Chapter I: Preface (1)

In presenting this English-Bisaya Grammar I do not pretend to be considered an author, my only aspiration is to be useful to my American brethren in the priesthood, in order that they in turn, may be so to the Bisaya people. The priest for the Bisaya people must be one who will devote all his attention to them, live among them, study their ways, their character, their tendencies, and therefore, the study of their dialect is absolutely necessary to him, since they, for the most part, do not know how to speak either Spanish or English. In preparing this compilation I have used every effort to do it as well as possible, but I am only a pupil in both the English and Bisaya languages, and I believe, the work is not as perfect as would be desired, but I indulge a hope that the kindness of my readers will excuse my faults.

BISAYA ALPHABET.

The letters made use of in the Bisaya alphabet, are twenty in number as follows:

A. Ah. N. Ai-nay.
B. Bay. Ng. Ai-ngay.
C. Thay. Ñ Ai-nyay.
D. Day. O. Oh.
E. A or ay. P. Pay.
G. Hay. Q. Coo.
H. Atchay. S. Es say.
I. EE. T. Tay.
L. Ai-lay. U. OO.
M. Ai-may. Y. EE (griega).

The vowels are A, E, I, O, U, and Y at the end of a word. The vowels are never silent, except U in the syllables que, qui, the sound of which corresponds to that heard in the English words Kedge, Keep, Key.

A sounds always like A in alam.
B sounds like B in back
C before a, o, u, sounds like K in English, as--caadlaoon--The
dawn of the day--Coco--Nail of the fingers.
D at the beginning of a word or in the middle, if preceded by a
consonant, is pronounced like in English. At the end of a word
or between two vowels has a sound between D and R, which may be
obtained by placing the tip of the tongue against the higher
teeth turning the thick part towards the roof of the mouth.
G has always a very smooth sound like in English before a, o, u,
as--ginicanan, forefathers--gintoon-an, scholar.
H has a slight aspirated sound like a very faintly aspirated h in
English in the words horse, hog--as--hocom, judge--habagat, a
strong wind--hilanat, fever.
E, I these vowels although sound like in English, nevertheless,
natives confound them very often: the same shall be said of the
vowels O and U; and this is the reason why the P. John Felix's
Dictionary employs but I and O, instead E, I--O, U.
L sounds like in English, as--lamdag, brightness--libac,
backbiting.
M sounds like in English: as--mata, eye--motó-top.
N sounds like in English; as--nipis, fine, thin.
Ng this letter has no equivalent in English, and it must be heard
from the natives.
Ñ this letter has a strong nasal sound resembling that of n in the
English word "poniard" out of Bohol province, where it is
pronounced as in the English word--manger and written ny: as,
caninyo, bonyag, instead of caniño, boñag.
O sounds like in English; as--olan, rain--úhao, thirst.
P sounds as in English:--pito, seven--ponó, fill.
Q is always followed by u, and pronounced like K; as, quinabuhi,
life, quilay, eyebrow, quilquil, scratching.
S has always a harsh, hissing sound like ss in English. There is
not a word in Bisaya beginning with s followed by a consonant.
T sounds as in English, as--tabang, help, tiao, joke.
U sounds like in English in the words "proof, goose" but it is
frequently confounded with O. (See I and E on the preceding
page).
Y sounds like ee in English at the end of a word; but before a
vowel, or between two vowels, sounds like in the English words
"joke, jolt" as--yabó, pour.--This letter when after a noun or
pronoun, if the same noun or pronoun, is employed instead of the
particle ang, being as it does, an article of appellative nouns.
Examples: I did that--acó ang nagbuhat niana, or, acoy nagbuhat
niana--What is the reason of that.--¿Onsa ba ang hingtungdan
niana? or ¿Onsay hingtungdan niana?

FIRST LESSON.

OF THE ARTICLE.

1.a The article in the Bisaya dialect is divided into determinate and indeterminate and of the proper names.

2.a The determinate article is ang for singular, and ang mga or sa mga according to the cases for plural.

3.a The indeterminate article is usa, one for the singular; and uban, pila or mapila, some for the plural.

4.a The article of the proper names is si for both masculine and feminine.

Declension of the Articles.

DEFINITE ARTICLE.

SINGULAR.

N. The dog. Ang iro.
G. Of the dog. Sa iro.
D. To the dog. Sa iro.
Ac. The dog. Sa iro.
Vc. Oh dog. Sa iro.
Abl. With the dog. Sa iro.

PLURAL.

N. The dogs. Ang mga iro.
G. Of the dogs. Sa mga iro.
D. To the dogs. Sa mga iro.
Ac. The dogs. Sa mga iro.
Vc. Oh dogs. Sa mga iro.
Abl. With the dogs. Sa mga iro.

INDEFINITE ARTICLE.

SINGULAR

A letter. Usa ca sulat.
A dog. Usa ca iro.
One and another Ang usa ug ang usa

PLURAL.

Some wish, while others do not--ang uban bu-ut, ang uban dili--Some of the trees, which are there--Pipila sa mga cahuy dihá.

The Article of the Proper Names

SINGULAR.

N. Peter. Si Pedro.
G. Of Peter. Ni Pedro.
D. To Peter. Can Pedro.
Ac. Peter. Can Pedro.
Vc. Peter. Oy Pedro.
Abl. With Peter. Can Pedro.

Remark l.a The article of the proper names is used also to point out a person and his companions, as:

N. Joseph and his friends. Sila si José.
G. Of Joseph and of his friends. ila ni José.

2.a This article serves also to express kindness or love: as.--My Mother, Si nanay.--My father, Si tatay.--The female child, Si inday--The parish Priest, Si amoy--My eldest sister, Si manang.

3.a The English compounded words, wooden, golden etc. change the affix en into nga, as:--The wooden cross, Ang cruz nga cahoy--The golden ring, Ang singsing nga bulauan.

4.a When we point out the destination of a thing, it is employed the article sa--Thus: The water vat, Ang tadyao sa tubig.--The bottle of wine, Ang botella sa vino.

5.a When it refers to the property of any one, it is as follows.--John's hat, Ang calo ni Juan.

6.a The article sa is employed, when the thing it refers to is determinate, but when it is indeterminate, the article ug must be used, as: Bring the money, Magdala ca sa sapi. Give me money, Taga-an mo acó ug salapi.

PLURAL.

1.a The plural is formed in Bisaya by placing mga after the article ang or sa.

Declension.

N. The cats Ang mga iring
G. Of the cats Sa mga iring
D. To the cats Sa mga iring
Ac. The cats Sa mga iring
Vc. Oh cats Mga iring
Abl. With the cats Sa mga iring

2.a When the possessive case is placed before the name, it must be placed between ang and mga, thus--My friends, ang acong mga higala--Your shoes, ang imong mga sapin.

