Chapter XVIII: The Key-Note of British Attitude (2)

Such judgment and such excuses will appear to the historian as well-founded. But to Americans who conceived the Civil War as one fought first of all for the preservation of the nation, the issue of democracy in England seemed of little moment and little to excuse either the "cold neutrality" of the Government or the tone of the press. To Americans Great Britain appeared friendly to the dissolution of the Union and the destruction of a rival power. Nationality was the issue for the North; that democracy was an issue in America was denied, nor could it, in the intensity of the conflict, be conceived as the vital question determining British attitude. The Reform Bill of 1867 brought a new British nation into existence, the nation decrying American institutions was dead and a "sister democracy" holding out hands to the United States had replaced it, but to this the men who had won the war for the North long remained blind. Not during the generation when Americans, immersed in a life and death struggle for national existence, felt that "he who is not for me is against me," could the generally correct neutrality of the British Government and the whole-hearted support of Radical England be accepted at their true value to the North. For nearly half a century after the American Civil War the natural sentiments of friendship, based upon ties of blood and a common heritage of literature and history and law, were distorted by bitter and exaggerated memories.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1323: See my article, "The Point of View of the British Traveller in America," _Pol. Sci. Quarterly_, June, 1914.]

[Footnote 1324: Alexander Mackay, _The Western World; or Travels in the United States in_ 1846-47.]

[Footnote 1325: _Ibid._, Fourth Edition, London, 1850, Vol. III, p. 24.]

[Footnote 1326: Hugh Seymour Tremenheere, _The Constitution of the United States compared with Our Own_, London, 1854.]

[Footnote 1327: e.g., William Kelly, _Across the Rocky Mountains from New York to California_, London, 1852. He made one acute observation on American democracy. "The division of parties is just the reverse in America to what it is in England. In England the stronghold of democracy is in the large towns, and aristocracy has its strongest supporters in the country. In America the ultra-democrat and leveller is the western farmer, and the aristocratic tendency is most visible amongst the manufacturers and merchants of the eastern cities." (p. 181.)]

[Footnote 1328: Monypenny, _Disraeli_, IV, pp. 293-4, states a Tory offer to support Palmerston on these lines.]

[Footnote 1329: Dodd, _Jefferson Davis_, p. 217.]

[Footnote 1330: March, 30, 1861.]

[Footnote 1331: March 16, 1861.]

[Footnote 1332: To John Bigelow, April 14, 1861. (Bigelow, _Retrospections_, I, p. 347.)]

[Footnote 1333: April 27, 1861.]

[Footnote 1334: Bunch wrote to Russell, May 15, 1861, that the war in America was the "natural result of the much vaunted system of government of the United States"; it had "crumbled to pieces," and this result had long been evident to the public mind of Europe. (F.O., Am., Vol. 780, No. 58.)]

[Footnote 1335: State Department, Eng., Vol. 77, No. 9. Adams to Seward, June 21, 1861.]

[Footnote 1336: I have made an effort to identify writers in _Blackwood's_, but am informed by the editors that it is impossible to do this for the period before 1870, old correspondence having been destroyed.]

[Footnote 1337: July, 1861.]

[Footnote 1338: The _Atlantic Monthly_ for November, 1861, takes up the question, denying that democracy is in any sense "on trial" in America, so far as the permanence of American institutions is concerned. It still does not see clearly the real nature of the controversy in England.]

[Footnote 1339: Aug. 17, 1861.]

[Footnote 1340: Sept. 6, 1861. (Mass. Hist. Soc. _Proceedings_, XLVI, p. 94.)]

[Footnote 1341: Sept. 7, 1861.]

[Footnote 1342: Sept. 14, 1861.]

[Footnote 1343: Motley, _Correspondence_, II, p. 35. To his mother, Sept. 22, 1861.]

[Footnote 1344: April, 1861.]

[Footnote 1345: Oct., 1861.]

[Footnote 1346: Oct., 1861. Article, "Democracy teaching by Example."]

[Footnote 1347: Nov. 23, 1861.]

[Footnote 1348: Cited by Harris, _The Trent Affair_, p. 28.]

[Footnote 1349: Robertson, _Speeches of John Bright_, I, pp. 177 _seq._]

[Footnote 1350: Gladstone Papers, Dec. 27, 1861.]

[Footnote 1351: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 78, No. 95. Adams to Seward, Dec. 27, 1861. As printed in _U.S. Messages and Documents, 1862-63_, Pt. I, p. 14. Adams' emphasis on the word "_not_" is unindicated, by the failure to use italics.]

[Footnote 1352: _Ibid._, No. 110. Enclosure. Adams to Seward, Jan. 31, 1862.]

[Footnote 1353: Feb. 22, 1862.]

[Footnote 1354: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 80, No. 206. Adams to Seward, Aug. 8, 1862. Of this period in 1862, Rhodes (IV, 78) writes that "the most significant and touching feature of the situation was that the cotton operative population was frankly on the side of the North." Lutz, _Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und den Vereinigten Staaten während des Sezessionskrieges_, pp. 49-53, makes an interesting analysis of the German press, showing it also determined in its attitude by factional political idealisms in Germany.]

[Footnote 1355: Palmerston MS., Aug. 24, 1862.]

[Footnote 1356: Aug. 30, 1862.]

[Footnote 1357: October, 1862. "The Confederate Struggle and Recognition."]

[Footnote 1358: Nov. 4, 1862.]

[Footnote 1359: _The Index_, Nov. 20, 1862, p. 63. (Communication.)]

[Footnote 1360: Anthony Trollope, _North America_, London, 1862, Vol. I, p. 198. The work appeared in London in 1862, and was in its third edition by the end of the year. It was also published in New York in 1862 and in Philadelphia in 1863.]

[Footnote 1361: _The Liberator_, March 13, 1863, quoting a report in the _New York Sunday Mercury_.]

[Footnote 1362: Lord Salisbury is quoted in Vince, _John Bright_, p. 204, as stating that Bright "was the greatest master of English oratory that this generation--I may say several generations--has seen. I have met men who have heard Pitt and Fox, and in whose judgment their eloquence at its best was inferior to the finest efforts of John Bright. At a time when much speaking has depressed, has almost exterminated, eloquence, he maintained that robust, powerful and vigorous style in which he gave fitting expression to the burning and noble thoughts he desired to utter."]

[Footnote 1363: Speech at Rochdale, Feb. 3, 1863. (Robertson, _Speeches of John Bright_, I, pp. 234 _seq._)]

[Footnote 1364: Bigelow to Seward, Feb. 6, 1863. (Bigelow, _Retrospections_, I, p. 600.)]

[Footnote 1365: _U.S. Messages and Documents_, 1863, Pt. I, p. 123.]

[Footnote 1366: State Dept., Eng., Adams to Seward. No. 334. Feb. 26, 1863. enclosing report of the Edinburgh meeting as printed in _The Weekly Herald, Mercury and News_, Feb. 21, 1863.]

[Footnote 1367: _U.S. Messages and Documents_, 1863, Pt. I, p. 157.]

[Footnote 1368: Spargo, _Karl Marx, _pp. 224-5. Spargo claims that Marx bent every effort to stir working men to a sense of class interest in the cause of the North and even went so far as to secure the presence of Bright at the meeting, as the most stirring orator of the day, though personally he regarded Bright "with an almost unspeakable loathing." On reading this statement I wrote to Mr. Spargo asking for evidence and received the reply that he believed the tradition unquestionably well founded, though "almost the only testimony available consists of a reference or two in one of his [Marx's] letters and the ample corroborative testimony of such friends as Lessner, Jung and others." This is scant historical proof; but some years later in a personal talk with Henry Adams, who was in 1863 his father's private secretary, and who attended and reported the meeting, the information was given that Henry Adams himself had then understood and always since believed Marx's to have been the guiding hand in organizing the meeting.]

[Footnote 1369: _U.S. Messages and Documents_, 1863, Pt. I, p. 162. (Adams to Seward, March 27, 1863.)]

