Chapter X: Part 10

Tillotson hath a Saw mill at the County House, Havens one at
Moriches, Seth Worth one at Fire Place, Humphry Avery one at
West Neck, Nichols and one Willets each one at Islip, Edmond
Smith at Stony Brook, Samuel Phillips, Caleb Smith, Botts at
Smith Town. All alike in serving the King and all professed
friends to the country except Havens and Nicols. And it is
the nature of the people here, they will do any thing to get
money. The navigation of South Bay is now entirely stopped
by Whale Boats. I am entirely against destroying property if
can be avoided. Saw mills are built with little expense and
if torn down no great loss to build again. If people are a
mind to be obstinate the following I do not doubt will answer
the desired effect. Print in hand bills, let them be conveyed
over in all quarters if possible and be posted up, entirely
forbidding every saw mill on the Island from stricking a stroke
under penalty of destruction of their property, it will most
certainly be adhered to, they never will saw no more.

They are determined to raise 400 men out out of the Militia
of Long Island. The people in general much against it, and
certainly will quit their homes before they will comply.

I have communicated my business to an intimate friend and
disclosed every secret and laid before him every instruction
that hath been handed to me; it was with great difficulty
I gained his complyance, checked by fear. He is a person
that hath the interest of our country at heart and of good
reputation, character and family as any of my acquaintance. I
am under the most solemn obligation never to disclose his name
to any but the Post who unavoidably must know it. I have reason
to think his advantages for serving you and abilities are far
superior to mine.

I must call on you for ten Guineas which will about defray
my charges with what I have received. If what I have done
is disaproved of it can be dropped, but if mine was worth
attention this will not certainly be of less value. You will
receive a letter from him in a short time beginning at No. 1.
He will expect an ample support, at the same time he will be
frugal. As long as I am here shall be an assistant and do all
that I can. In the interim I remain Your Most Obt. Huml. Servt.
SAMUEL CULPER.

(110) _George Washington to Major Talmadge._

“NEW WINDSOR, June 27th, 1779.

“_Sir_, Your letter of yesterday came safe to my hand, and by
the Dragoon who was the bearer of it I send you Ten guineas
for C----r.--His successor (whose name I have no desire
to be informed of provided his intelligence is good, and
seasonably transmitted) should endeavour to hit upon some
certain mode of conveying his information quickly, for it is
of little avail to be told of things after they have become
matter of public notoriety, and known to every body.--This
new agent should communicate his signature and the private
marks by which genuine papers are to be distinguished from
counterfeits.--There is a man on York Island living on or near
the North River, of the name of George Higday who I am told
hath given signal proofs of his attachment to us, and at the
same time stands well with the enemy. If upon enquiry this
is found to be the case (and much caution should be used in
investigating the matter, as well on his own account as on that
of Higday) he will be a fit instrument to convey intelligence
to me while I am on the west side of the North River, as he is
enterprizing & connected with people in Bergen County who will
assist in forming a chain to me in any manner they shall agree
on.

“I do not know who H---- employs, but from H---- I obtain
intelligence, and his name and business should be kept
profoundly secret, otherwise we not only lose the benefits
desired from it, but may subject him to some unhappy fate....

“I wish you to use every method in your power through H---- and
others, to obtain information of the enemy’s situation--and
as far as it is to be come at, designs. C----r speaks of the
Enemy’s force up the River as now exceeding 8000 men, but as
I know he is mistaken if he comprehends their whole force I
should be glad if his successor was cautioned against giving
positive numbers by guess.--this is deceptions--let him
ascertain the particular Corps which can be no difficult matter
to do, & he will soon by taking a little pains, indirectly come
at the strength of them and where they lie.

“I am Sir with esteem and regard, Yr. very H. Servt.

“GO. WASHINGTON.”

(111) _Townsend’s first official letter._

“No 1 NEW YORK, 29th June, 1779

“_Sir_, The present offers nothing material, save that of the
arrival of Capt. Mernaid, who left Plimouth the first of May,
at which time the Grand fleet for this place had not sailed,
and was quite uncertain when they would, and likewise that
some Troops now coming out--say not more than three thousand.
However as he is a Rebel we do not entirely believe it, but are
much afraid that its too true.

“I was this day informed that 2 British Regts. 1 Regt, of
Amsuch, Col. Fanning’s Corps & the associated loyalists,
is now at white Stone, where they arrived yesterday from
Rhode-Island--This I have no doubt of, as it was told me by
a person who came passenger with them--He thinks they are to
make excursions into Connecticut--and from what I can collect I
believe they are, and very soon.

“Most of the Troops are come from Verplanks Point, and are now
near and about the Boats. Several Transports are ordered to be
in readiness, but no troops embarked.

“We are much alarmed with the prospect of a Spanish war--Should
that be the case, I fear poor old England will not be able to
oppose the whole but will be obliged to sue for a peace.

“Wou’d wish to write you more particularly, but the person
going sooner than I expected prevents.

“I am, Sir, Your Humble Servant,

“SAMUEL CULPER.”

(112) _Townsend’s second letter._

“No. 2 10, July 15th, 1779.