3.a Rem. The Bisaya article like the English, does not distinguish the gender, but there are two ways of distinguishing the masculine and feminine in this dialect: 1. By using different words: Ex, ang bana, the husband; ang asaua, the wife; ang amahan, the father: ang inahan, the mother. 2. By the suffixes lalaqui and babaye; Ex. ang iro nga lalaqui, the dog, ang iro nga babaye, she dog; ang bata nga lalaqui, the boy; ang bata nga babaye, the girl.

Examples of the article.

Joseph's soul, ang calag ni José--John's ground. ang yuta ni Juan, or ang can Juan nga yuta--Who is at Peter's house, ang sa can Pedro nga balay, or ang sa balay ni Pedro--Bring the rice: Magdala ca ug bugas--My mother and sister are at John's cottage, Si nanay ug si inday tua sa camalig ni Juan--My brothers are rich, Ang acong mga igso-on salapia-non man--Are you Peter's father?, Icao ba ang amahan ni Pedro?--I am, Acó man--Who is the owner? ¿Quinsa ba ang tagia?--Where is your son?, Hain ba ang imong anac?--He is at the cockfight, Tua sia sa bulangan--Has he much money?, Daghan ba ang iang salapi?--He has but a few coins, Pipila lamang ca dacó--Let us go. Tala na quitá--Good by. Ari na came--That man is a drunkard. Palahubóg man canang tao--He is a drinker, but not a drunkard. Palainom man sia, apan dili palahubóg--Where is my father?, ¿Hain ba ang acong amahan?--Here he is; Ania dinhi--Who are those men?, ¿Quinsa ba canang mga tao?--They are my friends. Mao ang acong mga higala.

Exercise I.

Have you the bread?--Yes, sir, I have the bread: Have you your bread?--I have my bread.--Have you the salt?--I have the salt--Have you my salt?--I have your salt.--Have you the soap?--I have the soap--Which (onsa nga) soap have you?--I have your soap--Which shirt have you?--I have my shirt, (ang acong sinina)?--Have you much money?--I have much money--Where is your sister?--She is at the garden (tanaman sa mga bulac)--Where is your father?--He is here.

SECOND LESSON.

OF THE NOUNS.

Supposing the pupil knows the classification of the nouns into proper, common or appellative &., we shall occupy ourselves with their formation, being as it is, so much diverse and usual.

A great number of nouns and verbs are compounded in Bisaya by means of roots and particles.

The root is the word which contains in itself the signification of the thing, but can not express it without any other word, which we call a particle, to which the root must be united.

1.a With the particle ca at the beginning of the root, and an after, are formed collective nouns, and nouns of place, as:--Grove, cacahoyan--Banana plantation, casagingan.

2.a With the particle ca before, are formed the nouns of quality, as:--Whiteness,--Ang caputi.

3.a By placing the particle pagca before the roots, are formed the abstract nouns, and those pointing out the essence of the things, as:

Sweetness. Ang catam-is.
Mercy. Ang calo-oy.
Kindness. Ang caayo.
Divinity. Ang pagca Dios.
Humanity. Ang pagca taoo.
Hardness. Ang pagca guhi.

4.a With the particle isigca before the root, are formed correlative nouns, placing the possessive pronoun in genitive case, as:

My like. Ang isigcataoo co.

5.a With the particles mag and man are formed substantive and adjective nouns, duplicating the first syllable of the roots, thus:

The writer. Ang magsusulat.
The tailor. Ang magtatahi.
The maker. Ang magbubuhat.
The surgeon. Ang mananambal.
The almsgiver. Ang manlilimos.

6. With the particle pala before, are formed several substantives, as:

The drunk. Ang palahubóg.
The tippler Ang palainom.
The writer. Ang palasulat.

7.a With tag before the root, are formed nouns expressing the owner of a thing, as:

The owner of the house. Ang tagbalay.
The master of the vessel. Ang tagsacayan.
The owner of the world. Ang tagcalibutan.

8.a Putting this same particle before the words signifying the seasons of the year or the atmospherical changes, points out the time of these changes: and placing it before words signifying the farming-works, it shows the time of those operations. In some provinces are used also in this same sense, the particles tig and tin, thus:

Rain time. tagolan.
Warm time. tiginit.
Harvest time. tagani--tinani, or tig-ani.

9.a The particle taga before the nouns of countries or nations, serves to ask some one about his town, as:

Where are you from? Taga di-in ca ba?
I am from Spain. Taga España man acó.
Of which town? Taga di-in ca nga longsod?
From Cornago. Taga Cornago.

10.a Taga signifies also until, and points out the end of the action, as:

To the knee. Taga tohod.
To the neck. Taga liug.
As far as the floor. Taga salug.

11.a By means of the articles pag and pagca are formed the verbal substantives. Ex:

Making or to make. Ang pagbuhat.
Walking or to walk. Ang paglacao.
Reading or to read. Ang pagbasa.
Resuscitating or to resuscitate. Ang pagcabanhao.
Dying or to die. Ang pagcamatay.

12.a Placing the particle tagi before the root it points out permanency on a place, as:

Inhabitant of a place. Tagilongsod.
Countryman. Tagibanua.

Declension of the common nouns.

SINGULAR.

N. The cotton. ang gapas.
G. Of the cotton. sa gapas.
D. To the cotton. sa gapas.

PLURAL

N. The cottons. ang mga gapas.
G. Of the cottons. sa mga gapas.
D. To the cottons. sa mga gapas.

Practical examples

Don't approach the intoxicated Ayao icao dumo-ol sa palahubóg. man. Hardness is the molave merit. Ang caayo sa tugás ana-a sa cagahi nia. Love your neighbour, for that is Mahagugma ca sa imong isigcataoo, a commandment of God. cay gisugo sa Dios. Don't sow nor plant in warm time. Sa tigadlao ayo pagtanom ug pagpugás. God is the Maker of all things. Ang Dios mao ang Magbubuhat sa ngatanan. The river water reaches as far as Ang tubig sa subá miabut tagahaoac. the waist. Who has my book? ¿Hain ba ang acong libro? Where is my book? ¿Hain ba ang libro co? I have it. Ania man canaco. Where is the horse? ¿Hain ba ang cabayo? I do not know. Ambut lamang. How does that concern you? ¿Onsay imo dihá? Every oneself. Iyahay lang quitá. So must it be. Mao man cana unta.

Exercise II.