[Footnote 1370: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 82, No. 358. Adams to Seward, March 27, 1863, enclosing report by Henry Adams. There was also enclosed the printed report, giving speeches at length, as printed by _The Bee Hive_, the organ of the London Trades Unions.]

[Footnote 1371: See _ante_, p. 132.]

[Footnote 1372: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 82, No. 360. Adams to Seward, April 2, 1863.]

[Footnote 1373: May 5, 1863.]

[Footnote 1374: _U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence_, 1863, Pt. I, p. 243. Adams to Seward, May 7, 1863.]

[Footnote 1375: Robertson, _Speeches of John Bright_, I, p. 264. In a letter to Bigelow, March 16, 1863, Bright estimated that there were seven millions of men of twenty-one years of age and upward in the United Kingdom, of whom slightly over one million had the vote. (Bigelow, _Retrospections_, I, p. 610.)]

[Footnote 1376: July 2, 1863. The editorial was written in connection with Roebuck's motion for mediation and is otherwise interesting for an attempt to characterize each of the speakers in the Commons.]

[Footnote 1377: _U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1863_, Part I, p. 319. To Seward, July 23, 1863.]

[Footnote 1378: See _ante_, p. 130, _note_ 2.]

[Footnote 1379: MS. letter, Sept. 8, 1863, in possession of C. F. Adams, Jr.]

[Footnote 1380: Sept. 24, 1863.]

[Footnote 1381: Even the friendly Russian Minister in Washington was at this time writing of the "rule of the mob" in America and trusting that the war, "the result of democracy," would serve as a warning to Europe. (Russian Archives, Stoeckl to F.O., Nov. 29-Dec. 11, 1864, No. 1900.)]

[Footnote 1382: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 84, Nos. 557 and 559. Adams to Seward, Dec. 17, 1863. Adams repeated his advice to "keep out of it."]

[Footnote 1383: _Ibid._, Vol. 85, No. 587. Adams to Seward, Jan. 29, 1864. Adams here expressed the opinion that it was partly the aristocratic antipathy to Bright that had _produced_ the ill-will to the United States.]

[Footnote 1384: _Ibid._]

[Footnote 1385: See Ch. XV.]

[Footnote 1386: _The Index_, Jan. 28, 1864, p. 58.]

[Footnote 1387: Goldwin Smith, _A Letter to a Whig Member of the Southern Independence Association_, London, 1864, pp. 14, 68, and 71.]

[Footnote 1388: Leader, _Roebuck_, p. 299. To William Ibbitt, April 26, 1864.]

[Footnote 1389: Arnold, _Mixed Essays_, p. 17. N.Y., Macmillan, 1883.]

[Footnote 1390: State Dept., Eng., Vol. 86, No. 709. Adams to Seward, June 9, 1864]

[Footnote 1391: See _ante_, Ch. XVI.]

[Footnote 1392: Dasent, _Delane_, II, pp. 135-6. Delane to Dasent, Dec. 25 and 26, 1864. The _Times_ on December 26 pictured Sherman as having _escaped_ to the sea, but on the 29th acknowledged his achievements.]

[Footnote 1393: _Lord Acton's Letters to Mary Gladstone_, p. 183.]

[Footnote 1394: These were not confined to Great Britain. The American Legation in Berlin received addresses of sympathy from many organizations, especially labour unions. One such, drawn by W. Liebknecht, A. Vogt, and C. Schilling read in part: "Members of the working-class, we need not affirm to you the sincerity of these our sympathies; for with pride we can point to the fact, that, while the aristocracy of the Old World took openly the part of the southern slaveholder, and while the middle class was divided in its opinions, the working-men in all countries of Europe have unanimously and firmly stood on the side of the Union." (_U.S. Diplomatic Correspondence, 1865_, Pt. IV, p. 500.)]

[Footnote 1395: _U.S. Messages and Documents, 1865_, Pt. I, p. 417. Adams to Hunter, July 13, 1865.]

[Footnote 1396: Disraeli was less disturbed by this than were other Tory leaders. He had long before, in his historical novels, advocated an aristocratic leadership of democracy, as against the middle class. Derby called the Bill "a leap in the dark," but assented to it.]

[Footnote 1397: Pierce, _Sumner_, IV, pp. 151-153, summarizes the factors determining British attitude and places first the fear of the privileged classes of the example of America, but his treatment really minimizes this element.]

[Footnote 1398: Goldwin Smith, "The Civil War in America: An Address read at the last meeting of the Manchester Union and Emancipation Society." (Jan. 26, 1866.) London, 1866, pp. 71-75.]

[Footnote 1399: Goldwin Smith, _America and England in their present relations_, London, 1869, p. 30.]

INDEX

Aberdeen, Lord, i. 10, 13, 14, 15; ii. 117 _note_[1]
Acton, Lord, ii. 301
Adams, Brooks, _The Seizure of the Laird Rams_, cited, ii. 120
_note_[2], 125 _note_[1], 147 _note_[1], 150
_note_[1]
Adams, Charles Francis, i. 49, 62-3, 80-1;
attitude in the early days of the American crisis, 49 _and
note_, 55, 63;
appointed American Minister in London, 62, 80-1, 96;
impressions of English opinion on the crisis, 96, 97, 98, 107;
alarm at Seward's Despatch No. 10, i. 127;
attitude of, to the Palmerston-Russell ministry, 170;
controversy on General Butler's order, 302-5;
reports to Seward on British public meetings on Emancipation
Proclamation, ii. 107 _and note_[3], 223;
view of the popular manifestations on Emancipation, 108;
view as to decline of British confidence in the South, 184;
and the London Confederate States Aid Association, 191, 192;
receives deputations of allegiance during rumours before the fall
of Savannah, 245 _and note_[1];
quoted on rumours in Britain of possible reunion and foreign war,
ii. 251-2, 253;
on effect in England of the Hampton Roads Conference, 253;
advice of, to Seward on attitude to be observed to Britain, 253-255;
attitude to Seward's complaints of British and Canadian offences,
253-4;
comments of, on parliamentary debate and Bright's speech of
confidence in Lincoln, 255 _and note_[1];
on feeling in Britain over Lincoln's assassination and the attempt
on Seward, 257, 262-3;
receives addresses of sympathy from British organizations, 262-3;
and formal declaration of the end of the war, 268;
faith of, in ultimate British opinion on the issues in the Civil
War, ii. 283;
views of, on the political controversy in England as influencing
attitude to America 284, 285;
advice to Seward on the political position in relation to
democracy, 290, 294, 296, 298 _note_[1];
quoted on the rising of democratic feeling in Britain, 291;
disappointed in attitude of British friends of progress, 278, 279,
280;
report of, on London mass meeting in favour of the North, 284;
and the Trades Unions of London meeting, 292, 294-5;
quoted on John Bright, 298;
on the attitude of the privileged classes to democracy,
298 _note_[2], 300;
on the influence of American institutions on the political
movement in Great Britain, 302

