Chapter III: Part 3

CYNTHIA HUNTERA. Alis subangulatis dentatis fulvis, nigro variegatis;
anticis apice productis albo maculatis; posticis infra ad basin griseo
reticulatis, ad extimum ocellis duobus magnis notatis. (Expans. Alar. 2
unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph.) Huntera, _Fab. Syst. Ent. p._ 499. _No._ 240.
_Herbst. Pap. t._ 178. _f._ 5. 6. _t._ 179. _f._ 1. 2. _Abbot and Smith,
Ins. Georgia, vol._ 1. _tab._ 9.

Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Cardui Virginiensis, _Drury, App. v._ 2.

Papilio Iole, _Cramer, Pap._ 1. _pl._ 12. _f._ E. F.

Papilio Bella Donna Virginiana, _Petiv. Gaz. Dec._ 4. _tab._ 33. _fig._
5.

HABITAT: New York, Maryland, Virginia (_Drury_). Brazil to Georgia (_Enc.
Méth._).

_Upper Side._ The base of the wings tawny orange; the anterior, dentated
and angulated; the tips and external edges are brownish black, on which
are five white spots near the external angle, the largest being round.
The remainder of the wings is of a fine orange brown, with several black
marks thereon, near the anterior edges. The posterior wings are a little
dentated, and of a brown orange colour like the anterior, having five
black spots placed near the external edge of each, two of which being
larger than the rest have blue centres, below these is a black border,
with a row of brown-orange crescents running along the middle. The cilia
is black and white.

_Under Side._ The anterior wings at the base are greyish, beyond which
they are beautifully adorned with rose-coloured and black marks, having
three white spots on each near the external edge, with several clouds and
marks of different colours placed at the tips and anterior edges. The
posterior wings are of a beautiful agate colour, with many lines and
narrow bars branching from, and intersecting one another under different
directions (like lines in a map), so as to form spots and clouds of
different shapes. Each wing has two eyes placed near the external edge,
one larger than the other, the pupils being of a blueish hue and the
irides black, the small one having a yellow circle within it; below
these, a purple line runs parallel with, and near to the external edge.

The caterpillar of this insect is described by Drury as being green, with black rings round the body, and as feeding about New York upon the wild balsams, appearing about the latter end of July, or beginning of August. Once in about five or six years they are exceedingly plentiful, at other times very scarce; a peculiarity also noticed in the very nearly allied European species, Cynthia Cardui (the Painted lady), of which species, indeed, Drury appears to have regarded it as a geographical variety.

The caterpillar, according to Abbot, is of a brown colour, with the incisions, and a {11}lateral line yellow; it has also two dorsal lines, formed of alternately white and red points; the head is black, and the spines, with which the body is armed, are of the prevalent colour of the surface. It feeds upon the Gnaphalum obtusifolium. The chrysalis is rather yellow, with black spots, and is assumed towards the end of April or beginning of May. The butterfly appears at the end of about ten days. It continues breeding during the summer, and is very commonly seen sucking up moisture from damp places near houses. The caterpillar folds and spins the leaves together, in the same manner as the English Painted lady, Cynthia Cardui.

PIERIS (THESTIAS) PYRENE?

Plate V. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank, Latr. et God._ Pontia, p. _Ochsenh. Horsfield_.
Papilio (Danai Candidi), _Linn. Drury_. Thestias, _Boisduv._ Teracolus,
_Swains_.

PIERIS (THESTIAS) PYRENE. "Alis flavis primoribus apice (medio fulvo)
nigris, subtus nebuloso maculatis. Habitat in China." _Lin. loc. cit.
infra._ (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Candid.) Pyrene, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 762. 86? _Latr.
et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. 120.

P. Evippe, _Lin. var. teste_. _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

Pap. (Dan. Cand.) Sesia, _Fab. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 203. 636.

Thestias Pirene, _Boisd._ _Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._ 593. No. 3.

HABITAT: China (_Drury_). Asia (_Linn._).

_Upper Side._ The anterior wings near the base are of a brimstone colour;
the tips and external edges being of a dark brown, nearly black,
surrounding a large patch of a fine orange. The posterior are of
brimstone colour, with a border round their edges of dark brown. The male
has not this border.

_Under Side._ Black; all the wings brimstone, without any marks, spots,
or clouds whatever in the female, the male having its under side of a
brighter yellow, with several reddish-brown spots on the inferior wings.

There is the greatest confusion respecting the specific names of this, and several nearly allied species, which would be very difficult to unravel. Drury considered this insect as a variety of Evippe, whilst Fabricius, Latrielle, and Godart, give it as identical with the Linnæan Pyrene, which opinion I have adopted, although I am by no means certain as to the identity of the species; the under side of the wings offering no trace of the central discoidal black spot existing in that species. M. Boisduval has not diminished the confusion, in his work just published, by giving a species from Guinea, under the name of Evippe (which Linnæus states is from China), with the erroneous observation, "Il est probable que les anciens auteurs auront confondu sous le nom d'Evippe trois ou quatre espèces _Africaines_."--_Hist. Nat. Lépid._ 1. p. 574.

{12}CYNTHIA LAOMEDIA.