Good morning, how are you?--Very well, I thank you--Where are you from?--I am from Spain--Of which town?--From Conago--Who (quinsa) has my book?--I have it--Who is that young Lady?--She is Miss Kate--Where is my trunk (caban)?--The servant has it--Have you my fine glasses?--I have them--Have you the fine horses of my neighbours?--I have not them--Who are you?--I am John--Are you Peter's father?--I am.

THIRD LESSON.

OF THE CARDINAL NUMBERS.

The father Encina divides the numbers into primitives, ordinals, distributives and vicenales.

The primitive numerals are those which serve to count, and are the followings:

1 One. Usá.
2 Two. Duha.
3 Three. Tolo.
4 Four. Upat.
5 Five. Lima.
6 Six. Unum.
7 Seven. Pito.
8 Eight. Ualo.
9 Nine. Siam.
10 Ten. Napolo.
11 Eleven. Napolo ug usá.
12 Twelve. Napolo ug duha.
13 Thirteen. Napolo ug tolo.
14 Fourteen. Napolo ug upat.
15 Fifteen. Napolo ug lima.
16 Sixteen. Napolo ug unum.
17 Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.
18 Eighteen. Napolo ug ualo.
19 Nineteen. Napolo ug siam.
20 Twenty. Caluha-an.
30 Thirty. Catlo-an.
40 Forty. Capat-an.
50 Fifty. Calim-an.
60 Sixty. Canum-an.
70 Seventy. Capito-an.
80 Eighty. Caualo-an.
90 Ninety. Casiam-an.
100 One hundred. Usa ca gatus.
101 One hundred and one Usa ca gatus ug usá.
200 Two hundred. Duha ca gatus.
300 Three hundred. Tolo ca gatus.
1000 One thousand. Usa ca libo.
1001 One thousand and one. Usa ca libo ug usá.
2000 Two thousand. Duha ca libo.

Ten children. Napolo ca bata.
Twenty horses. Caluha-an ca cabayo.
Two hundred and twenty guns. Duha ca gatus caluha an ug duha ca
fusil.
Five hundred and ninety one Lima ca gatus casiam-an ug usa ca
soldiers. soldalo.
One thousand men. Usa ca libo ca taoo.

Remarks:

1.a The English forms "a hundred, a thousand", are rendered into Bisaya by usa ca gatus, usa ca libo. Expressions like "eighteen hundred" must be translated as:--one thousand eight hundred, ex: The year 1898.--Usa ca libo ualo ca gatus casiaman ug usa.

2.a The unity begins by a consonant duplicates, the first syllable, when points out any quantity. The denaries are formed by putting before unity the particle ca and an after, as we have seen. Ca serves also to join the numbers to the nouns, thus: Usa cataoo.--Napolo ca pisos, upat ca adlao.

Ordinal Numbers.

1st. Ang nahaona.
2d. Ang icaduha.
3d. Ang icatolo-tlo.
4th. Ang icaupat-pat.
5th. Ang icalima.
6th. Ang icaunum.
7th. Ang icapito.
8th. Ang icaualo.
9th. Ang icasiam.
10th. Ang icapolo.
11th. Ang icapolo ug usa.
12th. Ang icapolo ug duha.
13th. Ang icapolo ug tolo.
14th. Ang icapolo ug upat
15th. Ang icapolo ug lima.
20th. Ang icacaluhaan.
21th. Ang icacaluhaan ug usa.
30th. Ang icacatloan.
40th. Ang icacaupatan
50th. Ang icacalim-an
100th. Ang icausa ca gatus.

The month.--Ang bulan. The day.--Ang adlao. The week.--Ang semana.

What is the date to day.--¿Icapila quita caron?--To-day is the sixth of March of the year 1901.--Sa icaunum ca adlao sa bulan sa Marzo sa usa ca libo siam ca gatus ng usa ca tuig.

Days of the week

Monday. Lunes.
Tuesday. Martes.
Wednesday. Miercoles.
Thursday. Jueves.
Friday. Viernes.
Saturday. Sabado.
Sunday. Domingo.

Months of the year.

(The months and the days of the week are taken from the Spanish language).

January. Enero.
February. Febrero.
March. Marzo.
April. Abril.
May. Mayo.
June. Junio.
July. Julio.
August. Agosto.
September. Setiembre.
October. Octubre.
November. Noviembre.
December. Diciembre.

A century. Usa ca siglo.
A year. Usa ca tuig.
A month. Usa ca bulan.
A week. Usa ca semana.
A day. Usa ca adlao.
An hour. Usa ca horas.
A minute. Usa ca minuto.
To day. Caron adlao.
Yesterday. Cahapon.
To-morrow. Ugma.
Next year. Tuig nga muabut.
Last year. Tuig nga miagui.
Day before yesterday. Cahapon sa usa ca adlao.
Day after to-morrow. Ugma damlag.
Three days ago. Canianhi.
Last week. Semana nga miagui.
At half past one. Sa á la una y media.
At a quarter past one. Sa á la una y cuarto.
At a quarter to one. Cuarto sa la una.

Partitive Numbers

The partitive numbers are formed by adding to the cardinals--ca bahin--thus:

One part. Usa ca bahin.
The half. Ang ca tunga.
One third. Ang ica tlo.
One fourth. Ang ica upat.

Ex:

The half of the heirdom belongs to Ang catunga sa cabilin nahatungud me. canaco. Divide among them the half of the Bahinan mo sila sa catunga sa cocoa-nut. lubi.

Distributive numbers

The distributive numbers are formed by putting tag or tinag before the cardinal numbers, thus:

One after one. Tagsa or tinagsa.
Two after two. Tagurha or tinagurha.
Twenty after twenty. Tagcaluhaan.
Put the children in a row one by Ipalumbay mo ang mga bata sa
one. tinagsa.
What wages did you pay them? ¿Sa tagpila guisoholan mo sila?
Seven shillings to each one. Sa tagpito ca sicapat.
Each man shall be judged by God. Ang tagsa ca taoo pagahocman sa
Dios.

Vicenal Numbers

The vicenal or proportional numbers, so called for explaining the proportion between two unities, one of which is contained in the other, are formed in Bisaya by putting the particle naca or maca before the cardinal numbers. Naca for past tense, and maca for the future: Thus:

Once. Naca or macausa. Twice. Naca or macaduha.