_Diplomatic action and views of, in regard to:_
_Alabama case_: ii. 35, 120 _and note_[2], 121, 131
British Foreign Enlistment Act, i. 135, 148-9; ii. 201-2
Bunch controversy, i. 186, 187, 190, 193, 195
Confederate Commissioners: representations on intercourse with,
i. 105-6, 107
Confederate Cotton Loan: reported connection with, ii. 161
_and note_[4];
views on, 179
Confederate Shipbuilding in England: protests against, ii. 118,
128, 131, 137, 143, 145 _note_[2];
and U.S. Navy Department plan to stop, 130 _note_[2];
Laird Rams incident, 144, 146, 147 _note_[1], 150
Cotton: report on British position, ii. 99
Declaration of Paris negotiation:
action on proposed convention, i. 141-69 _passim_;
view of American intention, 144, 169;
failure of his negotiation, 137, 145-6, 169-71
Gladstone and Lewis speeches, ii. 55
Irish emigrants, enlistment of, ii. 201-2
Lindsay's efforts for mediation, ii. 34-5. 212
Mediation:
presents the "servile war" threat against, ii. 18-19, 95;
view of England's reply to French proposals on, 71;
advantages of an anti-slavery avowal, 98-9
Neutrality Law, _See_ British Foreign Enlistment Act _supra_
Privateering Bill, ii. 122-3, 125, 127;
advises against issue of privateers, 131
Proclamation of Neutrality, The:
representations on, i. 98-100, 101, 105, 107 _and note_[2], 300-1;
despatch on settlement of peaceful policy, 134;
protests against British recognition of belligerency, 159;
advice to Seward on, 275
Roebuck's motion: report on, ii. 144
"Servile War" threat, ii. 18-19, 95 _and note_[4]
Slavery:
urges Northern declaration on, ii. 98-9;
comments on _Times_ criticism of anti-slavery meetings, 108
Southern Ports: plan of collecting duties at, ii. 198
_Trent_ Affair, the:
interviewed by Palmerston, i. 208-9;
statement on the _James Adger_, 209-10;
suspicion of British policy in, 218;
views on public opinion in, 222-3;
officially states Wilkes acted without authorization, 226;
report on English hope of peaceful settlement, 228, 229;
on British opinion after settlement of, 238, 240;
on effect of, in Great Britain, 243;
view of popular attitude in Britain in the crisis of, ii. 283
Appreciation and criticisms on:
Characterized in _The Index_, ii. 196
Lord Lyons', report on, i. 62-3;
opinion on, ii. 71 _note_[4]
Lord Russell's view of his diplomacy, ii. 128
Tory approval of, ii. 197
Otherwise mentioned, i. 1, 2, 129, 198, 263, 274, 276;
ii. 31, 100
Adams, C.F., Jun.,
view of British attitude and the Proclamation of Neutrality, i. 109, 110;
view of the delay in his father's journey to England, 112 _note_;
view on Seward's attitude in Declaration of Paris negotiation, 138,
153-6;
examination of British action in the negotiation, 154-5;
review of the _Trent_ affair, cited, 203 _note, et seq.
passim_;
on American feeling over seizure of Mason and Slidell, 218;
and the Hotze materials, ii. 154 _note_
Adams, E.D.:
_British Interests and Activities in Mexico_, cited ii. 117 _note_[1]
"The Point of View of the British Traveller in America," cited,
i. 23 _note_; ii. 274 _note_[1]
Adams, Henry, i. 138;
ii. 292 _note_[1];
view of, on W.E. Forster, i. 58 _note_[2];
on British Proclamation of Neutrality, 110;
on American exultation in _Trent_ affair, 223;
on British attitude in _Trent_ affair, 230;
view of Gregory's speech on the blockade, 270;
on British view of prospects in the War, 297;
on possibility of intervention, ii. 23;
on advantage of a Northern declaration on slavery, 23;
on the Trades Unions of London meeting, 292 _and note_[1] 293
"Declaration, The, of Paris,"
1861 ... reviewed, 146 _et seq._, 153;
view of Russell's policy in, 146-150, 159;
view of Lyons, 147, 150
_Education of Henry Adams_ quoted, i. 149 _note_[3];
ii. 172 _note_[2];
cited, ii. 50 _note_[1]
Adams, John (Second President of the U.S.), i. 62, 81
Adams, John Quincy, i. 11, 20, 62, 81
African Slave Trade, attitude of the South to, i. 85-6;
ii. 88;
suppression of, international efforts for, i. 8-10;
punishment to slave traders in American law, 9;
American attitude to right of search, 9, 10, 219;
British anti-slavery policy, 31-2;
wane of British interest in, 10, 32;
ii. 90;
Slave Trade Treaty signed, i. 10, 275, 276;
ii. 90, 91
Agassiz, L., i. 37 _note_.
Akroyd, Edward, ii. 193 _note_.
_Alabama_, The, ii. 35, 116, 119-120;
departure of, from Liverpool, 118;
British order to stop
departure, 119, 120 _and note_[2], 133;
Russell's private feelings as to, 121, 124;
public opinion in Great Britain on, 129-130;
Palmerston's defence of Government action on, 134-5;
American anger over, 119, 127;
measures against, 121-3, 127;
New York Chamber of Commerce protest on, 126;
claim for damages on account of, 151 _note_[1];
mentioned, i. 138; ii. 129 _note_[1], 131, 134, 136, 145, 146
_Alexandra_, case, The:
Seizure of the vessel, ii. 136, 139, 140, 152, 161 _note_[4];
public approval, 136;
law actions on, 136 _note_[2], 142, 149, 152, 185, 195;
American anxiety at Court decision, 143;
final result, 196 _note_[2]
America, Central: British-American
disputes in, i. 16, 17
American:
Civil War: i. 86, 87 _and note_[2], 99;
British public and official views at the commencement of, 40-60;
origins of; American and British views, i. 47-8;
efforts at compromise, 49;
British official attitude on outbreak of, 73;
European opinion of, after duration of three years, ii. 219;
compared with the Great War in Europe, 219;
British attitude to democracy as determining attitude to the War,
i. 77; ii. 303-5;
bearing of, on democracy in Great Britain, 299
Union, The: British views of, i. 15;
prognostications of its dissolution, 36, 37
War of Independence, i. 2-3, 17;
adjustments after the Treaty of Peace, 3;
as fostering militant patriotism, 7, 8 _note_;
commercial relations after, 17-18
"War of 1812" i. 4, 7, 18;
causes leading to, 5-7;
New England opposition to, 7, 18;
effect of, on American National unity, 7
_See also under_ United States
Anderson, Major, Northern Commander at Fort Sumter, i. 117
Anderson's Mission, ii. 53 _note_[3];
reports, ii. 53 _and note_[2]
Andrews, Governor of Massachusetts, i. 219-20
Anthropological Society of London, ii. 222
Antietam, defeat of Lee by McClellan at, ii. 43, 85, 105;
effect of, on Lord Palmerston, 43
Archibald, British Consul at New York, i. 63, 64
Argyll, Duke of, i. 179, 212;
anti-slavery attitude of, i. 179, 238; ii. 112;
views of, in _Trent_ crisis, i. 212, 215, 229, 238;
on calamity of war with America, 215, 238;
on Northern determination, ii. 30
Arkansas joins Confederate States, i. 172
_Army and Navy Gazette_, The, ii. 228, 229;
attitude in the conflict, 229-30, 236;
on the Presidential election, 235-6, 238;
summary of military situation after Atlanta, 243;
on "foreign war" rumours, 251;
cited or quoted, 68, 166, 232-3, 243.
(_See also under_ Russell, W.H.)
Arnold, Matthew, views on the secession, i. 47;
on British "superiority," 258;
on the rule of aristocracy and growth of democracy, ii. 300
Arnold, _The History of the Cotton Famine_, ii. 6 _note_[2], 10, 11;
quoted: first effects of the war on the cotton trade, 9-10;
cotton operatives' song, 17 _note_[6];
on the members for Lancashire, 26-7
Ashburton, Lord, i. 13;
Ashburton Mission, i. 13
Aspinwall and Forbes, Mission of, in England, ii. 130 _note_[2]
Atlanta, captured by Sherman, ii. 233-5;
effect of, on Northern attitude, 233-4;
effect of, on Lincoln's re-election, 235
_Atlantic Monthly_, The, ii. 109 _note_[3]; 279 _and note_[3]

