Chapter IX: Part 9

2. She was neither better bred nor wiser than you or me. [See previous Footnote.] 3. Who servest thou under? [See previous footnote.] 4. It was not them, it was her. 5. Its being me should make no difference. 6. Him and me are of the same age. 7. Them that study grammar talk no better than me. 8. I am not so old as her; she is older than me by ten years. 9. He was angry, and me too. 10. Who will go? Me. 11. It isn't for such as us to sit with the rulers of the land. 12. Not one in a thousand could have done it as well as him. 13. Him being a stranger, they easily misled him. 14. Oh, happy us! surrounded thus with blessings. 15. It was Joseph, him whom Pharaoh promoted. 16. I referred to my old friend, he of whom I so often speak. 17. You have seen Cassio and she together. 18. Between you and I, I believe that he is losing his mind. 19. Who should I meet the other day but my old friend? 20. Who did he refer to, he or I? 21. Who did he choose? Did he choose you and I? 22. He that is idle and mischievous reprove. 23. We will refer it to whoever you may choose. 24. Whosoever the court favors is safe. 25. They that are diligent I will reward. 20. Scotland and thee did in each other live. 27. My hour is come, but not to render up my soul to such as thee. 28. I knew that it was him. 29. I knew it to be he. 30. Who did you suppose it to be? 31. Whom did you suppose it was? 32. I took that tall man to be he. 33. I thought that tall man was him.

Although _than_ is not a preposition, it is sometimes followed by _whom,_ as in the familiar passage from Milton: "Beelzebub... _than whom,_ Satan except, none higher sat." _Than whom_ is an irregularity justified only on the basis of good usage. _Whom_ here may be parsed as an objective case form used idiomatically in place of _who_.

* * * * *

LESSON 126.

CONSTRUCTION OF CASE FORMS.

MISCELLANEOUS--REVIEW.

Direction.--_Correct these errors, and give your reasons:--_

1. Who was Joseph's and Benjamin's mother? 2. It did not occur during Washington, Jefferson, or Adams's administration. 3. I consulted Webster, Worcester, and Walker's dictionary. 4. This state was south of Mason's and Dixon's line. 5. These are neither George nor Fanny's books. 6. Howard's, the philanthropist's, life was a noble one. 7. It is Othello's pleasure, our noble and valiant general's. 8. He visited his sons-in-law's homes.

+Explanation.+--If the possessive plural of such nouns were used, this would be correct; but it is better to avoid these awkward forms.

9. A valuable horse of my friend William's father's was killed. 10. For Herodias's sake, his brother Philip's wife. 11. For the queen's sake, his sister's. 12. Peter's, John's, and Andrew's occupation was that of fishermen. 13. He spoke of you studying Latin. 14. It being difficult did not deter him. 15. What need is there of the man swearing? 16. I am opposed to the gentleman speaking again. 17. He thought it was us. 18. We shall shortly see which is the fittest object of scorn, you or me. 19. I shall not learn my duty from such as thee. 20. A lady entered, whom I afterwards found was Miss B. 21. A lady entered, who I afterwards found to be Miss B. 22. Ask somebody's else opinion. 23. Let him be whom he may. 24. I am sure it could not have been them. 25. I understood it to be they. 26. It is not him whom you thought it was. 27. Let you and I try it. 28. All enjoyed themselves, us excepted. 29. Us boys enjoy the holidays. 30. It was Virgil, him who wrote the "Aeneid." 31. He asked help of men whom he knew could not help him.

TO THE TEACHER.--These schemes and questions under the head of General Review are especially designed to aid in securing an outline of technical grammar.

The questions given below may be made to call for minute details or only for outlines. In some cases a single question may suffice for a whole lesson.

Scheme for the Noun.

(_The numbers refer to Lessons_.)

NOUN.
Uses.
Subject (4, 8).
Object Complement (28).
Attribute Complement (29, 30).
Objective Complement (31).
Adjective Modifier (33).
Adverb Modifier (35).
Principal word in Prep. Phrase (17).
Independent (44).
Classes.
Common (85). (Abstract and Collective.)
Proper (85).
Modifications.
Number.
Singular (112-116).
Plural (112-116).
Gender.
Masculine (117, 118).
Feminine (117, 118).
Neuter (117, 118).
Person.
First (119).
Second (119).
Third (119).
Case.
Nominative (119).
Possessive (119, 122, 123).
Objective (119).

Questions on the Noun.

1. Define the noun and its classes.--Lesson 85.

2. Name and define the modifications of the noun.--Lessons 112, 117, 119.

3. Name and define the several numbers, genders, persons, and cases.--Lessons 112, 117, 119.

4. Give and illustrate the several ways of forming the plural.--Lessons 112, 113, 114.

5. Give and illustrate the several ways of distinguishing the genders.--Lesson 117.

6. How is the possessive case formed?--Lesson 122.

7. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of the possessive forms.--Lesson 128.

+Scheme for the Pronoun.+

PRONOUN. +Uses+.--Same as those of the Noun. +Classes+. Personal (85, 86,
87). Relative (85, 86, 87). Interrogative (85). Adjective (85, 87).
+Modifications+.--Same as those of the Noun (112, 117, 118, 119, 124,
125, 142).

Questions on the Pronoun.

1. Define the pronoun and its classes, and give the lists.--Lesson 85.

2. Decline the several pronouns.--Lesson 124.

3. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of the different pronouns.--Lessons 86, 87.

4. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of the number forms, the gender forms, and the case forms.--Lessons 118, 125, 142.

* * * * *

LESSON 127.

COMPARISON.

+Introductory Hints.+--_That apple is sweet, that other is sweeter, but this one is the sweetest._ The adjective _sweet_, expressing a quality of the three apples, is, as you see, inflected by adding _er_ and _est_.

Adjectives, then, have one modification, and this is marked by form, or inflection. This modification is called +Comparison+, because it is used when things are compared with one another in respect to some quality common to them all, but possessed by them in different degrees. The form of the adjective which expresses the simple quality, as _sweet_, is of the +Positive Degree+; that which expresses the quality in a greater or a less degree, as _sweeter_, _less sweet_, is of the +Comparative Degree+; and that which expresses the quality in the greatest or the least degree, as _sweetest_, _least sweet_, is of the +Superlative Degree+.

But even the positive implies a comparison; we should not say, This _apple_ is _sweet_, unless this particular fruit had more of the quality than ordinary apples possess.

Notice, too, that the adjective in the comparative and superlative degrees always expresses the quality relatively. When we say, This _apple_ is _sweeter than that_, or, This _apple_ is the _sweetest of the three_, we do not mean that any one of the apples is very sweet, but only that one apple is sweeter than the other, or the sweetest of those compared.

