Chapter II: Preface (2)

Sell the plantation of Ibaligya mo ang calubihan. cocoa-trees. We have sold it now. Guibaligya na namo. Count the cows. Isipon mo ang mga vaca. We have counted them, and four are Gui-isip na namo ug culang pa ug out of sight yet. upat ca bo-oc. Order to have them searched at Papangitaa lamang sa madali. one. Water the plants, because it is Boboan mo ang mga tanóm, cay very warm. mainit ca-ayo. Cover the child, because it very Taboni ang bata, cay matugnao cold. ca-ayo. Did you go very far? ¿Halayo ba ang imong guilactan? I am gone as far as my brother's. Guilactan co cutub sa balay sa acong igso-on.

Exercise XI.

Are you pleased with your servant?--I am much pleased with him, for he is lit for any thing--Has your brother returned at last from Spain?--He has returned thence, and has brought you a fine horse--Has he told his groom to bring it to me?--He has told him to bring it to you--¿What do you think of that horse?--I think that it is a fine and good one, and beg you to lead it to my brother's that he may see it--In what did you spend your time yesterday?-I went to my father's in law, and afterwards to the ball--When did that man go down in to the well?--He went down into it this morning--Has he come up again yet?--He came up an hour ago--Where is your brother?--He is in his room--Will you tell him to come down (nga manaug sia)?--I will tell him so, but he is not dressed.

TWELFTH LESSON

SOME RULES UPON THE PASSIVES AND THEIR SENTENCES.

Passive of I. (ee)

This passive is made use of when the agent person exercises its action removing from itself the patient person.

The sentences of this passive are formed by putting Gui before the root for the present and past tenses, and I (ee) for the future and imperative. This passive points out the harm, detriment, obsequiousness or favour made to another, placing the receiver person in nominative case, the donor in genitive, and in accusative with ug or sa the favour or harm.

Passive of ON.

It is employed when the agent person attracts towards itself to the patient person. When it is spoken by means of this passive, the present and past tenses are formed by placing Gui before the root; the future doubling the first syllable of the root and putting On after, and the imperative mood by placing On after the root.

Passive of AN.

It is employed when the agent person exercises its action upon a place or quasi-place, putting the said place or quasi-place in nominative case. The present and past tenses are formed with gui, before the root and An after it; the future, by duplicating the first syllable of the root and by adding An to it, and the imperative mood by putting An after the root. Examples:

Pull off that herb. Ibton mo canang balili.
Wherever they may place me I will Bisan asa acó ibutang nila,
follow my own mind. macatuman acó sa acong pagbu-ut.
I imitate him. Guipanig-ingnan co sia.
Speak to him. Pamolongan mo sia.
I gave him the book. Guihatag co na cania ang libro.
Please accept that. Daoato caná.
Please to explain it to me. Sagdi acó.

Exercise XII.

On what lived our ancestors?--They lived on fish and game, for they went a hunting and a fishing every day--You have learned your lesson: why has not your sister learned hers?--She has taken a walk with my mother, so that she could not learn it, but she will learn it to-morrow--When will you correct my exercises?--I will correct them when you bring me those of your sister--Do you think you have made faults in them?--I do not know--If you have made faults, you have not studied your lessons well; for the lessons must be learned well to make no faults in the exercises--It is all the same; if you do not correct them to day--I shall not learn them before to-morrow--You must not make any faults in your exercises, for you have all you want in order to make none--Who is there?--It is I--Who are those men?--I do not know--Of what country are they?--They are Americans--Why do you sit near the fire?--My hands and feet are cold; that is the reason why I sit near the fire--Are your sister's hands cold?--No; but her feet are cold--What is the matter with your cousin?--fem.--Her leg hurts her--What is the matter with this woman?--Her tongue hurts her.

THIRTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES

NAGA.

l.a The particle Naga, the most usual in the Bisaya dialect has the same signification as the root to which is joined. Its tenses are formed with naga for the present time, nag for past; maga for the future; and mag for the imperative mood. they all before the root. As:

To write. Pagsulat.
I write. Acó nagasulat.
You wrote. Icao nagsulat.
They will, or shall write. Sila magasulat.
Write. (pl.) Magsulat camó.

2.a This particle admits the three above mentioned passives, and its tenses are formed by placing some times before, and some times after, the particles at 12th. Lesson mentioned. They may be also formed by putting Paga before the root for future tense, and Pag for the imperative. Examples:

PRESENT AND PAST.