“_Sir_, I did not mean that No. 1 shou’d be sent as it was
wrote, I intended it as hints for my friend S. C. Senr., and
expected that he would have wrote you more particularly--the
shortness of the notice, and not at that time being
sufficiently acquainted with the Character of 30, prevented my
writing so particular as I wou’d have wished--However I flatter
myself that it was of some service. I saw S. C. Senr. a few
days ago, and informed him of the arrival of 10 sail of vessels
from the West Indies, with Rum, &c. and a small fleet from
Halifax, but no Troops. 12 sail of Cork Victuallers arrived on
Sunday last--2 which were then missing are since arrived. Also
a ship from Theneruffe loaden with wines--A Fleet, say about
six sail, from Jamaica laden with Rum &c. is daily expected;
they are to take the advantage of the June Convoy for England.
The Romulus of 44 guns fell down to the Hook this day. The
Daphni and Delaware Frigates are to fall down tomorrow, with
some eight Transports which are said to be bound for Halifax.
The Romulus, Daphni, & Delaware are to cruise in Boston Bay
for the purpose of annoying their trade, and to intercept a
number of Privateers and armed vessels which it is said are now
fitting out of Boston. I have conversed with some of the most
intelligent of the Masters of the Cork Victuallers, and from
what I can collect from them, there will be but few Troops from
England this season. Some say, who I am certain do not wish it,
that there will not be more than 4 Regiments to this place.
Ireland is almost to a man against the present administration,
and that most loyal of all Countrys, Scotland, has been for
some time past in the greatest confusion, said to be occasioned
by a motion made by Lord North for to pass some Laws in favor
of the Scotch Roman Catholicks--they have gone so far as to
burn that Ministry in Effigie--This is fact.

“I have recd yours of the 10th Inst, and note the contents--The
instructions shall be followed as far as in my power. 30 came
unexpectedly this evening, and says he must go out tomorrow
morning, which prevents my being so particular as I could wish.
I did not expect him till saturday. The situation of the army
I cannot give you with any exactness; but will endeavour to
send it by next opportunity. You may rest assured that I will
not give you any intelligence as fact, but such as I am certain
is so. I will not intentionally deceive you, as I know that it
may be attended with the most fatal consequences. I gave S. C.
Senr. some hints concerning a Christopher Duyckenik, formerly
Chairman of the Committee of Mechanicks of this place, and hope
he has transmitted. This much I will inform you, that he has
acted as agent for David Mathews from the commencement of the
war. The particulars must be kept a profound secret, as few
persons but myself know them, and it is known that I do. Note
a paragraph in Rivington’s paper of the 10th Inst. under the
N.Yk. head, and you’ll observe that something has either leaked
out or they have conjectured very right.

“I am, Sir, Your Humble Servant,

“SAMUEL CULPER, JUNR.”

(113) _Townsend’s fourth letter._

August 6, 1779

Since my last the number of the enemy within these lines have
not been augmented by arrivals. I have received your favour of
the 30th of July with the vials 1 and 2--The contents shall be
duly observed. The Raisonable with four frigates sailed from
this the day I mentioned--but did not sail from the Hook till
a few days ago. The Rainbow with two sloops of war are said to
be cruising off the Delaware Bay. The Romulus with two frigates
are supposed to be cruising in Boston-bay--and the Greyhound
is cruising alone. I am sorry that I cannot give you an exact
account of the situation of the troops. You may think that I
have not taken sufficient pains to obtain it. I assure you that
I have, and find it more difficult than I expected. It is in
some measure owing to my not having got into a regular line
of getting intelligence. To depend upon common reports would
not do. I saw and conversed with two officers of different
corps from Kings-bridge from neither of whom I could obtain an
account of the situation of the army there. I was afraid of
being too particular. I saw a person who had been throughout
all West Chester and came in yesterday, who told me that there
were 2000 troops out from Kingsbridge. This I by no means give
as certain. The number on Staten Island does not exceed 1000.
The whole of the guards, two Hessian Regiments. The 54th and
some of the 46th in town. A detachment of 100 from the Hessians
are at Brookline, and the 3d Battalion of G. DeLancey’s brigade
consisting of about 200 are at Lloyd’s Neck, Long Island, near
half of which are acting as marines on board armed vessels,
and a guard of about 20 men are at Jamaica, where G. D.
resides. These are all on Long Island. They have begun to
fortify at the narrows on the Staten Island side and to refit
the fortifications at the battery in this city. They have
done nothing more than lay the platforms and not but one gun
mounted, which has been there for a long time past. The cannon
for the forts are expected in the fleet. We have positive
accounts of the French having taken the Island of St. Vincent
and Grenada, and that there has been an engagement between
Byron and D’Estaing in which according to public reports Byron
came off victorious. But from many circumstances we have reason
to believe he had the worst of it: and indeed all the most
intelligent of the tories think so. This with Stoney-point
and the uncertainty when the fleet from England will arrive,
discourages them very much. Admiral Arbuthnot certainly did
sail for this port, but hearing that the French had landed on
the Island of Jersey, went there, where he may meet with such
diversion as may detain him for some time. There appears no
prospect of a speedy movement from this. But it is generaly
reported and believed by the most knowing ones that there will
be a detachment sent from this to the southward as soon as the
works are put in a proper state of defence. However some think
that no troops can be spared at any rate till a reinforcement
arrives.

Arrivals: A small fleet from Rhode Island a few days ago. The
Renown from same place on Wednesday evening, and last evening a
privateer brig of 14 guns belonging to New London taken by the
Greyhound off the east end of Long Island. A fleet of four or
five armed ships will sail in about a week for the West Indies.
The guard boats are still kept out which makes it impossible to
send any letters by a shorter route. As soon as I can find an
opportunity you may depend that I will embrace it. The Renown
and Daphne are the only ships of war in port. In my next will
if possible give you a particular account of the situation of
the troops. Yours,

CULPER, JUNR.