Bagley, Mr., ii. 224
Balch, _The Alabama Arbitration_, cited, ii. 129 _note_[1]
Baligny. _See_ Belligny
Bancroft, Frederic, cited, i. 117 _note_;
analysis of Seward's object in Declaration of Paris negotiation, 150-3;
view on Russell's aims in, 152 _and note_[2]
_Life of Seward_, cited or quoted, i. 106 _note_[1], 118 _note_,
130 _note_[3]; 132 _note_[3], 138, 150-3, 186 _notes_,
191 _note_[4], 196 _note_[1], 200 _note_[2],
213 _note_[4], 231 _note_[3], 280
_and note_[1], 281; ii. 1-2, 96,
99 _note_[2], 143 _note_[3], 253 _note_[1],
258 _note_[1]
Banks, Governor, i. 37 _note_
Baring, ii. 96 _note_[3]
Bath, Marquis of, ii. 193 _note_
Beals, Mr., ii. 191
Bedford, Duke of, i. 96 _and note_[3]
_Bee Hive, The, _cited, ii. 293 _note_
Beecher, Henry Ward, ii. 184 _and
note_[3]
Beesly, Professor, speech of, at
Trades Unions of London Meeting,
ii. 292
_Belfast Whig_, The, i. 70 _note_[1];
231 _note_
Belligny, French Consul at Charleston,
i. 185 _note_[1], 186, 188, 189,
191 _and note_[4]
_Bell's Weekly Messenger_, quoted,
ii. 104
Benjamin, Confederate Secretary
of State, ii. 5; Mercier's interview
with, i. 284, 285; report of,
to Slidell on Mercier's visit,
284 _note_[2]; instructions of, to
Slidell offering commercial advantages
for French intervention,
ii. 24 _and note_[2]; on idea
of Confederate loan, 158-9; recalls
Mason, 179; and recognition
of the Confederacy, 217; on the
attitude of France to the Confederacy,
236 _note_[2]; plan of
offering abolition of slavery in
return for recognition, 249;
otherwise mentioned, i. 292;
ii. 88 _note_[2], 148, 154 _note_[1], 213
_note_[1]
Bentinck, i. 268, 269
Bernard, Montague:
_Neutrality, The, of Great Britain
during the American Civil War_,
quoted, i., 100 _and note_[1],
137-8; ii. 118; cited, i. 171
_note_[1], 245 _note_[3], 246 _note_[2],
263 _notes_; ii. 136 _note_[2]; on
the American representations
on the British Proclamation
of Neutrality, i. 100; on
Declaration of Paris negotiations,
137-8; on the Blockade,
263 _and notes_
"Two Lectures on the Present
American War": on recognition,
cited, i. 183
Bigelow, John, ii. 71 _note_[3]:
_France and the Confederate Navy_,
cited, ii. 57 _note_[2]
_Retrospections of an Active Life_,
cited, i. 56 _note_, 217 _note_[2];
ii. 71 _note_[3], 88 _note_[2], 128 _note_[3],
130 _note_[2]; Gladstone and the
Cotton Loan, 163 _note_[2]; U.S.
stimulation of immigration,
200 _note_[1]; cited, 229 _note_[1];
Quoted, ii. 254; advice of, on the
political position in Britain;
quoted, 290; cited, 295 _note_[3]
Billault, M., i. 288, 289 _and note_[1]
Birkbeck, Morris, _Letters from Illinois_,
quoted, i. 25
_Birmingham Post_, The, i. 70 _note_[1];
ii. 231 _note_; letters of S.A.
Goddard in support of emancipation
in, ii. 108-9
Bishop, Rev. Francis, ii. 224
Bismarck, ii. 203
Black, Judge, American Secretary
of State, i. 52, 244
Blackwood, John, political views
of, ii. 289
_Blackwood's Magazine_, ii. 279 _note_[1];
on cotton and the blockade, 10;
on French mediation proposals,
68; on the Emancipation Proclamation,
103; on democracy
as cause of the war, 278-9, 281,
289
Blair, member of the United States
Cabinet, i, 130 _note_[1], 231; ii. 85,
251, 252
Blockade of Southern Ports, the:
Lincoln's declaration on, i. 83,
89, 90, 92, 111, 121, 122, 244,
245; commencement of, i. 245;
method of warning at the port,
245, 246; as involving hardship
to British merchants, 245-6;
effectiveness of, 252-71 _passim_;
effect on British Trade, 252, 254,
263; effect on Cotton Trade,
262; ii. 8, 9; statistics as to
effectiveness, i. 268 _note_[3]
Southern Ports Bill, i. 246 _et seq._
Stone Boat Fleet Blockade,
i. 253 _et seq._, 269, 302
British attitude to, i. 95, 244, 245,
246, 263 _and note_[2], 267, 270;
ii. 5, 265; Parliamentary debate
on, i. 267 _et seq._; Gregory's motion
268 _et seq._; press attitude,
246; Bright's view, ii. 14, 15
Confederate representations on,
i. 265
Napoleon's view of, i. 290
Booth, assassinator of Lincoln,
ii. 258, 259, 263
Border States, The: efforts at
compromise, i. 49; sympathies
in, 173; the "Border State
policy" of Lincoln, 173, 176,
272 _note_[1]; ii. 82; and Confiscation
Bill, Lincoln's fears, 82;
attitude of, to emancipation,
ii. 83, 84, 87; not affected in Proclamation
of Emancipation, 86
Bourke, Hon. Robert, ii. 187, 193
Boynton, Rev. C.B., _English and
French Neutrality, etc._, cited
and quoted, ii. 225 _note_[1]
Bright, John, i. 58 _note_[2], 77;
quoted on _Times_ attitude towards
the United States, 55
_note_[3]; view of the Northern
attempt at reconquest, 72; views
of, on the Proclamation of Neutrality,
108, 110; speech on
_Trent_ affair, 221-2; letter to
Sumner on _Trent_ affair, influence
on Lincoln, 232; speech on
Britain's attitude on conclusion
of _Trent_ affair, 241-2; view on the
war as for abolition, 241; on
distress in Lancashire, ii. 13, 14;
view of the blockade, 14, 15;
on the cotton shortage, 15;
and Gladstone's Newcastle
speech, 48; view of Emancipation
Proclamation, 48 _note_[2],
105-6, 111-12; on England's
support if emancipation an object
in the war, 88-9; the escape
of the _Alabama_, 120; at Trades
Unions of London meeting, 132-3,
134, 291-3; support of the
North, 132, 283-4, 290, 291-295;
on the interests of the unenfranchised
in the American conflict,
132, 295; on the unfriendly
neutrality of the Government,
134; rebuked by Palmerston,
135; trouncing of Roebuck, 172
_and note_[2]; on Britain's neutrality
(Nov., 1863), 184; championship
of democratic institutions, i.
221-2; ii. 132-3, 276-7, 282, 283;
popularity of, as advocate of
Northern cause, 224, 225; influence
of, for the North, i. 58
_note_[2]; ii. 224; Lincoln's pardon
of Alfred Rubery in honour of,
225 _and note_[1]; quoted on feeling
of the British Government and
people towards United States in
Jan., 1865, etc., 247; confidence
of, in pacific policy of Lincoln,
255 _and note_[1]; quoted on the
ruling class and democracy, 280;
attack on Southern aristocracy
by, 290; heads deputation to
Adams, 294; eulogy of George
Thompson by, 224 _note_[1]
Adams' opinion on, ii. 298;
view of, in _The Index_, ii. 298-9;
Laird's view of, ii. 134;
Karl Marx's view of, 292
_note_[1]; Lord Salisbury, quoted
on the oratory of, 290 _note_[1],
the _Times_ attack on, 295-6
Otherwise mentioned, i. 69, 179,
289; ii. 68, 69, 132 _note_[1], 172
_note_[1], 186, 187, 191, 278, 281.
(See also under _Morning Star_)
British, _See also under _Great
Britain
British emigration to America, i.
23 _et seq_, 35; effect of American
political ideals on, 23, 24, 25, 26
British Foreign Enlistment Act,
ii. 116-7, 118; application of, in
American crisis, question in
Commons, i. 94; Russell's idea
of amending, ii. 124, 196;
Russell's advice to Palmerston
on, 131; debate in Parliament
on, 132, 133-4, 135; Forster and
the violation of, 133; Government
reply to Liverpool shipowners
on, 142; _Kearsarge_ incident,
202
British Press. _See under names
of Papers and under subject
headings_
_British Standard_, The, i. 70 _note_[1]
British travellers' views on America,
i. 23 _and note_, 24, 28, 30; ii. 274-5
Brooks, i. 80
Brougham, i. 94 _note_[2]; ii. 282
Brougham, Lord, i. 19
Brown, John, raid of, i. 33 _note_[2]
Browning, Robert, pro-Northern
sentiment of, i. 70; on stone-boat
blockade, 256; on Slavery a
factor in the struggle, 238-9; on
British dismay at prospect of
war in _Trent_ crisis, 240; mentioned,
228 _note_[4]
Bruce,--, British Ambassador in
Washington, ii. 255 _note_[4]; report
of American intentions against
France in Mexico, 255 _note_[4];
comment of, on Lincoln, Seward
and Sumner, 262; warns Russell
of probable American demands
at end of war, 266, 268; attitude
to "piracy" proclamation, 268.
Otherwise mentioned, ii. 262, 269.
Brunow, Baron de, Russian Ambassador:
on British policy,
i. 50-1, 74; interpretation of
Russell's "three months" statement,
272 _note_[1]; report of, on
Russell's mediation plan, ii. 45
_note_[3]; interview of, with Russell
on joint mediation offer, 73
_note_[1]
Bryce, Lord, i. 30; ii. 188 _note_[3], 274
Buchanan, President, i. 16, 49, 52, 117, 259; ii. 278
Buckingham, James Silk, _America, Historical, Statistic and Descriptive_,
cited, i. 29
Buckley, Victor, ii. 120 _note_[2]
Bull Run, Northern defeat at, i. 135, 154, 176, 201;
as affecting Seward's policy, considered, 154, 155-6;
effect of, in Great Britain:
press views, 176, 177-8, 179;
official views, 178, 179 _and note_[1];
public opinion, 201
Bullock, Captain J.D., Confederate Agent in Britain, ii. 118, 129, 145;
on the proposed use of the Laird rams, 122 _note_[1], 143;
shipbuilding contracts of, ii. 156, 157;
_Secret Service under the Confederacy_, cited, ii. 118, 149 _note_
Bunch,--, British Consul at Charleston,
description of Jockey Club dinner, i. 43;
on Southern anti-British sentiment, 44 _note_[2], ii. 71 _note_[2];
instructions to, on the secession, i. 53 _note_[1];
appeal of, to Judge Black on seizure of Federal customs house, 52;
characterizations of Southern leaders, 59;
view of President Davis, 59;
views on the South and secession, 59, 93;
characterizations of Southern Commissioners, 63;
negotiations of, with the Confederates on Declaration of Paris,
168 _note_[4], 184-6, 188, 193;
attitude of, to the South, 185 _and note_[4], 103, 195 _note_[2];
American complaints of, 187, 189, 193-4;
recall of exequatur of, 184, 187 _et seq_., 193, 194-5, 201;
defence of his action in the Mure case, 187, 188, 192, 199;
subsequent history of, 195 _note_[2];
view of, as scapegoat, 195 _note_[2];
on attitude to the Blockade, 252 _note_[2], 253 _note_[2], 268;
on Southern intentions, 252 _note_[2];
view of Southern determination, 252 _note_[2];
on Southern views of England's necessity for cotton, 63,
252 _note_[2]; ii. 4, 5;
on effect of the blockade on Southern cotton industry, 9 _note_[2];
on burning of Mississippi cotton, 16 _note_[1], 17 _note_[4];
on the American system of government as the cause of the Civil War,
278 _note_[2]
British attitude to the controversy over, i. 188-9, 190, 191, 194;
French attitude, i. 189, 191 _and_ _note_[4], 192, 201 _note_
Lyons' views on Bunch controversy, i. 187, 193, 194 _and note_[1]
Russell's views, i. 187, 190, 193, 194 _and note_[4]
Otherwise mentioned, i. 66; ii. 88
Burnley, British Ambassador, report of, on prospective war with America,
ii. 254
Butler, General,
order to Federal soldiers in New Orleans, i. 302-4, 305; ii. 68;
Palmerston and Adams controversy on, i. 302-5;
Lord Russell's advice to Palmerston, 303, 304