I write or wrote. Guisulat co.

FUTURE.

I will or shall write. Sulaton or pagasulaton co.

IMPERATIVE.

Write. Sulaton or pagsulaton mo.

3.a This particle signifies to do what the root to which precedes points out, but in many ways, as we shall demonstrate.

4.a Placing it before the nouns of dress, garment or garb, signifies to use them or to put on them. thus:

He wears shoes. Sia nagasapin.
Put on your hat. Magcalo ca.

5.a Before roots of musical instruments, signifies to play on them, as:

Play you on the guitar? ¿Nagasesta ca ba?
She harps. Sia naga-arpa.
Play on the piano. Magpiano ca.

6.a When it is joined to the nouns of nations and in is inserted between the first two syllables of the root, signifies to speak or to translate into that nation's language, and in this case, the second passive will be employed; but when addressing a person, the third must be used, Ex:

Speak to me in Latin. Maglinatin ca canaco. Translate that book into Bisaya. Binisayaon mo or pagbinisayaon mo canang libro. Speak not to me in Spanish. Dili acó nimo quinatchilaan. Time to. Tiempo sa. Courage to. Gahúm sa. To be right in. Catarungan sa. To be wrong in. Ualay catarungan sa. Afraid to. Cahadluc sa. Wish or mind to. Nahagugma or gugma sa. To work. Pagbuhat. To speak. Pagsulti, pagpolong.

To buy. Pagpalit. To tear. Pagguisi. To break. Pagbo-ong. I have a mind to work. Nahagugma acó magbuhat. Have you time to work. ¿Duna ba camó ug tiempo sa pagbuhat? We have time but not mind to Dunay tiempo, apan dili camé work. mahagugma. Have you a mind to buy my horse? Nahagugma ba camó mupalit sa acong cabayo? I am afraid to break the glass Nahadluc acó magbo-ong sa vaso.

Exercise XIII.

One of the valet de Chambres of Louis XIV requested that prince, as he was going to bed, to recommend to the first President a lawsuit which he had against his father-in-law, and said in urging him: "Alas; Sire, you have but to say one word." "Well," said Louis XIV, "it is not that which embarrasses me, but tell me, if thou wert in thy father-in-law's place, and thy father-in-law in thine; wouldst thou be glad, if I said that word?"--If the men should come, it would be necessary to give them something to drink--If he could do this he would do that--I have always flattered myself, my dear brother, that you loved me as much as I love you; but I now see that I have been mistaken--I have heard, my sister, that you are angry with me, because I went a-walking without you; but I assure you that had I known that you were not sick, I should have come for you; but I inquired at your physician's after your health, and he told me that you had been keeping your bed the last eight days.

FOURTEENTH LESSON

OF THE IMPERATIVE, CALLED IMPERSONAL.

1.a The second and third passives have a second imperative called impersonal, because does not mention the person: wherefore, their sentences are called impersonals. The imperative of the second passive ends by a, and that of the third by i. Their sentences are formed by placing the object in nominative case, and the verb in imperative mood, Ex:

Kill the dog. Patia ang iró.
Put an end to that. Hudta cana.
Help us. Tabañgi camé.
Write it. Sulata.
Read that book. Basaha canang libro.
Call to Mr. Louis. Taoga si Sr. Louis.
Wait for me. Hulata acó.
Light the globe. Dagcuti ang globo.

2.a When the sentence is negative, the English not, is translated into Bisaya by Ayao or uala Ex:

It was not met. Uala hiquiti.
Be not turbulent. Ayao pagsamoca.
Cry not to me. Ayao pagsinggiti.
Put not out the candle. Ayao pagpalnga ang candela.

3.a The impersonal imperative of the passive of an, is not compounded with the particle Pag, Ex:

Pay what you owe, and comfort Bayri ang mga utang niñó ug lipayon the afflicted. niñó ang mga tao nga ana-a sa calisud. Love God and your neighbour as Higugmaon niño ang Dios ng ang yourselves. isigcatao niñó maingon caniñó. Let us love and practise virtue, Higugmaon ug buhaton ta ang and we shall be happy both in catarungan ug mapaladan quitá niini this life and in the next. ug sa umalabut nga quinabuhi.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES OR GERUNDS.