(114) _Would have Townsend give up business._

“722 to 721. No. 23 729 August 12, 1779.

“_Sir_, Your several Nos. 13, 14, & 15, are before me. The
contents have duly observed and communicated them to Culper
Jur. and he hath in general replyed, that have only to add,
That your fears of the Queens Rangers crossing the Sound, I
think must be groundless. I think the main reason of their
being stationed ther’s to Succor Coll. Ludloe’s Regt, on
Lloyd’s Neck if need should require, and to recruit their
Horses and men, that are much worne down with service.
Agreeable to your request, shall endeavour to gain every
intelligence from that and every other quarter and communicate.
Your observations concerning the bad tendency that might
follow the Capture of certain Persons mentioned heretofore,
is worthy of due consideration. And perhaps it will be best
to let them fill up the measure of their Sins, and ripen for
greater ruin. If it had been done instantly after the capture
of some persons here I should have feared no danger that might
have risen from such a step. You could have stoped plundering
here nevertheless--To have taken two for one then, matter not
wheather Whig or Tory, would have been pollitick in you, and a
glorious barrier in favour of our Country, and Nutrallity, for
as they are continually pressing us to be active, and daily
cursing of us for not complying, and laying at your mercy and
unprotected by them; and suffering for so small an affair,
perhaps would induce them to think more favorable of us, and
consider our situation, and treat us with more compassion.--I
say if ever such an opportunity should present again, I shall
beg that it may be embraced, and would be highly favorable
to this unhappy country, now universally throughout attended
with the greatest sickness and frequent deaths that ever was
remembered by the oldest man now living. And dayly threaten’d
by that Judas Tryon. Devastation or banishment for not
complying with their exorbitant demand enclosed when striped of
Items, and out of our Power to fulfill--don’t let the inclosed
be published in News Paper.

“Your desire that no time may be lost after dispatches arrive
hath ever been complyed with, at appointed times, I always
attended. When he comes unexpectedly it hath been unavoidably
attended with some loss of time, once in particular, owing
to a certain persons family being sick, and attendance there
which debared him from making himself known. A step on purpose
to acquaint me. I received a message from a person that I
intimated in my last was an acquaintance of Hamiltons, three
days ago, that 4 or 5 Regts. were embarking, generally said for
Quebeck had taken altogether thick clothing, yet nevertheless
he thought most likely for Georgia, and believed they all had
but a short time to stay here.

“I have had much discourse with Culper, Jur. Contrary to his
intimation and my expectation, he continues in business, that
engroseth some part of his time, and interfereth with the
important business he hath undertaken. I do assure you he is a
sincere friend and capable of rendering service to our country.
And as such a one I have again most earnestly endeavored and
beged him to disengage himself from all concerns that may
intefere with the Public business he hath undertaken. His reply
in substance was this, that he feared his inability. He was
willing to do all he could to serve his Country, and not leave
himself entirely out of the line of business, and be destitute
of a support.”

(115) _Use of ciphers by the Culpers._

“No. 21 729 29 15th 1779.

“_Sir_, Dqpeu Beyocpu agreeable to 28 met 723 not far from 727
& received a 356, but on his return was under the necessity to
destroy the same, or be detected, but have the satisfaction to
informe you that theres nothing of 317 to 15 you of. Thers been
no augmentation by 592 of 680 or 347 forces, and everything
very quiet. Every 356 is opened at the entrance of 727 and
every 371 is searched, that for the future every 356 must be
691 with the 286 received. They have some 345 of the route our
356 takes. I judge it was mentioned in the 356 taken or they
would not be so 660. I do not think it will continue long so.
I intend to visit 727 before long and think by the assistance
of a 355 of my acquaintance, shall be able to out wit them all.
The next 28 for 725 to be here is the 1 of 616 that it is so
prolonged. It may be better times before then. I hope ther
will be means found out for our deliverance. Nothing could
induce me to be here but the ernest desire of 723. Friends are
all well, and am your very Humble Servant, 722.”

(116) _Samuel Culper tells of dangers._

“729 Sepr. 19, 1779.

“_Dear Sir._ Agreeable to the few lines in the inclosure of the
several dates of the 11 & 12, I parted with 725 and expected
his immediate returne to you, But next day understood he was
waiting for the enclosed dispatch, replying his boat must have
a repair before he could come again--Perhaps it is best, as the
former dispaches hath been so long detained I judge they have
nearly lost their value, if any. The inclosed written with the
stain, I am ready to believe contains something of importance.
By the report of Pevbep Yqqhbwmm, who hath just returned from
727 he tells me there’s a council of war holding of all the
General Officers and every thing appears to be much confused on
account of an Express from Genl. Prescot that a Sloop arrived
at Rhode Island sailed two days in sight of a large French
fleet stearing North West course in latitude 25 or 35 he cannot
remember certain which. That a large number of troops were
embarking, Transports prepared to receive one thousand and
those on board. He was one of the Petitioners but got nothing
but hard words, that infernal Tryon saying we would never raise
any men for government, and now the Spanish and French had
combined against them and in difficulty would grant them no
assistance. It would be no matter he said if we were all laid
waist and those that were sick he would put in their hospitals.
I hope a foreign fleet is at hand and that some thing may
intefere to our advantage--I have just heard from Oyster Bay
that Coll. Simcoe is a going to leave that place. They are
selling their horses that is their own private property and are
loading all their baggage, his destination unknown but believed
they will all leave us soon.