Cairnes, Professor, ii. 224 _note_[3];
pamphlet by, on "Slave Power," 112
_Caledonian Mercury_, The, i. 70 _note_[1]; ii. 231 _note_
California, acquisition of, by U.S., i. 15, 16
Callahan,--, _Diplomatic History of the Southern Confederacy_, cited,
i. 261 _note_, 289 _note_[2]; ii. 167 _notes_, 169 _note_[4]
Campbell, Lord, i. 271, 292; ii, 28, 77, 169, 172, 193
Canada:
Rebellion of 1837 in, i. 4, 109; ii. 117;
British fear of American attack on, i. 4;
sentiment in, as affected by the American Wars against England, 8 _note_;
suggestions of annexation to Northern States of the U.S., 54-5;
"compensation" in, idea in British press, 54-5;
and in views of American political leaders, 55;
Gladstone's idea regarding, ii. 69-70;
military defence of, in _Trent_ crisis, i. 213, 241-2;
views in, on _Trent_ affair, 222 _note_;
on British policy and defence, 222 _note_;
view of the _Times_ in, 222 _note_
Free Trade policy and, a Southern premonition as to, i. 22
Reciprocity Treaty of, with U.S., ii. 198, 253-4
Otherwise mentioned, ii. 251, 254, 275
Canning, i. II, 12, 20
Cardwell, ii. 64
Carolina, North, joins Confederate States, i. 172
Carolina, South, secession of, i. 41, 43-44, 55; ii. 3-4;
seizes Federal customs at Charleston, i. 52;
requests Federal relinquishment of Fort Sumter, 117
"Caroline" affair, The, i. 109
Case, Walter M., _James M. Mason--Confederate Diplomat_,
cited and quoted, i. 261 _note_; ii. 161 _and note_[3]
Catacazy, C., and mediation by Russia, ii. 251 _note_[1]
Cecil, Lord Eustace, ii. 187, 189, 193
Cecil, Lord Robert, supports Gregory's motion on blockade, i. 268;
supports Roebuck's motion, ii. 171, 175-6;
on Committee of Southern Independence Association, 187, 193
Charleston, S.C.:
Sentiment to Great Britain in, i. 43, 44 _note_;
seizure of customs house at, 52;
British appeal on question of port dues at, 52, 244;
"Stone Boat" blockade of harbour at, 253;
evacuation of, ii. 248, 249
Charleston _Mercury_, "King Cotton" theory of, ii. 5
Chase, Secretary of Treasury, i. 115, 121; ii. 72, 283;
quarrel with Seward, 72
Chase, W. H. (of Florida), quoted, ii. 4
Chattanooga, ii. 185
Cheever, Rev. Dr., ii. 224
Chenery, ii. 301
Chesney, Captain, cited, ii. 165
Chesson, F. W., ii. 224
Chicago Convention, the, i. 175
Chicago abolitionists, Lincoln and, ii. 49 _note_[3]
Chicamauga, Rosencrans defeated at, ii. 184
Chittenden, cited, ii. 130 _note_[2]
Christian IX, of Denmark, ii. 203
Clanricarde, Lord, ii. 168
Clarendon, Earl of, i. 199 _note_[3], 215;
ii. 3, 51-8 _passim_, 63, 203 _note_[2];
on Russell's mediation project and Lewis' Hereford speech, quoted, 57-8
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty: Seward's attack on British interpretation of, i. 113
Cobden, i. 77; quoted, on the _Times_, 222 _note_;
opinion of Seward, 222 _note_;
and Sumner, 222 _note_;
on Palmerston's action in _Trent_ affair, 226 _note_[3];
letter to Sumner read at American Cabinet meeting, 232
Otherwise mentioned, i. 289; ii. 26, 67, 80, 95 _and note_[4], 166, 276
Collie, ii. 189
Collier, legal advice of, on _Alabama_, ii. 118-9
Columbia District, freeing of slaves in, ii. 83
Columbia, S.C., burning of, ii. 248, 249
Combe, George, _Notes on the United States, etc._, cited, i. 29
Confederate Commissioners to Europe, the:
Bunch's characterization of, i. 63;
unofficial interview with Russell, 85-6, 106, 158;
protest against closing of British ports, 170 _note_[2];
replaced by "Special Commissioners," 203;
attempt to make use of the _Trent_ affair, 214;
British attitude to, not modified by _Trent_ affair, 235;
policy of, with regard to recognition and the blockade,
i. 264-5, 267, 273, 300;
acquire a "confidential" document, 265 _and note_[2];
hopes of, from Parliament, 265, 266, 272;
instructions of the first Commissioners, ii. 4 _and note_[3];
failure of the first Commission, 4-5;
suggest a treaty on African Slave Trade, 88 _note_[2];
slavery abolition offer, 249
Confederate Agents' correspondence, collections of, i. 261 _note_[1]
_See also under personal names_
Confederates, _See under_ Southern States
Confiscation Bill, The, ii. 82, 84, 85, 86, 92, 95;
Lincoln's attitude to, 82, 84;
Lord Russell's comment on, 97
_Constitutionel_, The, cited, ii. 236 _note_[2]
Continental Press and American News, ii. 71 _note_[2]
Corcoran, ii. 169
Cotton supplies and slavery, i. 13;
in British-American commercial relations, 21, 22;
British manufacturers' dependence on, 22;
effect of the Civil War on, 55, 246; ii. 53;
the crop of 1860 ... ii. 7
Blockade, The, and, i. 252 _and note_[2], 253; ii. 9;
effect of, on price, i. 262, 270;
Napoleon's views on, 290
England, need of, for, i. 196-7, 200 _note_[1], 294, 296; ii. 17, 99;
cotton famine in, 294; ii. 6, II _et seq._, 16 _note_[1];
cotton manufacturing industry of, in 1860-1, ii. 6-7, 8;
first effects of the war on, 8, 9, 10.
_See also under_ Lancashire.
France, necessity of, for cotton, i. 279, 290, 293, 294, 296, 300;
ii. 17; Mercier's plan to relieve, i. 196-201
Gladstone's Newcastle speech, effect of, on price of, ii. 48;
"King Cotton" theory, i. 63; ii. i _et seq._;
belief of the South in cotton as a weapon of diplomacy, 2-3, 4, 5
Southern orders for destruction of, ii. 16, 17 _note_[4];
effect of, on British officials, 17
Cowley, Lord, British Ambassador in Paris, i. 88;
reports French agreement with British policy on Southern belligerent
rights, 88;
in the Declaration of Paris negotiations, 88, 143, 156, 157, 158,
162, 167;
conversations with Thouvenel in Bunch affair, 189;
disturbed at French evasion of direct support, 189, 192, 201 _note_[1];
in _Trent_ affair fears war with America, 214;
communications on Southern Ports Bill, 247 _and note_[2];
view of French attitude on Southern Ports Bill, 247;
on French policy in Mexico, 260, 261 _note_; ii. 46;
quoted, on Thouvenel's view on mediation in Feb., 1862 ... i.
266 _note_[1]; on Mercier's Richmond visit, i. 288;
statement of, to Lindsay, after interview with Napoleon, 290;
on the possibility of reunion, 290;
on the blockade, 290-1;
denial of Napoleon's "offer" to England, 290, 291;
reports of, on Lindsay's mission, 291-2, 293, 295 _note_[1];
conversations with Thouvenel on Lindsay, 291, 293-4;
Napoleon's letter to, on Lindsay, quoted, 295 _note_[2];
interview with Thouvenel on Russell's mediation plan, ii. 38, 39
_and note_, 46;
on Napoleon's suggestion of joint mediation, 59;
instructed to notify France of England's view of the war as ended and
of attitude to Confederate cruisers, 266-7
Otherwise mentioned, i. 218 _note_
Crawford, Consul-General at Havana, ii. 148
Crimean War: Anglo-French agreement regarding neutral commerce, i. 139
Crittenden, i. 49