Plate V. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. CYNTHIA, _Fab._ Vanessa p. _Latr. et God._ Papilio (Nymph.
Gemmat.), _Linn. Drury_.

CYNTHIA LAOMEDIA. Alis dentatis cinerascentibus lineis fuscis transversis
undulatis ocellisque (quibusdam coecis) serie posticâ digestis; anticarum
sex, posticarum quinque. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Gemmat.) Laomedia, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 772. _No._
145. _Fabricius, Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 98. _No._ 302. _Cramer_, _pl._
8. _f._ 10. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 174. _f._ 1. 2.

HABITAT: China (_Drury_). East India (_Linn._). Java (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ The wings are of a greyish purple and a little dentated.
The anterior have on each four irregular black lines, running from the
anterior edge near the body half way cross the wings, and six eyes on
each, near the external edge, whose irides are white, some of which are
oval, and one, being larger than the rest, is filled up with black and
red; some are very faint. The posterior wings have six oval eyes on each,
with white irides; three of which are more distinct than the rest, two of
them being filled up with red and black. Two dark irregular lines run
along and near to their external edges.

_Under Side._ The wings are rather paler than on the upper side. A small
irregular line begins about the middle of the anterior edge of the
superior wings, and running cross them and the inferior ones, meets below
the body. The anterior wings have a distinct dark spot, and also a faint
one. The posterior ones have two distinct red and black spots, and
another very faint.

PLATE VI.

ARGYNNIS NIPHE.

Plate VI. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. ARGYNNIS, _Fabr. Latr. God._ Argyreus, p. _Scopoli_. Papilio
(Nymphal. Phalerati), _Linn. Drury_.

ARGYNNIS NIPHE. Alis supra luteis nigro maculatis, anticis ad apicem
coerulescenti-nigris fasciâ albâ transversâ; posticis subtus viridi,
argenteo, nigroque variis, strigâ quinque ocellorum notatis. (Expans.
Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Niphe, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 785. _No._ 208.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 142. _No._ 436.

HABITAT: China.

_Upper Side._ The anterior wings near the base are of a brown olive.
About half the wings (from the lower angle upwards) are of a dark blue,
with many different shaped spots on them, and a white bar running from
the anterior edge towards the external one, which, being intersected by
the black tendons of the wing, appears like three steps. All the wings
are dentated or scolloped. The posterior ones are of a clay colour, with
many black spots on them, of various forms. A black border runs along the
external edges, narrowed as it approaches the external angle, on which
appear two rows of blue spots like crescents, whose convex sides are
placed opposite each other.

_Under Side._ The white bar on the anterior wings appears as on the upper
side, from whence to the tips is an olive colour, whereon are some silver
spots; the remainder as on the upper side. The posterior wings are of an
olive hue, finely variegated with some white silvery spots and marks. A
line of this colour runs along the external edges almost close to the
scollops, and above that are five round spots of a darker olive, with
small white dots in their centres.

{13}ARGYNNIS TEPHNIA.

Plate VI. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. ARGYNNIS, _Fab. Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phalerat.), _Linn.
Drury_.

ARGYNNIS TEPHNIA. Alis subrotundatis dentatis, supra luteis nigro
maculatis, posticis subtus viridi argenteo nigroque variegatis serie
quinque ocellorum. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Argynnis, _Drury, App. v._ 2. _Herbst. Pap.
t._ 254. _f._ 5. 6.

Papilio Niphe, var. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 142.

P. Niphe mas. _Cramer, Pap._ 2. _pl._ 14. _f._ D. E.

Argynnis Tephnia, _Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 262. _No._ 18.

HABITAT: China.

_Upper Side._ The wings are of a brown orange, having many black spots,
of different sizes and shapes on them. A black scolloped border runs
along the external edges of the posterior wings, whereon are two rows of
tawny red spots, appearing like crescents, with their convex sides placed
against each other. All the wings are scolloped or dentated.

_Under Side._ The anterior wings, toward the body, are brown orange. The
tips are of a yellowish flesh colour, with some olive spots on them, with
black spots, as on the upper side. The posterior wings are of a yellow
flesh colour, marked with some olive spots, and white marks, which seem
of a silver hue. A margin of olive colour runs along the external edges,
whereon is a row of flesh-coloured crescents (as on the upper side), with
an intersected narrow line above them. Over these, are five round olive
spots, of equal sizes, with a dot of silver in their centres.

The specific name given to this species by Drury, having the priority in point of date, would have been retained, had it not been identical with that of the genus to which it belongs. Engramelle and several other authors have, inadvertently, given it as an inhabitant of the south of Europe.

PLATE VII.

NYCTALEMON PATROCLUS.

Plate VII. fig. 1. (Upper Side). Plate VIII. fig. 1. (Under Side).

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Uraniidæ, _Westw._

GENUS. NYCTALEMON, _Dalman._ (Prod. Monogr. Castn.) Urania. Divis. C.
_Latr. et God._ Papilio (Equit. Achiv. _Linn._), Noctua, _Fabr._

(SUBGENUS. Orontes, _Swainson, Zool. Illustr. 2d. series_, 125.)

