831.

[176] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 212, 219-221. _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, I. pp. 341-342, Taylor to Grey, August 27, 1831.

[177] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 222-225, and 231-232.

[178] Affaires étrangères, 635 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 15 décembre, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 635 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand 16, 19 décembre, 1831.

[179] F.O. France 431, Granville to Palmerston, December 16, 1831.

[180] Affaires étrangères, 635 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 22, 24, 25, 27, 30 décembre, 1831.

[181] F.O. France 442, Granville to Palmerston, December 19, 1831.

[182] F.O. France 432, Granville to Palmerston, December 23, 30, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 635 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Talleyrand, C. Périer à Talleyrand, 31 décembre, 1831.

[183] F.O. Belgium 7, Adair to Palmerston, December 16, 1831. Affaires étrangères, 194 Belgique, Tiburce Sébastiani à Sébastiani, 12 décembre, 1831; Belliard à Sébastiani, 13 décembre, 1831.

[184] Affaires étrangères, 194 Belgique, Belliard à Sébastiani, 23 décembre, 1831.

[185] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. p. 234.

[186] Affaires étrangères, 194 Belgique, Belliard à Sébastiani, 13, 18, 19 décembre, 1831. F.O. Belgium 7, Adair to Palmerston, December 20, 1831. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 225-230.

[187] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 226-229. Metternich, _Memoires_, V. pp. 217-224, Metternich à Apponyi, Metternich à Ficquelmont, 27 décembre, 1831. F.O. Austria 234, Forbes to Palmerston, January 7 and 20, 1832. Affaires étrangères, 636 Angleterre, Talleyrand à C. Périer, 25 janvier, 1832.

[188] _Despatches and Memoranda of Duke of Wellington_, VIII. pp. 277-279 (State of parties in the French Chamber). Heinrich Heine, _Letters from Paris_, translated by C. Leland, I. p. 125. "And should Lord Grey fall with him will fall Casimir Périer. Both keep themselves upright by their mutual tendency to tumble down, like two drunkards who remain standing by leaning one against the other."

[189] Affaires étrangères, 635 and 636 Angleterre, C. Périer à Talleyrand, 9, 11 janvier, 1832; Talleyrand à Périer, 23 janvier, 1832. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 231-233. F.O. France 444, Granville to Palmerston, January 27, 1832.

[190] _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 92-93.

[191] F.O. France 444, Granville to Palmerston, January 30, February 1, 13, March 2, 1832.

[192] F.O. Rome 25, Freeborn to Bidwell, January 29, 1832.

[193] F.O. France 445, Freeborn (British consul at Rome) to Granville, February 1, 1832; Granville to Palmerston, February 13, 1832. F.O. Austria 234, Forbes to Palmerston, February 6, 1832.

[194] F.O. France 445, Granville to Palmerston, March 5, 1832. F.O. Austria 234, Forbes to Palmerston, February 14, 1832. F.O. Rome 25, Freeborn to Bidwell, February 1, 1832; Freeborn to Palmerston, February 18, 1832.

[195] F.O. Austria 234, Forbes to Palmerston, February 11, 1832.

[196] F.O. Russia 199, Heytesbury to Palmerston, March 14, 1832.

[197] Affaires étrangères, 636 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 22, 23 mars, 1832.

[198] _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, II. pp. 351-355. The King to Grey, April 16, 1832, II. pp. 358-368. Grey to the King, April 17, 1832; Grey to Sir H. Taylor, April 17, 1832.

[199] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, April 25, 1832.

[200] F.O. Tuscany 62, Palmerston to Seymour, February 20, 1832.

[201] F.O. Tuscany 62, Palmerston to Seymour, March 7, 1832. F.O. France 445, Granville to Palmerston, March 14, 1832.

[202] Affaires étrangères, 636 Angleterre, Talleyrand à C. Périer, 6 mars, 1832.

[203] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, March 1, 2, and 12, 1832. Affaires étrangères, 636 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 27 mars, 1832.

[204] F.O. Russia 190 & 199, Palmerston to Heytesbury, November 23, 1831; Heytesbury to Palmerston, January 3, 1832. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 268-270. _State Papers_, XVIII. pp. 928-931.

[205] F.O. Russia 199, Heytesbury to Palmerston, February 4, 1832. _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, II. p. 215; Grey to Taylor, February 13, 1832.

[206] F.O. Prussia 181, Chad to Palmerston, February 12, 13, 1832.

[207] Russian plenipotentiary at the conference which was settling the affairs of Greece.

[208] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, February 25, 1832.

[209] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, March 12, 1832.

[210] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, March 1, 1832.

[211] F.O. Prussia, 180, Palmerston to Chad, February 3, 1832.

[212] F.O. France, 445, Granville to Palmerston, March 2, 1832.

[213] F.O. Prussia 181, Chad to Palmerston, February 12, 1832.

[214] F.O. Prussia 181, Chad to Palmerston, March 4, 1832.

[215] F.O. Russia 199, Heytesbury to Palmerston, February 11, 19, 27, 1832.

[216] F.O. Netherlands 180, Palmerston to Bagot, March 16, 1832.

[217] F.O. Prussia 180, Chad to Palmerston, March 25, 1832.