Chapter XI: Palmerston and the Revolution of '48 (3)

[218] F.O. Netherlands 181, Bagot to Palmerston, March 23, 1832.

[219] F.O. Austria 234, Lamb to Palmerston, March 12, 1832.

[220] Affaires étrangères, 636 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Sébastiani, 20 avril, 1832.

[221] _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 95-97.

[222] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 252-257.

[223] F.O. France 442, Palmerston to Hamilton, May 8, 1832. _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 98-99.

[224] F.O. Russia 199, Heytesbury to Palmerston, April 15, May 18, 1832.

[225] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 258-259.

[226] _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, II. pp. 394-395.

[227] _Correspondence of Earl Grey with King William IV._, II. pp. 351-355; the King to Grey, April 16, 1832.

[228] _Annual Register_, 1832, p. 187.

[229] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by C. Leland), I. p. 2.

[230] Metternich, _Mémoires_, V. p. 288; Metternich à Apponyi, 21 juin, 1832.

[231] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by C. Leland), I. p. 355.

[232] _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 102-105. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. p. 262.

[233] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. p. 243.

[234] F.O. Russia 200, Palmerston to Durham, July 3, 1832.

[235] F.O. Russia 200, Durham to Palmerston, July 18, 1832.

[236] _Ibid._, July 18, 27, August 2, September 8, 12, 1832.

[237] F.O. Russia 200, Durham to Palmerston, August 22, 1832.

[238] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 277-278.

[239] F.O. France 448, Granville to Palmerston, August 3, 6, 1832.

[240] F.O. Belgium 13, Adair to Palmerston, September 7, 1832. F.O. France 448 & 449, Granville to Palmerston, August 27, 29, September 3, 1832.

[241] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, September 18, 1832.

[242] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. pp. 278-285.

[243] _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 150-190.

[244] F.O. France 447, Granville to Palmerston, June 29, 1832; _D. de Dino Chronique_, I. pp. 73-74.

[245] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, September 28, 1832.

[246] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, October 4, 1832.

[247] _Ibid._, October 5, 1832.

[248] Affaires étrangères, 639 Angleterre, Mareuil à Sébastiani, 8 octobre, 1832.

[249] _The Times_, January 31, 1834. Leading article explaining its changed attitude in the Dutch-Belgian question and why it had supported the King of the Netherlands in 1830 and 1831.

[250] C. Greville, _Journals_, III. p. 33.

[251] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, I. p. 273.

[252] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, October 19, 1832.

[253] F.O. Austria 236, Lamb to Palmerston, November 24, 1832.

[254] Metternich, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 397-406; Metternich à Schwartzenberg, 13 novembre, 1832; Metternich à Trauttmansdorff, 13 novembre, 1832.

[255] Metternich, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 411-413; Metternich à Clam, 13 novembre, 1832.

[256] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, October 8, 1832. F.O. Prussia 184, Minto to Palmerston, September 29, October 7, 13, 1832. Affaires étrangères, 639 Angleterre, Mareuil à Sébastiani, 11 octobre, 1832.

[257] Affaires étrangères, 639 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Broglie, 18 octobre, 1832.

[258] F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, October 21, 22, 24, 1832.

[259] _State Papers_, XIX. pp. 258-263.

[260] F.O. Belgium 13, Adair to Palmerston, October 30, 1832.

[261] F.O. France 443 and 450, Palmerston to Granville, November 20, 30, 1832; Granville to Palmerston, November 9, 22, December 7, 1832.

[262] T. Raikes, _Journal_, I. pp. 88, 92, 93, 102, and 112. C. Greville, _Journals_, II. p. 329.

[263] F.O. Prussia 184, Minto to Palmerston, October 18, 1832. F.O. France 449, Granville to Palmerston, October 29, 1832.

[264] F.O. Prussia 184, Minto to Palmerston, November 5, 7, 21, 24, 28, 29, December 22, 1832.

[265] Affaires étrangères, 639 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Broglie, 1 décembre, 1832.

[266] F.O. France 465, Aston to Palmerston, May 3, 11, 1833. F.O. Netherlands 186, Jerningham to Palmerston, February 15, April 18, May 24, 1833.

[267] _State Papers_, XX. pp. 282-286.

[268] Metternich, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 406-411; Metternich à Trauttmansdorff, 13 novembre, 1832.

[269] Minister to Louis XVIII. and Charles X.

[270] C. A. Murray, _Memoir of Mohammed Ali_, pp. 31-35.

[271] N. Senior, _Conversations and Journals in Egypt and Malta_, I. p. 27.

[272] F.O. Turkey 213, Mandeville to Palmerston, January 26, 1832.

[273] Commander-in-Chief and Minister of War.

[274] High Admiral.

[275] F.O. Turkey 210, S. Canning to Palmerston, March 7, 1832.

[276] F.O. Turkey 211, S. Canning to Palmerston, May 17, 1832.

[277] F.O. Turkey 213, Mandeville to Palmerston, October 27, 1832 (Report of Captain Maunsell, R.N., of H.M.S. _Alfred_).

[278] F.O. Turkey 223 & 224, Mandeville to Palmerston, March 11, 1833 (Report of Mr. A. Pisani); Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 24, 1833 (Memorandum of Mr. Kennedy).

[279] F.O. Turkey 211, S. Canning to Palmerston, May 17, 1832.

[280] F.O. Turkey 212, S. Canning to Palmerston, August 7, 1832.

[281] Minister for Foreign Affairs.

[282] F.O. Turkey 212, S. Canning to Palmerston (cipher, separate and secret), August 9, 1832.

[283] F.O. Turkey 213, Mandeville to Palmerston, October 18, 1832.

[284] F.O. Turkey 213, Palmerston to Mandeville, December 5, 1832.

[285] F.O. Turkey 213, Mandeville to Palmerston, December 28, 1832.

[286] F.O. Turkey 212, Mandeville to Palmerston, December 31, 1832. S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 30-31. F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston (cipher), January 8, 1833. F.O. France 463, Granville to Palmerston, January 21, 28, 1833.

[287] F.O. Turkey 211 and 212, S. Canning to Palmerston, May 17, 22, 1832. F.O. Turkey 213, Mandeville to Palmerston, September 26, October 26, 1832 (cipher).

[288] F.O. France 463, Granville to Palmerston, January 21, 28, February 7, 1833. F.O. Turkey 227, Palmerston to Campbell, February 4, 1833.

[289] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. ix. 27, 48, 49, 50.

[290] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 29-30.

[291] On the Sea of Marmora.

[292] F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston, January 13, 26, 1833.

[293] F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston, January 28, February 3, 4, 1833. S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, p. 31.

[294] F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston, February 15, 1833.

[295] About 150 miles beyond Konieh, and 80 miles from Brusa.

[296] F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston, February 11, 23, 1833.

[297] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, p. 32.

[298] F.O. Turkey 222, Mandeville to Palmerston, February 23, 1833.

[299] F.O. Turkey 228, Campbell to Palmerston, March 31, 1833.

[300] F.O. Turkey 223 Mandeville to Palmerston, March 26, 27, 1833.

[301] F.O. Turkey 223, Mandeville to Palmerston, March 31, 1833.

[302] _Ibid._, April 14, 1833.

[303] F.O. France 464, Granville to Palmerston, March 18, 22, 29, 1833.

[304] F.O. Turkey 223, Mandeville to Palmerston, April 11, 1833.

[305] _Ibid._, April 23, 1833.

[306] _Ibid._, May 4, 1833.

[307] F.O. Turkey 228, Campbell to Palmerston, May 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 15, 1833.

[308] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 33-37. F.O. Turkey, Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 22, June 7, July 7, 1833.