NYCTALEMON PATROCLUS. Alis supra fuscis, subtus griseis fusco undatis,
utrinque fasciâ communi mediá rectâ albâ, posticis caudatis. (Expans.
Alar. fere 6 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Eq. Achiv.) Patroclus, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 749. _No._ 24.
_Cramer, Pap. pl._ 198. _fig._ A. _pl._ 109. _fig._ A. B. _Herbst. Pap.
tab._ 54. _fig._ 2. 3. _tab._ 55. _f._ 1.

Noctua Patroclus, _Fab. Ent. Syst._ 3. 2. _p._ 8. _No._ 2.

Urania Patroclus, _Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. 710.

HABITAT: China (_Drury_). Java, Amboyna (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are about an inch long, slender, setaceous, and
gradually diminishing from the base to the extremities. The head is
small. The thorax is clothed with long soft hair, and, {14}with the
abdomen, is of a darkish brown. A remarkable straight narrow line, or
bar, of a cream colour, arises from the middle of the anterior edge of
each of the fore wings, and, crossing both anterior and posterior wings,
ends at the abdominal edges, about half an inch below the abdomen; so
that, when the wings are extended, as in the figure, these lines, with
the anterior edges, form an equilateral triangle. The space within the
triangle is dark brown; but the parts, near the shoulders, are lighter,
having a greyish cast or hue, and contain many small transverse curved
streaks, extending to the anterior edges, where they are large, black,
and very conspicuous, like stripes. Some transverse markings of this
kind, are dispersed on the posterior edges of the superior wings, and
also on the abdominal edges of the posterior. On the outside the
triangle, both on the anterior and posterior wings, is a fascia, of light
brown, about half an inch broad, which deepens into a dark brown. On the
posterior wings, after becoming dark, it softens again into the same
light colour, continuing to the external edges. Each of these wings is
ornamented with two tails, the inner ones the longest and near an inch in
length, the tips of which incline towards each other; the lesser or outer
tails, are about half an inch long, strengthened by the tendons of the
wings passing through the middle of them; all of them being bordered with
a soft ray of dark brown.

_Under Side._ The bars or lines, which form the triangle on the upper
side, are not visible on this; but the inclosed triangular field appears
of a light greyish brown, darker at the borders, and thickly beset with
small brown streaks, parallel to each other, and surrounding the body.
The costal nerve of the anterior wings composes an edging in each, about
an eighth of an inch broad, which diminishes as it approaches the
external angle, white, and beautifully marked with black streaks, but
smaller than those seen on the upper side. Outside the triangle, both in
the anterior and posterior wings, is a broad border of white, which
softens into a brown, but lighter than that on the upper side. Both in
the white, and in the brown, are some small dashes of black, very thinly
dispersed. The internal margin of the posterior wings is furnished with a
deep fringe, and the black marks situated below the abdomen, are larger
and broader than those on the upper side. The tails are whitish, bordered
with brown, and appear as on the upper side.

This is one of those anomalous forms, whereof examples occur in every tribe of animals, baffling the skill of the most profound systematists. By Linnæus, and many other authors, it was considered as a butterfly, and certainly the genus Urania (in which it is placed by Latreille), as we learn from Mr. W. S. MacLeay's valuable memoir upon that genus, published in the first volume of the Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, is composed of day-flying species. Fabricius, however, regarded it as a moth, belonging to the genus Noctua, and nearly related to the genus Erebus, of which the Erebus Odora, figured in the third plate of the present volume, is a conspicuous species; and when we examine the structure of the palpi, and the spurs upon the posterior tibiæ, we find good reason for adopting this relation, admitting, at the same time, that the group in question is one which, from its various affinities and analogies, it is very difficult to assign to any single section.

{15}CALLIMORPHA PHYLLIRA.

Plate VII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CALLIMORPHA, _Latr. Leach_. Hypercompa, _Steph._ Heraclia,
_Hubner_. Phalæna Bombyx, _Drury_.

CALLIMORPHA PHYLLIRA. Alis anticis nigris lineis albidis apicalibus,
literam B referentibus; posticis sanguineis maculis nigris. (Expans.
Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Bombyx) Phyllira, _Drury, Append. v._ 2. _Olivier, Enc.
Méth._ 5. 94. 236. _Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georg. tab._ 64.

HABITAT: New York; taken on the 12th day of July.

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are black, small, and thread-like, near half an
inch long; the head and thorax cream-coloured. Behind the head are two
black spots, and on the thorax are three others, longer, and running
parallel with it. The abdomen is scarlet, and on each segment is a black
mark, forming a row, united together in the middle. All the wings are
entire. The anterior ones black, with cream-coloured cilia; the interior
edge, and part of the anterior, next the body, are margined with cream
colour. A line of the same colour, runs from the body, parallel with, and
near to the posterior edge, quite to the external one, where, suddenly
returning, in a zigzag manner, it ends at the anterior edge, near the
tips, and forms two angles, like a B, with a line placed across its top,
or upper part. The posterior wings are scarlet, having a thin border of
black, running along their external edges, with four black spots above
it, those nearest the abdomen, being in shape like hearts.

_Under Side._ Like the upper: but the colours are more faint and less
distinct.