We have said, that the Bisaya conjugation has but four tenses, but in order to make the scholar acquainted with the tenses, the English conjugation must be referred to, we make use of all the tenses. The sentences of present participle are formed some times by placing sa and Pag before the root. Examples:

This morning when you was Canina sa pag-oali mo nagduladula
preaching, were the children ang mga bata.
playing.
Our Lord spent his night-time in Ang Guinoo ta guicabuntagan sa
praying pag-ampo.

3.a The Gerunds are formed also with the adverb labon nga, and the verb in future or in subjunctive, as:

The sinners despise to our Guipasaipad-an sa mga macasasalá ang Lord, seeing they should adore atong Guino-o, labon nga him. pagasingbahon nila unta.

4.o By means of verbal nouns are formed also gerunds called of time or causals, and their sentences are formed by placing the leading verb in nominative with Pag before the root, and the subordinate is formed with the particle Na or Maoy and the particle of future Iga Ex:

When seeing you, my heart was Ang pagtan-ao co canimo, nalipay ang gladded. casing-casing co. When you departed he grew sad. Ang pag-guican mo namingao sia.

Exercise XIV.

Would you have money if your father were here?--Should have some if he were here--A French officer having arrived at the court of Vienna, the Empress Theresa asked him if he believed that the Princess of N. whom he had seen the day before, was really the handsomest woman in the world, as was said: Madam, replied the officer, I thought so yesterday--What has become of your uncle?--I will tell you what has become of him: here is the chair upon which he often sat--Is he dead?--He is dead--When did he die?--He died three weeks ago--I am very sorry at it--Why do you not sid down?--If you will sit down to my side, I will sit down also; but if you go, I shall go along with you--WIll you tell me what has become of your sister?--I will tell you what has become of here.--Is she dead?--She is not dead--What has become of her?--She is gone to Manila--What has become of your sisters?--I can not tell what has become of them, for I have not seen them six years ago.

FIFTEENTH LESSON

INFINITIVE SENTENCES.

1.a The infinitive sentences are composed of leading verb and subordinate verb, the latter in infinitive mood, as:

I want to sew. Bu-ut acó magtahi.
I want to take a wife Bu-ut acó mangasaoa.

2.a When the sentences have between both leading and subordinate verbs a relative pronoun, express or tacit, this pronoun is translated into Bisaya by nga, and the subordinate verb must be placed in subjunctive mood or in future, either active or passive. In a same way are they formed, when between leading and subordinate verbs, is the conjunction if, which is translated into Bisaya by cun. Ex:

It is not suit you go to the Dili Angay nga muadto ca sa
cock-fight bulungan.
My teacher told me, that I must Mi-ingon ang Magtoto-on canaco nga
learn to count. magto-on acó sa pagisip.

I wish you to talk Bu-ut acó nga mulacao ca.
I wish you to write me. Nagatinguhá acó nga musulat ca
canaco.
I doubt that I can make it. Ambut cun macabuhat acó niana.

3.a When the leading verb is the verb to be, the sentences are also of to be, and the subordinate verb, is used as a substantive with the particle pag or pagca in nominative, preceded by the article ang, to wit:

Is it decent to dance? ¿Maayo ba ang pagsayao?
It is necessary to go to school Quinahanglan ang pagadto sa
escuelahan.
It is indecorous to bathe before Mangil-ad man ang pagcaligo sa
people. atubangan sa mga tao.

4.a In this manner are formed these sentences with the neuter verbs, Example:

The excessive rain does not suit. Dili angay ang hinlabihan nga
pag-ulan.

5.a When the governed verb is preceded by the propositions to, for, in order to, these sentences are called finals, and are translated into Bisaya by cay aron, being the governed verb translated by subjunctive mood, active or passive, Examples:

I did come here for visiting my Mianhi acó cay aron magduao acó sa uncle. oyo-an co. We have been ordered by the Nadaoat namo ug orden ni Amba cay Governor to carry (pay) the tax. aron ihatud namo ang buhis. I pray to be loved by the people. Nangadye acó cay aron higugmaon acó sa mga taoo.