_Daily Gazette_, The, cited, ii. 109 _note_
_Daily News_,
attitude of, during the American Civil War, i. 69-70 _and note_
1, 176, 181-2; ii. 230 _note_[3],
on Lincoln's message to Congress, i. 176;
letters of W.W. Story in, 228
_Daily Telegraph_, cited, ii. 50 _note_[1],
attitude and circulation of, 189 _note_[2], 226, 230 _note_[3]
Dallas, American Minister to Great Britain, i. 62;
lack of instructions on American intentions, 62, 108, 112;
communications with Lord Russell, 62, 66, 74;
despatches to Seward on Russell's intentions, 66-7;
Russell's pledge of delay to, 67, 84, 85, 107, 108;
report on proposed British joint action with France, 84-5, 86
Otherwise mentioned, i. 74, 96, 156 _note_[1]
Dana, R.H., cited, i. 218;
_The Trent Affair_, cited, 203 _note_, 205 _note_[2], 237 _note_
Danish question, The, ii. 203-5, 214
Darwin, Charles, quoted, i. 180 _and note_[4]
Davis, Bancroft, _Times_ correspondent in New York, i. 56
Davis, Jefferson,
personal characteristics of, i. 59, 81, 82: ii. 276;
attitude of, in the opening of the crisis, i. 49;
elected President of the Southern Government, 59, 81;
foreign policy of, 81-2;
aristocratic views of, on government, ii. 276;
proclamation of, on marque and privateering, i. 83, 89, 90, 92, 111,
121, 122, 141, 160;
defensive measures of, in the South, 172;
on Bunch's negotiations on Declaration of Paris, 186;
replaces Confederate agents to Europe, 203;
and the African Slave Trade, ii. 88 _note_[2];
proclamation of retaliation against Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation,
106 _and note_[4];
on England's conduct towards the South, 184;
on Southern disorganization, 219;
flight of, from Richmond, 248;
approves plan of offering abolition of slavery in return for
recognition, 249;
capture of, 267
British views on, ii. 276
Bunch's characterization of, i. 59, 185 _note_[4]
Gladstone's Newcastle speech on, ii. 47
Otherwise mentioned, i. 163 _note_[1], 185 _note_[4], 254, 265
_note_[2], 283; ii. 5, 6, 176 _note_[3], 251, 252, 285
Dayton, American Minister at Paris, i. 129, 142, 143, 145, 150, 151, 163,
165, 167 _note_[3], 168, 200, 231, 300
de Brunow, Russian Ambassador. _See under_ Brunow
de Flahault, French Ambassador. _See under _Flahault
_Debats_:
French press views on military situation, cited, ii. 174 _note_[3]
_De Bow's Review_,
eulogies of the South in, quoted, ii. 2, 3, 4;
on cotton and slavery, 3;
view of England's action on blockade, 4
Declaration of Paris, The, i. 102, 139-40;
attitude of United States to, 140-1, 156;
American offer of adherence during the Civil War, 104, 137, 141-2,
150, 151
Declaration of Paris Negotiation, The, i. 137 _et seq._, 184, 201;
British suggestion to France in, i. 88, 91, 142, 146-7, 156, 157
_and note_[3];
American offer of adherence, 104, 137, 141-2, 150, 151;
convention agreed between Britain, France, and America, 142-3;
addition of a declaration in support of British neutrality proposed
by Lord Russell, 143-6, 149, 151, 154, 68, 170, 201;
American rejection of convention, 145, 168, 201
American argument at Geneva on effect of British diplomacy in, i. 146
_note_[2]
Confederates:
approach of, in the negotiation, i. 161, 164, 165, 166, 168
_note_[4], 184-6, 188, 192, 193;
Confederate Congress resolution of approval in, 186
Convention, the, proposed by U.S.
Cowley's opinion on, i. 167 _and note_[3];
Thouvenel's opinion on, 167;
Palmerston's suggestion on, 167 _and note_[4]
Seward's motives in, _See under_ Seward
Delane, editor of the _Times:_
Palmerston's letters to, on American rights in interception of
Confederate Commissioners, i. 207-8, 209;
close relations of, with Palmerston, 229 _note_[2]; ii. 145;
anticipations of Southern victory, ii. 204 _and note_[2];
on prospective war with America, 254;
effect of Sherman's arrival at Savannah on, 245 _and note_[2], 300-1
Otherwise mentioned, i. 177, 178, 180; ii. 65, 289
de Lhuys, M. Drouyn, French Premier,
ii. 59 _and note_[4], 60, 63 _note_[5], 168
Democratic element in British Society:
lack of press representation, i. 24, 41
Democracy:
British views on American institutions, i. 24, 28, 30, 31; ii. 274-5;
view of the American struggle as a failure of, 276 _et seq. passim;_
Press comments on the lesson from failure of American democratic
institutions, 279, 280, 281, 285, 286, 297;
bearing of the Civil War on, 299;
aristocratic and conservative attitude to, 286, 287, 297, 298, 300, 301;
rise of democratic feeling in Great Britain, 291;
effect of the Reform Bill of 1867, 304
Derby, Lord (Leader of the Opposition), i. 76, 77, 79, 94
_and note_[2], 240, 241;
attitude to recognition and mediation, i. 240; ii. 51, 52, 53, 54, 77;
attacks governmental policy in relation to Laird Rams and Southern
shipbuilding, 149-50, 197;
approves attitude to Napoleon's mediation proposals, 154-5;
speech in motion for address to the Crown on Lincoln's assassination,
263;
attacks Government on American "piracy proclamation" at end of the war,
267-8;
attitude to expansion of the franchise, i. 77;
ii. 276, 303 _and note_[1]
Otherwise mentioned, i. 292, 295; ii. 51 _note_[2], 166, 210, 214
_Dial_, The, i. 70 _note_[1]
Disraeli, Benjamin (Tory leader in the Commons), i. 79;
on _Trent_ affair, 241;
connection with Lindsay's motion, 292, 295, 296, 306;
ii. 213 _and note_[1];
approval of neutrality, ii. 77, 174 _note_[1];
in Roebuck's motion, 153, 171, 174;
attitude to stoppage of Southern shipbuilding, 197;
speech, of, on the motion for the
Address to the Crown on Lincoln's assassination, 263-4;
Reform Bill of (1867) ... 3 03 _and note_[1]
Mentioned, ii. 270 _note_[3]
Donoughmore, Earl of, ii. 204 _and note_[2];
reply to Mason, 250-1
D'Oubril, ii. 59 _note_[4], 62 _note_[5]
Doyle, Percy, i. 218 _note_[1]
_Dublin News_, quoted, i. 45, 46 _note_[1]
_Dubuque Sun_, The, ii. 22 _note_
Dudley, U.S. Consul at Liverpool,
ii. 118, 130 _note_[2], 144, 145 _note_[2]
Dufferin, Lord, i. 240
Duffus, R. L., "Contemporary English Popular Opinion on the American Civil
War," i. 41 _note_[1]; quoted, 41, 48;
cited, 70 _note_[1]; ii. 112 _note_[1]
Dumfermline, Lady, i. 224 _note_[3]
Dumping of British goods:
effect on American feeling, i. 19, 21