The several degrees of the quality expressed by the adjective may be increased or diminished by adverbs modifying the adjective. We can say _very_, _exceedingly_, _rather_, or _somewhat_ sweet; _far_, _still_, or _much_, sweeter; _by far_ or _much_ the sweetest.

Some adverbs, as well as adjectives, are compared.

Adjectives have one modification; viz., +Comparison+. [Footnote: Two adjectives, _this_ and _that_, have number forms--_this_, _these_; _that_, _those_. In Anglo-Saxon and Latin, adjectives have forms to indicate gender, number, and case.]

+DEFINITIONS+.

+_Comparison_ is a modification of the adjective (or the adverb) to express the relative degree of the quality in the things compared.+ [Footnote: Different degrees of quantity, also, may sometimes be expressed by comparison.]

+The _Positive Degree_ expresses the simple quality.+

+The _Comparative Degree_ expresses a greater or a less degree of the quality.

+The _Superlative Degree_ expresses the greatest or the least degree of the quality+.

+RULE.--Adjectives are regularly compared by adding _er_ to the positive to form the comparative, and _est_ to the positive to form the superlative+.

RULES FOR SPELLING.

+RULE I.--Final e is dropped before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as+, _fine, finer; love, loving._

+Exceptions.+--The _e_ is retained (1) after _c_ and _g_ when the suffix begins with _a_ or _o_; as, _peaceable, changeable;_ (2) after _o;_ as, _hoeing;_ and (3) when it is needed to preserve the identity of the word; as, _singeing, dyeing._

+RULE II.---Y after a consonant becomes _i_ before a suffix net beginning with _i;_ as,+ _witty, wittier; dry, dried._

Exceptions.---Y does not change before 's, nor in forming the plural of proper nouns; as, _lady's,_ the _Marys,_ the _Henrys._

+RULE III.--In monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, a final consonant after a single vowel doubles before a suffix beginning with a vowel; as+, _hot, hotter; begin, beginning._

Exceptions.--_X, k,_ and _v_ are never doubled, and _gas_ has _gases_ in the plural.

Adjectives of more than two syllables are generally compared by prefixing _more_ and _most._ This method is often used with adjectives of two syllables and sometimes with those of one.

+Remark+.--_More beautiful, most beautiful_, etc. can hardly be called degree forms of the adjective. The adverbs _more_ and _most_ have the degree forms, and in parsing they may be regarded as separate words. The adjective, however, is varied in sense the same as when the inflections _er_ and _est_ are added.

Degrees of diminution are expressed by prefixing _less_ and _least_[Footnote: This use of an adverb to form the comparison was borrowed from the Norman-French. But note how the adverb is compared, The Saxon superlative ending +st+ is in _most_ and _least_; and the Saxon comparative ending +s+, unchanged to +r+, is the last letter in _less_--changed to +r+, as it regularly was, in coming into English, it is the _r_ in _more_.

When it was forgotten that _less_ is a comparative, _er_ was added, and we have the double comparative _lesser_--in use to-day.

After the French method of comparing was introduced into English, both methods were often used with the same adjective; and, for a time, double comparatives and double superlatives were common; as, _worser_, _most boldest_. In "King Lear" Shakespeare uses the double comparative a dozen times.]; as, _valuable_, _less valuable_, _least valuable_. Most definitive and many descriptive adjectives cannot be compared, as their meaning will not admit of different degrees.

Direction.--_From this list of adjectives select those that cannot be compared, and compare those that remain:--_

Observe the Rules for Spelling given above.

Wooden, English, unwelcome, physical, one, that, common, handsome, happy, able, polite, hot, sweet, vertical, two-wheeled, infinite, witty, humble, any, thin, intemperate, undeviating, nimble, holy, lunar, superior.

Of the two forms of comparison, that which is more easily pronounced and more agreeable to the ear is to be preferred.

+Direction+.--_Correct the following_:--

Famousest, virtuousest, eloquenter, comfortabler, amusingest.

Some +adverbs+ are compared by adding _er_ and _est_, and some by prefixing _more_ and _most_.

+Direction+.--_Compare the following_:--

Early, easily, fast, firmly, foolishly, late, long, often, soon, wisely.

Some adjectives and adverbs are irregular in their comparison.

+Direction+.--_Learn to compare the following adjectives and adverbs_:--

Adjectives Irregularly Compared.

_Pos. Comp. Superlative_. (Aft),* after, aftmost _or_ aftermost. Bad, | Evil, + worse, worst. Ill | Far, farther, fartherest _or_ fathermost Fore, former, foremost _or_ first. (Forth), further, furtherest _or_ furthermost. Good, better, best. Hind, hinder, hindmost _or_ hindermost. (In), inner, inmost _or_ innermost. Late, later _or_ latest _or_ latter last. Little,+ less _or_ least. lesser, Many _or_ more, most. Much, Near, nearer nearest _or_ next. Old, older _or_ oldest _or_ elder, eldest. (Out), outer _or_ outmost _or_ utter, outermost; utmost _or_ uttermost. Under, ----, undermost. (Up), upper, upmost _or_ uppermost. Top, ----, topmost.

[Footnote *: The words inclosed in curves are adverbs--the adjectives following having no positive form.]

[Footnote +: For the comparative and the superlative of _little_, in the sense of small in size, _smaller_ and _smallest_ are substituted; as, _little_ boy, _smaller_ boy, _smallest_ boy.]

Adverbs Irregularly Compared.

_Pos. Comp. Superlative._

Badly,| worse, worst. Ill, | Far, farther, farthest, Forth, further, furthest. Little, less, least, Much, more, most. Well, better, best.

TO THE TEACHER.--We give below a model for writing the parsing of adjectives. A similar form may be used for adverbs.

Exercises for the parsing of adjectives and adverbs may be selected from Lessons 12, 14, 29, 30, 31, 44, 46, 47, 48, 60, 63, 64, 65.

Model for Written Parsing.--_All the dewy glades are still_.

CLASSIFICATION. | MODIFICATION. |SYNTAX -------------------|---------------|---------------------------------- Adjectives.| Kind. | Deg. of Comp. | All | Def. | ------ | Modifier of _glades_. the | " | ------ | " " " dewy | Des. | Pos. | " " " still | " | " | Completes _are_ and modifies _glades_.

* * * * *

LESSON 128.

CONSTRUCTION OF COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES.

+Caution+.--In stating a comparison avoid comparing a thing with itself. [Footnote: A thing may, of course, be compared with itself as existing under different conditions; as, The _star_ is _brighter to-night_; The _grass_ is _greener to-day_.]