Three times. Naca or macatolo. Four times. Naca or macaupat. One hundred times. Naca or maca usa ca gatus. How many times have you read the Sa nacapila ba icao nagbasa sa letter? sulat? Many times. Sa nacadaghan. How many times have you weeped? Sa nacapila ba icao naghilac? Five times. Sa nacalima. How many times have you visited Sa nacapila ba icao nagduao sa church? Singbahan? Seven times Sa nacapito. Are there some fish in the Duna bay isda sa Longsod? village? There are a good plenty of fish. Duna man ug daghan isda. How old are you? Pila ca tuig ang edad mo? I am twenty seven years old. Caluhaan ug pito ca tuig ang acong edad. You are a young man yet. Bata pa icao. How much is your daily wage? Tagpila ang imong sohol sa usa ca adlao? Two dimes. Duha ca sevillana (peseta) What have you at home? Onsa ba ang ana-a sa iño? We have rice and fish. Ania sa amo bugás ug isda. Where is your shirt? Hain ba ang sinina mo?

Exercise III.

Where is my book!--Under the chair--Where is my hat?--It is on the table--Is it on the table?--No; it is upon the bed--Did you read the book?--I did not--How many books have you written?--I have written one--How many times have you read the letter?--Many times--How many times have you weeped?--Five times--How much is your daily wage?--Two dimes--How old are you?--I am twenty seven years old--How old is she?--She is not yet twenty years old--Have you burnt yourself?--Each man has his taste--Have you a mind to sleep?--No: I have a mind to speak--Do you fear this man?--I don't fear him--At what o'clock do you go to bed?--I go to bed at sunset, and I get up at sunrise.

FOURTH LESSON

OF THE PRONOUNS.

The Bisaya pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, possessive and relative. The personal pronouns are:

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I. Acó We. Quitá, Camé
Thou, you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.
He, she. Sia. They. Sila.

Declension of the personal pronouns

First Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. I. Acó. We. Camé, quitá. (1)
G. Of me. Acó, co, naco, ta. Of us. Amo, namo, ato, ta.
D. To me. Canaco. To us. Canamo, canato.

(1) Quitá is used when the speaker excludes not those, to whom he is speaking, and camé when he does.

2d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. Thou or you. Icao, ca. You. Camó.
G. Of thee or you. Imo, nimo. Of you. Iñó, niñó
D. To thee, you. Canimo. To you. Caniñó.

3d. Person

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. He, she. Sia. They. Sila.
G. Of him, her. Iya, nia. Of them. Ila, nila.
D. To him, her. Cania. To them. Canila.

The pronoun Icao may be used indifferently before or after the verbs. The nominative case ca must be placed before the verbs in the negative and final sentences; in other cases, always after them.

You will carry. Icao magadala. You will weep. Icao magahilac. Don't lie. Dili ca magbacac. To make known to you. Aron ca mahibalo. We the Christians. Quitá (when all Christians.) ang mga cristianos. Lord, forgive us sinners. Guino-o pasayloa camé nga mga macasasala.

Both singular and plural objective cases of the first, second and third persons begin by a vowel, are placed before the nouns and verbs, and those begin by a consonant must be put after them: thus:

My shoes. Ang acong mga sapin.
Your money. Ang salapi mo.
Our country. Ang atong yuta.
His vessel. Ang sacayan nia.
Your net. Ang imong sahid.
You are my beloved. Hinigugma co icao.

Demonstrative pronouns.

Declension.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

N. This. Quini. These. Quining mga.
G. Of this. Niini. Of these. Niining mga.
D. To this. Niini. To these. Niining mga.

The demonstrative pronouns are used instead of repeating the substantives. They also serve for distinguishing between substantives exposed or understood; and when employed with substantives, for pointing out clearly the distinction between them.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N. That. Cana; (far from the Those. Canang mga (far....)
speaker) cadto. Cadtong mga.
G. Of that. Niana; (far....) Of those. Nianang mga
niadto. (far....) Niadtong
mga.

This near. Cari.
Of this near. Niari
Those near. Caring mga.
Of those near. Niaring mga.
Now. Caron.
Of now. Niaron.

Remark

Quini, refers to the persons or things nearest to the speaker: cana, to the persons or things nearest to the persons spoken to: cadto, is used to point out persons or things distant, both from the speaker and from the person spoken to. It is also employed this pronoun, but in genitive case, when speaking of events long time ago past, as: In those days.--Niadtong mga tiempo.

The adverb caron, is employed also as a demonstrative pronoun: thus:

This morning. Caron buntag. Noon. Odto. Afternoon. Hapon. This night. Caron gabi-i This woman. Quining babaye. These women. Quining mga babaye. Have you this pen or that? Na-a ba canimo quining pluma cun cadto ba? I have neither this nor that, but Uala canaco quini ug cadto, apan I have this other. ani-a canaco cari. He arrived yesterday about this Nacabut sia cahapon maingon niaron. time.

Possessive pronouns.

Are formed by the genitives of the personal pronouns, and are always joined to a noun before it, when begin by a vowel, and after, when by a consonant, Ex:

My hat. Ang acong calo.
Your shirt. Ang sinina mo.
Your shoes. Ang iñong mga sapin.
Your religion. Ang religion niñó.
Our house. Ang atong balay.
His parishioners. Ang mga sacup nia.

Relative pronouns.--Interrogative.

The relative--interrogative pronouns, are:

Who? ¿Quinsa?
What? ¿Onsa?
Which? ¿Hain?

Who is that man? Quinsa ba canang taoo?
Who is there? Quinsa ba dihá?
Which of you? Quinsa ba caniño?
What is that? Onsa ba cana?
Where is the money? Hain ba ang salapi?

Remark

The particle ba, has not signification, but serves to point out the interrogative and dubitative sentences.

The relative pronouns simple, are translated into Bisaya by nga, as:

I saw him bathing himself. Naquita co sia nga naligo.
Dreadful shall be the punishment Daco man ang castigo nga
you shall have into hell ipahamtang canimo sa infierno.
The man whom I saw yesterday has Ang tao nga naquita co cahapon
fallen from the cocoa-tree. naholog sa lubí.

Exercise IV.

Where are you going?--I am going into the church--Have you this pen or that?--I have neither this nor that, but I have this other.

When did he arrive?--He arrived yesterday about this time--Where is she? She is at home--Do you speak Bisaya?--Not yet--I have bought the horse of which you spoke to me.

When did you buy it?--Yesterday--Where do you intend to take me to?--What is the date to day?--To day is the twenty first--I speak to those to whom you have spoken.

Where did you speak to them?--I spoke to them at the street.

FIFTH LESSON.

OF THE ADJECTIVE.

Remark: 1.a The Bisaya adjectives are formed by putting before the root the particle Ma as:

Wiser. Maalam.
Good. Maayo.
Pretty. Maanindut.
Ugly. Mangil-ad.

2.a Putting after these adjectives the syllables on, hon, an, han are formed the followings:

Sick-ill Masaquit-on.
Envious. Masinahon.
Pale. Maluspad-on.
Sad. Mamingao-on.