[309] F.O. France 466, Granville to Palmerston, July 12, 1833. F.O. Turkey 224, Pisani to Ponsonby (secret and confidential), June 17, 1833; Ponsonby to Palmerston, June 22, 1833.

[310] "_Au besoin et d'après le principe de reciprocité._"

[311] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, p. 41.

[312] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 42-44.

[313] F.O. France 466, Aston to Palmerston, August 2, 1833.

[314] F.O. Turkey 221, Palmerston to Ponsonby, August 27, 1833.

[315] F.O. Russia 208, Bligh to Palmerston, October 24, 1833.

[316] _Ibid._, December 28, 1833.

[317] F.O. Russia 207, Bligh to Palmerston, August 24, 1833. F.O. France 466, Aston to Palmerston, August 30, 1833.

[318] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 165-166.

[319] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 51-52.

[320] F.O. Russia 208, Bligh to Palmerston, December 21, 1833 (confidential).

[321] Matuszewic figures in the well-known picture, "The Melton Breakfast."

[322] F.O. Austria 243, Lamb to Palmerston, September 3, October 1, December 26, 1833.

[323] F.O. France 481, Granville to Palmerston, February 3, 1834.

[324] F.O. Turkey 221, Palmerston to Ponsonby, December 6, 1833.

[325] _Vide_ p. 75.

[326] F.O. France 430, Granville to Palmerston, July 28, 1831. F.O. France 425, Palmerston to Granville, August 10, 1831.

[327] F.O. Spain 403, Canning to Palmerston, January 22, 1833.

[328] _Ibid._, March 20, 29, 1833.

[329] _Ibid._, February 7, 1833 (most secret).

[330] C. Napier, _War in Portugal_, I. pp. 160-161 and 176-206.

[331] F.O. Portugal 398, Palmerston to Russell, August 7, 1833.

[332] F.O. France 469, Granville to Palmerston, October 10, 1833.

[333] F.O. Spain 412, Villiers to Palmerston, October 7, 15, 19, 24, 31, November 8, 23, December 8, 1833.

[334] _Ibid._, October 27, 1833 (cypher). F.O. France 465, Granville to Palmerston, November 1, 15, 29, 1833.

[335] F.O. France 468 & 480, Granville to Palmerston, December 16, 1833, January 17, March 14, 1834. Affaires étrangères, 643 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Broglie, 10 mars, 1834.

[336] Affaires étrangères, 643 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Rigny, 13, 14 avril, 1834. Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 86-92.

[337] Affaires étrangères, 643 Angleterre, Rigny à Talleyrand, 17 avril, 1834.

[338] About £1500 _per annum_.

[339] T. Raikes, _Journal_, I. p. 106.

[340] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 166-174 and 180-185.

[341] F.O. Spain 694, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 22, 1846 (confidential).

[342] F.O. France 467, Granville to Palmerston, September 13, 1833. Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 57-74.

[343] F.O. France 468, Granville to Palmerston, November 1, 1833.

[344] F.O. Netherlands 206, Disbrowe to Palmerston, December 8, 1837 (most secret). Report of a conversation repeated to the British minister by the Carlist agent, Saint-Sylvain (Baron de Los Valles), in which Louis Philippe is supposed to have said, "_Je préfère toujours les capuchons aux bonnets rouges_."

[345] The _Fueros_ of Biscay and Navarre overrode the general laws of Spain. So long as the system remained in force in these provinces the right of taxation, the levy of military forces, and all matters connected with land tenure, were vested in local legislative bodies.

[346] F.O. Spain 439 and 440, Villiers to Wellington, February 11, 1835; Wellington to Villiers, February 17, 1835.

[347] F.O. Spain 439, Wellington to Villiers, March 27, 1835. F.O. Spain 446, Wellington to Eliot, March 26, 1835 (secret).

[348] F.O. France 501, Cowley to Wellington, April 3 (secret and confidential), 17, 20, 24 (separate and confidential), 1835. F.O. France 497, Wellington to Cowley, April 2, 1836. F.O. Spain 446, Eliot to Wellington, March 30, 1835 (private).

[349] F.O. Spain 446, Eliot to Wellington, April 20, 28, 1835; Eliot to Palmerston, May 6, 1835.

[350] F.O. Spain 439, Palmerston to Villiers, May 22, 1835.

[351] F.O. France 502, Granville to Palmerston, June 8, 1835.

[352] F.O. Spain 447, Palmerston to Wylde, July 13, 1835.

[353] F.O. Spain 447, Wylde to Palmerston, August 2, 1835.

[354] F.O. France 504, Granville to Palmerston, August 17, 1835.

[355] F.O. France 503, Granville to Palmerston, July 17, August 10, 1835.

[356] F.O. Portugal 436 & 439, Howard de W. to Palmerston, June 13, November 12, 21 (secret), December 13, 1835.

[357] _Revue Retrospective_, p. 41. Marquise de Loulé, Subvention Accidentelle, 6000 francs.

[358] F.O. Portugal 436, Howard de W. to Palmerston, June 23, 1835 (confidential), contains following enclosure:--

"Lisbon, June 22, 1835.
"MY DEAR LORD,

"You may give Lord Palmerston the most positive assurance
that I should resign my position as a minister to the crown the
moment it is out of my power to prevent the marriage of the
queen with any prince that would put an end to the relations
existing between France and England.
"(Signed), SALDANHA."

[359] F.O. France 501, Cowley to Palmerston, May 8, 1835 (separate and confidential).

[360] F.O. Portugal 438, Howard de W. to Palmerston, October 23, 1835 (secret).

[361] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. p. 146.

[362] F.O. Spain 444, Villiers to Palmerston, September 15, 1835.

[363] F.O. France 504, 505 and 517, Granville to Palmerston, August 21, October 5, 9, 19, 1835; Palmerston to Aston, August 30, 1836.

[364] F.O. Spain 444, Villiers to Palmerston, September 15, 1835 (secret and confidential).

[365] Secretary to the British Legation at Madrid.

[366] F.O. Spain 445, Villiers to Palmerston, November 28, 1835, (most secret and confidential).

[367] F.O. France 506, Granville to Palmerston, December 4, 1835 (private letter).

[368] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 147-149 and 421-425; Broglie à Rayneval, 12, 19 décembre, 1835.

[369] F.O. Spain 439, Palmerston to Villiers, December 21, 1835 (secret).

[370] F.O. Spain 457, Villiers to Palmerston, January 2, 1836.

[371] F.O. France 518 and 527, Granville to Palmerston, December 5, 1836; Palmerston to Granville, December 27, 1836.

[372] Thureau Dangin, _Monarchie de Juillet_, II. p. 178 (note).

[373] Metternich, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 31-53 and 270.

[374] Thureau Dangin, _La Monarchie de Juillet_, III. pp. 74-75.

[375] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 221-223. _Correspondence of Princess Lieven with Earl Grey_, II., Princess Lieven to Grey, August 26, 1835. T. Raikes' _Journal_, III. pp. 265-266. C. Greville, _Journals_ (1), III. pp. 20, 314, 385, 386.

[376] Affaires étrangères, 644 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Rigny, 16, 26 juin, 1834.

[377] Affaires étrangères, 644 Angleterre, Talleyrand à Louis Philippe, 22 novembre, 1834. In this letter occurs the following sentence, "possibly the honour may be reserved for Wellington of arresting England on the path of decadence."

[378] F.O. Spain 447. Extract of a private letter from Colonel Wylde, dated Puente de la Reyna, August 8, 1835.

[379] F.O. Spain 464, Wylde to Palmerston, February 12, 18, 1836 (confidential).

[380] F.O. France 516, Palmerston to Granville, March 14, 1836.

[381] F.O. France 520, Granville to Palmerston, March 18, 1836.