_Economist_, The:
attitude in the struggle, i. 41, 54, 57, 173-4;
ii. 15, 173, 231 _note_;
cited or quoted:
on Lincoln's election, i. 39 _and note_[1];
on impossibility of Northern reconquest, 57;
on secession an accomplished fact, 174; ii. 79;
on Bull Run, i. 179;
on cotton shortage, i. 55; ii. 14, 15;
on servile insurrection, 79;
on Cotton Loan, 160, 162;
on Roebuck's motion, 173;
on extension of the franchise, 277;
on American institutions and statesmen, 279-80
_Edinburgh Review_, The:
attitude to slavery, i. 33, 45; ii. 281;
attitude in the conflict, i. 42; ii. 50 _note_[2], 68;
on recognition, 46 _note_[3];
on the Emancipation Proclamation, 103;
on the causes of the war, 281
Elliot, chargé, i. 14
Elliott, E.N., editor of _Cotton is King and Pro-Slavery Arguments_,
ii. 3 _note_[2]
Emancipation, Proclamation of: ii. 74, 78, 80, 86 _and note_[1], 91;
idea of military necessity for, 81, 82, 85, 87;
Lincoln's alleged purpose in, 87;
purpose of, according to Seward, 99-100;
viewed as an incitement to servile insurrection, 49, 74, 98, 101, 103
_note_[6]
American reception of, ii. 101, 105
British attitude to, ii. 101 _et seq._;
Press denunciation of, 102-5, 106;
public meetings in favour of, 106 _and note_[2], 107, 108;
English women's support of, 109;
Nonconformist support, 109, 110;
Emancipation societies support of, 110
Confiscation Bill, _See that heading_
_See also_ Border States _and sub-heading under_ Lincoln
Emigration, British, to America, i. 23-4; ii. 200-1;
_Kearsarge_ incident, 200-1
England: cotton famine. _See under_ Cotton.
_See_ Great Britain
Erlanger & Co. and Confederate Cotton Loan,
ii. 158-60, 161, 162 _and note_[3]
European opinion of the Civil War after duration of three years, ii. 219
Eustis, i. 204, 234 _note_[2]
Evans, William, ii. 224
Everett, Edward, Russell's letter to, on Proclamation of Neutrality,
i. 166 _note_[3]
Ewart, question by, in the House of Commons, on Privateers, i. 90
Expatriation, American and British views on, i. 16

Fairfax, Lieut., of the _San Jacinto_, i. 205
Farnall's "Reports on Distress in the Manufacturing Districts,"
ii. 12 _note_, 20
Fawcett, Prof., ii. 224 _note_[3]
Featherstonaugh, G.W., _Excursion through the Slave States_, cited, i. 29
Federals. _See under _Northern
Ferguson, Sir James, i. 268; ii. 175
Ferrand, attack by, on cotton manufacturers in the Commons, ii. 164
_Fishmongers of London_: Meeting in honour of Yancey, ii. 223 _note_[1]
Fitzgerald, Seymour, i. 306; ii. 25
Fitzwilliam, Hon. C., ii. 193
Flahault, M. de, French Ambassador, i. 88, 197, 260 _note_[1],
288, 291, 293; ii. 19 _note_[3], 45
Forbes, J.M., and Aspinwall, Mission of, in England, ii. 130 _note_[2], 297
Forbes, J. M., quoted on the Civil War viewed as a fight for Democracy,
ii. 297
Forster, William E., i. 58 _and note_[2];
a friend of the North, 58 _note_[2]; ii. 224;
quoted, on Harriet Martineau, i. 70 _note_[3];
question in Commons on privateering, 94, 157;
speech against Gregory's motion on blockade, 268, 270;
speech on mediation and intervention in debate on Lindsay's motion,
ii. 22;
close touch with Adams, 22, 36;
attacks Government in debate on Southern shipbuilding, 133;
rebuked by Palmerston, 135;
in Roebuck's motion, 171-2, 175;
comment on Southern meetings, 190 _and note_[2]
Fort Donelson, Confederate reverse at, i. 272, 273 _note_[1], 274
Fort Henry, Confederate reverse at, i. 272, 273 _note[1]_, 274
Fox, G.V.: _Confidential Correspondence_, cited,
i. 257 _note_[3], 268 _note_[2]; ii. 120 _note_[3];
quoted, on Confederate ironclads in England, 130 _note_[2]
France: Naval right of search exercised by, i. 6;
and American contentions on neutral rights, 18;
Confederate Cotton Loan, attitude to, ii. 160 _note_[2]
Cotton: lack of, i. 279, 290, 293-4, 296, 300; ii. 17
Mediation and armistice, attitude to British unofficial overture
on, ii. 38-9, 45-6, 59-60
Ministerial crisis, ii. 39, 45, 59
Neutrality of, i. 299;
Northern sentiment on, ii. 225 _and note_[2]
Policy in the Civil War: joint action of, with Great Britain, i.
84, 88, 156, 166 _note_[1], 196, 249-50, 252, 259, 260, 284,
294; ii. 28, 75, 198;
break in, 77
Press of, and the events in U.S., ii. 174 _note_[3], 236
_note_[2]
_See also under _Mercier, Napoleon, Thouvenel, _and under
subject-headings_
_Fraser's Magazine_, ii. 284;
J.S. Mill's articles in, i. 240, 242; ii. 81, 90, 285
Fraser, Trenholm & Company: Confederate financial agents in
Liverpool, ii. 156, 157
Frederick VII of Denmark: and Schleswig-Holstein, ii. 203
Free Trade, i. 21; ii. 304
Freeman, E.A., _History of Federal Government_, cited, ii. 152-3
Fremont, ii. 82