+Remark+.--The comparative degree refers to two things (or sets of things) as distinct from each other, and implies that one has more of the quality than the other. The comparative degree is generally followed by _than_. [Footnote: The comparative is generally used with reference to two things only, but it may be used to compare one thing with a number of things taken separately or together as, _He_ is no _better_ than _other men_; _It_ contains _more_ than _all_ the _others_ combined.]

+Direction+.--_Study the Caution and the Remark, and correct these errors:_--

1. London is larger than any city in Europe.

+Correction+.--The second term of comparison, _any city in Europe_, includes London, and so London is represented as being larger than itself. It should be, _London_ is _larger_ _than any other city in Europe_, or, _London_ is the _largest city in Europe_.

2. China has a greater population than any nation on the globe. 3. I like this book better than any book I have seen. 4. There is no metal so useful as iron.

(A comparison is here stated, although no degree form is employed.)

5. All the metals are less useful than iron. 6. Time ought, above all kinds of property, to be free from invasion.

+Caution+.--In using the superlative degree be careful to make the latter term of the comparison, or the term introduced by _of_, include the former.

+Remarks+.--The superlative degree refers to one thing (or set of things) as belonging to a group or class, and as having more of the quality than any of the rest. The superlative is generally followed by _of_.

Good writers sometimes use the superlative in comparing two things; as, This is the _best of the two_. But in such cases usage largely favors the comparative; as, This is the _better of the two_.

+Direction+.--_Study the Caution and the Remarks, and correct these errors:_--

1. Solomon was the wisest of all the other Hebrew kings.

+Correction+.--_Of_ (= _belonging to_) represents Solomon as belonging to a group of kings, and _other_ excludes him from this group--a contradiction in terms. It should be, _Solomon_ was the _wisest of Hebrew kings_, or _Solomon_ was _wiser_ than _any other Hebrew king_.

2. Of all the other books I have examined, this is the most satisfactory. 3. Profane swearing is, of all other vices, the most inexcusable. 4. He was the most active of all his companions.

(He was not one of his own companions.)

5. This was the most satisfactory of any preceding effort. 6. John is the oldest of any boy in his class.

+Caution+.--Avoid double comparatives and double superlatives, and the comparison of adjectives whose meaning will not admit of different degrees.[Footnote: Many words which grammarians have considered incapable of comparison are used in a sense short of their literal meaning, and are compared by good writers; as, My _chiefest_ entertainment.--_Sheridan_. The _chiefest_ prize.--_Byron_. _Divinest_ Melan- choly.--_Milton_. _Extremest_ hell.--_Whittier_. _Most perfect_ harmony--_Longfellow_. _Less perfect_ imitations.--_Macaulay_. The extension of these exceptional forms should not be encouraged.]

+Direction+.--_Correct these errors:_--

1. A more beautifuler location cannot be found. 2. He took the longest, but the most pleasantest, route. 3. Draw that line more perpendicular.

+Correction+.--Draw that line _perpendicular_, or more nearly _perpendicular_.

4. The opinion is becoming more universal. 5. A worser evil awaits us. 6. The most principal point was entirely overlooked. 7. That form of expression is more preferable.

+Caution+.--When an adjective denoting one, or an adjective denoting more than one, is joined to a noun, the adjective and the noun must agree in number.

+Remark+.--A numeral denoting more than one may be prefixed to a singular noun to form a compound adjective; as, a _ten-foot_ pole (not a _ten-feet_ pole), a _three-cent_ stamp.

+Direction+.--_Study the Caution and the Remark, and correct these errors:_--

1. These kind of people will never be satisfied. 2. The room is fifteen foot square; I measured it with a two-feet rule. 3. The farmer exchanged five barrel of potatoes for fifty pound of sugar. 4. These sort of expressions should be avoided. 5. We were traveling at the rate of forty mile an hour. 6. Remove this ashes and put away that tongs.

Miscellaneous.

1. He was more active than any other of his companions.

+Correction+.--As he is not one of his companions, _other_ is unnecessary.

2. He did more to accomplish this result than any other man that preceded or followed him. 3. The younger of the three sisters is the prettier.

(This is the construction which requires the superlative. See the second Remark in this Lesson.)

4. This result, of all others, is most to be dreaded. 5. She was willing to take a more humbler part. 6. Solomon was wiser than any of the ancient kings. 7. I don't like those sort of people. 8. I have the most entire confidence in him. 9. This is the more preferable form. 10. Which are the two more important ranges of mountains in North America? 11. He writes better than any boy in his class.

GENERAL REVIEW.

TO THE TEACHER.--See suggestions to the teacher, page 255.

Scheme for the Adjective.

(_The numbers refer to Lessons_.)

ADJECTIVE.
Uses.
Modifier (12).
Attribute Complement (29, 30).
Objective Complement (31).
Classes.
Descriptive (89-91).
Definitive (89-91).
Modification.--Comparison.
Pos. Deg. |
Comp. " + 127, 128.
Sup. " |

Questions on the Adjective.

1. Define the adjective and its classes.--Lesson 89.

2. Define comparison and the degrees of comparison.--Lesson 127.

3. Give and illustrate the regular method and the irregular methods of comparison.--Lesson 127.

4. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of adjectives.--Lessons 90, 91.

5. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of comparative and superlative forms.--Lesson 128.

Scheme for the Adverb.

ADVERB.
Classes.
Time. |
Place. |
Degree. + 92-94.
Manner. |
Cause. |
Modification.--Comparison.
Pos. Deg. |
Comp. " + 127, 128.
Sup. " |

Questions on the Adverb.

1. Define the adverb and its classes.--Lesson 92.

2. Illustrate the regular method and the irregular methods of comparison. --Lesson 127.

3. Give and illustrate the principles which guide in the use of adverbs. --Lesson 93.

* * * * *

LESSON 129.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE VERB.

VOICE.

+Introductory Hints+.--_He picked a rose. A rose was picked by him._ The same thing is here told in two ways. The first verb, _picked_, shows that the subject names the actor; the second verb, _was picked_, shows that the subject names the thing acted upon. These different forms and uses of the verb constitute the modification called +Voice+. The first form is in the +Active Voice+; the second is in the +Passive Voice+.

The active voice is used when the agent, or actor, is to be made prominent; the passive, when the thing acted upon is to be made prominent. The passive voice may be used when the agent is unknown, or when, for any reason, we do not care to name the agent; as, The _ship was wrecked; Money is coined_.

DEFINITIONS.

+_Voice_ is that modification of the transitive verb which shows whether the subject names the _actor_ or the thing _acted upon_+.