6.a When the leading verb is one of the auxiliary may, can or to be able, it is translated by the potential Naca. Signifying to incite, to invite, is rendered by Naquig; when to implore, to be fond of or to give one's mind to, is translated by Naqui; when signifies to have made, to bespeak, by Naga and Pa; and when to allow, to let, must be rendered by Napa; which particles before the root include in themselves the signification of the governed verb, Examples:

Did you can go up to the belfry? ¿Nacasacá ca ba sa campanario? Will you be able to carry away that ¿Macadalá ca ba nianang baluyot rice bag? sa bugás? The children incite me to speak Ang mga bata naquigsulti canaco into church. sa Singbahan. Mother, Anthony is inviting me to Nanay, si Antonio naquigsayao dance. canaco. Francis begs me to have pity on Si Francisco naquimalooy canaco. him. I have got the rice plantation Guipatanóm co na ang basacan. made. Bespeak a cane for me. Pabuhaton mo ug usa ca songcod canaco. When do you intend to have my ¿Anus-a ba icao magapatahi sa habits sewed? acong mga hábito? Will you consent to be deceived by Palimbong ca ba nianang bacacon? that liar? Allow not your daughter to go to Ayao mapasayao sa imong anac. the ball.

Remark upon the change of letters.

The most important changes which the scholar is advised attentively to study to avoid ambiguity are these:

l.a Roots beginning by c or qu, changes in composition these letters into g, as: To see, Quita nan-gita.

2.a When the first syllable is b or p, it is changed into m, and those beginning with m, retain this letter, but the particle drops the final n, as: To make--Buhat, namuhat: To speak, Po-long, namolong: To grow dark--Molat, namolat.

3.a When the initials are d, s, or t, change the said syllables into n, and the component particle drops the n, thus: To be angry, Tuyo, nanuyo.--To cry, Singgit, naninggit--To visit, Duao, nanuao.

Exercise XV.

Why do you open the door?--Do you not see how it smokes here?--I see it, but you must open the window instead of opening the door--The window does not open easily; that is the reason why I open the door--When will you shut it?--I will shut it as soon as the smoke is gone--Is it useful to speak much?--When we wish to learn a foreign language it is useful to speak a great deal--Is it as useful to write as to speak?--It is more useful to speak than to write; but in order to learn a language one must do both--Is it useful to write all that one says?--That is useless--Where did you take this book from?--I took it out of the room of your friend--Is it right to take the books of other people?--It is not right, I know; but I wanted it, and I hope that your friend will not be displeased, for I will return it to him as soon as I have read it.

SIXTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES PA AND IGA.

PA.

The particle Pa which is also an adverb of time and mood, and signifies yet, still, notwithstanding, has a very important place in the Bisaya dialect, and is sometimes used only redundantly, to give more force to the sentence.

For the benefit of learners, we shall explain it here, before speaking of the verbals particles to which is joined to form the sentences.

l.a Before some verbs has the signification of to wish, to try, to desire and to allow that the signification of the root may take place on the subject, as:

The haughty wishes to be requested Ang palabilabihon pa-ampo
by everybody. guihapon.
Father, give me only the Pahilog lamang acó, Pare.
Extremaunction.
I want to have some money so as to Pahatag man acó ug salapi nga
buy a fine shirt, and they give me igapalit co ug usá ca maanindat
not, for they say, it is vanity. nga sinina, ug dili acó taga-an
cay parayeg conó.

2.a Before nouns of place signifies to go there, as:

Where are you going? ¿Asa icao paingon? I turn to home. Pauli acó sa amo. Where will you go, when you die? Sa pagcamatay mo, asa icao pa-ingon? I shall ascend into heaven. Palangit acó gayud.

3.a It is employed also as a joining conjunction, and in this case, is used to exaggerate the phrase, placing the thing or the object refers to, before; thus:

You also deceive me? Icao pa nagalimbong canaco? He is a gambler and thief. Sia sugarol man ug caoatan pa. He is sick and does play. Nagalingaolingao sia ug nasaquit pa man.

4.a Bisan pa ngani, answers to the English conjunctions though, notwithstanding, for all that &.

Ex:

Although they allow me not to Bisan pa ngani dili acó pa sugal
play, I will play. nila. musugal acó gayud.
Although they may punish me, I Bisan pa ngani latuson acó nila,
will have not answer. dili acó mutingog.

5.a Serves also to point out the beginning and the end of an action, Ex:

I was called, when I had just Igo pa acó miabut, guitaoag acó
arrived. nila.

IGA or ICA.