3.a By putting the particles on, hon, an, han, after the root, are formed adjectives signifying qualities both moral and physical: ex.

Talker. Tabian.
Pock marked. Butihon.
Fat. Tambocon.
Rich. Adunahan.

4.a With the particle ha before are formed adjectives of distance: by means of the particle hi are formed those pointing out frequency in the action: thus:

Short. Hamobo.
Often feeder. Hingaon.
Far. Halayo.
Often drinker. Hinginom.

5.a Inserting la, li, lo, between the first two syllables of the root, and placing on, after the last are formed adjectives of quality, as:

Worthy. Talahoron.
Worshipful. Silingbahon.

6.a Are also formed adjectives of quality by putting mangi before the root, and an after, as:

Merciful. Mangilooyan.
Wise. Mangialaman.

7.a With the particle Maca, and duplicating the first syllable of the root are formed adjectives, as:

Poisonous. Macahihilo.
Dreadful. Macalilisang.

8.a With the particle ma before the root and inserting in between the first two syllables, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality, thus:

Respectful. Matinahoron.
Obedient. Masinugtanon.

9.a Inserting pa between ma and the first syllable of the root, and adding on to the last, are formed adjectives of quality; and also by means of pa, before the root, as:

Humble. Mapaubsanon.
Haughty. Palabilabihon.

Ex:

The wise men understand the Ang mga maquinaadmanon nacatuquib sa high explanations. mga hata-as nga mga casayodan. I saw an awful snake. Naquita co ug usá ca halas nga macalilisang. The merciful man helps to his Ang taoo nga mangilooyan nacatabang sa neighbour. isig-catao nia.

Exercise V.

I see the children to whom you have given the books, and I have met also with the men to whom you have spoken. The wise men understand the high explanations. The merciful man helps to his neighbour--What have you to do?--I have to speak to the men--When have you to speak to them?--This evening--At what o'clock?--At half past eight--Have you my shirt or my sister's?--I have both--Have you the golden ribbons of my mother?--I have not them--Who has them?--My sister has them--Do you wish to go out?--I wish not to go out--Why?--Because I am sick.

SIXTH LESSON

DIMINUTIVE ADJECTIVES.

l.a The diminutive adjectives not only express diminution, but also an accessory idea of either tenderness, love or contempt.

The diminutives are formed in Bisaya by means of the adjective diutay. When they have but two syllables, are formed by duplicating the root, and also, by placing the syllables la, li, lo, after the first letter of the root, Ex:

Small horse. Diutay nga cabayo.
Small eyes. Mata mata.
Small house. Balay balay.
Slight fault. Sayop nga diutay.

2.a The adjectives of ma, become diminutives by putting before, the particle malo, as:

Somewhat valiant. Malomaisug.
Somewhat fat. Matolotambuc.

3.a The same adjectives become diminutives by duplicating the root, as:

Somewhat sweet. Matam-istam-is.
Somewhat bitter. Mapait-pait.

4.a Adding a, to the nouns, are formed diminutives expressing contempt or disregard, as:

Worthless woman. Babayeha.
Nag. Cabayoa.

5.a When this letter a is added, but not in contemptible sense, serves to point out that the subject or object is unknown to us, as:

What kind of medicine is that? ¿Onsa nga tambala cana? What kind of tree is that? ¿Onsa ba ang calainan nianang cahuya?

Degrees of Comparison

The degrees of comparison are formed in Bisaya by adding to the superiority Lapi pa, to the equality ingon, and to the inferiority, as we have seen, Diutay pa.

Ex.

Large. Dacó.
Larger. Labi pa nga dacó.
Largest. Ang labing dacó.
Small. Diutay.
Smaller. Labi pa nga diutay.
Smallest. Ang labing diutay.
Well, Good. Maayo.
Better. Labi pang maayo.
Best. Ang labing maayo.
Bad. Dautan.
Worse. Labi pang dautan.
Worst. Ang labi nga dautan.
More. Labi pa.
Less. Diutay pa.
More, than. Labi pa; daghan pa, sa.
Less, than. Diriot pa; culang pa, sa.
Very much. Caayo or uyamut.
As much, as. Magsama sa cadaghan, ug.
Not as much. Dili ingon.

Ex:

Have you as many friends as I? ¿Magsama ba sa cadaghan sa mga higala mo ug ang aco? I have less money than he. Diriot pa ang acong salapi sa iya. This book is small, that is Quining libro diutay man, cadto labi smaller, and that is the pang diutay, ug cari mao ang lab ng smallest of all. diutay sa ngatanan. This hat is large, but that is Quining calo dacó man, apan cadto larger. labi pang dacó.

Is your hat as large as mine? ¿Ang imong calo dacó ba ingon sa aco? It is not so large as your. Diutay pa sa imo? Do your children write as much Ang Pagsulat sa imong mga anac as we? tagingon ba sa pagsulat namo? Do you read as often as I? ¿Nagabasa ca ba sa masubsub ingon canaco? As early as you. Masayo ingon canimo. God is the best Father. Ang Dios mao ang lobing maayo nga Amahan.

Remarks l.a The comparative of inferiority is formed by translating the adverbs less by diutay, diriut pa, ingon nga, culang, and than, into sa.

Ex.

I have less rice than coffee. Diriut pa ang acong bugás sa capé.
Your father is less wise tan Ang amahan mo culang sa quinaadman
mine. sa aco.
Your ring is not so nice as my Ang singsing mo dili ingon nga
mother's. maanindut sa can nanay.

2.a The comparative of equality is formed by translating the adverbs as or so into magsama, and the second adverb as into ug, and both terms of comparison in nominative case, as:

Ex:

Have you as many friends as ¿Magsama ba ang cadaghan sa mga higala
I? mo ug ang aco?

3.a The comparative of superiority is formed by translating more by labi pa, and than into sa; and also into dili, but in this case, both terms of comparison must be placed in nominative case, like in the comparatives of majority and of inferiority: Ex.

Honor is more precious that Labi pang tacus higugmaon ang catahod-an riches. sa pagcadaghan sa catigayonan

4.a The relation of majority more, may be also rendered by daghan pa, and than, by sa or dili.

Ex:

I have more silver than Daghan pa ang acong salapi sa bulaoan
gold. co, or (dili ang bulaoan co).
I have less shoes than hats. Diutay pa ang mga sapin co, dili ang
acong mga calo.

Exercise VI

I have as much money as you--Have you as many friends as I?--We have less money than they--This book is small, that is smaller, and that is the smallest of all--This hat is large, but that is larger--Is your hat as large as mine? It is larger than yours--Do your children write as much as we?--They write more than you--My father has more silver than gold--Your ring is not so nice as my mother's--Your father is less wise than mine--I have less rice than coffee--Do you read as often as I?--Do you listen to what your brother tell you?--Yes, I listen to it--God is the best Father.