The caterpillar of this species is brown, with small dorsal and lateral diamond-shaped yellow spots, emitting fascicles of hairs. It feeds, according to Abbot, on the cross-wort, corn, peas, wheat, &c. One of the caterpillars spun up on the 4th of April, and the moth appeared on the 29th. Another spun up on the 27th of May, and came out on the 16th of June. It continues breeding during most part of the summer.

SPILOSOMA NAIS.

Plate VII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Arctiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. SPILOSOMA, _Steph._ Arctia, p. _Schrank_. Eyprepia, p. _Ochs._
Phalæna (Noctua), _Drury_.

SPILOSOMA NAIS. Alis anticis nigris lineis tribus longitudinalibus
fusco-fulvescentibus, duabus superioribus externè connexis, posticis
pallidioribus margine irregulari nigro. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Nais, _Drury, Append. v._ 2

HABITAT: New York; taken on the 24th day of June.

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are black, and pectinated; the head and body
are of a light yellowish brown. On the thorax are three black marks,
running parallel with it, with several black spots on the abdomen. The
anterior wings are black; the cilia of a light yellowish brown, which
colour is continued along the interior edges, up to the body; some broad
lines, of the same colour, occupy about two-thirds of the wing, running
parallel with the anterior and interior edges. The posterior wings are of
the same light yellowish brown, with a faint black spot on each, having a
broad irregular border, of a faint black. {16}running along the external
edges, being very narrow in the middle. All the wings are plain and
entire.

_Under Side._ Exactly like the upper, but the colours are less brilliant.

This species is nearly related to our common British species, Spilosoma lubricepida.

PLATE VIII.

GEOMETRA TRANSVERSATA.

Plate VIII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Stephens_.

GENUS. GEOMETRA, _Linn. Stephens_. Ennomos, _Treitschke, Duponchel_.

GEOMETRA TRANSVERSATA. Alis angulatis fusco-fulvescentibus undique
strigis minutis transversis fasciâque tenui communi obscurâ notatis.
(Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Geometra) transversata, _Drury, Append. v._ 2.

HABITAT: New York.

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are filiform, half an inch in length. The head,
thorax, abdomen, and wings, of a brown orange. All the wings are
angulated and besprinkled with small short transverse streaks parallel to
each other. A narrow brown line, beginning at the external angle of the
anterior wings, and running in a transverse direction, crosses them and
the posterior wings near the middle, meeting above the extremity of the
abdomen.

_Under Side._ Exactly like the upper in every circumstance, except that
the brown line is not to be seen.

This species seems nearly allied to the moths, which English collectors call the Thorns, and to which Stephens restricts the name of Geometra, but which M. Duponchel terms Ennomos.

BUPALUS CATENARIUS.

Plate VIII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Geometridæ, _Steph._

GENUS. BUPALUS, _Leach_. Fidonia, p. _Treitschke_. Phalæna (Geometra),
_Drury_.

BUPALUS CATENARIUS. Fronte fulvâ; alis albis lunulâ mediâ; anticis
strigis duabus undatis (scil. ante et pone medium), posticis strigâ
unicâ, nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Geometra) catenaria, _Drury, App. v._ 2. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 2. _p._ 140. _No._ 41. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2461. 660.

HABITAT: New York (_Drury_). "In Indiis" (_Fabr._).

_Upper Side._ The head is orange-coloured; the eyes black; the antennæ
are broad, and pectinated; the thorax white, with three spots of orange
colour, one at each shoulder, the other at the base of the abdomen, where
are two small black specks. The abdomen is white, and on each ring is a
small black speck. The wings are white; and, on each anterior one, are
two denticulated lines, running cross the wing, from the anterior to the
interior edge, in a circular manner; the one near the base, the other
{17}near the external edge, which last forms, on each nerve, a small
black speck like an arrow head. Between the two lines is a black spot
near the anterior edge. The posterior wings have a similar line running
cross them, from the anterior to the interior edges, in a circular
manner, and, meeting a little above the extremity of the abdomen, with a
black spot in each near the middle.

_Under Side._ Is similar to the upper, only the black spots are more
conspicuous.

PLATE IX.

CERATOCAMPA IMPERIALIS.

Plate IX. fig. 1. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Bombycidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. CERATOCAMPA, _Harris, Append. to Hitchcock's Geology of
Massachusets_. Cerocampa, _Kirby & Spence, Ind. Introd. to Ent._
Odonestis, _Germar. Stephens._ Lasiocampa, _Latr. Schrank._ Bombyx,
_Fabr._

CERATOCAMPA IMPERIALIS. Alis flavis, fusco irroratis et variegatis,
omnibus infra maculâ discoidali subocellari fuscâ. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.
9 lin. [male].--6 unc. [female].)

SYN. Phalæna (Attacus) Imperialis, _Drury, App. v._ 2.

Bombyx Imperialis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 435. No. 89. _Gmel.
Lin._ S. N. 2417. 510.

Phalæna Imperatoria, _Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georgia, tab._ 55. _Oliv.
Enc. Méth._ 5. 56. 116.

Bombyx Didyma, _Pal. Beauv. Ins. Lep. pl._ 20.

HABITAT: New York (_Drury_). India (_Fabricius_).