“I yesterday was waiting for the Express with the enclosed
dispatch at Stony Brook, when about one o’clock warning was
given out from Capt. Woodhull for his Company to meet persuant
to an order from Coll. Floyd to the several Capts. of this
Township, to pursue and lay wait for Ebenezar Dayton and his
companions, that last night plundered two houses at South.
I immediately took a confidential friend and went in search
of 725, and after passing by one boat hid in the woods, found
his, and him, and advised him the necessary steps for his
safety. I then repair’d to the place of rendezvous, and found
the Militia just in motion to drive mount misery, to prevent
which I was obliged to open myself to the several Capts. and
had the good fortune to order matters to my mind. These things
you will readily conceive lays me open, and I desire you to
take such measures to prevent the like again. Plundering makes
as much difficulty with us as perhaps taking of some persons.
Dayton’s[67] excursion heretofore, was the sole cause of the
loss of C. Jur. No. 5. The Refugees and some Troops were
filling the road that the express was to pass.

“Culper Junior hath appointed no time. I therefore appoint the
30th Instant for 725 to cross, and am yours &c. 722. N.B. If
you think well of it send several phials of that stain and I
will place it in two or three confidential persons hands in New
York that will do their endeavour.”

_A Townsend stain letter translated._

NEW YORK, Sept. 29th, 1779.

_Sir_, In my last I informed you that a number of the enemy
were under orders for embarkation part of which consisting
of about 3000 embarked in the fore part of last week, and
sailed from the Hook on Friday last but returned the next day.
It is said and generally believed that it was in consequence
of some intelligence they got from some vessel at sea, some
say from a Spanish prize, the master of which reports that he
left the French Fleet on the Bahama Banks and that they were
steering for the Continent. This is certain that a number of
transports were immediately ordered for Rhode Island, part of
which sailed on Monday, 27, and the rest sailed this day. It is
positively asserted that it will be evacuated immediately. The
troops returned not yet disembarked. The works at the Battery
are nearly completed and a number of guns mounted. The forts
on Bayard’s Hill and back of Jones’ House nearly completed.
The Gorge of Fort Kniphhousen (or Washington) very strongly
fortified. The Militia of Kings and Queens County are still at
work on the fort at Brooklyn. All the operations of the Enemy
indicate their fears of a speedy attack--The fleet under convoy
of Sir Andrew Hammond arrived the 22d inst. The number of
troops does not exceed six hundred, mostly Hessian Recruits. I
am Sir, Yours &c.

C. JUNR.

(117) _A typical Townsend letter._

“October 9th, 1779.

“_Sir_, In my No 9 I informed you that the first division
of Troops had returned--They disembarked on Long-Island &
Staten Island that day. The next morning about 100 of the
inhabitants went on Governor’s Island, and began to repair the
works there, and have continued going every day since.--The
works are now nearly completed. About that time the Garrison
was much alarmed, as by a number of coroborating documents
they had great reason to expect D’Estaing. All the Men of War
and a number of arm’d Transports were ordered down to the
Hook, with several old hulks to sink in the Channel in case
D’Estaing should appear. They had also two or three fire ships
prepairing, and are building a very strong Fort at the Light
House. The ships do still continue there, tho their fears
are now in some measure abated. The transports destin’d for
New York are still at White Stone, and it’s now thought quite
uncertain whether it will be evacuated this Fall. The vessels
belonging to private people sailed this day, and are to stop
at Huntington to join the wood Fleet, and proceed from there
immediately. From this circumstance I think it will not be
evacuated. It is now said that the first division of Troops
are to re-embark immediately, and it’s generally believed that
they are destined for Georgia. The last accounts from the West
Indies say that Byron was at Barbadoes about a month ago.
There positively is a letter from his Secretary to a gentleman
in this place dated the first of Sept: which says that Byron
was going home and that the Fleet was taking in water, and
preparing with all expedition to go down to Jamaica, expecting
that D’Estaing had gone against it. A vessel from Tortula which
left it the 10th. Septr, the Capt of which says that it was
reported there, and generally believed that D’Estaing had come
to this Continent.--He likewise says that the English trade in
the West Indies, is almost ruined by the number of French &
Spanish Cruisers. Tortula has already been plundered, and it’s
expected that all the rest of the English Islands will share
the same fate in the course of the winter. The Spaniards, he
says, are even fitting out privateers at St. Thomas’ & St.
Croix.--Some say that Pensicola is invaded by the Spaniards.
Accounts from England, via Rhode Island, as late as the 10th
of August, say that there has been no engagement between the
French and English Fleets.--No late accounts from Georgia;
Some begin to fear that all is not well there.--A considerable
number of Troops are on the West end of Long-Island--The 17th
Dragoons at Hempstead--The mounted Legion of Queens Rangers at
Jericho, and the Foot belonging to the Legion are at Oyster
Bay. No arrivals of any consequence since my last, except those
mentioned. The Spirits of the Tory’s Flags much, but still some
flatter themselves that there is yet a probability of England’s
rising superior to all her enemies. There does not appear the
least prospect of this place being evacuated this fall. Tho’ I
believe thay would be glad to have them at home, as from the
best accounts they are in a very critical situation--if we were
only to judge from Sir Joseph York’s memorial presented to
their High Mightinesses, they are low enough.

“Large Magazines of Hay is already collected, and more
collecting. The expense of transporting letters has already
amounted to the money sent;[68] I am therefore under the
necessity of requesting that you will send me 20 Guineas by
next conveyance.