+The _Active Voice_ shows that the subject names the actor+.

+The _Passive Voice_ shows that the subject names the thing acted upon.+

The passive form is compound, and may be resolved into an asserting word (some form of the verb _be_) and an attribute complement (a past participle of a transitive verb). An expression consisting of an asserting word followed by an adjective complement or by a participle used adjectively may be mistaken for a verb in the passive voice.

+Examples.+--The coat _was_ sometimes _worn_ by Joseph (_was worn_-- passive voice). The coat _was_ badly _worn_ (_was_--incomplete predicate, _worn_--adjective complement).

+Remark.+--To test the passive voice note whether the one named by the subject is acted upon, and whether the verb may be followed by _by_ before the name of the agent without changing the sense.

+Direction.+---_Tell which of the following completed predicates may be treated as single verbs, and which should not be so treated:--_

1. The lady is accomplished. 2. This task was not accomplished in a day. 3. Are you prepared to recite? 4. Dinner was soon prepared. 5. A shadow was mistaken for a foot-bridge. 6. You are mistaken. 7. The man was drunk before the wine was drunk. 8. The house is situated on the bank of the river. 9. I am obliged to you. 10. I am obliged to do this. 11. The horse is tired. 12. A fool and his money are soon parted. 13. The tower is inclined. 14. My body is inclined by years.

+Direction.+--_Name all the transitive verbs in Lesson 78, and give their voice._

* * * * *

LESSON 130.

COMPOSITION--VOICE.

The +object complement+ of a verb in the +active voice+ becomes the +subject+ when the verb is changed to the +passive voice.+

+Example.+--The Danes invaded _England = England_ was invaded by the Danes.

+Remark.+--You will notice that in the first sentence the agent is made prominent; in the second sentence, the receiver.

+Direction.+--_In each of these sentences change the voice of the transitive verb without altering the meaning of the sentence, and note the other changes that occur:--_

1. Mercury, the messenger of the gods, wore a winged cap and winged shoes. 2. When the Saxons subdued the Britons, they introduced into England their own language, which was a dialect of the Teutonic, or Gothic. 3. My wife was chosen as her wedding dress was chosen, not for a fine, glossy surface, but for such qualities as would wear well. 4. Bacchus, the god of wine, was worshiped in many parts of Greece and Rome. 5. The minds of children are dressed by their parents as their bodies are dressed--in the prevailing fashion. 6. Harvey, an English physician, discovered that blood circulates. 7. The luxury of Capua, more powerful than the Roman legions, vanquished the victorious Carthaginians. 8. His eloquence had struck them dumb.

+Remark.+--Notice that the objective complement becomes the attribute complement when the verb is changed from the active to the passive voice.

9. That tribunal pronounced Charles a tyrant. 10. The town had nicknamed him Beau Seymour. 11. Even silent night proclaims my soul immortal. 12. We saw the storm approaching.

(Notice that the objective complement is here a participle.)

13. He kept his mother waiting. 14. We found him lying dead on the field. 15. We all believe him to be an honest man.

(Notice that the objective complement is here an infinitive phrase.)

16. Some, sunk to beasts, find pleasure end in pain. 17. Everybody acknowledged him to be a genius.

The +indirect,+ or _dative,_ +object+ is sometimes made the +subject+ of a verb in the passive voice, while the object complement is retained after the verb. [Footnote: Some grammarians condemn this construction. It is true that it is a violation of the general analogies, or laws, of language; but that it is an idiom of our language, established by good usage, is beyond controversy.

Concerning the parsing of the noun following this passive, there is difference of opinion. Some call it an adverbial modifier, some call it a "retained object," and some say that it is a noun without grammatical construction. In "I offered him money," _him_ represents the one to whom the act was directed, and _money_ names the thing directly acted upon. In "He was offered money," the relation of the act to the person and to the thing is not changed; _money_ still names the thing directly acted upon.]

+Example.+--The porter refused _him_ admittance = _He_ was refused _admittance_ by the porter.

+Direction.+--_Change the voice of the transitive verbs in these sentences, and note the other changes that occur:--_

18. They were refused the protection of the law. 19. He was offered a pension by the government. 20. I was asked that question yesterday. 21. He told me to leave the room.

+Explanation.+--Here the infinitive phrase is the object complement, and _(to) me_ is used adverbially. _To leave the room = that I should leave the room._

22. I taught the child to read. 23. I taught the child reading. 24. They told me that your name was Fontibell.

+Direction.+--_Change the following transitive verbs to the passive form, using first the regular and then the idiomatic construction_:--

+Model.+--_He promised me a present = A present was promised me_ (regular) = _I was promised a present_ (idiomatic).

25. They must allow us the privilege of thinking for ourselves. 26. He offered them their lives if they would abjure their religion.

An intransitive verb is sometimes made transitive by the aid of a preposition.

+Example.+--All his friends _laughed_ at him = He _was laughed at_ (ridiculed) by all his friends.

+Remark.+---_Was laughed at_ may be treated as one verb. Some grammarians, however, would call _at_ an adverb. The intransitive verb and preposition are together equivalent to a transitive verb in the passive voice.

+Direction.+--_Change the voice of the following verbs:--_

27. This artful fellow has imposed upon us all. 28. The speaker did not even touch upon this topic. 29. He dropped the matter there, and did not refer to it afterward.

+Remark.+--The following sentences present a peculiar idiomatic construction. A transitive verb which, in the active voice, is followed by an object complement and a prepositional phrase, takes, in the passive, the principal word of the phrase for its subject, retaining the complement and the preposition to complete its meaning; as, They _took care of it, It was taken care of._

+Direction.+--_Put the following sentences into several different forms, and determine which is the best:--_

30. His original purpose was lost sight of (forgotten). [Footnote: Some
would parse _of_ as an adverb relating to _was lost,_ and _sight_ as a
noun used adverbially to modify _was lost;_ others would treat _sight_
as an object [complement] of _was lost;_ others would call _was lost
sight of_ a compound verb; and others, believing that the logical
relation of these words is not lost by a change of position, analyze
the expression as if arranged thus: _Sight of his original purpose was
lost._]
31. Such talents should be made much of.
32. He was taken care of by his friends.
33. Some of his characters have been found fault with as insipid.

* * * * *

LESSON 131.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE VERB--CONTINUED.

MODE, TENSE, NUMBER, AND PERSON.