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are of a reddish colour, broad and pectinated,
and, near the extremities, appear as if they were stripped of their
comb-like appendages. The thorax and abdomen yellow, clouded with a light
reddish-brown colour, inclining to crimson. The anterior wings are of a
fine bright yellow, with several clouds on them of the same brown colour,
whereof one takes its rise at the tips, and runs along the external edge
to the lower corners, being narrower at the extremities than the middle,
where it branches off, and unites to a large cloud near the shoulders.
The yellow parts of all the wings appear as if sprinkled with dark
irregular specks. The posterior wings are of the same bright yellow as
the anterior, and have, in the middle of each, a small brown eye, with a
lighter spot in its centre. An irregular bar of the same reddish brown
colour crosses these wings, which, beginning at the outer angle, meets at
the anal angle. The edges of all the wings are plain.

_Under Side._ The thorax and abdomen are yellow. All the wings are of the
same yellow colour, and sprinkled with brown as on the upper side. The
superior wings have on each a light reddish brown eye near the middle,
with a light spot in the centre, and a round brown spot above it. The
anterior margins next the body are of a reddish brown; and the same cloud
that appears along the external edge of each wing on the upper side,
appears also on this, but fainter. The inferior wings have a reddish
brown eye in each near the middle, with a lighter spot in the centre, and
of the same size as on the upper side.

The figure here given, is taken from the male; the female being much
larger, expanding full six inches; the antennæ being thread-like, and not
combed or pectinated as the male.

This species breeds twice in the year, namely in June and September. The caterpillar, according to Abbot, feeds on the plane-tree (Platanus occidentalis Linn.), oak, liquidambar, and pine trees. Some of them are of a tawny colour, others tawny and orange, others green. They are furnished with long rigid hairs, and the second and third segments of the body are also armed with two pair of short, erect, rugose horns. {18}This insect is placed by Mr. Kirby in his new genus Cerocampa, together with Phalæna regalis, Fabr. Mr. Kirby had, however, evidently in view the caterpillars of the latter insect, when he proposed this generic name, and which are armed with numerous, long, erect, rigid spines, those near the head being curved, and giving the insect somewhat the appearance of a cockatoo. This larva is figured by Abbot and Smith, pl. 61, and specimens, admirably preserved by Abbot, are contained in the collection of the Entomological Society of London, presented by Mr. Kirby. There is also considerable difference between the chrysalides of these two insects, that of imperialis being more elongate, with a bifid tail, and with transverse rows of short abdominal spines, of which the chrysalis of regalis is destitute. One of the caterpillars observed by Abbot, went into the ground on the 16th of September, and the moth came out on the 4th of July. They are extremely difficult to rear in confinement.

NOCTUA SQUAMULARIS.

Plate IX. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._

NOCTUA SQUAMULARIS. Alis cinereis, anticis fasciâ irregulari centrali
ferrugineâ, lineis duabus externè cinctâ, posticis fasciis duabus
obscuris. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) Squamularis, _Drury, Append. v._ 2.

HABITAT: New York; taken on the 11th day of May.

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are brown, like fine threads. The tegulæ of a
pearl colour, standing up as if projecting from the back. The colours on
the anterior wings are divided by a strong bar of a deep chocolate,
running cross the wings near the middle, from the anterior to the
posterior edges. This softens into a deep slate colour, covering that
part of the wings down to the external edges. The part next the shoulders
is of a light ash or pearl colour, whereon are two small black spots or
stripes, situated near the anterior edge. On the dark part near the lower
corner, run two small black irregular lines, from the posterior edge; one
running cross the wing, the other only half across. The posterior wings
are of a lightish brown, having two bars of a deep brown (almost black)
rising from the abdominal edge, and crossing the wing upward, grow
broader and fainter as they approach the middle and anterior edge.

_Under Side._ Is of a faint russet colour, having little or no marking
thereon. All the wings are slightly dentated.

I am unable to ascertain to which of the modern genera of Noctuidæ, this and the following species are referrible.

{19}NOCTUA UNDULARIS.

Plate IX. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Noctuidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. NOCTUA, _Auct._

NOCTUA UNDULARIS. Alis subdentatis nigricantibus, strigis transversis
undulatis circiter 8. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) undularis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: New York.

_Upper Side._ The antennæ are brown and thread-like. The head, body,
abdomen, and wings are of a very dark brown, bordering on black, and
appear somewhat glossy. All the wings are a little dentated, and on the
anterior ones, from the base to the extremity, is a series of black
indented lines or bars, whereof the last or outer one is strong and
conspicuous, crossing the wing from the anterior to the posterior edges,
about a quarter of an inch from the external margin. The posterior wings
are marked exactly like the superior.

_Under Side._ Is of a lighter colour, with the same kind of markings, but
fainter.

PLATE X.

NYMPHALIS FERONIA.

Plate X. fig. 1. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ. _Swains._

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr._ Papilio (Nymphales Gemmati), _Linn._ Papilio
Satyrus, _Fabr. (Ent. Syst.)_.

NYMPHALIS FERONIA. Alis subdentatis, supra coeruleo, fusco et albo
marmoratis, omnibus ocellis sex iride simplici. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6
lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Gemm.) Feronia, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 770. _No._
140. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 226. _No._ 710. _Cramer, pl._ 192.
_fig._ E. F. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 225. _fig._ 1. 2. _Latr. et God. Encycl.
Méth. p._ 428. (Nymphalis F.).