These particles signify the instrument, tool, or mean with which a thing is done. They answer to the future of the passive mood, Ex:

This is the axe with which you Mao quini ang oasay nga iga or have to cut the tree. icaputul mo sa cahuy. But for. Ug dili pa unta. But for he is a gambler this man Quining tao maingoningon ug bu-utan would be so good as your sa igsoon mo, ug dili pa unta sia brother. nga sugarol. If you allow me, I will teach Acoy magato-on canimo ug quinachila, you Spanish. ug tugutan pa acó.

Exercise XVI.

This man has altered a great deal--Where did you be born?--I will not to answer you--If you do not make your appearance before him, I will not speak to him--How is this said?--That can not be said in Bisaya--Children must be accustomed early to the labor--I am accustomed to write--I cannot express myself in Bisaya. because I am not in the habit of speaking it--The man laughs and weeps by turns--If I knew what you have done.... will you allow me to go to the shore?--I do not permit you to go there--Do it in haste--Why does Ferdinand complain of his wife?--Thomas complains of Fructuosa and Fructuosa of Thomas --Who is right?--They are both wrong, for Thomas wishes to take Fructuosa's toys and Fructuosa Thomas's.

SEVENTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPA

NAGAPA.

This particle is formed from the particles naga and pa; and signifies to allow, to order, to have done what the root points out. The active tenses are formed according to the rules laid down for naga adding invariably pa.

ACTIVE VOICE--PRESENT.

I bespeak. Acó nagapabuhat

PAST TENSE.

I bespoke. Acó nagpabuhat.

FUTURE.

They will bespeak. Silá magapabuhat.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Order the tailor to sew. Magpatahi ca sa mananahi.

2.a This particle admits the three passives according to the above mentioned rules for each of them.

The present and past tenses of the first passive are formed by placing Guipa, before the root, the future and imperative with Ipa, before, and the infinitive mood with Pagpa.

PRESENT TENSE.

I order to sew the shirt. Guipatahi co ang sinina.

PAST TENSE.

I have had the shirt sewed. Guipatahi co ang sinina.

FUTURE.

You will order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.

IMPERATIVE.

Order the shirt to be sewed. Ipatahi mo ang sinina.

3.a The sentences of this first passive are formed by placing in nominative case the object of the commandment, the verb in passive voice; in genitive the orderer, and in dative, the errand.

Tell the servant to bring the Ipasacá mo sa bata ang maleta nga portmanteau, it is on the coach, up tua didto sa coche. stairs. Tell him to carry this letter to Ipadalá mo cania quining sulat sa the post-office. correo. Send them for grass for the horse. Ipahatud mo canila ug compay sa cabayo.

4. a The present and past tenses of the second passive, are formed with Guipa, before the root; the future and imperative by putting Pa before the root, and On after; and the infinitive mood with Pagpa, before.

PRESENT.

I make it known. Guipahibalo co.

PAST.

I made it known. Guipahibalo co.

FUTURE.

You will make it known. Pahibaloon mo.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Make it known. Pahibaloon mo, pahibaloa.

5.a The sentences of this passive are formed by putting the object upon which the action falls in nominative case: the verb, in passive voice; in genitive, the errand person; and in accusative that who performs the thing, if there be. Ex:

I ordered the servant to call the Guipa-anhi co sa bata ang tailor. magtatahi. Did you order to buy the hemp I Guipapalit mo ba ang lanot nga recommended you? guitogon co canimo? Order your sister to sew the Patahion mo sa sinina ang imong shirt, because the Easter is igso-on, cay hadool na ang Pasco. approaching.

6.a The present and past tenses of passive the third, are formed by putting Guipa, before the root and An after: the future and the imperative with Pa before, and An after; and the infinitive mood by placing Pagpa, before the root.

I order or I ordered to sweep. Guipasilhigan co. You will order to sweep. Pasilhigan mo, pasilhigi. Order to sweep. Pasilhigan mo. Try to carry me to your house, for Ipadangat mo acó unta sa imong I do not feel very well. balay, cay masáquitsáquit acó. When God be pleased to take us Cun padangaton quitá sa Dios sa into heaven, we shall enjoy with langit, pagahiagoman ta ang mga everlasting pleasures. ca-ayohan nga langitnon. Please accept the present I send Dauata ang regalo nga guipadalá co you, as a proof of your presence canimo, sa tima-an sa acong in my thoughts. paghinumdum canimo.