SEVENTH LESSON

UNITIVE PARTICLES.

Before coming to the end of this part of the nouns, we shall have a short speech about some ligaments, called unitive particles, which serve for uniting elegantly the nouns, pronouns and adjectives, and for joining together the sentences, and to give them a particular energy. These particles are the followings:

Nga.

l.a This particle (when it is not used as relative) serves to link the pronouns with the nouns and the adjectives.

When the preceding word ends by a vowel the letter a of nga, must be suppressed, joining ng to the vowel, as:

Pretty house. Maanindut nga balay.
Good horse. Maayong cabayo.

2.a Serves also for joining both the sentences and verbs with the adverbs, ex:

Come back early. Bumalic cang masayó.
I doubt very much I may forgive Malisud cahá nga pasaylo-an co sia
him. (V. Pag 8), 3.a Remark.

Ug.

It is employed instead of the article in the objective cases of indefinite objects, and in compounded sentences when are employed instead of objective case. It serves also to link the cardinal numbers: Ex:

Buy rice. Pumalit ca ug bugás.
The work weakens me Naluya acó ug pagbuhat.
All my neighbour's children Ang mga anac sa acong silingan
died of plague. nahurut ug camatay sa salot.
Seventeen. Napolo ug pito.

Ca.

This particle links the cardinal numbers with the nouns: Ex.

Ten thousand. Napolo ca libo.
My three horses were removed out Nauala ang mga totolo ca cabayo
of sight. naco.

Ing.

Serves for joining the sentences and the objective cases, when it is spoken in indeterminate sense.

There is not now who may seek. Uala na ing macapatigayon.
Have I a knife? ¿Duna ba acó ing usá ca cuchillo?

Exercise VII.

You speak as much as I--They have not so many toys as books--Have you as many books as I?--I have fewer than you--Has our friend as many birds as chickens?--He has more of the former than of the latter--Are we right in speaking?--You are not wrong in speaking, but you are wrong in cutting my trees--Have you time to work?--1 have time, but not mind to work--Have you still a mind to buy any thing?--Yes, I have a mind to buy one more horse--Have you as much good as bad paper?--I have as much of the one as of the other--Have our neighbours as much honey as sugar?--They have more honey than sugar--Have your sons as many slippers as shirts?--They have more of the latter than of the former--I have a favour to beg of you.

EIGHTH LESSON

THE VERB.

The verb is the most important part of all languages, and also the most difficult. By this reason, to speak with somewhat perfection the Bisaya dialect, it is necessary a perfect acquaintance with it. The Bisaya dialect has not verbs, and they must be formed by adding to the roots particles, which shall be placed either before of after, as we shall explain.

In Bisaya the verbs is divided into substantive, adjective, passive, neuter, reciprocal and reflexive.

Of the substantive verb TO BE--MAO, MAN.

The verb TO BE and its like TO HAVE, are irregulars in their conjugation, and to form their sentences, it is necessary to use a very new form. They are expressed by means of particles, adverbs, conjunctions, and sometimes by means of the employment of both nominative and genitive cases.

Conjugation of the verb TO BE--Mao, Man.

Indicative mood--Present Tense.

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

I am. Acó mao, man. We are. Camé, quitá mao, man.
Thou art. Icao mao, man. You are. Camó mao, man.
He is. Sia mao, man. They are. Sila mao, man.

Rem. The particle man, is euphonic, when the sentences are not of the verb TO BE, ex;

Did you go to Spain? Nacaadto ca ba sa España?
I did not. Uala man acó umadto.

PAST TENSE.

I was good when I was younger. Maayo man acó sa bata pa acó. I was rich the last year. Salapian man acó sa tuig nga miagui.

FUTURE

I shall or will be serious. Buutan man acó.

IMPERATIVE.

Be serious. Magbuutan ca.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

It is necessary you be saint. Quinahanglan nga masantos ca.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were humble, I should be Cun mapaubsanon acó unta, masantos
saint. unta.

INDEFINITE FUTURE.

I would be saint, if I Santos man acó unta cun macatuman
fulfilled God's law. unta acó sa mga sugo sa Dios.

Rem. l.a It will be observed by the preceding conjugation, that the particle Mao--To be, is used but in the present tense of indicative mood.

2.a The particle Man--To be, does not point out by itself the tense, but it does the determining, may it be a noun or a whole sentence.

3.a To point out the subjunctive mood is used unta, when the sentences are obtative, in another cases are employed cun, ug, or pa.

4.a As auxiliaries of the verb Man, are employed the article ang before or after the noun, or the particle Y after the subjective case.

5.a The same must be said of the particle Nay. Are formed also sentences of the verb Man, by placing the attribute, before the subject it refers to.

6.a With pagca or mag, before the adjective are formed also these kind of sentences.

A few examples may elucidate these remarks:

The priest is God's succeeder, Ang Pare mao ang ilis sa Dios, ug and also the Father of the souls. mao man usab, ang amahan sa mga calág. The flowers are pretty. Manindut man ang mga bulac. I will make it. Acoy magabuhat. Who will be my comforter? ¿Quinsa nay macalipay canaco? What a beautiful effigy! ¡Pagca maanindut nga laraoan! What does concern you, about my ¿Onsay labut mo, cun maayo ba acó, good or bad behaviour? cun dili ba? Behave well at teacher's house. Magbuutan ca bayá sa balay sa magtoto-on. How? is ill my behave? Diay? ¿dautan ba acó? God is the Almighty. Ang Dios maoy macagagahum sa ngatanan. I am who shall go. Acoy moadto didto. Good should be. Maayo unta. A moment. Cariot da. Are you a chattering fellow? ¿Hinultihon ca ba? What countryman is he? ¿Tagadi-in ba sia? God is every where. Ang Dios ana-a sa bisan di-in.

Exercise VIII.

Who is the Priest?,--The Priest is God's succeeder, and the father of the souls--Are pretty the flowers?--Yes; all the flowers are pretty; but the lily is the most beautiful, then it is the symbol of purity, chastity, virginity, innocence and candour--Where are you from?--I am from Aloran, my parents are from Cornago, my eldest brother from Oroquieta, and my younger from Tagbilaran--Do you wish to send one more horse to our friends?--I wish to send many more to them--Are you going for any thing?--I am going for some thing--What are you going for?--I am going for some wine--Does your father send for any thing?--Yes, sir: he sends for some wine--Whom does your neighbour send for?--He sends for the physician--Does your servant take off his shirt to make the fire?--He takes it off to make it.