“I am, Yours, &c.

“SAML. CULPER, JUN.”

(118) _Culper answers Bolton’s eighteenth letter._

“No. 25 October 26th, 1779.

“_Sir_: Your No. 18 with the enclosed came to hand, and was
immediately forwarded to 723. And the inclosed blanks are his
returns, which hope may be satisfactory at this conjuncture.
I have again heard Count D’Estaing with his whole fleet are
in Delaware Bay. This Glorious assistance together with the
dejection of our Enemies, bids fair for our delivery, the
pleasing hopes of which hath almost transported all our
friends. But here much may be done toward our destruction
within the space of a week, and to the great advantage of the
enemy, to prevent which requires your immediate operations.
From the effect of that Infernal Tryon’s expedition into this
county last year and branding a number of cattle that he left
behind, last week a demand for 198 was made, not one quarter
of that number was ever marked; and about 30 head was drove up
but are not satisfied, and insist upon the whole number, and
are now at Smith Town with carts from Lloyd’s Neck and a number
of wagons are hourly expected with a number of Troops at that
place, for hay. They have nearly collected all the forage in
Queens County and carrying it to Brooklyn; in one word, every
preparation is a making for their defence--I hope you will
not forget to grant us assistance as soon as possible. Your
letter to Mr. C----r, Junr. was instantly forwarded, forgot to
mention it in my last, then being in such haste, as I had not
time before dark and 725 I expected was a waiting. I received
20 Guineas from 725 which I sent to 723. I have nothing more to
say--and may God grant us Success. And am

“Your very Humble Servt.,
“SAMUEL CULPER.”

(119) _Big guns at Battery._

“NEW YORK, October 29th, 1779

“_Sir._ I have made inquiry concerning the quantity of
provisions on this Island, and am well convinced there is
sufficient to last this Garrison 6 months. Several vessels have
not discharged. The packet arrived the 23d Inst. The accounts
by her are very alarming to the Tories. They are now convinced
that the English fleet dare not engage the united fleets of
France and Spain. The Ardent is taken, and some say that they
chased the English fleet into Portsmouth--This is certain that
they lay off there several days, which caused the greatest
consternation, as they expected to be invaded. The troops from
Stoney and Verplanks points got down on Sunday evening. The
troops which I mentioned to have embarked sails for Halifax
this day with all the heavy ships of war except the Europa.
The Daphne Frigate with Sir George Collin and Col. Stewart
sails at the same time for England. Another Fort is erecting
near Harrison’s Brewery on the banks of the North River.
That on Long Island will not be completed in some time. The
Battery will be completed in a few days. Eighteen 24 pounders
are now mounted. We have no late accounts from Georgia but it
is generally believed that the Garrison there is taken. The
fleet with the garrison from Rhode Island arrived the 27th,
Inst. The Rainbow arrived at Sandy Hook from Halifax the same
day. The enemy are daily collecting forage and have lately
been about Oyster Bay and took all the hay in that quarter,
notwithstanding the Legion quartered there. From this they
mean to contract their lines very soon. No prospect of any
speedy movement. The transports which I intimated are taking
in Water and Ballast was for the use of the ships at Sandy
Hook. The pilots say that it is now very difficult to bring a
vessel in, owing to the hulks which were lately sunk there. A
fleet of Victuallers were to sail from Cork the latter part of
September. A fleet of Store ships and Merchantmen were to sail
from Spithead at the same time. I shall want some more of the
Stain immediately as I am now quite out.

“I am Yrs, &c.

“SAML. CULPER, JUNR.”

(120) _Woodhull meets British Foot and Horse._

“No. 28 427 eg 1779

“_Sir._ Your No. 20 & 21 came to hand pressing an immediate
answer to sundry questions. It not being then in my power to
send a person, to make the necessary inquiry, and the next
appointment very short, and dispatches waiting, thought it best
to order his return. Accordingly on the 7th sent a person, who
visited every quarter between this and Hempstead Harbour, and
on the 9th returned to me, and reported: No piles of wood on
any Necks or Shores. As soon as it is cut it is put on board
and carried to New York. Lord Cathcart Legion are stationed
at Jericho and Oyster Bay. In Huntington and Lloyd’s Neck are
Coll. Ludlow’s, Gov. Brown’s, Coll. Fanning’s Regiments. New
Levies, 43 of foot 17 Dragoons, one Regt, of Hessians, all
commanded by Genl. Leland if I do not mistake his name. However
I am sure it is similar to such a name, and are collecting
large magazines of wood and Forage near the house of Nathl.
Williams--The whole number is computed to be sixteen hundred
men.--On the 10 was to see C. Jur. at a house he appointed
twelve miles west from here, and set out with all my letters
to meet him, and just before I arrived at the appointed place
I suddenly met a foraging party of 40 Horse and 200 foot and
about a hundred wagons. Was much surprised but after answering
a few questions passed them unmolested. This party were
draughts from the 17, 43, & Coll. Burch of the 17th. But to my
great mortification Culper Jur. did not come that day. I waited
all the next, and sent a person westward to several houses
where I thought likely to find him, but could hear nothing of
him. I am much concerned, fear some accident hath befallen him,
but yet wish to entertain a favorable thought that he may be
sick.

