Chapter III: Part 3

“The Greyhound Frigate, with Lord Cornwallis, General
Patterson, late Adjt. of the Army, & Col. Stewart, son of Lord
Bute, arrived the 21st Inst. Nothing can be collected more
than from news papers, as no private letters came by her. It
is generally believed by the Torys that the Fleet said to have
on board 5000 Troops for N. Y. and 2000 for Carolina, sailed
before the Greyhound. The most intelligent of the Torys expect
a Spanish War, and affect to wish it, as they suppose that
England has at this time a Fleet much superior to the united
Fleets of France and Spain.

“The LeBlond Frigate arrived on Monday last from Penobscot
with Dispatches, in consequence of which (it is said) Sir
Geo. Collier with the Raisonable sails tomorrow. I cannot
learn whether any other Ships goes with him. The movement of
the Troops in consequence of the taking of Stony point, has
prevented my obtaining an account of their situation. The 54th
Regiment marched in town from the Bridge on Monday last. A
number of Transports are ordered to be ready to take on Troops,
said to be the 54th Regt., Queens Rangers and Lord Rawdon’s
Corps, and to be commanded by Lord Cornwallis--it is said by
some of the officers that they are intended for Carolina. This
is also the general opinion. I believe they are bound to the
Southward, as I heard a Pilot belonging to Cape Fear, North
Carolina, say that he expected to go with them. General Vaughan
is positively going home, and some say General Clinton. It
is positively said that preperations are making to Fortify
Governor’s Island, the Narrows at Staten Island, the Gorge at
Fort Knyphausen, repair the Fortifications at Paulus Hook & the
Battery at New York; all of which places are to be put in the
best state of defense.

“The times now are extreamly difficult--guard boats are kept
out every night in the North and East Rivers to prevent any
boats from passing, & I am informed that some persons have been
searched on Long Island; therefore whenever you think that my
intelligence is of no service, beg you will notify me, ’till
which time I will continue as usual. Privateering flags very
much. I have recd. your Dictionary,[14] and will be glad to
have the Stain as soon as possible, when shall endeavour to
find some shorter route to forward my letters. I am, Sir, Your
Hbl. Servant,

“SAMUEL CULPER, JUNR.”

August 6th is the date of Townsend’s 4th letter. It was written altogether in the stain and required the services of two of the General’s secretaries to copy it. The first half of the first page is in the handwriting of Alexander Hamilton but the rest of the three pages was written by McHenry.(113)

Meanwhile, Samuel Culper continued to advise Robert Townsend that he should give up his business in New York.[15] In a letter to Tallmadge, dated August 12th, he writes:(114)

“I do assure you he is a sincere friend and capable of
rendering service to our country. And as such a one I have
again most earnestly endeavoured, and begged him to disengage
himself from all concerns that may interfere with the Public
business he hath undertaken.”

Jonas Hawkins called for Townsend’s fifth letter, but fearing capture destroyed it before reaching Woodhull. He advised Tallmadge of this in a letter, mostly in cipher, dated August 15th.(115) The sixth shared the same fate. Woodhull called for the next, which follows:

No. 7.

LONG ISLAND, Sept. 11th, 1779.

“_Sir_, Your No. 11 & 12 have come to hand, the contents I duly
note. I am very sorry that No. 5 was destroyed, tho’ I can’t
say that it contained any intelligence that wou’d have been of
material consequence--The bearer thought himself in danger.
I believe it was merely imaginary. From timidity and the
situation of affairs at that time, he did not choose to come
to N.Yk; I therefore met him at a place quite out of danger on
Long-Island. I then made an appointment for No. 6, at wch. time
he came, I wrote it, and took it over the Ferry that he might
run no hazard from the Inspector of Letters there. However he
was so much intimidated that it shared the same fate as No. 5.

“I have now the pleasure of seeing our mutual friend Saml.
Culper, Sen. who will run every hazard to forward this.

“I had informed you in No. 6, of the arrival of the British
Fleet consisting of about 70 sail, under convoy of Adml.
Arbuthnot in the Europa of 64 Guns & Russel of 74 Guns--The
number of the Troops from the best information I can collect
does not exceed 3000. They are all new troops, and in bad
health, and are now encamped in and about Bedford; three miles
from Brooklyn Ferry. The 44th. and 3 Hessian Regts. embarked
a few days ago, and are to sail this day--Their destination
said to be for Quebec--This is generally believed--Sir James
Wallace in the Experiment sails sometime for Georgia, with one
Store Ship and two or three other vessels, but no Troops. No
prospect of any other movement further than some vessels are
fitting for Horses. The general opinion is that there will be
no Campaign opened from N.York. The most knowing and judicious
of the Torys think that some troops must be sent to the West
Indies. They have now given up all hope of the second division
so much talked of, as they think they will be wanted at home.
Their spirits in general was much dejected with the accounts of
a Spanish war, and Lord North’s declaration that he had formed
no alliances nor had any prospect of forming any. Their spirits
are now in some measure elevated with the accounts of the
destruction of the American Fleet at Penobscot.--I hope it will
be but a temporary elevation. It certainly is a bad stroke, and
I think it cou’d not be owing to want of inteligence of Sir
Geo. Collier’s sailing. A vessel arrived a few days ago from
St. Kitts, but nothing transpires further than that the French
had embarked 6000 Troops, with an intent, as is supposed, to
take Antegua. The most judicious of the Tory’s think that the
Spaniards have by this invaded Jamaica, and make no doubt
but that they will succeed. A fleet of 12 sail of victualers
arrived yesterday from Cork--Another fleet was to sail in
about four weeks after them, but they are not expected soon
as its thought that the Spanish War will occasion a general
embargo for some time, for the purpose of manning their fleet.
The Guards, 54th, and two Hessian Regts. do duty in and about
N.York. The guards are in the City, 54th encamped at Greenwich,
one Hessian Regt. Near Jones’s on DeLancey’s land, and the
other near the water works. The number on Staten Island I do
not know--On Long Island the new troops as mentioned, a Regt.
of Horse about Flushing, a guard of about 30 men of the 3d.
Battalian of DeLancey’s Brigade, with a party of the Militia
Horse are at Jamaica, as a guard for the General. He might have
been taken off with much ease sometime ago, but it would now
be very difficult, and the Queens Rangers are at Oyster Bay.
Their number is about 450, near 100 of which are mounted. The
3d. Batallian of DeLancey’s brigade are at Lloyd’s Neck. From
the vicinity of the Queens Rangers, who can be there by means
of an alarm gun in two hours, I think it would by no means be
advisable to attack them. They were alarmed on Thursday night
last, and was there in one and a half hours after the alarm.