NINTH LESSON

TO BE--ANI-A, NA-A OR ANA-A, TUA.

When the verb TO BE points out TO BE IN A PLACE, is translated into Bisaya by ani-a, to be here: na-a or ana-a, to be there: and tua, to be far from the speaker.

Instead of the English adverbs HERE, THERE, are used in Bisaya dinhi, here: diha, there: didto, there (further).

The indicative present does not need adverbs of place.

INDICATIVE PRESENT.

I am here. Ania man acó. (dinhi)
Thou art there. Naa ca man. (dihá)
He is there. (further) Tua man sia. (didto)
We are here. Ania man quitá or camé (dinhi)
You are there. Naa man camó. (dihá)
They are there (further) Tua man silá. (didto)

PAST TENSE.

I was here, when you was there. Dinhi man acó sa didto ca pa.
(further)
I was there yesterday. Didto man acó cahapon.

FUTURE.

I will be there to-morrow. Didto man acó ngma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

I would be there, if you were Didto unta acó, cun buut ca pa
pleased. unta.

Subjunctive Mood

FUTURE.

It is necessary you be there. Quinahanglan nga didto ca.

ABSOLUTE INDEFINITE.

That I might be here. Dinhi unta acó.

CONDITIONATE INDEFINITE.

If I were there. Cun didto pa unta acó.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Be there (ye, you). Diha camó.

GERUND.

Being there, I saw him. Sa didto acó, naquita co sia.

Rem. When the verb TO BE, points out the actual conditions of persons or things, the root pointing out such a condition, becomes verb by means of the particle ma of the neuter verbs.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

I am sick. Masaquit man acó.

PAST TENSE.

He was sick, when I was well or Masaquit sia, sa pagca maayo co ug
strong. laoas.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

He will or shall be ill to-morrow. Masaquit sia ugma.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

If I were sick, you would care Cun masaquit acó unta, icao magalima of me. unta canaco.

GERUND.

Being he sick, was not willing to Sa iyang pagcasaquit uala sia buut take the medicines. uminom sa mga tambal.

Conjugation of the Verb TO HAVE.

The verb TO HAVE in a determinate sense is translated into Bisaya by ania, for first persons; na-a or ana-a, for the seconds; and tua, for the thirds.

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

I have the shirt. Ania canaco ang sinina.
They have the hat. Tua canila ang calo.

PAST TENSE.

When you were looking after the Sa pagpangita mo sa sinina, dinhi
shirt it was with me. man canaco.

Rem. The others tenses of this conjugation, are formed by means of the adverbs Dinhi, Dihá. and Didto, according to the persons, placing the person in ablative case immediately after the adverb or particle.

I had the hat yesterday. Cahapon dinhi canaco ang calo.
I shall or will have the hat Ugma dinhi na canaco ang calo.
to-morrow.
I would have the fan, if I Dinhi unta canaco ang paypay, cun
bought it. paliton co unta.
If I had the ring, I would give Cun dinhi pa unta canaco ang
it to you. singsing, ihatag co unta canimo.

TO HAVE--(In Partitive Sense.)

l.a The verb TO HAVE in partitive sense, is translated into Bisaya by May, Duna or Aduna, with the person in nominative or genitive case.

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

Have you money? ¿May salapi ca ba?
I have some money. Dunay acong salapi

PAST TENSE.

I had money yesterday, and you Cahapon duna ma acong salapi, ug
had not. icao ualá.

ABSOLUTE FUTURE.

I shall have money tomorrow. Ugma duna may acong salapi.

CONDITIONAL FUTURE.

You might have money, if you Icao duna unta ug salapi, cun
worked. magtrabajo ca unta.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

I if had money, I would give it Cun dunay unta acó ug salapi, ihatag to you. co unta canimo.

GERUND.

Having money, all is easy. Sa pagca dunay salapi, ang ngatanan
mahimo.

2.a When speaking of immaterials things, the root becomes verb with the particle Na of neuter verbs; thus.

I am cold. Natugnao man acó.
I was cold yesterday, and you Cahapon guitugnao acó ug icao
warm. gui-initan.

3.a The root Tugnao admits gui instead of Ma and the root Init admits also gui with the passive of an.

I was warm yesterday. Cahapon nainitan acó.
You will or shall be warm. Mainitan ca.

The impersonal expression--There--To be.

Duna

INDICATIVE MOOD--PRESENT TENSE.

Is there a man in the street? ¿Duna bay usá ca taoo sa dalan? There are twenty. Duna man caluha-an. There is no body in the street. Ualay taoo sa dalan. There was rice yesterday at the Cahapon dunay bugás sa longsod, town, but there was not money. apan ualay salapi. The last month there was rice. Sa bulan nga miagui, dunay bugás. If there were rice, there would be Cun dunay bugás unta, uala unta not hunger at the province. ug gutum sa provincia.

Exercise IX.

When does your father intend to depart?--He intends to depart to day--At what o'clock?--At four o'clock--Where is he going?--He goes to Madrid--Does the butcher kill oxen?--He kills sheep instead of killing oxen--Do you always take off your hat, when you speak to my father?--I always take it off--What do you take in the morning, tea or coffee?--I take coffee--Do you take coffee every morning?--I take coffee every morning and every evening--What does your father take?--He drinks chocolate--How far did the children go this morning?--As far as their cousin's--Has any one stolen any thing from you?--Some one has stolen a fine horse from me.

TENTH LESSON

THE ADJECTIVE VERBS.

The verbs, as we have said, are formed by means of roots and particles equivalents to the four tenses, Present, Past, Future and Imperative of the Bisaya conjugation. The other tenses are formed with the particles of the four primitives, as we shall see in the conjugation.

The particles we refer to, are Naga and its compounds: Nagaca, Nagapa, Nagapaca, Naca, mi, and many others we shall use at their place.

In order to aid the scholars in the knowledge and formation of the tenses, we shall conjugate here a verb in active voice, by means of the particle Naga, which is the most common.

The pupils shall not lose of sight, that, in this dialect all the last syllables are like, being only changed the persons.

To Choose--PAGPILI.

Infinitive. To choose. Pagpili.
Gerund. Choosing. Sa pagpili.
Past participle. Chosen. Pinili.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

PRESENT TENSE.

I choose. Acó nagapili.
Thou choosest. Icao nagapili.
He (she) chooses. Sia nagapili.
We choose. Camé (or quitá) nagapili.
You choose. Camó nagapili.
They choose. Sila nagapili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT.

I chose. (when) Nagapili acó, (sa)
Thou chosest, &. Nagapili ca, (sa)

PAST PERFECT.