Gallenga,----, _Times_ correspondent in New York, ii. 189
Gait, Sir J.T., i. 221 _note_[1]; 222 _note_
Galveston, Tex. i. 253 _note_[1]; ii. 266, 268
Garrison, W.L., American abolitionist, editor of the _Liberator_,
i. 31, 33, 46 _and note_[1]
Garrison, _Garrison_, cited, ii. 91 _note_[1], 111 _note_[3]
Gasparin, Count, cited, ii. 92 _notes_
Geneva Arbitration Court: American complaint of British Neutrality,
in, i. 138;
American argument before, on Declaration of Paris, 146
_note_[2]
German opinion on the Civil War, i. 178 _note_[3]; ii. 111
_note_[2];
press attitude, 285 _note_[1]
Germany: the _Index_ quoted on "aid given by, to the North," ii.
236 _note_[2]
Gettysburg, Battle of, ii. 143, 176 _note_[2], 185, 296
Gladstone, Thomas, letters of, to the _Times_, i. 32, 33
_The Englishman in Kansas_, i. 32 _note_
Gladstone, W.E., i. 76, 78;
fear of war with America in _Trent_ affair, 215;
influence of the commercial situation on, ii. 26;
attitude to intervention, 26, 27, 30-1, 48, 57;
Newcastle speech, 47 _and note_[3], 48, 49, 50 _and
note_[1], 51 _and notes_, 55, 58;
memorandum in reply to Lewis, 57;
supports Napoleon's suggestion on armistice and blockade, ii. 64,
69;
account of Cabinet discussion on Napoleon's suggestion, 65 _and
note_[1];
idea of offering Canada to the North, 69, 70 _and note_[1];
and the Confederate Cotton Loan, 163 _note_[2];
reply of, in Roebuck's motion, 170-1;
quoted, on the American dispute as a blow to democracy, 282-3
Otherwise mentioned, i. 179, 200 _note_[1], 224, 266; ii. 59,
66, 77, 80
Goddard, S.A., ii. 108
_Letters on the American Rebellion_, cited, ii. 108
_note_[3], 109 _note_[1]
Godkin, E.L., _Daily News_ correspondent, i. 70 _and note_[2]
Golder, Dr. F.A., cited, i. 53 _note_[3].
"The Russian Fleet and the Civil War," cited, i. 227 _note_[1];
ii. 129 _note_[1]
Goodenough, Captain, report of, on American readiness for foreign war,
ii. 199 _note_[3]
Gorgas, Col., ii. 5 _note_[1]
Gortchakoff, comment of,
on Russell's mediation plan, ii. 45 _note_[2];
and idea of Russian mediation, 251 _note_[1];
mentioned, i. 164 _note_[1];
ii. 59 _note_[4], 66 _note_[2], 70 _note_[2]
Grant, General,
capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by, i. 273 _note_[1], 274;
victory at Shiloh, 278;
captures New Orleans, 279;
Western campaign of, ii. 164, 166, 184-5;
capture of Vicksburg by, 176 _note_[2], 185;
advance to Richmond, 217, 219;
siege of Southern lines at Petersburg, 217;
capture of Petersburg and Richmond by, 247-8;
_Times_ report of reverses to, 212, 227, 243;
condition of his army, Southern account in _Times_, 227;
W.H. Russell's comment on Grant's campaign, 232-3;
Henry Adams, quoted, on, 243
Otherwise mentioned, ii. 215, 249, 256
Grant's _The Newspaper Press_, cited and quoted, ii. 231 _note_
Granville, Lord, i. 76,
quoted, 199 _note_[3];
on difficulties in Washington and attitude of neutrality, 241;
opposition of, to Russell's mediation plan, ii. 42 _and note_[2],
43, 44, 46;
mentioned, i. 94 _note_[3]; ii. 203 _note_[2]
Grattan, Thomas Colley,
quoted, i. 36;
_Civilized America_, i. 36 _note_[1]
Great Britain:
Citizenship, theory of, i. 5-6
Colonial system: trade basis of, i. 17, 20, 21
Commercial relations with America after independence, i. 17 _et seq_., 22
Franchise,
expansion of the, in, i. 26, 28; ii. 274, 276-7, 301, 302, 303, 304;
effect of the American example on political agitation in, 274;
connection of the American struggle with the franchise movement in,
276, 277, 278, 286;
Radical acceptance of the challenge on democracy, 282, 283, 290, 298,
300;
aristocratic and conservative attitude to democracy, 286, 287, 298,
300, 301
Policy toward America:
conditions affecting, i. 2 _et seq_. 35; ii. 270;
the right of search controversy, i. 6-10;
territorial expansion 13-15, 16;
extension of slavery, 13, 15;
Mexican War, 15-16;
commercial interests, 19-22;
in the Civil War, 50-4, 58, 59, 79, 84, 136, 178, 199; ii. 270-2;
influence of democracy in determining, ii. 303-5;
policy of joint action with France. _see under_ France.
_See also under_ Lyons, Russell, _and subject-headings._
Public opinion and governmental policy of, in relation to America,
i. 15, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30
Public opinion and official views in,
at the opening of the Civil War, i. 40-60;
doubts of Northern cause, 48, 50;
attitude to recognition of the South, 53 _note_[1],
on secession, 54, 55, 57
Trade:
exclusive basis in, i. 17, 20, 21;
effect of American retaliatory system on, 20;
free trade theory, 21; ii. 304;
hopes from cotton interests, i. 22
Working classes in: Northern sympathies of, ii. 284, 285 _note_[1]
_See also subject-headings_
Great Lakes: Armaments agreement, i. 4; ii. 253, 254
Greeley, Horace, editor of _New York Times_,
attack on Seward by, i. 280 _note_[1];
and Mercier's proposal of mediation, ii. 75;
Lincoln's reply to, on emancipation, 92-3
Gregg, Percy, ii. 154 _note_[1]
Gregory (Liberal-Conservative, friend of the South),
i. 90, 91 _note_[1], 267;
motion of, for recognition of the South, 85, 91, 108;
advice to Mason on blockade question, 267;
motion to urge the blockade ineffective, 268-72;
speech in Parliament on distress in Lancashire, ii. 21, 22 _and note_;
quoted on attitude of Parliament to intervention and recognition, 155;
view of Roebuck's motion, 175;
question of, on the destruction of British property in America, 265;
mentioned, i. 292; ii. 153, 164
Greville, Charles, quoted, ii. 3
Greville. Colonel, ii. 193 _note_
Grey, Sir George, i. 163, 207; ii. 171, 263
Grimes, Senator, on the purpose of the Privateering Bill, ii. 123-4
Gros, Baron, ii. 167, 168-9, 170
Grote, George, quoted, i. 1