[382] F.O. Spain 456, Palmerston to Villiers, June 1 (No. 44), August 22, 1836. F.O. France 59 and 525, Palmerston to Ashton, August 30, 1836; Granville to Palmerston, October 7, 1836.

[383] F.O. Spain 464, Wylde to Palmerston, July 13, 16, 1836.

[384] F.O. Spain 460, Villiers to Palmerston, July 24, 1836.

[385] F.O. Spain 460, Villiers to Palmerston, August 6, 9, 13, 14, 16, 17, 1836.

[386] The Duc d'Orléans married on May 30, 1837, the Princess Helena of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

[387] F.O. France 524, Aston to Palmerston, August 26, 1836.

[388] F.O. France 525, Granville to Palmerston, September 23, 1836.

[389] F.O. France 518, Palmerston to Granville, September 29, 1836.

[390] F.O. France 564, Granville to Palmerston, October 26, 1836.

[391] F.O. France 539, Granville to Palmerston, February 3, 1837 (confidential). H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 243. H. Greville, _Diary_, I. p. 113. Malmesbury, _Memoirs of an ex-Minister_, I. p. 272. C. Greville, _Journals_ (1), III. pp. 385-386.

[392] F.O. France 542, Granville to Palmerston, July 3, 1837 (confidential).

[393] F.O. Netherlands 206, Disbrowe to Palmerston, October 6, December 8, 1837 (most secret and confidential).

[394] F.O. Netherlands. Disbrowe to Palmerston, December 8, 1837 (most secret).

[395] A. S. Hume, _Modern Spain_, pp. 345-346.

[396] Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. pp. 92-93.

[397] F.O. Spain 485, Villiers to Palmerston, December 30, 1837. F.O. France 544, Granville to Palmerston, October 27, 30, 1837 (secret and confidential).

[398] F.O. Spain 486, Wylde to Palmerston, December 10, 1837. F.O. Spain 485, Villiers to Palmerston, December 24, 1837.

[399] F.O. Spain 503, Villiers to Palmerston, April 21, 1838 (secret).

[400] F.O. Spain 499, Palmerston to Villiers, May 7, 1838.

[401] F.O. France 356, Palmerston to Granville, May 7, 1838.

[402] F.O. Spain 526 and 527, Clarendon to Palmerston, February 2, 1839; Southern to Palmerston, March 30, June 1, 1839.

[403] F.O. France 561, Granville to Palmerston, May 14, 1838 (secret and confidential).

[404] F.O. Spain 530, Southern to Palmerston, June 22, 1839.

[405] F.O. Spain 504, Villiers to Palmerston, May 26, 1838 (cypher).

[406] F.O. Spain 505, Villiers to Palmerston, June 16, 23, 30, July 7, 1838.

[407] F.O. Spain 505 and 506, Villiers to Palmerston, June 9, 1838; Hervey to Palmerston, July 14, 1838.

[408] Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. pp. 111-118.

[409] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 65.

[410] F.O. Spain 526, Clarendon to Palmerston, February 27, March 7, 1839. Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. pp. 141-148.

[411] Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. p. 151.

[412] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 104-108.

[413] F.O. France 583, Granville to Palmerston, June 10, 1839. F.O. Spain 530, Southern to Palmerston, June 15, 1839.

[414] F.O. Spain 579 (supplementary), Palmerston to Wylde, August 10, 1839.

[415] F.O. Spain 579 (supplementary), Wylde to Palmerston, August 26, 29, September 1, 1839.

[416] F.O. Spain 534 and 535, Southern to Palmerston, October 19, 1839; Jerningham to Palmerston, November 25, 1839.

[417] F.O. Spain 531, Southern to Palmerston, July 27, 1839.

[418] F.O. Spain 535, Jerningham to Palmerston, December 7, 1839, January 4, 1840.

[419] F.O. Spain 552, Aston to Palmerston, May 23, 30, June 8, 1840.

[420] F.O. Spain 553, Aston to Palmerston, July 21, August 22, September 3, 1840. Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. pp. 228-229.

[421] F.O. Spain 547, Palmerston to Aston, September 3, 1840 (confidential).

[422] F.O. Spain 554 and 555, Aston to Palmerston, September 22, 1840; Scott to Palmerston, October 1, 1840; Aston to Palmerston, October 11, 1840.

[423] Hubbard, _Histoire de l'Espagne_, IV. pp. 233-235.

[424] F.O. Turkey 283, Campbell to Palmerston, August 23, 1836.

[425] F.O. France 485 and 487, Granville to Palmerston, June 23, 1834; Aston to Palmerston, August 13, 1834, September 15, 1834. F.O. Turkey 234, Palmerston to Ponsonby, August 23, 1834.

[426] F.O. Turkey 246, Campbell to Palmerston, September 4, 5, 1834 (secret and confidential).

[427] F.O. Turkey 244, Palmerston to Campbell, October 26, 1834. F.O. France 488, Granville to Palmerston, October 27, 1834.

[428] F.O. France 480 and 483, Granville to Palmerston, January 24, March 14, April 18, 1834.

[429] Sir Stratford Canning, who had been created Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, was ambassador to the Porte at the time of the Crimean War. The negotiations are said to have been influenced by Nicholas' dislike of him.

[430] F.O. Russia 201 and 207, Palmerston to Bligh, October 27, 1832; Bligh to Palmerston, November 17, 1832; Palmerston to Bligh, December 14, 1832; Bligh to Palmerston, January 9, May 29, June 19, 1833 (the whole of this correspondence is in the form of private letters).

[431] The following article appeared in _The Times_ of May 28, 1834: "The recall of Prince Lieven, or rather of Madame la Princesse, is an event. We cannot say of Her Serene Highness that the _petit nez retroussé_ has occasioned much mischief, whatever her organs of speech or her implements of writing may have done. . . . There never figured on the courtly stage a female intriguer more restless, more arrogant, more (politically and therefore we mean it not offensively) odious and insufferable than this supercilious ambassadress. She fancied herself a 'power,' she was, however, more frequently a dupe," etc., etc.

[432] E. Daudet, _Une Vie d'Ambassadrice_, pp. 170, 180-183.

[433] F.O. Turkey 234, Palmerston to Ponsonby, March 10, 1834 (secret).

[434] F.O. France 497, Wellington to Aston, March 17, 1835.

[435] C. Greville, _Journals_ (1), III. pp. 225-229.

[436] F.O. Turkey 271, Palmerston to Ponsonby, June 20, 1836.

[437] F.O. Turkey 274, Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 15, 1836.

[438] F.O. Turkey 273, Ponsonby to Palmerston, March 14, 1836.

[439] F.O. Russia 223, Durham to Palmerston, February 6, 1836, March 3, 1836 (confidential); cf. Barante, _Souvenirs_, V. pp. 277-278, 299-300, 346.

[440] _Vide_ p. 168.

[441] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 360, Palmerston to Melbourne, July 5, 1840.

[442] F.O. France 520, Granville to Palmerston, February 26, 1836.

[443] F.O. France 489, Granville to Wellington, December 12, 1834.

[444] British _chargé d'affaires_ in Paris.

[445] F.O. France 523, Aston to Palmerston, July 25, 29, 1836 (private letter).

[446] Lesseps, Ferdinand, Vicomte de, conceived in 1854 the great scheme of cutting the Suez Canal.

[447] F.O. Turkey 284, Campbell to Palmerston, October 30, November 18, 1836.

[448] F.O. Turkey 284 and 319, Campbell to Palmerston, December 20, 1836, January 21, 24, April 7, 11, 1837.

[449] F.O. France 562, Granville to Palmerston, June 25, 1838.