I have chosen. Nagpili acó.
Thou hast chosen. Nagpili ca

PLUPERFECT.

I had chosen. Nagpili na acó.
Thou hadst chosen. Human na icao nagpili.
He had chosen. Ubus na sia nagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

I shall or will choose. Acó magapili.
Thou shalt or wilt choose. Icao magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

I shall have chosen. Nagpili na cahá acó.
Thou shalt have chosen. Nagpili ca na cahá

IMPERATIVE.

Choose. Magpili ca.
Let him choose. Magpili sia.
Choose. Magpili camó.
Let them choose. Magpili sila.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD--PRESENT.

That I may choose or not. Magpili acó unta, ug dili.
That thou mayest choose. Nga magpili ca.
That he may choose. Apat sia magpili.
That we may choose. Nga quitá magpili.
That you may choose. Nga camó unta magpili.
That they may choose. Nga sila unta magpili.

IMPERFECT PRETERIT,

That I might choose. Ug acó pay magapili.
That thou mightest choose. Ug icao unta magapili.
That he might choose. Ug magapili pa lamang sia.
That we might choose. Ug magpili pa quitá.
That you might choose. Ug camó untay magapili.
That they might choose. Ug sila pa lamang magpili.

PERFECT PRETERIT.

That I may have chosen, or not Nga nagpili acó unta, cun ualá.
That thou mayest have chosen. Nga nagpili ca na unta.
That he may have chosen. Nga siay nagpili.
That we may have chosen. Nagpili quitá (or camé) unta.
That you may have chosen. Nga nagpili camó.
That they may have chosen. Nga nagpili sila.

PLUPERFECT.

If I might have chosen. Cun acó pay nacagpili.
If thou mightest have chosen. Cun icao diay nacagpili.
If he might have chosen. Cun nacagpili pa unta sia.
If we might have chosen. Cun nacagpili unta quitá.
If you might hare chosen. Cun nacagpili unta camó.
If they might have chosen. Cun sila diay nacagpili.

IMPERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will choose. Ug dao acó ang magapili.
If thou shalt choose. Ug dao magapili ca.
If he shall choose. Ug dao sia magapili.
If we shall choose. Ug dao magapili quitá.
If you shall choose. Ug dao camó magapili.
If they shall choose. Ug dao sila ang magapili.

PERFECT FUTURE.

If I shall or will have chosen. Cun dao nagpili acó ogaling.
If thou shalt &. Cun icao ogaling nagpili na.
If he shall &. Cun sia ogaling nagpili na.
If we shall &. Cun camé ogaling nagpili na.
If you shall &. Cun camó na ogaling nagpili.
If they shall & have chosen. Cun dao sila na ogaling nagpili.

Rem. It must be observed that the adverbs and conjunctions we have made use of in subjunctive mood, are not characteristic signs of this mood, and very often we speak in subjunctive without them.

Although the passive voice is the most usual in the Bisaya Dialect, the active sentences have however a very important place at the conversation, and therefore it is necessary to know, that when the speech begins by a nominative agent, express or tácite, the sentence is active. The same must be said when the sentence is about an indeterminate thing, when exclamatory, interrogative or emphatical, and when points out a part of a whole, Ex:

You shall hear mass now. Icao musingba caron. Who does observe God's Ang macatuman sa mga sugo sa Dios, commandments, will obtain the macadangat sa paghimaya nga dayon everlasting life. sa Langit. Which of you will accompany me? ¿Quinsa ba caniñó ang muuban canaco? Will you sew the shirt? Magatahi ca ba sa sinina? I will not sew it, but my sister. Dili acó magatahi, cun dili ang igso-on co nga babaye. Who will read this letter? ¿Quinsa ba ang magabasa niining sulat? Look for a child from the school. Mangita ca ug usa ca bata sa escuelahan. If I know how to read or not what Cun mahibaló acó magbasa cun dili does it concern you? ba ¿onsay labut mo niana?

Exercise X.

Can you walk, and do you not can go to Church?--I am not able to go the Church, because I am sick--Will you can endure it?--Do not pretend to be a learned man, because your own wit avails but little--Do you wish to work?--I wish to work and they let me not--Where is your wife?--I do not know--When did you see her?--I saw her at seven o'clock in the morning--Whom are you speaking to? I am speaking to my sister--Do you speak to her every day?--What does this man spend his time in?--He is a good for nothing fellow; he spends his time in drinking and playing--Who are the men that have just arrived?--They are Russians--Is your father arrived at last?--Every body says that he is arrived but I have not seen him yet--Has the Physician hurt your son?--He has hurt him. for he has cut his finger.

ELEVENTH LESSON

OF THE PASSIVES.

The Bisaya dialect being almost completely passive, the study of this speaking mood is of great importance. Three are the passives or moods of expressing the verbs in passive voice. Passive the first or passive of I (ee). The second passive or of On, and the third passive or of An. The passive of I (ee) is formed by putting Gui before the root for present and past tenses, and I (ee) for future and imperative. Passive the second or of On, is formed by placing the particle Gui before the root for present and past tenses; the future by duplicating the first syllable of the root putting On after: or by placing one of the particles of future tense before the root, and On after.

The third passive or of An is formed by putting the particle Gui before the root and An after, for present and past tenses; the future is formed by duplicating the first syllable of the root, and placing before the root one of the particles of future tense and An after.

The imperative mood is formed by putting An after the root.

Conjugation of the Passives

Passive of I. (EE)

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

I leave him or he has been left by me. Guibilin co sia.

FUTURE AND IMPERATIVE.

He will be left, or let him be left by me. Ibilin co sia.

INFINITIVE.

When he left him. Sa pagbilin cania.

Passive of ON.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is, or it has been written by them. Guisulat nila.

FUTURE.

Will be written by them. Susulaton or pagasulaton nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be written by them. Susulaton nila.

INFINITIVE.

To be written by them. Sa pagsulat nila.

IMPERATIVE.

Write that. Sulaton mo caná.

Passive of AN.

PRESENT AND PAST TENSES.

It is or has been opened by me. Guilucaban co.

FUTURE.

Will be opened by me. Lulucaban or pagalucaban co.

IMPERATIVE.

Let it be opened by you. Lucaban mo.

IMPERSONAL IMPERATIVE.

Be that opened. Lucabi or Lucabi caná.

Rem. The other tenses are formed by means of conjunctions and adverbs of the active conjugation. To speak well the Bisaya dialect, it is absolutely necessary to understand when and how every one of the passives must be used, and also the mechanism of their sentences, which is the more difficult part, since are so many the moods and so diverse their syntax, In order to make easy to the learners the use of the passive tenses, we shall explain them as clearly as possible by Examples.