“My being unwell for a week past, and my engagement in business
has prevented my obtaining a more particular account of the
situation of the enemy. I intended to have disingaged myself
from business agreeable to the solicitations of my friend
Samuel Culper, Sen; but find it will be attended with more
difficulty than I expected, owing to my having a partner, as
I can make no excuse to do it. Untill I can, will continue to
write as usual, and shall be less expensive.

“The Europa, Russel, Renown and four or five Frigates are now
in port. It is thought by many that all the large ships on this
station will be ordered to the West Indies to re-inforce Byron.

“The works at the Battery goes on very slow. The Hessians are
repairing the Fort on Bunker hill, with some alterations. A
very large Fort is building at Brooklyn on the west side of
the road, and abt 80 rods due north from Cobble Hill. A large
number of the Militia of Kings and Queens County are at work
on it. The Militia of Suffolk have not as yet complyed. The
orders, a copy of which you will have forwarded. I fear if they
do not comply that devastation will attend that Loyal County.
No late accounts from Georgia, the last were that their lines
was more contracted. It is the general opinion that nothing
more can be done there till they have re-inforcement which it
is thought will be sent about the beginning of October. You may
rest assured that I will use every endeavour to comply with
your requests. I have made some overtures to a person to convey
letters by a shorter route, and flatter myself that I shall
succeed.

“I am, Sir, Your most obedt. Servt,

“CULPER JUN.”

The General thought it was not necessary for Townsend to give up his business, and so replied from Headquarters at West Point, September 24, 1779:

“_Sir_, It is not my opinion that Culper Junior should be
advised to give up his present employment. I would imagine
that with a little industry he will be able to carry on his
intelligence with greater security to himself and greater
advantages to us, under cover of his usual business, than if he
were to dedicate himself wholly to the giving of information.
It may afford him opportunities of collecting intelligence that
he could not obtain so well in any other manner. It prevents
also those suspicions which would become natural should he
throw himself out of the line of his present employment. He
may rest assured of every proper attention being paid to his
services. One thing appears to me deserving of his particular
consideration, as it will not only render his communications
less exposed to detection, but relieve the fears of such
persons as may be entrusted with its conveyance to the second
link in the chain, and of course very much facilitate the
object we have in view; I mean, that he should occasionally
write his information on the blank leaves of a pamphlet, on the
first, second, and other pages of a common pocket book, or on
the blank leaves at each end of registers, almanacks, or any
new publication or book of small value. He should be determined
in the choice of these books principally by the goodness of
the blank paper, as the ink is not easily legible unless it is
on paper of a good quality. Having settled a plan of this kind
with his friend, he may forward them without risk of search or
the scrutiny of the enemy, as this is chiefly directed against
paper made up in the form of letters.

“I would add a further hint on this subject. Even letters may
be made more subservient to this communication, than they
have yet been. He may write a familiar letter on domestic
affairs, or on some little matters of business, to his friend
at Setauket or elsewhere, interlining with the stain his secret
intelligence, or writing it on the opposite blank side of
the letter. But that his friend may know how to distinguish
these from letters addressed solely to himself, he may always
leave such as contain secret information without date or place
(dating it with the stain), or fold them up in a particular
manner, which may be concerted between the parties. This last
appears to be the best mark of the two, and may be the signal
of their being designated for me. The first mentioned mode,
however, or that of the books, appears to me the one least
liable to detection. I am, &c.

“GO. WASHINGTON.”

FOOTNOTES to “GENERAL WASHINGTON’S SPIES”:

[12] This, as related by John Jay and Robert Townsend to James Fenimore Cooper, has been woven into fiction as the basis of the tenth chapter of _The Spy_.