HABITAT: Surinam (_Drury_). India (_Linn. Fabr. incorrectly_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, with two small white spots at their bases,
on the front of the head, and two more close to the eyes, on the top of
the head; likewise two on the neck, and two longer ones on the thorax.
The thorax and abdomen of a very dark blueish hazel. Anterior wings, next
the shoulders, of a dark blueish hazel, black at the tips and outer
margin, where are many different shaped flesh-coloured spots; the parts
nearest the shoulders having many denticulated marks and dashes of a blue
colour; some being also scattered all over the wings. About a third from
the shoulder, near the anterior margin, on each wing, is a short, red,
crooked line, which is seen on the under side. Near the outer margin are
five ash-coloured spots, all of them being encircled with black, and some
being edged with blue. Posterior wings of the same dark hazel as the
anterior; the external edges being black between the scollops. Each wing
is divided into a number of small different shaped spots margined with
blue; and near the external margin are six black spots, whose irides are
blue, having white ones in their centres. Below these is a double row of
blue marks, like beards of arrows, placed on the black marks between the
scollops. All the wings are dentated.

_Under Side._ Anterior wings whitish, about a third part at the base; the
remainder being a dark chocolate, with many different shaped ash-coloured
spots. Near the external edges are five round ash-coloured spots on a
row, one being placed above the rest. Posterior wings chiefly whitish,
except at the {20}outer angle and external edges; the latter being
alternately marked with dark chocolate and ash colour, near which is a
row of four round ash-coloured spots, encircled with chocolate, and a
small faint one near the anal angle.

PIERIS (IPHIAS) GLAUCIPPE.

Plate X. fig. 3. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PIERIS, _Schrank. Latr. et God._ Colias, _Horsf._ Papilio (Danai
Cand.), _Linn. Drury._ Iphias, _Boisduv._

PIERIS (IPHIAS) GLAUCIPPE. Alis supra albis, anticis maculâ magnâ apicali
(medio fulvo) nigrâ, subtus (nisi dimidio basali anticarum) cinereis
strigis minutis fuscis irroratis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Glaucippe, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 762. _No._ 89.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 198. _No._ 618. _Cramer, Pap. pl._ 164.
A. B. [male]. C. [female]. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 96. _f._ 1-3. _Encycl.
Méth._ ix. _p._ 119. (Pieris G.), _Boisduval_, _Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1. _p._
596. (Iphias G.)

Fem. Pap. Callirhoe, _Fab. Mant. Ins._ 2. 20. 215.

HABITAT: China (_Drury_). Java (_Dr. Horsfield_). Bengal (_Boisduval_).

_Upper Side._ Head and neck light brown; thorax, dark blue, clothed with
white hairs; abdomen white, with a blueish tinge. Anterior wings next the
body white, occupying more than one half. The tips are black, which
colour runs along the anterior and external margins, encircling a large
spot of a deep orange, whereon are four small triangular black spots.
Posterior wings wholly white, and very slightly dentated.

_Under Side._ The mouth, breast, and feet are ash-coloured. Anterior
wings next the body white; the extremities of a deep flesh colour,
sprinkled over with a great number of small dark brown streaks. Posterior
wings of a yellowish flesh colour, and covered with small dark brown
streaks.

M. Boisduval has formed the present species, and another large Pieridean, into the genus Iphias, which differs from Thestias, and Mancipium (Anthocharis Bdv.), in the structure of the antennæ. The larva and pupa of this species are described and figured by Dr. Horsfield, in his Lepidoptera Javanica, pl. 3, fig. 7, and 7a, (copied by Boisduval, pl. 2A. fig. 3.). The former is long subcylindrical, with the dorsal segments somewhat rugose, being transversely shagreened; it feeds upon the Capparis. The pupa is navicular, the head being produced into a point. The female imago differs from the figure here given (which represents the male), in having the black markings more diffused.

PLATE XI.

PAPILIO PHILENOR.

Plate XI. fig. 1. and 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._

PAP. PHILENOR. Alis dentatis nigris, posticis caudatis virescenti-nitidis
maculis albis, subtus maculis fulvis albo notatis serieque digestis.
(Expans. Alar. unc. 3¾).

SYN. PAP. PHILENOR, _Linn. Mant._ (1771). 6. 535. _Fabr. Syst. Ent._ _p._
445. _No._ 12. _Smith and Abbot_, _Ins. Georgia_, _Vol._ 1. _tab._ 3.
_Encycl. Méth._ 9. 40. _Boisduval_, _Hist. Nat. Lepid._ 1. _p._ 324.
_No._ 167. _Boisd. et Leconte_, _Icon. Lep. Amer. Sept._ _pl._ 11. _f._
1-4. _Say_, _American Ent. Vol._ 1. _pl._ 1.

Pap. Astinous. _Drury_, _App. Vol._ 2. (1773). _Cramer_, 208. A. B.

HABITAT: North America, from New York to Georgia.