“The wagons went from Smith Town yesterday, loaded, but am
informed the Troops all stayed behind waiting their return.
We have 20 Horse and 4 foot bilited about in houses, but no
wagons have loaded here yet, they are exceedingly afraid and
keep a very strict guard at the foot of Seaton’s Neck. Coll.
Floyd, E. Jones, above the Mill, J. Thompson’s, P. Lions, John
Bayles is Head Quarters Main guard in Kelly’s House. They are
not expected to stay here more than 10 days, some say not
longer than a week. It will be precarious to attack them, they
may be reinforced in one day’s time. They are continually
reconnoitering the shores and the weather is very uncertain.
I am told the New York Paper saith Admrl. Parker hath taken 5
ships of the line from the French. I think something is the
matter or they must have been here before now. I give over
all hope of their coming to our relief this winter, and it
is a killing thought to me. We shall see more distress this
winter than ever since the war began. The inhabitants of this
Island at present live a miserable life, which you may readily
judge when having the refuse of three kingdoms and thirteen
States amongst them. Plundering and rapine increaseth at no
small rate. I am tired of this business, it gives me a deal
of trouble, especially when disappointments happen. Could not
consent to be any longer an assistant if I was not almost an
Enthusiast for our success.--I am perfectly acquainted with a
full year’s anxiety, which no one can scarcely have an idea
of but those that experience, and not long since there was
not the breadth of your finger betwixt me and death--but so
long as I reside here my faithful endeavours shall never be
wanting. 725 loudly complains of his fatigue and declares he
will not come so often. Should the enemy be stationed here this
winter it will be very dangerous for him to come. You say you
will take all the pains possible to secure Coll. Floyd and Mr.
Seaton’s goods. I hope they may be saved and the public get the
benefit. I have no love for Coll. Floyd nor for no Tory under
Heaven, but in my present situation am obliged to cultivate
his friendship, and for that reason dare not mention to him
what you purposed. I do not doubt he would be glad to hear it
and perhaps keep it entirely secret for his own interest, but
yet he would view me with an Evil Eye. I have not as yet heard
of 725 arrival but as the weather is now favorable expect him
this night, and shall expect his return on the 20th Instant,
when shall hope to be ready for him, and shall if no accident
hath befallen C. Jur. hope to see him soon. And in the interim
remain your most obt. H. Servt.

“SAML. CULLPER.”[69]

(121) _British counterfeiting money._

“No. 14 NEW YORK, 27th Nov. 1779.

“_Sir._ It is now said by the most knowing ones that a
considerable part of the Army is to go to Georgia as soon as it
is known that D’Estaing has left the Coast, and some think that
several Regiments will be sent to the West Indies. Charlestown
is fixed on as the grand object this campaign and winter.

“The spirits of the Tory’s is amazingly elated with the reports
of the Army in Georgia. It has been repeated some time past
that Parker has taken seven sail of French Men of War in the
West Indies, and on Friday an account was brought by a Cartel
from Boston that there had been an engagement between the grand
Fleets in the Channel, in which the combined fleets of France
and Spain were defeated with the loss of .. ships sunk and
taken. The former account is now thought premature, and the
latter improbable, as it is said to have happened on the 2d. of
September and the packet left Falmouth the 7th, and brings no
such account.

“The Tories are extremely anxious for the fate of the British
Fleet. They think that the success of the contest depends
entirely on it. They have hopes that England will be able to
form some alliance this winter, which will enable them to carry
on the War here another campaign, which they flatter themselves
will end in their favour, as they think America will not be
able to keep an Army together another campaign. Truth reasons
that their currency will be entirely depreciated, and that
there will not be provision in the country to supply an Army
another campaign. That of the currency I am afraid will prove
true, as they are indefatigable in increasing the quantity
of it. Several reams of the paper made for the last emission
struck by Congress have been procured from Philadelphia. I have
taken much pains to find out some of those concerned, but could
not accomplish it. But that there is such paper brought in you
may depend on as a fact. A large ship was sent into the Hook
yesterday but it is not known where she is from. The Men of
War at the Hook have taken in water for several months and on
Friday the Admiral went down with all his baggage. A Fleet for
Cork and a number of vessels for England will sail in a few
days, some of which are loaded with valuable cargoes. However,
some think that they will not sail till D’Estaing has left the
Coast, or till there is some arrival from England. Privateering
is now almost over, not more than six now out and few fitting.
There has not any prizes of value arrived for some time past.

“I am, Your humble Servt.

“SAML. CULPER, JUNR.”

(122) _Woodhull would kill Simcoe._

“No. 30 729 December 12, 1779.

“_Sir_: Inclosed you have a blank just come to hand from C.
Junr., which I conclude contains some important intelligence,
and as this is the appointed night, and very good hope it will
soon reach your hands. On Monday last the Foraging Party left
us, after collecting the Forage in general as far Eastward
as this township extends, some from South Hold and South
Hampton. The Forage collected in this county is all carried
to Huntington; and are as fast as possible sending it to N.
York. As soon as they get it all from that place the enemy will
most certainly leave there, except the Garrison on Lloyd’s
Neck. We are not a little comforted after our distress, with
the pleasing hope that the Enemy will not trouble us any
farther this winter, and glad our correspondence will not be
interrepted or subject to greater danger than usual. The said
misfortune attending our endeavours to the Southward hath
greatly lifted up our Enemies and dejected our friends, and
deeply affected me and allmost ready to conclude that the day
of our deliverance is farther distant than we ever glanced a
thought, and that all the Carolinas will fall into their hands,
as is most certain a large embarcation destined for Charles
Town is about to take place, and believe Clinton will go
himself. But yet hope such measures will be adopted that they
may be spaird and protected. Culper Junior is entirely out of
the Counterpart, and unable to read any future blanks that may
come. Don’t fail to forward it next opportunity, and we cannot
get any person to run the risk written with common ink. C. Jur.
is to be with me on the 25th, hope if the weather is favorable
you will incline to come as we greatly desire to see you. We
would gladly if possible meet you half way. I have the pleasure
to inform you my fears are much abated since the troops have
been with us. Their approach was like death to me. Did not
know wether to stand or fall. Had they been the Queens Rangers
or legion should have been with you before now. Were I now in
the State of New Jersey without fear of Law or Gospel would
certainly 344 Gqm. Ucngqi for his usage to me. I have nothing
further to say at present, and am

“Yours sincerely,
“SAML. CULPER.”