[13] James Jay, brother of John Jay, claims the credit of this invention. In a letter to Thomas Jefferson he says: “The curious experiments in Sympathetic Inks, fluids with which if one writes on the whitest paper the letters immediately become invisible, are generally known; and so is likewise the facility with which the writing with any one of them may be rendered visible. For this reason I presume the subject has been considered as a matter of mere curiosity and entertainment, and has never been applied to any use in Politics or War. When the affairs of America, previous to the commencement of hostilities, began to wear a serious aspect, and threatened to issue in civil war, it occurred to me that a fluid might possibly be discovered for invisible writing, which would elude the generally known means of detection, and yet could be rendered visible by a suitable counterpart. Sensible of the great advantages, both in a political and military line, which we might derive from such a mode of procuring and transmitting intelligence, I set about the work. After innumerable experiments, I succeeded to my wish. From England I sent to my brother John in New York, considerable quantities of these preparations. He furnished Silas Deane with them when that gentleman first went to France. When Mr. Deane was in Paris, he writ to me in London, requesting further supplies of them, which I accordingly sent him. In the course of the war, General Washington was also furnished with them, and I have letters from him acknowledging their great utility, and requesting further supplies. Gordon in his history of the Revolution relates the fact, but without mentioning the author of the contrivance.

“By means of this mode of conveying intelligence, I transmitted to America the first authentic account which Congress received, of the determination of the British Ministry to reduce the Colonies to unconditional submission; the ministry at the time concealing this design, and holding out conciliatory measures. My method of communication was this: To prevent the suspicion which might arise were I to write to my brother John only, who was a member of Congress, I writ with black ink a short letter to him, and likewise to 1 or 2 other persons of the family, none exceeding 3 or 4 lines in black ink. The residue of the blank paper I filled up, invisibly, with such intelligence and matters as I thought would be useful to the American Cause. All these letters were left open, and sent in that condition to the Director or Secretary of the General Post Office, with a letter insinuating that I thought it could not be the intentions of Government, in their restraining laws, to put a stop to family intercourse; and therefore requesting the party to read over the letters, and if nothing improper appeared in them, that he would permit them to pass in the mail to New York. They passed accordingly, and on their arrival in New York were sent into the American Lines. In this invisible writing I sent to Franklin and Deane, by the mail from London to Paris, a plan of the intended Expedition under Burgoyne from Canada.”

[14] See it on page 218.

[15] Oakman & Townsend was the firm name, Henry Oakman being the partner at this time, supplying ships and the public with dry-goods and groceries.

SECRET SERVICE SECRETS

The hazard of transmitting letters in the ordinary way between Headquarters and the Culpers continued to increase. It taxed the ingenuity of General Washington, as his preceding letter indicates; and Major Tallmadge carefully studied the subject. The first crude use of a few ciphers (ten for New York and twenty for Setauket) was no longer deemed sufficient. Early in July, 1779, Major Tallmadge prepared a “pocket dictionary” in which a new code was arranged. Copies were furnished the Culpers as well as Headquarters. Reference to it is in a letter from Washington dated July 27, 1779,[16] and a copy of the code is now among the letters of General Washington in the Library of Congress.

In letters Major Tallmadge’s name was never used on Long Island. He was always addressed as John Bolton. He had also a number, which was 721. Abraham Woodhull was always addressed as Samuel Culper or Culper Senior, and was known by the number 722. Robert Townsend was Culper Junior, and his number was 723. Austin Roe[17] 724, Caleb Brewster 725, George Washington 711, New York 727, Long Island 728, Setauket 729, etc.

The stain letters were doubtless the most clever, but only fragments of them have survived. However, copies of those that reached Headquarters were made by Alexander Hamilton and other trusted members of the General’s official family, and these are still preserved among the Washington Papers. Sometimes they reached the General in a manner that alarmed him, as the following extract shows:

“C----r, Jr. should avoid making use of the Stain upon a Blank
sheet of paper (which is the usual way of its coming to me).
This circumstance alone is sufficient to raise suspicions. A
much better way is to write a letter in the Tory stile with
some mixture of family matters and between the lines and on
the remaining part of the sheet communicate with the stain the
intended intelligence. Such a letter would pass through the
hands of the enemy unsuspected and even if the agents should
be unfaithful or negligent, no discovery would be made to
his prejudice, as these people are not to know that there is
concealed writing in the letter and the intelligent part of it
would be an evidence in its favor.”

Probably Major Tallmadge had not explained that Townsend’s method was to conceal the sheet by forwarding with it to him an entire package of the same folded letter-paper, in which there was no way of discovering this particular sheet except by knowing its position.

It was such a letter from Townsend that Culper Senior mentions in his of September 19th.(116) He also relates how it became necessary for him to expose himself in order to protect Brewster, who with his boat was waiting for it. Culper Junior’s tenth letter is dated October 9th.(117) In it he says:

“A considerable number of Troops are on the West end of Long
Island. The 17th Dragoons at Hemstead, the mounted Legion and
Queens Rangers at Jericho, and the Foot belonging to the Legion
are at Oyster Bay. No arrivals of any consequence since my
last, except those mentioned. The spirits of the troops flag
much, but still some flatter themselves that there is yet a
probability of England rising superior to all her enemies.
There does not appear the least prospect of this place being
vacated this fall, tho I believe they would be glad to have
them at home.”

With this Samuel Culper encloses his twenty-fifth letter, in which he relates how he was captured and escaped, as follows:

“Inclosed you have S. C. Junrs. letter, which wish safe to
hand. He desired me to send for some more of that Stain. It
is too great a risque to write with ink in this country of
robbers. I this day just saved my life. Soon after I left
Hempstead Plains and got into the woods I was attacked by four
armed men, one of them I had frequently seen in N.York. They
searched every pocket and lining of my clothes, shoes, and also
my saddle, which the enclosed was in, but thank kind Providence
they did not find it. I had but one dollar in money about me.
It was so little they did not take it, and so came off clear.
Don’t mention this for I keep it a secret for fear it should
intimidate all concerned here--and am Yours Sincerely,

“SAML. CULPER.”