{21}_Upper Side._ Head and neck black, with two small white spots between
the antennæ at their base, and eight more on the head and neck. Thorax
black. Abdomen of a glossy hue. Anterior wings black, with a very glossy
greenish tinge at the anterior angle, with eight small, white, narrow
crescents on the external margin of each, which make them appear as if
dentated. Posterior wings of a dark glossy green, with two tails issuing
from them. The concave part of each scollop is edged with white; and six
whitish spots run along their edges, meeting below the extremity of the
body.

_Under Side._ Breast, legs, and abdomen black; the sides spotted with
cream-coloured spots, one of which appears on the inferior wings, on each
side the breast. Anterior wings, next the tips, are of the colour of
soot; but next the body, black, with five whitish spots on the external
margin, near the interior angle. The upper part of the posterior wings,
next the body, are soot-coloured; the remaining parts of them being of a
glossy blue, with seven dark orange spots, placed in a circular manner, a
little distance from the edge, and meeting at the extremity of the body:
each spot is encircled with black, except in that part where a small
silver mark appears on its edge, being represented in the plate by white.
The scollops are deeper edged on this side with white than on the upper.

This butterfly is one of the most beautiful, and, at the same time, most common of the North American species; abounding wherever the Aristolochia serpentaria grows, the larva feeding upon that plant. It is described by Boisduval and Abbot, and is brown, with four rows of small fulvous tubercles, and a row of brown spines near the legs; moreover, it has two long spines directed forwards upon the first segment, three upon the penultimate, and two upon the tenth segment. The neck is also furnished with a furcate retractile reddish tentacle; the chrysalis is of a violet grey, or reddish colour, with two yellow spots, the head being truncate. The female is larger, with brown-coloured wings, with cupreous reflections. The insect assumes the chrysalis state on the 26th of April, and the fly appears on the 4th of May. Another, observed by Abbot, went into chrysalis on the 21st of June, and the butterfly came out on the 5th July. The latter delights to frequent the blossoms of the peach and other trees in the spring.

PAPILIO ASTERIAS.

Plate XI. fig. 2. 3. and 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct._

PAPILIO ASTERIAS. Alis dentatis nigris, fasciâ maculari maculisque
marginalibus flavis; posticis caudatis, angulo ani fulvo, puncto atro,
abdominis dorso duplici serie punctorum flavorum. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6
lin.--4 unc.)

SYN. PAPILIO ASTERIAS, _Fabr. Mant. Ins._ _tom._ 2. _p._ 2. _No._ 13.
_Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 6. _No._ 16. _Cramer_, _tab._ 385. _f._ C. D.
_God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 58. _No._ 91. _Boisduv. et Lec. Icon. Lep.
Amer. Sept._ _pl._ 4. _Boisd. Hist. nat. Lep._ 1. 332. _No._ 175.

Papilio Troilus, _Drury_, _App. Vol._ 2. _Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georg._
1. _t._ 1. (_exclus. Syn. Linn. et Fabr._)

HABITAT: New York, Maryland, Carolina, Virginia (_Drury_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, and body black, with two yellow spots at the
bases of the antennæ, and two more on the neck; the sides of the abdomen
being spotted with two rows of the same. {22}Anterior wings black. A row
of eight or nine yellow spots runs along each wing, near the external
edge. Within these appears another row, smaller in figure 3, but larger
in figure 2, and shaped like triangles, above which are two spots, one
nearly round, the other very oblong, which last is not seen in figure 3.
Posterior wings black and dentated, with one tail issuing from each. Six
yellow spots appear near the external edge; and at the anal angle is an
orange-coloured one, with a black dot in its centre. Some specimens have
a yellow bar running transversely from the row of triangles on the
superior wings, and meeting below the extremity of the body, just above
the orange spot, as in fig. 2. In some, instead of a bar, is seen a row
of spots (as in fig. 3), which are sometimes very faint. Where this
happens, the space between this row and the six spots mentioned before,
consists of a shining blue colour; but in proportion as the yellow bar is
more or less distinct, the wings have more or less blue on them.

_Under Side._ The under side in all the different varieties differs but
very little. The breast, sides, abdomen and feet are black. The anterior
wings of a dirty black colour, with nine yellow spots near the external
edge; above these, nearer the body, are eight others, varying in size,
and two small clouds or patches close to the anterior edge. Posterior
wings, next the shoulders, dirty black, with the inner scollops edged
with yellow crescents (appearing also on the upper side), within which
are six spots near the edge--four orange and two yellow. Seven or eight
orange spots, tipped with yellow, run circularly across the middle of the
wing. Below each spot in this row is a ray of shining blue, separated by
a strong black mark, and scattered with powder-like spots. An orange
spot, with a black centre, is placed at the anal angle.