7.a The sentences of this passive are formed by placing the spot, person or thing in nominative case; the verb in the third passive; the orderer in genitive; in dative the errand-boy, and in accusative the errand. Examples:

I have told you, to pay the Guipasoholan co canimo ang mga workmen three mex a day. magbubuhat tagotlo capisos ang adlao. Would to God, that the Judge Agad pa unta, nga pabayran acó compel them to restore me the one canila sa hocom sa usá ca gatús ca hundred dollars they have stolen pisos nga guicauat nila canaco. from me. Have the kindness to tell your Ug ma-arang sa imong buut, cousin to help me to load the patabangan mo acó sa imong ig-agao cocoa-nuts into the vessel. sa paglulan sa mga lubi sa sacayan.

8.a The negative sentences are formed in Bisaya by means of the adverbs Dili, uala and ayao.

Dili is employed in the future sentences, and is formed with the particles of imperative mood, and sometimes of indicative.

Uala, is made use of, when the sentence is of past time, and is formed like Dili.

Ayao, is employed to forbid any thing, and its sentences are formed with the particle pag, and sometimes with mag. Examples:

Think about the four last things, Maghunahuna ca sa mga caolahian mo and you will not sin. ug dili icao macasalá. You did not hear mass this Caniha sa buntag uala icao morning. sumingba. Compel me not to eat because I am Ayao icao maglugus canaco sa not fond of that. pagcaon, cay dili acó mahagugma niana.

Exercise XVII.

How far are we going?--We are going as far as the Church--Are you going as far as the river?--No: I am going as far as Dauis--Have you ever stolen any thing?--I have never stolen any thing--Do you dye any thing?--I dye my hat--What color do you dye it?--I dye it black--Do you get your hat dyed?--I get it dyed green--What hat has the boy?--He has two hats, a white one and a black one--How far does this road lead?--It leads as far as Baclayon--Where does your friend live?--He lives on this side of the road--Is the garden of your sister on this or that side of the wood?--It is on that side--Would you be sorry if your mother were to arrived to day?--I should rather be gladded for it--Are you angry with me?--No: I am angry with Miss. Valeriane who went to the ball without telling me a word of it.

EIGHTEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NAGAPACA.

NAGAPACA.

l.a This particle is composed of Naga and Pa and its active tenses are formed according to the rules above mentioned for Naga adding paca invariably.

The passive voice is formed with Guipaca or Pinaca, for the present and past tenses; and the future and imperative, with Paca, before, and on after the root. This particle admits but the second and third passives and signifies to feign what the root signifies. But when added to abstracts nouns or to neuter verbs, signifies to do heartily what the root signifies. Ex:

Saint Joseph was considered as the Si San José guipaca-amahan sa
Father of our Lord Jesus Christ. atong Guino-ong Jesucristo.
Do not pretend to be mad, less we Ayao camé pacabu-angbu-angan,
esteem you as such a one. tingali oña pacabu-angbu-angon
icao namo.
Our Lord Jesus Christ became man Ang atong Guino-ong Jesucristo
in the chaste womb of the Virgin nagpacatao sa ulay nga tian ni
Mary. Maria Virgen.
I will consider you as a father to Paca-amahanon co icao.
me.

2.a Before nouns of time signifies to do till the root points out, and then is rendered into Bisaya by Guica, as:

He spent the night in praying. Guicabuntagan sia sa pagampo.

3.a This particle is employed also when we make use of a thing out of its natural employment. Thus:

My broad hat serves me for an Guipacapayong co ang calo co nga
umbrella. halapad.
A bottle serves me for a Pinacacandelero co ang usá ca
candlestick. boteya.

4.a When in the sentence there is an expression pointing out doubt or incertitude, it is translated into Bisaya by Cahá, Examples:

How much can that horse be worth? ¿Pilay bale cahá nianang cabayo? It is worth twenty dollars. Caluha-an ca pisos (bulaoan). Better. Ma-ayo cay, ma-ayo sa. Your servant is better than mine. Ma-ayo ang imong sologoon cay sa aco. Not yet. Dili pa, ualá pa. Does the child return you your Guiuli ba sa batang diutay canimo book? ang libro mo? He does. Guiuli na.