+Introductory Hints.+--_James walks_. Here the walking is asserted as an actual fact. _James may walk._ Here the walking is asserted not as an actual, but as a possible, fact. _If James walk out, he will improve._ Here the walking is asserted only as thought of, without regard to its being or becoming either an actual or a possible fact. _James, walk out._ Here the walking is not asserted as a fact, but as a command--James is ordered to make it a fact. These different uses and forms of the verb constitute the modification which we call +Mode.+ The first verb is in the +Indicative Mode;+ the second in the +Potential Mode;+ the third in the +Subjunctive Mode;+ the fourth in the +Imperative Mode.+

For the two forms of the verb called the +Participle+ and the +Infinitive,+ see Lessons 37 and 40.

_I walk. I walked. I shall walk._ In these three sentences the manner of asserting the action is the same, but the time in which the action takes place is different. _Walk_ asserts the action as going on in present time, and, as +Tense+ means time, is in the +Present Tense.+ _Walked_ asserts the action as past, and is in the +Past Tense.+ _Shall walk_ asserts the action as future, and is in the +Future Tense.+

_I have walked out to-day. I had walked out when he called. I shall have walked out by to-morrow._ Have walked asserts the action as completed at the present, and is in the +Present Perfect Tense.+ _Had walked_ asserts the action as completed in the past, and is in the +Past Perfect Tense.+ _Shall have walked_ asserts action to be completed in the future, and is in the +Future Perfect Tense.+

_I walk. Thou walkest. He walks. They walk._ In the second sentence _walk_ is changed by adding +est+; in the third sentence, by adding +s.+ Verbs are said to agree in +Person+ and +Number+ with their subjects. But this agreement is not generally marked by a change in the form of the verb.

+DEFINITIONS+.

+_Mode_ is that modification of the verb which denotes the manner of asserting the action or being+.

+The _Indicative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a fact+. [Footnote: In "Are you going?" or "You are going?" a fact is referred to the hearer for his admission or denial. In "Who did it?" the fact that some person did it is asserted, and the hearer is requested to name the person. It will be seen that the Indicative Mode may be used in asking a question.]

+The _Potential Mode_ asserts the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity of acting or being+.

+The _Subjunctive Mode_ asserts the action or being as a mere condition, supposition, or wish+.

+The _Imperative Mode_ asserts the action or being as a command or an entreaty+.

+The _Infinitive_ is a form of the verb which names the action or being in a general way, without asserting it of anything+.

+The _Participle_ is a form of the verb partaking of the nature of an adjective or of a noun, and expressing the action or being as assumed+.

+The _Present Participle_ denotes action or being as continuing at the time indicated by the predicate+.

+The _Past Participle_ denotes action or being as past or completed at the time indicated by the predicate+.

+The _Past Perfect Participle_ denotes action or being as completed at a time previous to that indicated by the predicate+.

+_Tense_ is that modification of the verb which expresses the time of the action or being+.

+The _Present Tense_ expresses action or being as present+.

+The _Past Tense_ expresses action or being as past+.

+The _Future Tense_ expresses action or being as yet to come+.

+The _Present Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at the present time+.

+The _Past Perfect Tense_ expresses action or being as completed at some past time+.

+The _Future Perfect Tense _expresses action or being to be completed at some future time+.

+_Number _and _Person _of a verb are those modifications that show its agreement with the number and person of its subject+.

* * * * *

LESSON 132.

FORMS OF THE VERB.

CONJUGATION.

+DEFINITIONS+.

+_Conjugation_ is the regular arrangement of all the forms of the verb+.

+_Synopsis _is the regular arrangement of the forms of one number and person in all the modes and tenses+.

+_Auxiliary Verbs _are those that help in the conjugation of other verbs.+

The auxiliaries are _do, did, have, had, shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could, must,_ and _be_ (with all its variations, see Lesson 135).

+The _Principal Parts_ of a verb, or those from which the other parts are derived, are the present indicative or the present infinitive, the past indicative, and the past participle.+

List of Irregular Verbs. [Footnote: Grammarians have classed verbs on the basis of their form or history as Strong (or Old) and Weak (or New).

Strong verbs form their past tense by changing the vowel of the present without adding anything; weak verbs form their past tense by adding _ed, d,_ or _t._ Some weak verbs change the vowel of the present; as, _tell, told; teach, taught._ These are weak because they add _d_ or _t._

Some weak verbs shorten the vowel of the present without adding anything; as, _feed, fed; lead, led;_ and some have the present and the past alike; as, _set, set; rid, rid._ They have dropped the past tense ending.

The past participle of all strong verbs once ended in _en_ or _n,_ but in many verbs this ending is now lost.

Since most verbs form their past tense and past participle by adding _ed,_ we call such Regular, and all others Irregular. Our irregular verbs include all strong verbs and those that may be called "irregular weak" verbs.

Of the _ed_ added to form the past tense of regular verbs, _d_ is what remains of _did;_ _we did love,_ for instance, being written _love-did-we._ This derivation of _d_ in _ed_ is questioned. The _d_ of the participle is not from _did_ but is from an old participle suffix. The _e_ in the _ea_ of both these forms is the old connecting vowel.]

TO THE TEACHER.--It would be well to require the pupils, in studying and in reciting these lists of irregular verbs, to frame short sentences illustrating the proper use of the past tense and the past participle, _e.g._ I _began_ yesterday; He has _begun_ to do better. In this way the pupils will be saved the mechanical labor of memorizing forms which they already know how to use, and they will be led to correct what has been faulty in their use of other forms.

+Remarks.+--Verbs that have both a regular and an irregular form are called +Redundant.+

Verbs that are wanting in any of their parts, as _can_ and _may,_ are called +Defective.+

The present participle is not here given as a principal part. It may always be formed from the present tense by adding _ing._

In adding _ing_ and other terminations, the Rules for Spelling (see Lesson 127) should be observed.

The forms below in Italics are regular; and those in smaller type are obsolete, and need not be committed to memory.