Meanwhile General Washington was dictating a letter to Major Tallmadge, which reads:

“_Head Quarters_ WEST POINT, 9th October, 1779.

_Dear Sir_, I have your favr of the 8th inclosing a letter
for Major Jameson who is in South Carolina. It shall be
forwarded by the first opportunity. Should a certain operation
take place, it will be necessary to establish a very regular
communication with Long Island. These things are better settled
personally than by letter, I shall therefore be glad to see
you at Head Quarters. After leaving some person who can be
intrusted with the receipt of C-- letters, and who can forward
them and any observations upon the Sound, be pleased to ride
over.”

Townsend’s next letter, dated October 21, and written entirely with the stain, was copied at Headquarters, and reads:

“I am this day favord with yours of the 12th Inst. and note the
contents. The fleet from Newport, contrary to my information,
sailed the day I wrote to you. I was led into this error by
persons whom I thought could give me the best information, as
they belonged to Newport and intended going in the fleet. They
have been deceived for from that belief they were left behind.
I informed you that a number of vessels had been prepared to
sink at Sandy Hook, four of which were sunk two days after I
wrote you. The Russel, Europa, Raisonable, Defiance, Roebuck
and several Frigates and a number of armed transports still
continue at the Hook. The Renown (dismasted) Solebay and Towey
Frigates are still in the Harbour.

“The Captain of a Privateer which arrived on Friday last, says
that he saw 12 sail of the French fleet the 25th Septr. off
Georgia, not dismasted as the paper mentions but all well; and
that the noted Sir James Wallace was taken.

“The 7th, 23d, and Lord Rowdon’s Corps embarked some days ago.
The 7th and 23d. have disembarked and the 57th with some of
the artillery have embarked in their place, and it’s said will
sail in a few days. Some of the officers say they are going to
Halifax, and it’s generally believed they are.

“The enemy have large magazines of wood and forage and are
daily collecting more, particularly Hay. Some of the Comrs.
of provision say they have enough of all kinds to last 9
months. I believe they have plenty for six months. There is
considerable on board victuallers of this, and the quantity,
I will inform you more particularly in my next. No arrivals
of any consequence since my last, except the Robuste from
Halifax which arrived yesterday. A number of transports have
been taking water and ballast some days past and from which
and some other circumstances it is concluded that another
embarkation will take place. Some transports with some private
vessels sailed yesterday for Newport under convey of the
Hunter Sloop of War. No new forts erecting. That on Bayards
Hill is completed, and also the one back of Jones’ house. The
Battery and the fort on Governors Island is nearly completed. I
entirely approve of your conveying letters, and shall in future
follow it. But shall want some more stain immediately, as I
have scarcely enough for another letter. S. Culper Senior will
forward you a Receipt for the Guineas.

“SAML. CULPER, JUNR.”

Culper Senior’s next letter,(118) dated October 26th, he also, incorrectly numbers 25. Townsend’s next letter,(119) written with the stain, is dated October 29th, as is also the following from Culper Senior:

“Your No. 19 with the inclosed came to hand on the 26th, and
have noted the contents and shall follow your directions as
far as in me lay, and to compleat the same have desired an
interview with Culper Jnr. which if by the movement of your
army it should become necessary that the present rout of
dispatches should be shortened must principally depend on his
acquaintance. If any secrets are with you, and may tend to
the common good by communicating them to us, and enable us to
better judge and assist your measures, don’t fail to do it. I
sincerely declare to you by all that is valuable and sacred
that no person but him and me shall know it--depend nothing
shall be wanting on my part to forward intelligence to you
as frequent as possible. And forget not to urge 725 to his
duty, which I must say he hath lately neglected. Mr. Jackson
perfectly knows it. And he frequently objects to coming so
often.

“I most impatiently wait the arrival of the Count De-Estaing,
and your operations, and as the season is so far advanced,
I greatly fear nothing will be done, but am not altogether
without hopes.

“Since my last the sum of about £400. was subscribed in this
town to be presented to General Clinton in order to obtain his
favour and evade the threatening storme--but before it could
be possibly forwarded, a general demand for all our Oxen, or
cattle of equal value, was sent. None escaped except some
of our Tory gentry, and we have concluded since to keep our
money and let them take and be damned. It is truely cutting to
see the most notorious escape this demand, and the virtuous
distressed. I conceive in my own mind, that their views in
taking the oxen and breaking up teams in general is through
fear they may fall into your hands and be of service to your
army. The enemy still continue to collect hay to the westward,
without estimating it or giving receipts as heretofore, and
are carrying it to Brooklyn Ferry and to Lloyd’s Neck. Unless
prevented they will soon be at this place.

“Night before last a most horrid robbery was committed on the
houses of Coll. Benj. Floyd and Mr. Seton, by three whale boats
from your shore, commanded by Joseph Hulce and Fade Danolson,
and one other master of boat, name unknown to me. 725 can
well inform you of their names. From the best judgment I can
form they took to the value in money, household goods, Bonds
and Notes, of Three Thousand Pounds. They left nothing in the
houses that was portable. They even took their clock and all
their looking glasses, and all Seal Gold Cloths, perhaps none
before theirs in America.