[450] F.O. Turkey 271 and 274, Ponsonby to Palmerston, April 8, 1836 (secret); Palmerston to Ponsonby, May 7, 1836 (secret). "His Majesty's government do not expect that any communication which he (the Sultan's agent) is to make will induce them to consider an attack upon Mehemet Ali, in the present relative strength of the two parties, as anything but an act of the most extreme impolicy."

[451] F.O. Turkey 271, Palmerston to Ponsonby, March 7, 1836 (private and confidential).

[452] The Turkish Commander in Asia Minor.

[453] F.O. Turkey 271, Palmerston to Ponsonby, March 29, 1836 (secret and confidential).

[454] F.O. Turkey 342, Campbell to Palmerston, January 22, 1838.

[455] The name given to the immunities and privileges granted in the sixteenth century to France, and gradually extended to other Powers.

[456] F.O. Turkey 328, Palmerston to Ponsonby, February 6, 1838.

[457] F.O. Turkey 332, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 19, 1838.

[458] On the subject of the alleged ill-treatment of the crew of a ship-wrecked vessel sailing under British colours.

[459] F.O. Turkey 342, Campbell to Palmerston, January 16, 1838.

[460] _Ibid._, March 27, 1838.

[461] F.O. Turkey 343, Palmerston to Campbell, June 8, 1838; Campbell to Palmerston, June 9, September 1, 1838.

[462] F.O. Turkey 342, Palmerston to Campbell, February 6, March 16, 1838; Campbell to Palmerston, April 3, 5, May 19, 21, 1838.

[463] F.O. Turkey 342, Campbell to Palmerston, May 25, 1838.

[464] F.O. France 557, Palmerston to Granville, July 3, 1838.

[465] F.O. Turkey 343, Campbell to Palmerston, August 16, 24, September 5, 8, 1838.

[466] F.O. Turkey 343, Campbell to Palmerston, September 28, 1838.

[467] F.O. France 564, Granville to Palmerston, September 21, 28, October 5, 1838. F.O. Turkey 332, Ponsonby to Palmerston, October 29, 1838.

[468] H. Rawlinson, _Russia and England in the East_, pp. 139-151.

[469] _Correspondence relating to Persia and Afghanistan_, Palmerston to Clanricarde, October 26, 1838; Nesselrode à Pozzo, 20 octobre, 1838; Palmerston to Pozzo, December 20, 1838; Nesselrode à Pozzo, 20 janvier, 1839.

[470] F.O. Russia 252, Clanricarde to Palmerston, May 25, 1839.

[471] F.O. Turkey 274, Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 7, 1836.

[472] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 291-294.

[473] _Lettres du Maréchal Moltke sur l'Orient_, II. pp. 310-311.

[474] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, April 12, 1839. F.O. Turkey 355, Ponsonby to Palmerston, March 20, 23, 1839 (confidential).

[475] F.O. Turkey 332, Ponsonby to Palmerston, September 5 (secret), October 3, 13, November 9, December 31, 1838.

[476] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 267-269; Palmerston to Granville, June 8, 1838.

[477] _Levant correspondence_, Reshid à Palmerston, 26 avril, 1839; Palmerston to Reshid, May 6, 1839; Ponsonby to Palmerston, April 6, 1839. F.O. Turkey 355, Ponsonby to Palmerston, April 22, 1839.

[478] Thureau Dangin, _Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. p. 48.

[479] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. _Pièces Historiques_, Bourqueney à Soult, 20 juin, 1839.

[480] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, July 18, 1839; Palmerston to Beauvale, July 23, 1839.

[481] _Levant correspondence_, Campbell to Palmerston, May 19, 1839.

[482] _Ibid._, June 14, 1839.

[483] _Ibid._, June 16, 1839.

[484] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 3, 1839.

[485] _Ibid._, July 8, 1839.

[486] F.O. France 584, Granville to Palmerston, July 29, 1839.

[487] Vice-Admiral.

[488] F.O. Turkey 360, Ponsonby to Palmerston, November 27, 28, 30, December 3, 1839.

[489] _Revue des Deux Mondes_, 1^{er} août, 1852, _L'Escadre de la Méditerranée_. See also curious remarks of M. Thureau-Dangin, _Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. pp. 53-56.

[490] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, July 30, 1839; Palmerston to Beauvale, August 1, 1839; Guizot, _Mémoires, Pièces historiques_, Bourqueney à Soult, 23 juillet, 1839.

[491] F.O. Russia 243, Palmerston to Clanricarde, October 10, 1838.

[492] _Levant correspondence_, Dalmatie à Bourqueney, 17 juin, 1839; Beauvale to Palmerston, June 14, 1839; Palmerston to Beauvale, June 28, 1839; Palmerston to Granville, June 29, 1839; Beauvale to Palmerston, June 30, 1839; W. Russell to Palmerston, July 6, 1839; Beauvale to Palmerston, July 10, 1839.

[493] _Ibid._, Clanricarde to Palmerston, July 27, 1839; Nesselrode à Kisseleff, 15-27 juillet, 1839.

[494] _Ibid._, Granville to Palmerston, July 30, 1839; Soult à Bourqueney, 26 juillet, 1839.

[495] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Granville, July 30, 1839.

[496] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 21, 22, 1839.

[497] _Ibid._, July 26, 1839.

[498] _Ibid._, July 29, 1839.

[499] Sir Frederick Lamb, created Baron Beauvale in 1839.

[500] Thureau-Dangin, _Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. p. 58 (note).

[501] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 29, 1839.

[502] L. Véron, _Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, V. pp. 17, 19.

[503] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Beauvale, June 28, 1839.

[504] Guizot, _Mémoires, Pièces historiques_, Soult à Bourqueney, 17 juin, 1839.

[505] _Levant correspondence_, Granville to Palmerston, August 8, 9, 19, 1839.

[506] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 20, 1839; Palmerston to Admiralty, August 24, 1839; Palmerston to Beauvale, August 25, 1839.

[507] _Ibid._, Bulwer to Palmerston, August 26, 1839.

[508] _Ibid._, August 30, 1839.

[509] F.O. France 586, Bulwer to Palmerston, September 16, 1839 (secret and confidential).

[510] F.O. Turkey 358, Stopford to Ponsonby, August 21, 1839.

[511] F.O. Turkey 372, Palmerston to Campbell, August 13, and September 11, 1839 (separate).

[512] F.O. Turkey 358, Ponsonby to Palmerston, September 10, 1839 (report of General Chrzanowski on battle of Nezib); also Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 29, 1839.

[513] _Lettres du Maréchal de Moltke sur l'Orient_, p. 340.

[514] F.O. Turkey 358, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 12, 1839 (report of General Jochmus on battle of Nezib).

[515] F.O. Turkey 357, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 7, 1839 (enclosing Chrzanowski's plan for bringing Mehemet Ali to reason).

[516] _Levant correspondence_, Clanricarde to Palmerston, August 27, 28, 1839.

[517] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Clanricarde, October 25, 1839.

[518] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, pp. 52-82.

[519] _Levant correspondence_, Dalmatie à Sébastiani, 26 septembre, 1839.

[520] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Bulwer, September 28, 1839.

[521] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 348.

[522] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Clanricarde, October 25, 1839.

[523] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 365-367.

[524] F.O. France 586, Bulwer to Palmerston, September 13, 1839.

[525] F.O. Turkey 372, Palmerston to Campbell, September 11, 1839 (separate).

[526] F.O. France 587, Bulwer to Palmerston, October 4, 1839.

[527] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 367-370.

[528] Affaires étrangères, 654 Angleterre, Sébastiani à Soult, 5 janvier, 1840.

[529] _Ibid._, 27 janvier, 1840.

[530] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 369-375.

[531] _Vide_ p. 221.

[532] F. Daudet, _Une Vie d'Ambassadrice_, pp. 236-239. The _liaison_ of Princess Lieven with Guizot is the origin of Balzac's story, _Les Secrets de la Princesse de Cadignan_. Guizot figures in the character of d'Arthez.