(123) _British sail for Charleston._

“No. 17 729 Dec. 27th, 1779.

“_Sir_, In my last I informed you that a considerable number of
the enemy were under orders for Embarkation. The number does
not exceed seven thousand. I have now to inform you that they
have all Embarked, and part of the Transports fell down to the
Hook a few days ago. They were to sail the 26th Inst. under
Convoy of the Russel, Robust, Europa, Defiance, Raisonable,
Roebuck, Renown, Romulus & Perseus. Genl. Clinton goes in the
Romulus. The time that it will necessarily take for this to
get to hand makes it almost useless to inform you that they
are positively going to Charlestown. Governor Martin with a
considerable number of North Carolina Refugees, and all the
Officers who have been on furloe from Georgia, goes with the
expedition. Five vessels are loaded with ordnance stores, and
they have taken fifty chests of Arms for the purpose of arming
the Tory’s and Negroes. It is said that they are to act on
a very different plan from what they formerly have, i.e. to
settle the Country as they Conquer it, by securing all those
whom they may suppose dangerous; and to give the most noted
Tory’s a considerable command. It is said that Clinton will
go home immediately after taking possession of Charlestown,
and leave the command to Lord Cornwallis. The most sanguine
of the Tory’s flatter themselves that the British army will
be in possession of both the Carolinas May next. I sincerely
hope that such measures will be taken as may disappoint
their expectations, even to the taking of Charlestown. If
the Garrison destin’d to defend it will have a Retrospect to
Georgia, and immitate them I think they may hold it. Clinton
will make a vigorous push for it, for I believe he thinks that
it is necessary to do something to distinguish himself before
he returns to England.

“The Garrison at New-York is left under the command of Tryon &
Knyphausen. It is now entirely out of wood, and can get none
but what they bring from a considerable distance by land. A
considerable number of teams are ordered from Queens County to
Brooklyn Ferry, each to carry a load of wood, and to continue
there for six days to cart wood from the nearest wood land for
the use of the Army. If the creeks continue shut any time,
the inhabitants will be greatly distressed for the want of
fuel. The Markets are well supply’d with fresh provisions of
every kind, and will continue so while there is any cattle in
Connecticut & New Jersey. A considerable number of cattle and
other provisions is daily brought over from Connecticut to
the East end of Long Island, and from thence conveyed to New
York; and there has ever been regular supplies from Shrewsbury,
Middletown, and every other part of East Jersey. It is almost
needless to mention Kings Bridge, for it has been, and ever
will be a practice to get supplies in that way.

“No arrivals since my last, and none from Europe since the
September Packet. The Fleet for Europe, consisting of near one
hundred sail, sailed from Sandy Hook the 23d Inst. under convoy
of the Solebay & Lioness, Frigates.

“The expense of conveying letters obliges me to request that
you will send me Twenty Guineas pr. next conveyance. I am now
entirely out of the Counterpart of the Stain.

“I am, Yours, &c &c.

“SAML. CULPER, JUN.”

(124) _Prison ship set on fire._

“729 374 eg 1780.

“724 returned from 727 last night with a blank for 711 which I
have inclosed and forwarded, together with the Newspapers. The
papers declare the willful burning of the Prison Ship by one
Woodberry of Connecticut, on the 5th inst. No account of Sir
H. Clinton yet. Verbal accounts sent me from a person thats
had the perusal of the English papers say the debates run much
higher than ever, some having fought duels. Lord Charles
Gorden declared in the Parliament he had in Scotland 150
thousand men ready to take vengeance on the present ministry.
Hope it may be true.

“SAML. CULPER.”

(125) _Robinson quotes Rivington._

_Esteemed Friend._

I enclose for the amusement of yourself, our friend Wistar &c
three New York Papers--Yesterday about Forty transports full of
Troops, sailed up the North River, and at three in the morning
the troops at Elizabeth Town moved out, when there was an
abundance of firing, which continued till ten. It is supposed
that those in transports are designed to take possession of
the strong country above, and that the movement from Elizabeth
was intended to draw off the attention of the Rebels--I was
just now informed by _Rivington_ that the troops returned to
Elizabeth Town last evening--but there is yet no account from
them.

The _Rebels_ affect to console themselves for the loss of
Charlestown, by attributing it to the want of Provisions--this
indeed gives the affair a better appearance than if it had
been timidly surrendered amidst a plentiful supply of every
thing necessary for its defence, and I find their well wishers
here are somewhat comforted by this circumstance, and say
that had the garrison been properly supplied they would have
laughed at all the efforts that Clinton could have made against
them--so strong by nature and well fortified by art, was that
Capital--and people who were there say that no deficiency of
skill or courage appeared in the besieged. Its fall they say
must be attributed to some fatality which prevented their
being properly furnished with Provisions. Ten days before the
Capitulation the Garrison and Inhabitants had nothing but Rice,
and on the 12th of May there was only two days allowance of
that left. The Rebel officers are outrageous against their
Commisary, and say he will be hanged. When they reckoned upon
three months provisions there was only twenty days in store.