“I cannot put up with such a wanton waste of property, I know
they are enemy’s to our cause, but yet their property should
not go amongst such villians. I beg you would exert yourself
and bring them to justice.”

Major Tallmadge supplements the above in a letter to the General dated Bedford, Novr. 1, 1779, in which he says:

“I have just recd. the enclosed despatches from the C----rs.
I was obliged to touch the Counterpart on the enclosed letter
written with the Stain to discover whether it was the right
sheet or not as it was in a Quire.

“With respect to the robbery lately committed at Setauket,
as related by C. Senior, I have additional accounts of the
same from others. In addition to the crime of plundering the
distressed inhabitants of Long Island the perpetrators of
such villany never bring their goods before any court for
tryal and condemnation, but proceed to vend them at option.
This species of Privateering (for it goes by this name) is
attended with such numberless bad consequences, that to a
gentleman of your Excellency’s feelings, I am confident I need
not state them. If being so plundered by the enemy that the
inhabitants have hardly a subsistance left, be not sufficient
(for the marauders from our shore make no distinction between
Whig and Tory further than what interest may point out)
it surely cannot be reputable to leave it in the power of
individuals to punish at pleasure, and enrich themselves by
the plunder they take. Perhaps your Excellency may have seen
the Proclamation lately issued by Governor Clinton prohibiting
such practices. I would further observe that the boat that
crosses for dispatches from C---- has been chased quite across
the Sound by those plunderers, perhaps for the sake of being
the more secret in their Villany, while our crew has suspected
them to be the Enemy. Indeed if some stop cannot be put to
such nefarious practices C---- will not risque, nor 725 go
over for dispatches. I should be happy to have permission to
take the men who have been concerned in this Robbery, and have
them delivered over to the authority appointed by Governor
Clinton (as mentioned in his proclamation) to take notice of
such offenders, or other ways punish them. What would give a
peculiar sanction to such a proceeding is that some of the
Perpetrators of this villany belonged to Long island and of
course to the State of New York.

“One of the gentlemen who was plundered was Col. Floyd, who not
long since was brot. over a Prisoner, and is now on Parole.
From a long and intimate acquaintance with this gentleman I
believe him to be of more service to the Whig interest in
Setauket than every other man in it, tho from his family
connection I believe he has been in favor of Royal Government.
The other gentleman, Mr. Seaton, is from England, and purchased
a plantation at Setauket before the War began. This family is
of the first fashion of any on the Island. The whole of their
furniture, Jewels, Clothing, Money, Bonds, and papers of all
kinds were brought off. I hope some steps may be taken to
prevent such conduct in future ...

“BENJ. TALLMADGE.”

Townsend’s next letter, November 3d, announces that General Clinton and the Admiral were at Oyster Bay on Monday, observing the Harbour. In detail it reads:

“Being more hurried than usual these three days past and the
Bearer coming unexpectedly, prevents my writing so particularly
as I would wish. I have this day received yours of the 19th
ulto. and I will endeavour to follow your instructions. No
arrivals of any consequence since my last. The information I
gave you, concerning the sailing of the fleet for Halifax, I
thought so good that I might have given it for certain. I could
not have wished for better unless from the Admiral or General.
They did not sail, and I am since informed have disembarked.
Eight or nine private vessels were to sail from the Hook for
New Foundland a few days ago. They are in Ballast and are to
take in Fish for the West Indies. I have not heard from the
Hook these three days past, I therefore cannot say whether they
have sailed. It was positively said the latter end of last
week that several Regiments were to go into Suffolk County.
But I believe it is now given over at least for the present.
A considerable number of transports, (say 10000 tons) are
under orders to take in troops but it is not said where they
are going. Lord Cornwallis is said to be going with them. No
forts or redoubts near this City but those I have mentioned.
The people in general now think that the French Fleet will not
be here this fall. We have no certain accounts from Georgia.
General Clinton and the Admiral were at Oyster Bay on Monday
observing the Harbour. It is positively said a number of
Transports are to be sent there to winter. I believe it is to
be depended upon that the heavy ships of war are to winter at
Halifax. I will write you more particularly in my next. I am
Yrs. &c.

“SAML. CULPER, JUNR.”

Woodhull’s No. 27, dated Nov. 5th, is only short, but written under excitement. He says: “I have just received the Dispatches, and verbal accounts, that Coll. Fanning’s Regt. is at Lloyd’s Neck, and the Prince of Wales American Regt. formerly commanded by Monfort Brown tarried last night at Jamaica on their way to Huntington. One regiment is ordered to Jerusalem South side Hempstead Planes. Much talk about their coming to this place soon, and we are greatly alarmed about it. Should they come here I shall most certainly retreat to your side as I think it will be impossible for me to be safe. Shall see Culper, Junr. on the 10th, inst. at which time shall hope to compleat your directions, and order affairs so that the damage I hope will not be great if it should become necessary to quit the Island. Depend I shall not do it without absolute necessity. If you have anything material to communicate to Culper Junr. let 725 come one night before (say on the 9th.) I give over entirely the arrival of the French fleet. Nothing is said about them in New York, and the movement of the enemy looks like their going into winter quarters. Friends are all well. I am, &c. Your most Obedt.

“SAML. CULPER.”