[533] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. p. 63.

[534] _Ibid._, V. p. 64.

[535] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. _Pièces historiques_, Soult à Guizot, 19 février, 1840.

[536] Affaires étrangères, 634 Angleterre, Thiers à Guizot, 12 mars, 1840.

[537] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. p, 207.

[538] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. p. 65.

[539] Affaires étrangères, 654 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 12, 16 mars, 1840.

[540] Affaires étrangères, 654, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 13, 16 avril, 1840; Thiers à Guizot, 14, 20 avril, 1840.

[541] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 10 mai, 1840.

[542] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 61, 62.

[543] Ellice, Edward (1781-1863) had been a member of Lord Grey's government from 1830 to 1834.

[544] _Correspondence of Princess Lieven with Earl Grey_, III.; P. Lieven to Grey, April 13, 1836; Grey to P. Lieven, May 6, and October 22, 1836.

[545] _Creevey Papers_, II. p. 309.

[546] _Vide_ p. 53.

[547] F.O. France 600, Palmerston to Granville, October, 1840 (private letter, part of which is given in Bulwer's _Life of Palmerston_).

[548] Duchesse de Dino, _Chronique_, III. p. 228.

[549] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 1 juin, 1840.

[550] Metternich, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 430-432, and 454-464.

[551] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 8 mai, 1, 9, 13 juin, 1840; Thiers à Guizot, 16 juin, 1840.

[552] _Levant correspondence_, Campbell to Palmerston, August 7, 1839.

[553] _Levant correspondence_, Campbell to Palmerston, September 2, 26, 1839; Campbell to Ponsonby, October 19, 1839; Young to Palmerston, October 16, 1839; Hodges to Palmerston, January 4, 13, 14, 16, 23, February 12, 1840.

[554] _Levant correspondence_, Wagner to Koenigsmark, November 26, 1839.

[555] F.O. Turkey 392, Ponsonby to Palmerston, March 3, 1840 (secret).

[556] F.O. Russia 260, Clanricarde to Palmerston, February 24, May 23, 1840.

[557] The despatches of the French consuls at this period are not available for inspection.

[558] F.O. Turkey 359, 360, Ponsonby to Palmerston, October 30, November 24, December 18, 1839; F.O. Turkey 392, Ponsonby to Palmerston, January 28, 29, 1840. _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, November 13, 1839.

[559] Coste (Jacques), 1798-1859, founder and manager of the _Temps_, the organ of the _tiers parti_. This venture proved a disastrous failure, and M. Coste in 1840 was in pecuniary difficulties. There are frequent allusions to his embarrassments in his correspondence with Fethi Ahmed Pasha.

[560] F.O. Turkey 394, Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 29, 1840 (separate and confidential)--"Your Lordship knows the intimacy which exists between M. Coste and M. Thiers, and he (Coste) undoubtedly does speak (as he asserts) the sentiments of the President of the French ministry." Lord Ponsonby goes on to state that the original letters have been in his hands. The copies transmitted contain many notes in Palmerston's handwriting.

[561] F.O. Turkey 395, Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 13, 1840 (separate and confidential).

[562] F.O. Turkey 395, Ponsonby to Palmerston, July 30, 1840 (separate and confidential).

[563] _Vide_ p. 227.

[564] F.O. Turkey 405, Hodges to Palmerston, June 17, 19, 1840.

[565] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 205, 206.

[566] _Levant correspondence_, Hodges to Palmerston, June 16, 1840.

[567] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 11 juillet, 1840.

[568] F.O. Turkey 394, Ponsonby to Palmerston, June 23, 1840.

[569] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 218-220.

[570] Thureau-Dangin, _La Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. p. 221. H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. p. 432; Palmerston to Hobhouse, July 27, 1843.

[571] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 308-309.

[572] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 356-363; Palmerston to Melbourne, July 5, 6, 1840.

[573] To the Cabinet minute submitting to the Queen the expediency of making the treaty, the dissent of Holland and Clarendon was appended. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 304.

[574] _Levant correspondence_, Part I. pp. 689-700.

[575] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 426-433; Palmerston to Hobhouse, July 27, 1843.

[576] Metternich, _Mémoires_, IV. p. 436; Metternich à Apponyi, 4 août, 1840.

[577] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 17 juillet, 1840. Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 220-228.

[578] He had been transferred from Constantinople to Paris as secretary of embassy in 1839.

[579] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 315. _Levant correspondence_, Bulwer to Palmerston, July 20, 1840.

[580] F.O. France 604, Bulwer to Palmerston, July 27, 1840 (most confidential).

[581] _Ibid._, Granville to Palmerston, August 3, 1840 (confidential).

[582] _The Times_, July 27, August 1, 3, 1840.

[583] _Ibid._, August 7, 1840.

[584] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Thiers à Guizot (undated, probably, 21 juillet, 1840). Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 230-235.

[585] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 329.

[586] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. p. 271-272.

[587] Affaires étrangères, 665 Angleterre, Louis Philippe au Roi des Belges, 13 août, 1840.

[588] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Bourqueney à Thiers, 8 août, 1840.

[589] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 21, 22 août, 1840. Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. 278-290.

[590] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 31, 1840.

[591] _The Times_, October 7, 1840.

[592] Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 290-296.

[593] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 5, 8, 1840.

[594] Admiralty (in letters) 5503 Syria, Palmerston to Admiralty, July 16, 17, 23, 1840 (secret).

[595] C. Napier, _War in Syria_, I. p. 10.

[596] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, December 10, 13, 1839, January 3, February 14, March 5, 17, 1840.

[597] Admiralty (in letters), 5503 Syria, Palmerston to Admiralty, July 25, 1840 (secret).

[598] _Levant correspondence_, Hodges to Palmerston, July 23, 1840.

[599] Colonel Sèves.

[600] C. Napier, _War in Syria_, I. pp. 29-49. Admiralty (in letters), 5503 Syria, Napier to Stopford, August 21, 1840.

[601] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 17, 1840.

[602] F.O. Turkey 396, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 19, 1840.

[603] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, August 22, 1840.

[604] F.O. France 605, Bulwer to Palmerston, September 7, 1840.

[605] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Guizot, September 9, 1840.

[606] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), II. p. 160.

[607] T. Raikes' _Journal_, IV. p. 43.

[608] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), II. p. 160.

[609] F.O. France 605, Bulwer to Palmerston, August 31, 1840. Thureau Dangin, _Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. pp. 242-243. _The Times_, September 1, 1840.

[610] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), II. p. 39. _Letters of Queen Victoria_, October 2, 1840 (I. K. Leopold to Queen Victoria).

[611] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), II. p. 141.

[612] _Levant correspondence_, Hodges to Palmerston, August 24, 1840.

[613] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 324-327.

[614] F.O. France 605, Bulwer to Palmerston, September 18, 1840 (private and confidential).

[615] Affaires étrangères, 655 Angleterre, Guizot à Thiers, 20 septembre, 1840. Guizot, _Mémoires_, V. pp. 317-323.

[616] S. Walpole, _Life of Lord John Russell_, I. pp. 347-348. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 304.

[617] _Vide_ p. 265.

[618] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), II. p. 106.

[619] _Melbourne Papers_, pp. 472-473.

[620] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 310-311, in particular, and Chapters VIII. and IX. in general.

[621] _The Times_, December 1, 1840.

[622] _The Times_, December 7, 1840.

[623] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 343-344.

[624] _Melbourne Papers_, II. p. 479.

[625] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. p. 348.

[626] _Melbourne Papers_, pp. 467-480. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 312-318.

[627] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 331.

[628] The Princess Royal was born November 21, 1840.