_Present. Past. Past Par._ Abide, abode, abode. Awake, awoke, _awaked. awaked._ Be _or_ am, was, been. Bear, bore, born, (_bring forth_) bare, borne. Bear, bore, borne. (_carry_) bare, Beat, beat, beaten, beat. Begin, began, begun. Bend, bent, bent, _bended, bended._ Bereave, bereft, bereft, _bereaved, bereaved._ Beseech, besought, besought. Bet, bet, bet, _betted, betted._ Bid, bade, bid, bidden, bid. Bind, bound, bound. Bite, bit, bitten, bit. Bleed, bled, bled. Blend, blent, blent, _blended, blended._ Bless, blest, blest, blessed, blessed. Blow, blew, blown. Break, broke, broken. brake, Breed, bred, bred. Bring, brought, brought. Build, built, built. Burn burnt, burnt, burned, burned. Burst, burst, burst. Buy, bought, bought. Can,[1] could, -----. Cast, cast, cast. Catch, caught, caught. Chide, chid, chidden, chid. Choose, chose, chosen. Cleave, _cleaved, cleaved._ (_adhere_) clave, Cleave cleft, cleft, (_split_) clove, cloven, clave, _cleaved._ Cling, clung, clung. Clothe, clad, clad, _clothed clothed._ (Be)Come, came, come. Cost, cost, cost. Creep, crept, crept. Crow crew, _crowed._ _crowed_, Cut, cut, cut. Dare, durst, _dared_. (_venture_) _dared_, Deal, dealt, dealt. Dig, dug, dug, _digged_, _digged._ Do, did, done. Draw, drew, drawn. Dream, dreamt, dreamt, _dreamed, dreamed._ Dress drest, drest, _dressed, dressed._ Drink, drank, drunk. Drive, drove, driven. Dwell dwelt, dwelt, _dwelled, dwelled._ Eat, ate, eaten. (Be) Fall, fell, fallen. Feed, fed, fed. Feel, felt, felt. Fight, fought, fought. Find, found, found. Flee, fled, fled. Fling, flung, flung. Fly, flew, flown. Forsake, forsook, forsaken. Forbear, forbore, forborne. Freeze, froze, frozen. (For)Get, got, got, gotten.[2] Gild, gilt, gilt, _gilded, gilded._ Gird, girt, girt, _girded, girded._ (For)Give, gave, given. Go, went,[3] gone. (En)Grave _graved, graved,_ graven. Grind, ground, ground. Grow, grew, grown. Hang, hung, hung, _hanged, hanged_.[4] Have, had, had. Hear, heard heard. Heave hove, hove,[5] _heaved, heaved._ Hew, _hewed, hewed,_ hewn. Hide, hid, hidden, hid. Hit, hit, hit. (Be)Hold, held, held, holden. Hurt, hurt, hurt. Keep, kept, kept. Kneel knelt, knelt, _kneeled, kneeled._ Knit knit, knit, _knitted, knitted._ Know, knew, known. Lade, _laded, laded,_ (load) laden. Lay, laid, laid. Lead, led, led.

[Footnote 1: Can, may, shall, will, must, and ought were originally past forms. This accounts for their having no change in the third person.]

[Footnote 2: Gotten is obsolescent except in forgotten.]

[Footnote 3: _Went_ is the past of _wend,_ to _go_.]

[Footnote 4: _Hang,_ to execute by hanging, is regular.]

[Footnote 5: _Hove_ is used in sea language.]

* * * * *

LESSON 133.

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS--CONTINUED.

_Present. Past. Past Par._

Lean, leant, leant, _leaned, leaned_. Leap, leapt, leapt, _leaped, leaped_. Learn, learnt, learnt, _learned, learned_. Leave, left, left. Lend, lent, lent. Let, let, let. Lie, lay, lain. (_recline_) Light, _lighted, lighted_, lit, lit.[1] Lose, lost, lost. Make, made, made. May, might, ----. Mean, meant, meant. Meet, met, met. Mow, _mowed, mowed_, mown. Must, ----, ----. Ought, ----, ----. Pay, paid, paid. Pen, pent, pent, (_inclose_) _penned, penned_. Put, put, put. Quit, quit, quit, _quitted, quitted_. ----, quoth,[2] ----. Rap, rapt, rapt, _rapped, rapped_. Read, read, read. Rend, rent, rent. Rid, rid, rid. Ride, rode, ridden. Ring, rang, rung, _rung_, (A)Rise, rose, risen. Rive, _rived_, riven, _rived_. Run, ran, run. Saw, _sawed, sawed_, sawn. Say, said, said. See, saw, seen. Seek, sought, sought. Seethe, _seethed, seethed_, sod, sodden. Sell, sold, sold. Send, sent, sent. (Be)Set, set, set. Shake, shook, shaken. Shall, should, ------. Shape, _shaped, shaped_, shapen Shave, _shaved, shaved_, shaven. Shear, _sheared, sheared_, shore, shorn. Shed, shed, shed. Shine, shone, shone. Shoe, shod, shod. Shoot, shot, shot. Show, _showed_, shown, _showed_. Shred, shred, shred. Shrink, shrank, shrunk, shrunk, shrunken. Shut, shut, shut. Sing, sang, sung. sung, Sink, sank, sunk, sunk, sunken. Sit, sat, sat. Slay, slew, slain. Sleep, slept, slept. Slide, slid, slidden, slid. Sling, slung, slung. slang Slink, slunk, slunk. Slit, slit, slit, _slitted, slitted_. Smell, smelt, smelt, _smelled, smelled_. Smite, smote, smitten, smit. Sow, _sowed_, sown, _sowed_. Speak, spoke, spoken. spake, Speed, sped, sped. Spell, spelt, spelt, _spelled, spelled_. Spend, spent, spent. Spill, spilt, spilt, _spilled, spilled_. Spin, spun, spun. span, Spit, spit, spit, spat, spitten. Split, split, split. Spoil, spoilt, spoilt, _spoiled, spoiled_. Spread, spread, spread. Spring, sprang, sprung. sprung, Stand, stood, stood. Stave, stove, stove, _staved, staved_. Stay, staid, staid, _stayed, stayed_. Steal, stole, stolen. Stick, stuck, stuck. Sting, stung, stung. Stink, stunk, stunk. stank, Strew, _strewed_, strewn, _strewed_. Stride, strode, stridden. Strike, struck, struck, stricken. String, strung, strung, Strive, strove, striven. Strow, _strowed_, strown, _strowed_. Swear, swore, sworn sware, Sweat, sweat, sweat, _sweated, sweated_. Sweep, swept, swept. Swell, _swelled_, _swelled_, swollen. Swim, swam, swum. swum, Swing, swung, swung. Take, took, taken, Teach, taught, taught. Tear, tore, torn. tare, Tell, told, told. Think, thought, thought. Thrive, throve, thriven, _thrived_, _thrived_. Throw, threw, thrown. Thrust, thrust, thrust. Tread, trod, trodden, trod. Wake, _waked_, _waked_, woke, woke. Wax, _waxed_, _waxed_, waxen. Wear, wore, worn. Weave, wove, woven. Weep, wept, wept. Wet, wet, wet. Will, would, ----. Win, won, won. Wind, wound, wound. Work, wrought, wrought, _worked_, _worked_. (to)wit, wot, wist, ----. Wring, wrung, wrung. Write, wrote, written.

[Footnote 1: _Lighted_ Is preferred to _lit_.]