Abraham Woodhull’s next letter on November 13th covers six sheets(120) in which he says:

“On the 10th I was to see Culper Junior, at a house he
appointed twelve miles west from here, and set out with all my
letters to meet him, and just before I arrived at the appointed
place I suddenly met a foraging party of 40 horse and 200 foot
and about 100 wagons. Was much surprised but after answering a
few questions passed them unmolested.

“But to my great mortification Culper Junior did not come that
day. I waited all the next, and sent a person westward to
several houses where I thought likely to find him, but could
hear nothing of him. I am much concerned. Fear some accident
hath befallen him, but yet wish to entertain a favorable
thought that he may be sick. The wagons went from Smith Town
yesterday loaded but am informed the troops all stayed behind
waiting their return. We have 20 horse and 4 foot bilited
about in houses, but no wagons have loaded here yet. They are
exceedingly afraid and keep a very strict guard at the foot
of Seaton’s Neck. Coll. Floyd, E. Jones above the Mill. J.
Thompson, P. Lions. John Bayles is Head Quarters. Main guard in
Kelly’s House. They are not expected to stay here more than 10
days, some say not longer than a week. The inhabitants of this
Island at present live a miserable life, which you may readily
judge when having the refuge of three kingdoms and thirteen
States amongst them, plundering and repine increaseth at no
small rate. I am tired of this business, it gives me a deal
of trouble, expecially when disappointment happens. Could not
consent to be any longer an assistant if I was not almost an
enthusiast for our success. I am perfectly acquainted with a
full year’s anxiety, which no one can scarcely have an idea of,
but those that experience. Not long since, there was not the
breadth of your finger betwixt me and death. But so long as I
reside here my faithful endeavours shall never be wanting.”

In his next letter,(121) written with the stain and dated November 27, 1779, Townsend mentions that the British have procured from Philadelphia “several Reams of the paper made for the last emission struck by Congress.” “I have taken much pains to find out some of those concerned, but could not accomplish it,” he adds.

* * * * *

Woodhull, his hand still trembling from fear, sends off his 29th letter, dated November 29th. It reads:

“Your No. 22 with the enclosed for C. Junr. came to hand and
observed the contents. Your No. 23, with the Blank I received
this morning. It is now late in the evening and just received
the dispaches have hardly time to write any thing as I would,
as I greatly desire to send 725 off from this place of danger.
I cannot tell the sheets that are written with the stain and
agreeable to your desire have requested the same from C. Junr.
This place is very distressed.... Their coming was like death
to me at first but have no fears about me at present and
soon intend to visit N. Y. There’s about 400 in the town and
following the wagons. They take all the forage and oats. I
forbear to write any particulars for want of time and to avoid
danger. I expect the enemy will leave us about next Monday and
have the pleasing hope they will not visit us any more this
winter. I have directed 725 to come on the 12th December, say
the 11th. Hope the way will then be clear and safe. I expected
the express on Saturday last. Excuse me at this time I cannot
serve you better. I am, &c.

“SAMUEL CULPER.”

In his letter of December 12th,(122) Woodhull encloses a blank from Culper Junior. They are to be together on the 25th (Christmas Day):

“Hope if the weather is favorable you will incline to come
over, as we greatly desire to see you. We would gladly if
possible meet you half way. I have the pleasure to inform you
my fears are much abated since the troops have been with us.
Their approach was like death to me. Did not know wheather
to stand or fall. Had they been the Queens Rangers or Legion
should have been with you before now. Were I now in the
State of New Jersey[18] without fear of Law or Gospel, would
certainly kill Col. Simcoe, for his usage to me.

“SAML. CULPER.”

From Setauket, before he returned from his Christmas meeting, Townsend wrote a long letter(123) to “Mr. John Bolton” entirely undisguised. And soon one came from General Washington, in which he says:

MORRISTOWN, 5th Feby. 1780.

“_Dr. Sir_, I have received two letters of yours from
Wethersfield--one dated the 15th of Jan., the other without
a date--By Colo. Blaine, who I expect will be the bearer of
this, I send twenty guineas and a phial containing the stain
and counterpart of the stain for C, Junr., which I wish may be
got to him with as much safety and dispatch as the case will
conveniently admit of. It is my further most earnest wish,
that you would press him to open, if possible, a communication
with me by a more direct route than the present.--His accounts
are intelligent, clear, and satisfactory, consequently would
be valuable, but owing to the circuitous route through which
they are transmitted I can derive no immediate or important
advantage from them, and (as I rely upon his intelligence) the
only satisfaction I derive from it, is, that other accts. are
either confirmed or corrected by his, after they have been some
time received.

“I am sensible of the delicacy of his situation, and the
necessity of caution--for these reasons it is I have hitherto
forborn and am yet unwilling to mention, persons to him as
the vehicles of conveyance lest they should not prove so
trustworthy and prudent as we could wish, but if he cannot form
the first link of the chain of communication himself and will
let me know it, I think I can name one or two men to him who
will receive and convey to me through others such intelligence
as he may think important.”