[629] S. Walpole, _Life of Lord John Russell_, I. pp, 352-353.

[630] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, October 6, 1840.

[631] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 324-327. S. Walpole, _Life of Lord John Russell_, p. 354. _Melbourne Papers_, pp. 483-484.

[632] _Levant correspondence_, Schlemnitz to Palmerston, October 9, 1840; Brunnow to Palmerston, October 12, 1840; Neumann to Palmerston, October 12, 1840.

[633] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, September 10, 14, 1840; Hodges to Palmerston, September 22, 1840.

[634] C. Napier, _War in Syria_, I. pp. 47-68.

[635] H. Heine, _Letters from Paris_ (translated by Leland), II. p. 49.

[636] _Memoirs of H. Reeve_, I. p. 130.

[637] _Ibid._, pp. 122-129.

[638] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 333-334.

[639] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Palmerston to the Queen, October 11, 1840.

[640] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, October 2, 1840.

[641] S. Walpole, _Life of Lord John Russell_, I. pp. 354-357.

[642] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Melbourne to the Queen, October 9, 1840.

[643] _Levant correspondence_, Thiers à Guizot, 3 octobre, 1840.

[644] _Ibid._, 8 octobre, 1840.

[645] L. Vérnon, _Mémoires d'un Bourgeois de Paris_, V. p. 27.

[646] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. p. 337. _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Melbourne to the Queen, October 11, 1840.

[647] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, October 15, 1840; Palmerston to Granville, October 17, 1840.

[648] Thureau-Dangin, _La Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. p. 343.

[649] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, October 8, 1840.

[650] F.O. France 606, Granville to Palmerston, October 12, 1840. _Levant correspondence_, Granville to Palmerston, October 12, 1840.

[651] Admiralty (in letters) 5495, Martin to Stopford, April 26, 1840.

[652] F.O. France 605, Bulwer to Palmerston, September 14, 1840 (confidential).

[653] _Vide_ p. 217.

[654] F.O. Spain 555, Scott to Palmerston, October 23, 1840 (secret); Aston to Palmerston, November 7, 1840. _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Aston, October 15, 1840. H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 341-343.

[655] _Melbourne Papers_, p. 487.

[656] Guizot, _Mémoires_, IV. pp. 400-402. Thureau-Dangin, _La Monarchie de Juillet_, IV. pp. 344-346.

[657] _Vide_ pp. 269-273.

[658] F.O. Sardinia 112, Abercromby to Palmerston, November 28, December 30, 1840. F.O. Sicily 169, Temple to Palmerston, September 16, 1840. Thureau-Dangin, _Monarchie et Juillet_, IV. pp. 274-275.

[659] F.O. Austria 208, Beauvale to Palmerston, February 2, 5, 1841. F.O. Russia 271, Clanricarde to Palmerston, February 3, 1841.

[660] "Sie sollen ihn nicht haben, den frien deutschen Rhein."

[661] Metternich, _Mémoires_, VI. p. 447.

[662] _Memoirs of H. Reeve_, pp. 134-135. _Melbourne Papers_, p. 492. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), I. pp. 347-349.

[663] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Granville, November 2, 20, 1840; Granville to Palmerston, November 5, 1840.

[664] Admiralty (in letters) 5503, Syria, Palmerston to Admiralty, October 5, 1840 (secret).

[665] F.O. Turkey 397, Ponsonby to Palmerston, October 7, 1840 (confidential).

[666] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Admiralty, November 14, 1840.

[667] _Levant correspondence_, Barrow to Leverson, December 15, 1840.

[668] _Ibid._, Ponsonby to Palmerston, December 16, 1840 (enclosure I.); Napier to Ponsonby, December 14, 1840, "I was led to believe by letters which I had received from different members of the Government that they were most anxious to settle the Eastern question speedily."

[669] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Admiralty, December 15, 1840; Palmerston to Ponsonby, December 17, 1840.

[670] _Ibid._, Ponsonby to Palmerston, December 8, 1840.

[671] Admiralty (in letters) 5504, Syria, II., Stopford to Admiralty, December 10, 1840.

[672] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, December 16, 23, 1840.

[673] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Ponsonby, October 15, 1840.

[674] _Ibid._, Ponsonby to Palmerston, December 23, 1840.

[675] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Ponsonby, December 17, 1840.

[676] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, January 10, 13, 1841.

[677] _Ibid._, Barrow to Backhouse, February 1, 28, 1841.

[678] F.O. Turkey 399, Ponsonby to Palmerston, December 13, 1840. F.O. Austria 208, Beauvale to Palmerston, March 5, 1841. _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, February 21, 1841. Admiralty (in letters) 5504, Syria, II., Backhouse to Admiralty, April 17, 1841.

[679] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, February 14, 15, 1841; Chekib Effendi to Palmerston, March 11, 1841.

[680] _Ibid._, Granville to Palmerston, December 4, 1840.

[681] F.O. France 607, Granville to Palmerston, November 27, 1840.

[682] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. p. 78.

[683] _Vide_ p. 253.

[684] S. Goriainow, _Le Bosphore et les Dardanelles_, p. 83.

[685] _Levant correspondence_, Nesselrode to Brunnow, December 10, 22, 1840.

[686] F.O. Russia 271, Clanricarde to Palmerston, January 18, 1841 (confidential).

[687] _Ibid._, March 9, 1841 (confidential).

[688] F.O. Russia 269, Palmerston to Clanricarde, January 11, 1841.

[689] Among the despatches in vol. 653 Angleterre, is an extract from a letter from M. ---- to M. Guizot, dated November 28, 1840; the writer gives the views of Melbourne, Russell and Lansdowne. He also speaks of a conversation with Esterhazy, and talks of an interview of two hours' duration with Palmerston. The author of this communication was perhaps Ellice. The evidence of Greville's _Journal_ seems to make it very improbable that he was responsible for it. Nor can the authorship of it be imputed to Reeve.

[690] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 49-50.

[691] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, January 29, 1841.

[692] F.O. Austria 208, Beauvale to Palmerston, January 17, 1841.

[693] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Bloomfield, December 2, 1840.

[694] Affaires étrangères, 657 Angleterre, Bourqueney à Guizot, 7 janvier, 1841 (confidentielle et réservée).

[695] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, March 16, 1841.

[696] _Ibid._, Granville to Palmerston, March 12, 15, 1841.

[697] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, March 6, 9, 17, 27, 1841. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 95-98.

[698] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Ponsonby, April 10, 1841.

[699] _Ibid._, Palmerston to W. Russell, April 21, 1841.

[700] _Ibid._, Beauvale to Ponsonby, April 19, 1841; Beauvale to Palmerston, April 22, 1841.

[701] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, March 27, 1841 (enclosures).

[702] F.O. Turkey 427, Palmerston to Ponsonby, January 26, 1841.

[703] _Ibid._, 433, Ponsonby to Palmerston, April 6, 1841 (confidential).

[704] _Levant correspondence_, Palmerston to Ponsonby, April 10, 1841.

[705] _Levant correspondence_, Beauvale to Palmerston, April 9, 14, 1841.

[706] _Ibid._, Ponsonby to Palmerston, April 14, 1841.

[707] _Ibid._, Ponsonby to Palmerston, May 12, 26, 1841.

[708] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 111-112.

[709] _Levant correspondence_, Ponsonby to Palmerston, June 21, 1841.

[710] S. Walpole, _History of England from 1815_, IV. pp. 334-338.

[711] _Memoirs of Henry Reeve_, p. 141.

[712] C. Greville's _Journals_ (2), I, p. 356.

[713] Jarnac, _Lord Aberdeen, Revue des Deux Mondes_, 15 juillet, 1860.

[714] _Vide_ p. 313.