[Footnote 2: _Quoth_, now nearly obsolete, is used only in the first and the third person of the past tense. _Quoth_ I = _said_ I. Other forms nearly obsolete are sometimes met in literature; as, "_Methinks_ I scent the morning air"; "Woe _worth_ the day." _Methinks_ (A. S. _thincan_, to seem, not _thencan_, to think) = _seems to me_. In the sentence above, _I scent the morning air_ is the subject, _thinks_ is the predicate, and _me_ is a "dative," or a pronoun used adverbially. Woe _worth_ (A. S. _weorthan_, to _be_ or _become_) the day = Woe _be_ to the day, or _Let_ woe _be_ to the day, or _May_ woe _be_ to the day.]

NOTE.--Professor Lounsbury says, "Modern English has lost not a single one [irregular, or strong, verb] since the reign of Queen Elizabeth"; and adds, "The present disposition of the language is not only to hold firmly to the strong verbs it already possesses but ... even to extend their number whenever possible." And he instances a few which since 1600 have deserted from the regular conjugation to the irregular.

But it should be said that new English verbs, from whatever source derived, form their past tense and participle in _ed_. So that while the regular verbs are not increasing by desertions from the irregular, the regular verbs are slowly gaining in number.

* * * * *

LESSON 134.

FORMS OF THE VERB--CONTINUED.

CONJUGATION [Footnote: We give the conjugation of the verb in the simplest form consistent with what is now demanded of a text-book. Much of this scheme might well be omitted.

Those who wish to reject the Potential Mode, and who prefer a more elaborate and technical classification of the mode and tense forms, are referred to pages 373, 374. ]--SIMPLEST FORM.

REMARK.--English verbs have few inflections compared with those of other languages. Some irregular verbs have seven forms--+see+, +saw+, +seeing+, +seen+, +sees+, +seest+, +sawest+; regular verbs have six--+walk+, +walked+, +walking+, +walks+, +walkest+, +walkedst+. As a substitute for other inflections we prefix auxiliary verbs, and make what are called _compound_, or _periphrastic_, forms.

+Direction+.--_Fill out the following forms, using the principal parts of the verb walk--present +walk+; past +walked+; past participle +walked+:_--

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. Plural. 1. (I) /Pres./, 1. (We) /Pres./, 2. (You) /Pres./, 2. (You) /Pres./, (Thou) /Pres./+est,[1], 3. (He) /Pres./+s;[1] 3. (They) /Pres./.

PAST TENSE.

1. (I) /Past/, 1. (We) /Past/, 2. (You) /Past/, 2. (You) /Past/, (Thou) /Past/+st+, 3. (He) /Past/; 3. (They) /Past/.

FUTURE TENSE.

1. (I) shall /Pres./, 1. (We) shall /Pres./, 2. (You) will /Pres./, 2. (You) will /Pres./, (Thou) wil-+t+ /Pres./, 3. (He) will /Pres./; 3. (They) will /Pres./.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) have /Past Par./, 1. (We) have /Past Par./, 2. (You) have /Past Par./, 2. (You) have /Past Par./, (Thou) ha-+st+ /Past Par./, 3. (He) ha-+s+ /Past Par./; 3. (They) have /Past Par./.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) had /Past Par./, 1. (We) had /Past Par./ 2. (You) had /Past Par./, 2. (You) had /Past Par./ (Thou) had-+st+ /Past Par./, 3. (He) had /Past Par./; 3. (They) had /Past Par./

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) shall have /Past Par./, 1. (We) shall have /Past Par./, 2. (You) will have /Past Par./, 2. (You) will have /Past Par./, (Thou) wil-+t+ have /Past Par./,

3. (He)...will have..../Past Par./; 3. (They) will have /Past Par./.

[Footnote 1: In the indicative present, second, singular, old style, _st_ is sometimes added in stead of _est_; and in the third person, common style, _es_ is added when _s_ will not unite. In the third person, old style, _eth_ is added.]

POTENTIAL MODE.[2]

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. (I) may /Pres./, 1. (We) may /Pres./, 2. (You) may /Pres./, 2. (You) may /Pres./, (Thou) may-+st+ /Pres./, 3. (He) may /Pres./; 3. (They) may /Pres./.

PAST TENSE.

1. (I) might /Pres./, 1. (We) might /Pres./, 2. (You) might /Pres./, 2. (You) might /Pres./, (Thou) might-+st+ /Pres./, 3. (He) might /Pres./; 3. (They) might /Pres./.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) may have /Past Par./, 1. (We) may have /Past Par./, 2. (You) may have /Past Par./, 2. (You) may have /Past Par./, (Thou) may-+st+ have /Past Par./, 3. (He) may have /Past Par./. 3. (They) may have /Past Par./.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) might have /Past Par./, 1. (We) might have /Past Par./, 2. (You) might have /Past Par./, 2. (You) might have /Past Par./, (Thou) might-+st+ have /Past Par./, 3. (He) might have /Past Par./. 3. (They) might have /Past Par./.

Singular.

[Footnote 2: Those who do not wish to recognize a Potential Mode, but prefer the unsatisfactory task of determining when _may, can, must, might, could, would, and should_ are independent verbs in the indicative, and when auxiliaries in the subjunctive, are referred to pages 370-374.]

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.[3]

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

2. (If thou) /Pres./ 3. (If he) /Pres./

[Footnote 3: The subjunctive as a form of the verb is fading out of the language. The only distinctive forms remaining (except for the verb _be_) are the second and the third person singular of the present, and even these ate giving way to the indicative. Such forms as If he _have loved_, etc. are exceptional. It is true that other forms, as, If he _had known, Had_ he _been_, _Should_ he _fall_, may be used in a true subjunctive sense, to assert what is a mere conception of the mind, i. e., what is merely thought of, without regard to its being or becoming a fact; but in these cases it is not the form of the verb but the connective or something in the construction of the sentence that determines the manner of assertion. In parsing, the verbs in such constructions may be treated as indicative or potential, with a subjunctive meaning.

The offices of the different mode and tense forms are constantly interchanging; a classification based strictly on meaning would be very difficult, and would confuse the learner.]

IMPERATIVE MODE.[4]

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

2. /Pres./ (you or thou); 2. /Pres./ (you or ye).

[Footnote 4: From such forms as _Let us sing, Let them talk_, some grammarians make a first and a third person imperative. But _us_ is not the subject of the verb-phrase _let-sing_, and _let_ is not of the first person. _Us_ is the object complement of _let_, and the infinitive _sing_ is the objective complement, having us for its assumed subject.

Some would find a first and a third person imperative in such sentences as "Now tread _we_ a measure"; "_Perish_ the _thought_." But these verbs express strong wish or desire and by some grammarians are called "optative subjunctives." "Perish the thought" = "May the thought perish," or "I desire that the thought may perish," or "Let the thought perish."]