Where are you coming from? ¿Di-in ca guican? From what place? ¿Di-in?, ¿Dis-a? I am coming from Tagbilaran. Guican acó sa Tagbilaran. Whose? ¿Quinsa? Whose hat is this? Quinsa ba ang tag-iya ni-ining calo? The afternoon. Ang hapon. Noon. Odto. The dinner. Ang paníodto. The breakfast. Ang pamahao. The supper. Ang panihapon. After me. Sa human na acó.

Exercise XVIII.

Is it right to laugh thus at every body?- I laugh at your clothes, I do not laugh at every body-- Does your daughter resemble any one?--She resembles no one--Can you not get rid of that man?--I can not get rid of him, for he will absolutely follow me--Has he not lost his wits?--It may be--What does he ask you for?--I do not know--Whose gun is that?--It is my uncle's--Who are those men? --The one who is dressed in white is my neighbour, and who is dressed with black it is the son of the physician, who has given my neighbour a blow with a stick--Are there many learned in Roma; are there not?--Milton asked a Roman "Not so many as when you were there" answered the Roman.

NINETEENTH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA.

NACA.

3.a This particle is divided into potential and causal. The potential naca, signifies to do in fact, what the root to which precedes points out, containing in itself the faculty of doing.

This is the reason why the English verbs to can, to be able, are not translated into Bisaya. In the active voice the present and past tenses are formed with the particle naca, and the future and imperative with maca. When speaking in passive voice, the present and past are formed with na, and the future and imperative by means of ma. Instead of naca and maca, are used nacag and macag respectively, when the signification of the root is often done.

These rules will be more easily understood by the following examples:

The wounded horse can already walk Ang cabayong guisamad-an a little. nacalacao-lacao na. The sick man is already able to get Ang masaquiton nacatindug na. up. I can not eat. Dili acó macagcaon. I have murmured against you very Nacaglibác acó canimo sa often. masubsub. They will be not able to overtake Dili na sia cahá maapas, cay tua him, for he is, I think, far na sa halayo. distant. I can not sleep. Dili acó macatolog. When my Father died, my Mother was Sa pagcamatay ni Tatay, ang acong not able to weep. Inahán ualá macahilac.

2.a Besides the particle naca, the Bisaya dialect has some other words compensatory of the English verbs, to can, to be able, such as arang, gahúm and himo employed sometimes alone, and some times in composition with naca.

Arang, signifies to possess power of doing any thing, but subordinated to another. Examples:

If I could afford, I would buy a Ug ma-arang pa acó, mu-palit acó fine horse. unta ug usa ca ma-ayong cabayo.

If you please, give me some Ug ma-arang sa imong bu-ut, tagai, medicine. acó ug tambal. Can you afford to buy that ¿Macapalit ca ba nianang cabayo? horse? I can afford it. Arang co paliton. How is the sick? ¿Comusta ang masaquit? He is so so. Arang-arang na sia.

Gahúm, signifies vigour, strength, courage, and it is employed in both material and moral acceptations, as:

I am an old man. Tigulang na acó, or uala na acoy gahúm.
Did you dare to rob your ¿Ngano nacagahúm ca sa pagpangauat sa
master? imong agalon?

Himo, signifies to possess the power of doing any thing, as:

Can you make it? Macahimo ca ba niana? I could make it, but I have not Macahimo acó unta, apan uala acoy tools. hilimoan. What is impossible with men, God Ang dili mahimo sa mga taoo, mahimo can do. sa Dios. Is it possible? Mahimo ba? It is possible. Mahimo man. The authority. Cagamhanan. Our Lord Jesus Christ left to his Ang mga ilis ni Jesucristo ministers the power of forgiving guitaga-an nia sa cagamhanan sa sins. pagpa-saylo sa mga salá.

Exercise XIX.

Why do you associate with those people?--I associate with them because they are useful to me--If you continue to associate with them you will get into bad scrapes, for they have many enemies--Do you know a good place to swim in?--I know one--Where is it?--On the side of the river behind the wood, near the high road--When shall we go to swim?--This evening if you please--Will you wait for me before the city gate?--I shall wait for you there, but I beg you not to forget it--You know that I never forget my promises--Is this man angry with you?--I think he is angry with me, because I do not go to see him; but I do not like to go to his house, for when I go there, instead of receiving me with pleasure, he looks displeased--Why do you look so sad?--I have experienced great misfortunes--You must not afflict yourself so much, for you know that we must yield to necessity--But, bless me, why do you cry so?