[715] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, II. pp. 376-383. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 130-145 and 412-417. In the speech complained of, Palmerston, besides denouncing the alleged cruelties committed by the French army, was so ill-advised as to draw a comparison between the tranquil condition of Afghanistan under a British military occupation and the disturbed state of Algeria. How spurious was the peace of which he boasted was proved, six months later, by the overwhelming disaster which overtook Elphinstone's army.

[716] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 220-241.

[717] F.O. France 623, Bulwer to Palmerston, April 26, 1841.

[718] F.O. Spain 509, Villiers to Palmerston, November 17, 1838 (secret).

[719] _Ibid._, 510, Villiers to Palmerston, December 1, 1838 (secret).

[720] _Ibid._, 500, Palmerston to Villiers, November 30, 1838 (secret).

[721] F.O. France 580, Granville to Palmerston, March 1, 1839.

[722] F.O. Spain 534, Southern to Palmerston, November 9, 1839 (cypher).

[723] F.O. France 623, Bulwer to Palmerston, April 23 (private and confidential), 26, 1841. F.O. France 629, Bulwer to Aberdeen, October 18, 25, 1841 (confidential).

[724] F.O. France 621, Aberdeen to Bulwer, October 22, 1841.

[725] _Ibid._, 630, Bulwer to Aberdeen, November 8, 9, 1841 (private and confidential).

[726] F.O. Spain 571, Aberdeen to Aston, November 18, 1841.

[727] F.O. Austria 297, Aberdeen to Gordon, December 4, 1841.

[728] F.O. France 630, Bulwer to Aberdeen, November 19, 1841; Cowley to Aberdeen, November 26, 1841.

[729] Guizot, _Mémoires_, pp. 316, 334. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), II. pp. 73-75.

[730] F.O. France 628, Bulwer to Aberdeen, September 17, 1841.

[731] _Ibid._, 631 and 647, Cowley to Aberdeen, December 29, 1841, January 21, 1842 (secret and confidential).

[732] _Ibid._, 630 and 631, Bulwer to Aberdeen, November 8, 1841 (private and confidential); Cowley to Aberdeen, December 3, 1841 (secret and confidential), December 6 and 24 (confidential).

[733] F.O. Austria 304, Aberdeen to Gordon, March 16, 1842. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 115-116.

[734] F.O. Austria 304, Aberdeen to Gordon, April 26, 1842. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 118-122.

[735] F.O. France 631 and 649, Cowley to Aberdeen, December 6, 1841 (confidential); May 6, 1842 (confidential).

[736] _Ibid._, 649, Cowley to Aberdeen, April 4, May 6, 1842 (confidential).

[737] F.O. France 648 and 649, Cowley to Aberdeen, February 4, February 14, March 4, April 15, 1842.

[738] _Ibid._, 649, Cowley to Aberdeen, May 13, 1842.

[739] _Ibid._, 645, Aberdeen to Cowley, February 18, 1842.

[740] _Ibid._, 653, Cowley to Aberdeen, December 2, 1842 (secret and confidential). General Atthalin's intimacy with Mdme. Adelaïde, Louis Philippe's sister and political confidant, was notorious. _Madame Atthalin_ was one of the least offensive of the names applied to her by the legitimists. The story that she was secretly married to General Atthalin appears to be unfounded. F.O. Spain 604, Aston to Aberdeen, November 21, 1842.

[741] _Vide_ p. 227.

[742] F.O. France 653 and 665, Cowley to Aberdeen, December 2 (secret and confidential), December 13 and 19, 1842 (secret and confidential), January 20 and 22 (secret and confidential), January 2 and 6 (confidential), January 30, 1843.

[743] F.O. Spain 597, Aberdeen to Aston, December 27, 1842.

[744] F.O. France 663, Aberdeen to Cowley, February 14, 1843.

[745] F.O. France 666, Cowley to Aberdeen, March 6, 13, 31, 1843.

[746] F.O. Spain 624, Aston to Aberdeen, March 6, 1843.

[747] F.O. France 667, Cowley to Aberdeen, May 29 (secret and confidential), June 2, 1843 (confidential).

[748] F.O. Spain 622, Aberdeen to Aston, June 7, 1843 (confidential).

[749] F.O. France 668, Cowley to Aberdeen, July 3, 1843 (secret and confidential).

[750] F.O. France 669, Cowley to Aberdeen, August 14, 1843 (secret and confidential).

[751] _Ibid._, 670, Cowley to Aberdeen, September 11, 1843 (confidential). C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), II. p. 200.

[752] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Vols. I. and II.

[753] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VI. pp. 188-195.

[754] F.O. France 664, Aberdeen to Cowley, December 15, 1843. _Correspondence relating to the marriage of the Queen and Infanta of Spain presented to Parliament_, 1847.

[755] Philippe de Rohan-Chabot, Comte de Jarnac, First Secretary of the French embassy in London.

[756] Jarnac, _Lord Aberdeen, Revue des Deux Mondes_, 15 juillet, 1860.

[757] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Aberdeen to Queen Victoria, December 1, 1843.

[758] _Ibid._, Prince Albert to Peel, October 21, 1843.

[759] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Queen Victoria to King of the Belgians, December 12, 1843. Guizot, _Mémoires,_ VIII. pp. 53-66. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), pp. 211-214.

[760] F.O. Pacific Islands 26, Miller to Bidwell, September 17, 1844.

[761] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VII. p. 56.

[762] F.O. France 666 and 669, Cowley to Aberdeen, April 7, August 30, 1843. F.O. France 664, Aberdeen to Cowley, August 25, October 3, 1843.

[763] F.O. Pacific Islands 27, Pritchard to Aberdeen, August 17, 1844.

[764] _Ibid._, 26, Miller to Bidwell, September 17, 1844.

[765] _Ibid._, 20, extract from a letter from Consul Pritchard, dated Sidney, January 3, 1843.

[766] F.O. France 664, Aberdeen to Cowley, October 3, 1843 (enclosures).

[767] F.O. Pacific Islands 20, Aberdeen to Pritchard, September 25, 1840.

[768] F.O. France 695, Cowley to Aberdeen, April 14, 1844. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 64-69.

[769] F.O. France 693, Cowley to Aberdeen, February 19, 25, 1844.

[770] F.O. Pacific Islands 27, Aberdeen to Pritchard, April 10, 1844.

[771] F.O. France 696, Cowley to Aberdeen, May 20, 31, 1844 (secret and confidential). _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Queen Victoria to King of the Belgians, May 24, October 17, 1844.

[772] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Queen Victoria to King of the Belgians, June 4, 11, 1844. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), II. pp. 243-246.

[773] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, II. pp. 106-110. T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. pp. 215-219.

[774] Malmesbury, _Memoirs of an ex-Minister_, I. p. 402.

[775] F.O. France 697, Cowley to Aberdeen, June 3, 1844. Affaires étrangères, 663 Angleterre, Guizot à Sainte-Aulaire, 6 juin, 1844.

[776] Affaires étrangères, 663 Angleterre, Guizot à Sainte-Aulaire, 13 juin, 1844. F.O. France 697, Cowley to Aberdeen, June 14, 1844.

[777] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VII. pp. 52-59.

[778] England asked that Tangier should be respected on the ground that all the European consuls resided there.

[779] F.O. France 697, Cowley to Aberdeen, June 10, July 12, 15, 1844. Affaires étrangères, 663 Angleterre, Guizot à Sainte Aulaire, 13 juin, 1844; Jarnac à Guizot, 6 juillet, 1844.

[780] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Jarnac à Guizot, 1 août, 1844.

[781] F.O. Pacific Islands 20 and 27, Pritchard to Aberdeen, November 10, 23, 1843, January 26, 1844.

[782] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VII. pp. 74-82.