Woodhull visited Townsend in New York toward the end of February. He was then probably trying to send his intelligence by the shorter route, as the next letter would indicate:

“32 729-215-fn-1780

“_Sir_, Late last night I returned from 727, where I had the
pleasure of seeing C. Junr. and many other good friends--I have
nothing to enclose you from C. Junr. He assuring me that Coll.
Ramsay and some other gentlemen that left 727 on Wednesday
last on their way to Head Quarters, was furnished with all the
intelligence that he could informe. Yet requested I would write
to accompany the newspapers. On Saturday last a packet arrived
with the Decr. Mail, and by private letters and all that we can
understand, indicates a continuance of the war. The spirits
of the enemy on the same account are very high. The Loyalist,
formerly the Oliver Cromwell, is about to sail in search of
Genl. Clinton. Hope they are all safely landed in the Eternal
Regions. A few days agone, a ship arrived from Jamaica, but
nothing can be learnt more than what is published. There’s
a large fleet with dry goods &c. daily expected from Europe,
and a great number of Merchantmen from other quarters. Our
prisoners on board of ships hath suffered much this winter, and
to complete the total destruction of the sick, the hospital
ship on Thursday last about 4 o’clock took fire in the Stern,
said by means of a stove, and was immediately consumed. How
many perished I cannot say. Reports are from 3 to 50. There’s
a very great mortality amongst the enemies horses. There was
no appearance of any movement that I could learn. I shall now
mention the situation of several corps on Long Island and
conclude. At Lloyd’s Neck Coll. Ludlow’s Regt. At Oyster Bay
about 40 of German Huzzars. At Jericho the second Battallion
of Skinner’s Brigade. The 17th Dragoons at Hempstead. Coll.
Fannings Regt. at Jamaica. Gover Browns at the head of the Fly
near Flushing. 54th Regt, at Newtown. One Regt of Hessians at
Bushwick. 725 handed me two phials and 20 guineas which shall
be immediately transmitted to C. Junr. I could wish to serve
you better but it not being in my power at this time. Am in
great haste, Yours Sincerely,

“SAML. CULPER.”

Another letter from Samuel Culper is dated March 13.(124) In a postscript to it he adds:

“I have just heard that the enemy hath made a demand from Smith
Town of a thousand cords of wood and that all the wood lying
near our harbor is to be cut for them--and two regts. is to be
stationed in this Town. If it should take place it will I fear
entirely ruin our correspondence. To prevent which I shall give
you early intelligence of their motions from time to time, that
you may be prepared to give them a fatal blow at the beginning,
or we shall be totally ruined. 725 must come on the 25th
instant. I am yours Sincerely,

“S. CULPER.”

The difficulty in finding the stain letter hid among many similar looking blank sheets of the same paper is mentioned in the next, which reads:

No. 3. 729-22-eo-1780.

_Sir._ Inclosed you have a blank--Something fearful not
sending the right and have inclosed three--We seem to be very
unfortunate in forwarding dispaches. Almost every appointment
the weather is rough. I have no verbal accounts worthy of
notice. I am a going to 727 tomorrow and shall return on fg,
when shall hope to 691 you fully. In the Interum I am yours
Sincerely to Serve,

SAML. CULPER.

A missing letter evidently unjustly complained of Townsend, for one, dated from Setauket April 23d, reads:

“In my No. 2, informed you of the neglect of 723. (Then
entirely ignorant of his informing of you previous to that he
should continue no longer) and resolved to visit him on the
19th past, and returned this day after making every effort
possible with his utter denial--and found yours of the 10th
instant waiting, mentioning an interview of us three on the
1st of May, which if possible shall be compleat. As I shall
see you soon I forbear stating his reasons and the probability
of its being no great damage, and the hope that I have you
shall not be neglected. I shall now give you what intelligence
can be obtained at this time. A person formerly an inhabitant
of Cavarick, came through you about 20 days ago from Canada,
since which an embarcation of four thousand men reports say
will most certainly take place for that quarter unless your
movements prevent. The Troops that sailed from 727 some time
gone and destined for the southward, have left all their heavy
baggage behind and are directed to return as soon as the
subjection of South Carolina is completed. A vessel arrived a
few days ago from Jamaica, the captain is an acquaintance of
Culper, Jr. and told him that upwards of twenty sail of ships
had been drove up on that Island and lost--that a Packet had
arrived there left London the 12th of February, declaring that
25 sail of the Line, 150 Transports with 20 thousand on board
had left Brest, their destination unknown. It is said with us
that Washington hath pledged his honor to the army that a Naval
force will be to their assistance by the 10th of June. Best
judges say that their regular troops amount to no more than six
thousand, and Militia and other vagabonds about 4 thousand, and
only two or three small frigates. I am in past and at present
much indisposed. Nothing more material to say. Hope to see you
soon. I am &c.

“SAML. CULPER.”

It was necessary to search other letters to discover Townsend’s reason for withdrawing at this particular time. It will be recalled he had promised General Washington that he would endeavor to shorten the line of communication and for this purpose he had selected his cousin, James Townsend. When the messages were ready Townsend set off, and managed to get safely across the river. However, he did not return at the appointed time and for some days Culper’s iron nerves were shattered, fearing that the British had their secret and that his fate was sealed. But what had actually happened had a less serious termination. James Townsend, realizing the importance of the messages he was carrying and perhaps because it was a new experience for him, became bewildered and although uncertain of the house at which he was to stop called at one Deansonbury, where were two young people fond of questioning strangers. They at once permitted him to believe that they were Tories. His first idea was to assume intoxication but when he found them determined to make him talk he recalled Washington’s instructions to put on the airs of a Tory and before long he was able to convince them that he was one of the king’s most loyal subjects. John, the elder brother of the household in his affidavit declares he was hiding where he could hear without being seen, but that “he heard no more, his spirits rose, he flew into the room and took him prisoner.”[19] He was of course detained, but was fortunately a prisoner in the American Army. His pockets were searched and their contents forwarded to headquarters. There seemed to be nothing very remarkable among them. A poem of 20 lines spread over two sheets of paper and folded into sixteen must have seemed insignificant. The title “The Lady’s Dress” and the initials S. T. which had been altered to appear like S. B. were alike uninteresting. But to Washington it was different. These were the stain letters and upon applying the counterpart the message showed up between the widely spaced lines. Washington kept the original and it is now among the treasures in Washington. The release of James Townsend was difficult, even after the papers in the case had reached Headquarters, lest knowledge of his errand might betray the Culpers to the British spies in the American camp.