TWENTIETH LESSON

OF THE PARTICLE NACA-CAUSAL.

NACA-Causal.

This particle is made use of, when the nominative produces on the accusative, that which the root signifies. It is also a nominative of this particle the cause or place where the effect is produced. The active voice is conjugated according to the rules laid down for naca potential. The scholar must pay particular attention to this particle in order to use it properly in its two acceptations.

The potential naca, is compounded but with roots of active verbs, and the causal with those of neuter verbs and of adjective nouns.

The present and past tenses of this passive are formed by putting guica, before the root and an after; the future and imperative with ca, before and an after: and the infinitive mood placing pagca or ca, before.

Remark. At Cebú and Bohol provinces is very often used na, instead of guica, with an invariably after the root. Examples:

Of what illness did John die? ¿Onsay namatyan or guicamatyan ni Juan? He was struck with fever. Ang hilanat maoy namatyan nia.

2.a When speaking with this particle the natives insert between the subject and the verb, the verb maoy or mao, and ang, to express with more energy and precision the causality idea.

Remark. The recoleto P. Zueco, of great authority on the matter says, that the verb mao, must be always inserted between, both in active and passive voices, when speaking with the particle naca causal. Thus:

ACTIVE.

The medicine did well with the Ang tambal maoy naca-ayo sa
sick. masaquit.

PASSIVE.

The medicine &. Ang tambal maoy guica-ayohan sa masaquit.

3.a When speaking by means of this particle in passive voice, the subjective and the objective cases stand invariably, changing only the verb. Examples:

What did your brother die of? ¿Onsa ba ang guicamatyan sa igso-on mo? He died of fever. Ang hilanat maoy guica-matyan nia. Our Lord Jesus Christ died Ang usa ca macaulao nga Cruz maoy nailed to a shameful cross. guicamatyan sa atong Guino-ong J.C. The just man, pities his Giucasaquitan sa taong matarung ang neighbours sufferings. mga saquit sa iyang isigcataoo. Why? ¿Ngano?, ¿Mano?. Because. Cay.

For what reason? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay? Why did you become sick? ¿Onsay hinungdan cay guisaquit ca? Will you give me the cocoa you ¿Bu-ut ca ba muhatag canaco sa cacao have? nga na-a canimo? I will give it to you. Bu-ut acó muhatag canimo sa acong cacao. Can you drink as much wine as Macainom ba camó sa vino ug sa gatas milk? nga magsama sa cadaghan? We can drink as much of the one Macainom camé sa usa ug sa usa nga as of the other. magsama sa cadaghan. Can our neighbours children ¿Macabuhat ba ang mga anac sa mga work? silingan ta? They can, but are not willing Macabuhat sila, apan dili sila bu-ut. to work. Whom do you wish to answer? ¿Quinsa ba ang bu-ut nimo baslan? I wish to answer my good Bu-ut acó magbalus sa acong mga friends. higalang ma-ayo. Where is your son? ¿Hain ba ang anac mo? He is at the street Tua sa dalan. Why do you laugh? ¿Onsa ba ang guicatao-an niñó? I am coming to work to-morrow. Muanhi acó ugma cay aron magbuhat acó. The Almighty God. Ang Macagagahúm sa ngatanan.

Exercise XX.

What is the price of this cloth?--I sell it at six reals (tolo ca cahate) the rod--It seems to me very dear--Will you have the kindness to show me some other pieces of that new cloth?--I am ready to serve you--Does this red cloth suit you?--It does not suit me--Why so?--Because it is too dear--Are you learning Bisaya?--Yes, I am learning it--Who is your teacher?--A Recoleto Father--Does he teach also English?--Yes, he teaches English to the natives, and also Spanish to his American friends--I wish to make his acquaintance, wherefore, I beg of you to introduce me to him--I should like to know, why I do not know to speak as well as you?--I will tell you: you would speak as well as I if you were not so timid; but if you had studied well your lessons, you would not be afraid to speak; because in order to speak well, it is necessary to have knowledge of, and it is very natural that he who does not know well what he has learned, should be timid, if you were sure to make not faults, you would be not timid.

TWENTY FIRST LESSON

OF THE PARTICLES MI AND NA.