The malcontents build great hopes upon a French Fleet and
Troops that is expected--and indeed _we_ are not clear of
apprehension on that account. They are expected at the
eastward--and as several Flags which have been due for some
time, do not come, we fear they are detained on that account.
My Respects to both families. I am with Esteem,

Your assured Friend,
WM. T. ROBINSON.

June 24th, 1780.

(126) _Code words here freely used._

“729 29 fn 1780.

“_Sir._ I have now to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the
ff Instant--and one of an earlier date, as also eu 230. The 121
I 691 my last before had time to 156 it. Was taken very cmm
with the 73 151, but am now 60, though very 349. My 151 hath
put it out of my power to make any 322 about the 178 in these
476. Genl. 712 hath returned to 727 some 121 ago. The en Regt.
D. is in 729. ei Companies of 309 are at Smith Town. Queens
Rangers and Fannings Regts. are yet East of here, where know
not. The whole number is about 1500. It appears probable they
will continue in these parts some time. Their wanton waste of
the necessities of life (which will occasion people to perish
for want of subsistance unless can be procured elsewhere)
hath given rise to a prevailing opinion that this is the last
visit we shall ever have from them, and that they will leave
727 soon. I was told so when at 727, but could see nothing
that looked like it. There’s the same accounts in 727 from 745
as mentioned in your 356. Hope the flame begun may increase,
and fill with horror all those cursed destroyers of mankind.
The 585 keep up a constant communication with your courts,
and carries large sums of counterfeit paper currency of every
emission and puts it into the hands of Tory’s for to pay their
taxes with. This I do assure from undoubted authority is their
practice. I shall at a more convenient time write you further
on the subject of treachery, and some discoveries that I hope
soon to make. Inclosed you have a blank from C. Jur. just come
to hand, and yours enclosed to him shall be delivered into his
hands on Wednesday next. On the f 616 let 725 cross again. In
the interim am yours sincerl.

“SAML. CULPER.”

(127) _Major Tallmadge deciphers Townsend’s letters._

“BEDFORD, Aug. 28th, 1780.

“_Sir._ I have the Honor to enclose a letter from C. Junr., &
one from Lt. B...r which have just come to hand. I have also
recd. a letter from C... Junr. of which the following is an
extract:

N. Y. Aug. 23d, 1780.

“C. Senr. was in Town & wrote you by the last conveyance. The
present offers nothing material. Clinton seems now preparing
to act on the defensive. He is fortifying on L. I. opposite
Frog’s Point, the Heights of Harlem, & the Island eastward of
Hellgate. However some of our most knowing politicians say that
Rhode Island is still the object, & that he is only waiting
the arrival of three Regts that are expected from Carolina,
and some Hanoverian Troops that are expected some time in
September, and that Arbuthnot is to keep off N. Port till that
time. Others think that this garrison will be put in the best
state of defence & that Arbuthnot will go to the West Indies.

“A fleet of Transports, Victuallers, & some private vessels
under convoy of the Renown, will sail for England in a few
days. The 22d, 76th, Robinsons, and two Hessian Regts, do duty
in Town. Forty two pieces of Cannon are mounted on the Battery.

“C. Senr. will furnish you with the situation of the troops on
Long Island.

“I was obliged to decypher C... Junr. letter, as I was
convinced it referred to the future mode of our correspondence.
After his next arrives, I hope to have no further occasion to
decypher his letters, as I hope by that time our plans will
be finished. After sending several times across the Sound to
open a new communication with Culper Junior, without success,
I have finally referred the whole matter to him, who I expect
will appoint such place and pick on such persons for his
confidential friends, as will best answer our purpose, and
inform me thereof.

“Lt. B...r informs of several boats with Continental Crews,
being along the Sound, which were appointed by Genl. Officers.
Possibly Major Humpreys knows more about this matter. If they
are not wanted on their present duty, one of them would be of
very great service to Lt. B...r. I have the Honor to be, with
great regard, Your Excellency’s most Obedt. Hbl. Sert.

“BENJ. TALLMADGE.”

(128) _Genealogy._

Samuel Townsend and his wife Sarah, parents of Robert Townsend,
_alias_ Culper Junior, had eight children; Solomon, Samuel,
Robert, William, David, Audrey, Sarah, and Phebe. Only the
descendants of his son Solomon have survived to the present day.

* * * * *

SOLOMON,[70] son of Samuel and brother of Robert Townsend, also
had eight children, namely, Hannah, Anne, Mary, Phebe, Samuel,
Jacob, Peter, and Solomon.

* * * * *

_Hannah_, niece of Robert Townsend and daughter of Solomon,
married Isaiah Townsend, of Albany. When he died, February 17,
1838, the merchants met and resolved to close all the stores
and to attend his funeral. She died November 1, 1854. Her
children were Isaiah, Anna, Robert, Franklin, who was Mayor of
Albany in 1850–51, Howard, Frederick, and Mary. Isaiah married
Harriet Townsend, Anna married Henry H. Martin, Robert married
Harriet Monroe, Franklin married Anna King, Howard married
Justina Van Rensselaer, Frederick married Sarah Rathbone, Mary
married General William H. Walker.

* * * * *