* * * * *

Woodhull’s No. 4, dated Setauket May 4, 1780, would indicate that they did not get together on May 1st. He says:

“I have had an interview with C. Junr. and am sorry to find
he declines serving any longer, as hinted in my last. If any
person can be pointed out by 711 at N. Y. who can be safely
relyed on to supply C. Junr’s place, I will make myself known
to him, and settle a plan for the purpose. C. Junr. will
nevertheless afford every assistance in his power, and give
verbal information as he can collect. I have recd 20 guines
sometime ago, which you sent me and with them have been paying
off the expenses already accrued, and find a ballance still
due me. As soon as convenient could wish you to forward me an
additional sum. I have for some time suspected that Daniel
Diehel living with Hugh Wallace has been employed by 711--If
this be the case would wish to be informed of it. I shall
probably see Jno. Bolton this evening and therefore forbear,
and shall refer you to him, and am yours, &c.

“SAML. CULPER.”

Following this came an order from Headquarters practically discharging the Culpers. It reads:

“_Head Quarters_, MORRIS TOWN, 19th May, 1780.

“_Dear Sir_: Your favr. of the 8th reached me a few days
ago. As C. junior has totally declined and C. Senior seems
to wish to do it, I think the intercourse may be dropped,
more especially as from our present position the intelligence
is so long getting to hand that it is of no use by the time
it reaches me. I would however have you take an opportunity
of informing the elder C. that we may have occasion for his
services again in the course of the Summer, and that I shall
be glad to employ him if it should become necessary and he is
willing.

“I am endeavoring to open a communication with New York across
Staten Island, but who are the agents in the City, I do not
know. I am &c.

“GO. WASHINGTON.”

Woodhull was not pleased with General Washington’s letter, as his next to Major Tallmadge indicates:

“June 10, 1780.

“_Sir._ Yours of the 5th inst, together with 711, was handed
me yesterday, and have observed the contents.--The letter,
agreeable to your directions, returned to the bearer. I
am happy to find that 711 is about to establish a more
advantageous channel of intelligence than heretofore. I
perceive that the former he intimates hath been but of little
service. Sorry we have been at so much cost and trouble for
little or no purpose. He also mentions of my backwardness to
serve. He certainly hath been misinformed. You are sensible
I have been indefaticable, and have done it from a principal
of duty rather than from any mercenary end--and as hinted
heretofore, if at any time theres need you may rely on my
faithful endeavours. I perceive there’s no mention made of any
money to discharge the remaining debts, which hath increased
since I saw you, owing to your direction to continue the
correspondence regular until I received your answer from
711. You speak with some assurance that the French is hourly
expected to our assistance--hope they may not fail us--and
that we may soon retrieve the sad misfortune of our Southern
Garrison, which doleful fate the papers enclosed doth too fully
relate, to which I must you refer. The enemy last Tuesday
night, with all the force they could muster, landed in the
Jerseys, in order to surprise G. W. and had not returned on
Friday night. It is thought much blood hath been spilt. A
great number of wounded men hath been sent in together with
General Sterling who had his thigh broke. No particulars had
transpired on Friday night, but our friends are in hopes they
will be defeated. Ther’s a grand movement on foot in N.York.
The troops are called from Lloyd’s Neck and is said from every
other distant post, and an embargo laid on all ships and small
Sloops. It is suspected they are a going to quit N.York, or
are going to make some diversion up the river, or are afraid
of the French. But I cannot but think the former is likely
to take place. For I believe their whole design is to the
Southward. Thus sir, what I have written is from such authority
as you have heretofore depended on, and from such as I call the
best--and is all worthy of notice at this time. Hoping it may
duly come to hand, and find you in health and prosperity is
the earnest desire of your ever affectionate Friend and Hum^l.
Serv^t.

“SAMUEL CULPER.”

A few weeks’ suspension was sufficient to convince Headquarters that the services of the Culpers were indispensable. Messengers were rushed to Major Tallmadge to re-engage them, as the next communication shows:

“_Head Quarters_, BERGEN COUNTY, 11th July, 1780.

“_Dear Sir._ As we may every moment expect the arrival of the
French Fleet a revival of the correspondence with the Culpers
will be of very great importance. If the younger cannot be
engaged again, you will endeavor to prevail upon the older to
give you information of the movements and position of the enemy
upon Long Island--as whether they are all confined to the port
at Brooklyn or whether they have any detached posts and where,
and what is their strength at those posts--in short desire him
to inform you of whatever comes under his notice and what seems
worthy of communication. You will transmit your letters to
Genl. Howe, who will forward them to me. I am, &c.

“GO. WASHINGTON.

“P.S. Desire him to attend particularly to the provision which
they are making of wood and forage--and whether they drive in
any stock.”