[783] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Jarnac à Guizot, 4 août, 1844.

[784] F.O. France 699, Cowley to Aberdeen, August 2, 5, 1844 (secret and confidential).

[785] _Ibid._, August 9, 1844 (secret and confidential).

[786] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Guizot à Jarnac, 8 août, 1844.

[787] F.O. France 691, Aberdeen to Cowley, August 13, 1844.

[788] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Jarnac à Guizot, 22 août, 1844.

[789] F.O. France 691, Aberdeen to Cowley, August 23, 1844.

[790] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Guizot à Jarnac, 15, 18 août, 1844.

[791] _The Times_, August 21, 1844.

[792] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VII. p. 97.

[793] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Jarnac à Louis Philippe, 14 août, 1844.

[794] _Ibid._, 664 Angleterre, Guizot à Jarnac, 28 août, 1844.

[795] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Jarnac à Guizot, 10, 27 août, 1844.

[796] F.O. France 691, Cowley to Aberdeen, August 28, 30, 1844 (secret and confidential).

[797] Affaires étrangères, 664 Angleterre, Guizot à Jarnac, 29 août, 2 septembre, 1844; Jarnac à Guizot, 4 septembre, 1844. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VII. pp. 98-104.

[798] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Queen Victoria to King of the Belgians, September 15, 1844.

[799] F.O. France 700, Cowley to Aberdeen, November 15, 1844 (confidential). Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 197-198.

[800] _Ibid._, 724, Cowley to Aberdeen, May 2, 1845 (secret and confidential).

[801] F.O. France 700, Cowley to Aberdeen, November 22 (confidential), December 13, 1844 (secret and confidential).

[802] T. Martin, _Life of the Prince Consort_, I. pp. 349-350.

[803] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. p. 199.

[804] F.O. Spain 651 and 652, Bulwer to Aberdeen, April 1, May 15, 1844 (private and confidential).

[805] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. p. 213.

[806] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 160-161.

[807] F.O. France 700, Cowley to Aberdeen, December 16, 1844 (secret and confidential).

[808] Youngest son of Louis Philippe.

[809] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 211, 223, 224.

[810] F.O. France 726, Cowley to Aberdeen, July 25, 1845 (confidential).

[811] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. p. 215.

[812] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Aberdeen to Peel, September 8, 1845. T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. p. 305. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 225-227. F.O. France 728, Cowley to Aberdeen, October 6, 1845 (secret and confidential).

[813] Guizot, in his detailed account of the Spanish marriages, makes no mention of the visit.

[814] F.O. Spain 678, Bulwer to Aberdeen, October 9, 1845.

[815] _Ibid._, October 30, 1845.

[816] _Ibid._, October 10, 30, 1845 (cipher, confidential).

[817] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 295, 296.

[818] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 227-234.

[819] _Ibid._, pp. 228-235.

[820] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Aberdeen to Bulwer, November 17, 1845.

[821] F.O. Spain 696, Bulwer to Aberdeen, February 28, 1846.

[822] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 251-255.

[823] C. Greville, _Journal_ (2), III. pp. 9 and 54. T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. pp. 355-356.

[824] F.O. Spain 696, Bulwer to Aberdeen, March 19, 1846.

[825] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. p. 217.

[826] F.O. Spain 698, Bulwer to Aberdeen, July 8, 1846.

[827] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 248-249.

[828] It would be conveyed from the Spanish frontier by Chaptal's system of telegraphy.

[829] F.O. France 751, Cowley to Aberdeen, April 8, 1846 (private and confidential).

[830] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. pp. 219-226. T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. pp. 350-352. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 261-264.

[831] Practically the whole of the correspondence relating to this affair has been removed from the _archives des affaires étrangères_ in Paris. But in the volume marked "828 _Espagne_" the following unsigned and undated note is to be found:--"In the question of the Spanish marriages there was a private correspondence between the King and M. Bresson, and also between the latter and M. Guizot. After the death of the ambassador the minutes of his letters and the original answers of the King and of the minister (Guizot) were handed over to M. Guizot by his widow, and were carried off by him in February, 1848. But it is certain that Madame Bresson retained improperly a copy of this correspondence which her husband had made, and which it was her duty to return to the Foreign Office." (M. Bresson committed suicide at Naples in November, 1847.)

[832] _Letters of Queen Victoria, Memorandum by the Prince Albert_, December 20, 1845.

[833] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. pp. 192-193. C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), II. p. 388. Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII., pp. 279-282.

[834] _Correspondence relating to the Queen and Infanta of Spain_, Aberdeen to Sotomayor, June 22, 1846.

[835] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 52-53.

[836] F.O. France 753, Cowley to Aberdeen, July 13, 1846 (private and confidential); _Revue retrospective_, p. 171.

[837] _Revue retrospective_, p. 171.

[838] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 170 and 181-182.

[839] T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. p. 352.

[840] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 180-181, 196, 197; Guizot à Louis Philippe, 8 août, 1846:--"You can be quite happy about Coburg. No Coburg possible. Palmerston has had a long confidential talk on the subject with the Queen, Prince Albert and King Leopold. This news reaches me from an excellent quarter."

[841] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. pp. 180-181.

[842] General Narvaez.

[843] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and Infanta of Spain_, Palmerston to Bulwer, July 19, 1846.

[844] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 180-181.

[845] F.O. France 753, Cowley to Palmerston, July 27, 1846 (private and confidential).

[846] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 182-185, 402-403.

[847] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. pp. 264-276.

[848] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 16, 1846.

[849] F.O. Spain 698, Bulwer to Palmerston, July 19, 1846 (secret and confidential).

[850] _Ibid._, August 4, 1846 (secret and confidential).

[851] _Ibid._

[852] F.O. Spain 698, Bulwer to Palmerston, July 19, 1846 (secret and confidential).

[853] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 22, 1846.

[854] Guizot, _Mémoires_, VIII. p. 301.

[855] F.O. Spain 698, Bulwer to Palmerston, August 22, 1846 (secret and confidential).

[856] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Bulwer to Palmerston, August 29, 1846.

[857] _Ibid._, Normanby to Palmerston, September 1, 1846.

[858] _Letters of Queen Victoria_, Queen of the French to Queen Victoria, September 8, 1846; Queen Victoria to Queen of the French, September 10, 1846.

[859] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 324-326.

[860] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), III. p. 10.

[861] T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. pp. 503-516.

[862] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Bulwer to Palmerston, October 11, 1846.

[863] _Ibid._, Palmerston to Normanby, September 22, 1846; Palmerston to Bulwer, September 28, 1846.

[864] _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and the Infanta of Spain_, Palmerston to Normanby, October 31, 1846, January 8, 1847.

[865] C. Greville, _Journals_ (2), III. p. 48.

[866] H. Bulwer, _Life of Palmerston_, III. p. 320.

[867] T. Martin, _Life of Prince Consort_, I. p. 351. Stockmar, _Memoirs_, II. p. 156.

[868] _Vide_ p. 335.

[869] _Vide_ p. 343.

[870] _Vide_ p. 370.

[871] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 52-53. _Correspondence relating to the marriages of the Queen and Infanta of Spain_, Palmerston to Bulwer, October 31, 1846, January 8, 1847.

[872] This, in M. Thiers' opinion, was Christina's motive, _vide_ L. Fagan, _Life of Sir A. Panizzi_, I. p. 228, Thiers to Panizzi, January 17, 1847.

[873] Stockmar, _Memoirs_, II. pp. 134 and 197.

[874] _Revue retrospective_, pp. 182-184.

[875] _Ibid._, pp. 184-185.

[876] F.O. Spain 694, Palmerston to Bulwer, August 22, 1846 (separate and confidential).

[877] _Revue retrospective_, p. 197.