INFINITIVES.

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

(To)[5] /Pres./ (To) have /Past Par./

[Footnote 5: _To_, as indicated by the (), is not treated as a part of the verb. Writers on language are generally agreed that when _to_ introduces an infinitive phrase used as an adjective or an adverb, it performs its proper function as a preposition, meaning _toward_, _for_, etc.; as, I am inclined _to_ believe; I came _to_ hear. When the infinitive phrase is used as a noun, the _to_ expresses no relation; it seems merely to introduce the phrase. When a word loses its proper function without taking on the function of some other part of speech, we do not see why it should change its name. In the expressions, _For_ me to do this would be wrong; _Over_ the fence is out of danger, few grammarians would hesitate to call _for_ and _over_ prepositions, though they have no antecedent term of relation.

We cannot see that _to_ is a part of the verb, for it in no way affects the meaning, as does an auxiliary, or as does the to in He was spoken to. Those who call it a part of the verb confuse the learner by speaking of it as the "preposition _to_" (which, as they have said, is not a preposition) "placed before the infinitive," _i.e._, placed before that of which it forms a part --placed before itself.

In the Anglo-Saxon, _to_ was used with the infinitive only in the dative case, where it had its proper function as a preposition; as, nominative _etan_ (to eat); dative _to etanne_; accusative _e:tan_. When the dative ending _ne_ was dropped, making the three forms alike, the _to_ came to be used before the nominative and the accusative, but without expressing relation.

This dative of the infinitive, with _to_, was used mainly to indicate purpose. When, after the dropping of the _ne_ ending, the idea of purpose had to be conveyed by the infinitive, it became usual in Elizabethan literature to place _for_ before the _to_, "And _for to_ deck heaven's battlements."-_Greene_. "What went ye out _for to_ see?"-_Bible_. "Shut the gates _for to_ preserve the town."--_K. Hen. VI., Part III_.]

PARTICIPLES

PRESENT PAST PAST PERFECT. /Pres./+ing+. /Past Par./ Having /Past Par./

+May+, +can+, and +must+ are potential auxiliaries in the present and the present perfect tense; +might+, +could+, +would+, and +should+, in the past and the past perfect.

The +emphatic+ form of the present and the past tense indicative is made by prefixing +do+ and +did+ to the present. _Do_ is prefixed to the imperative also.

TO THE TEACHES.--Require the pupils to fill out these forma with other verbs, regular and irregular, using the auxiliaries named above.

* * * * *

LESSON 135.

FORMS OF THE VERB-CONTINUED.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB +BE+.

[Footnote: The conjugation of _be_ contains three distinct roots--_as, be, was_. _Am, art, is, are_ are from _as_. _Am_ = _as-m_ (_m_ is the _m_ in _me_). _Art_ = _as-t_ (_t_ is the _th_ in _thou_).

Be was formerly conjugated, I _be_, Thou _beest_, He _beth_ or _bes_; _We be_, _Ye be_, _They be_.]

+Direction+.--Learn the following forms, paying no attention to the line at the right of each verb:--

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.
_Singular. Plural._

1. (I) am ----, 1. (We) are ----, 2. (You) are ---- _or_ 2. (You) are ----, (Thou) art ----, 3. (He) is ----; 3. (They) are ----.

PAST TENSE.

1. (I) was ----, 1. (We) were ----, 2. (You) were ---- _or_ 2. (You) were ----, (Thou) wast ----, 3. (He) was ----; 3. (They) were ----.

FUTURE TENSE.

1. (I) shall be ----, 1. (We) shall be ----, 2. (You) will be ---- _or_ 2. (You) will be ----, (Thou) wilt be ----, 3. (He) will be ----; 3. (They) will be ----.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) have been ----, 1. (We) have been ----, 2. (You) have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) have been ----, (Thou) hast been ----, 3. (He) has been ----; 3. (They) have been ----.

PAST PERFECT

1. (I) had been ----, 1. (We) had been ----, 2. (You) had been ---- _or_ 2. (You) had been ----, (Thou) hadst been ----, 3. (He) had been ----; 3. (They) had been ----.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) shall have been ----, 1. (We) shall have been ----, 2. (You) will have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) will have been ----, (Thou) wilt have been ----, 3. (He) will have been ----; 3. (They) will have been ----.

POTENTIAL MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular. Plural._ 1. (I) may be ----, 1. (We) may be ----, 2. (You) may be ---- _or_ 2. (You) may be ----, (Thou) mayst be ----, 3. (He) may be ----; 3. (They) may be ----.

PAST TENSE.

1. (I) might be ----, 1. (We) might be ----, 2. (You) might be ---- _or_ 2. (You) might be ----, (Thou) mightst be ----, 3. (He) might be ----; 3. (They) might be ----.

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

1. (I) may have been ----, 1. (We) may have been ----, 2. (You) may have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) may have been ----, (Thou) mayst have been ----, 3. (He) may have been ----; 3. (They) may have been ----.

PAST PERFECT TENSE,

1. (I) might have been ----, 1. (We) might have been ----, 2. (You) might have been ---- _or_ 2. (You) might have been ----, (Thou) mightst have been ----, 3. (He) might have been ----; 3. (They) might have been ----.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

PBESENT TENSE.

_Singular. Plural._ 1. (If I) may have been ----, 1. (If we) may have been ----, 2. (If you) may have been ---- _or_ 2. (If you) may have been ----, (If thou) mayst have been ----, 3. (If he) may have been ----; 3. (If they) may have been ----.

PAST TENSE.

_Singular._ 1. (If I) were -----, 2. (If you) were ----, _or_ (If thou) wert ----, 3. (If he) were ----;

IMPERATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

_Singular. Plural._
2. Be (you or thou) ----; 2. Be (you or ye) ----.

INFINITIVES.

PRESENT TENSE. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
(To) be ----. (To) have been ----.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT. PAST. PAST PERFECT. Being ----. Been. Having been ----.

* * * * *

LESSON 136.

FORMS OF THE VERB--CONTINUED.

CONJUGATION--PROGRESSIVE AND PASSIVE FORMS.

A verb is conjugated in the +progressive form+ by joining its present participle to the different forms of the verb _be_.

A transitive verb is conjugated in the +passive voice+ by joining its past participle to the different forms of the verb _be_.

+Remark+.--The progressive form denotes a continuance of the action or being; as, The birds _are singing_.

Verbs that in their simple form denote continuance--such as _love_, _respect_, _know_--should not be conjugated in the progressive form. We say, I _love_ the child--not I _am loving_ the child.