This species is subject to considerable variation in the size of the internal series of yellow spots, which is sometimes even entirely obliterated in the females, in which the yellow is much less brilliant, and the spots smaller than in the males. These varieties somewhat resemble Papilio Troilus of Linnæus, with which, indeed, Drury and Smith[21] confounded the insect here described. Godart and Boisduval have added to the confusion by their incorrect references to our author, the first of these writers giving figure 2 of this plate as alone representing P. Asterias, and figs. 3, 4, and 5, (which represent two distinct species) as P. Troilus, Linn. which species Drury has not figured; and both of these authors quoting figure 2, both under Troilus and Asterias, although Drury expressly states, that the specimens figured at 2 and 3, were reared by him, with many other individuals, from chrysalides, sent from America by his correspondent, who assured him that they proceeded from the same brood. The preparatory states of P. Asterias are figured by Abbot and Smith, and Boisduval. The larva feeds upon Umbelliferæ, especially the fennel (Anethum fæniculum, Linn.), and Daucus Carota, and is very similar to that of Pap. Machaon, which species appears to be replaced in America by P. Asterias, and which makes its appearance in the perfect state three times in the year. Abbot states, that one of the caterpillars assumed the chrysalis state on the 12th of July, and the imago appeared on the 20th.

{23}PLATE XII.

PAPILIO PARIS.

Plate XII. fig. 1. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. PAPILIO, _Auct_.

PAPILIO PARIS. Alis nigris, aureo-viridi pulverulentis, posticis caudatis
supra maculâ magnâ discoidali cyaneâ ocelloque purpureo; subtus lunulis
septem rufis. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc.--4 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Equit. Troes.) Paris, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 745. _No._
3. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 1. _No._ 1. _Cramer, pl._ 103. A. B.
_Esper. Aus. Schmett. tab._ 2. _fig._ 1. _Boisduval, Hist. Nat. Lep._ 1.
_p._ 208.

HABITAT: China.

_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, and abdomen black, and beautifully powdered
with fine green specks. All the wings are black, but have a greenish hue,
occasioned by a multitude of powder-like specks of a fine green. On the
posterior margin of the anterior wings, near the lower corner, arises a
series of green spots, becoming weaker, disappearing near the middle of
the wing, and composed of powder-like specks. Posterior wings scolloped
or dentated, each furnished with one tail, each scollop being edged with
white. At the anal angle, near the corner, is a deep red spot, shaped
like a semi-eye, whose pupil is black; and towards the upper corner of
the wing, is a large and very splendid blue spot, appearing in some
directions of a saxon green colour, and diminishing to a line as it
approaches the semi-eye, over which it extends in an arch-like form,
being there of a fine green colour.

_Under Side._ It has apparently no palpi. Breast and abdomen of a very
dark brown. The superior wings dark brown at the base; from the middle of
the anterior edge of a dark ash colour, running towards the upper corner,
the tendons between being dark brown, which unite together at the
external edge. Posterior wings almost black, sprinkled, or finely
powdered, with small grey specks near the abdomen; round the external
edge is a series of eye-like rings of an orange colour, edged above with
purple.

This very handsome species is often received from China, but in an imperfect condition. The female, according to Godart (Enc. Méth. ix. p. 67.) is the Papilio Bianor, Fabr. which has no trace of the shining green spot on the posterior wings. M. Boisduval, however, asserts, that this is not correct, and that the female differs only from the male in having the ground of the wings rather darker, and possessing a transverse interrupted fascia of green dots near the external margin of the upper wing; these being represented in Drury's figure, therefore indicate that his specimen was of the female sex.

Dr. Horsfield has figured another species from Java (Lepid. Javan. pl. 1. fig. 14.), differing very slightly from the preceding, under the name of Papilio Arjuna, of which he has also figured the larva and pupa (pl. 4. fig. 11.). The former has the three first segments of the body covered, as it were, with a leathery shield, elevated behind, and ornamented with several ocelli; the other segments are simple; the chrysalis is considerably curved, with the head bifid.

{24}COLIAS (CALLIDRYAS) PYRANTHE, _var._?

Plate XII. fig. 3. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Papilionidæ, _Leach._

GENUS. COLIAS, _Latr. et God._ Papilio (Danai Candidi), _Drury_.
Callidryas, _Boisduval_.

COLIAS (CALLIDRYAS) PYRANTHE. Alis albis, anticis supra puncto minuto
discoidali apiceque nigris, margine interno penicillatis, subtus (nisi
basi anticarum) flavescentibus strigis numerosissimis fuscis. (Expans.
Alar. 3 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Pyranthe, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 763. _No._
98? _Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. _p._ 97. (Colias P.), _Boisduval,
Hist. Nat. Lepid._ 1. _p._ 611. (Callidryas P.)

Papilio (Dan. Cand.) Chryseis, _Drury, Append._ vol. 2.

Papil. Gnoma, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 210. _No._ 658?

Pap. Nepthe, _Fabr. loc. cit. p._ 120?

HABITAT: China.

_Upper Side._ Thorax of a blueish black, with white hairs. Abdomen white.
Anterior wings white, with a small oblong black spot near the middle of
each; black at the tips, which colour extends down the external edge to
the interior angle, and also runs a little way along the anterior margin
towards the body. Posterior wings white, without any marks or shades. The
edges of all the wings are entire.

_Under Side._ Breast, feet, abdomen, and anterior superior wings white,
being covered about a third part from the tips with small, longish,
light-brown streaks, making that part appear of a pale yellow. Posterior
wings of the same pale yellow with the small streaks. One sex is very
remarkable for having a number of hairs growing on the posterior edges of
the anterior wings, next the body; some of which are erect, some bending
downwards, and some lying flat on the wing.

There is much confusion respecting the specific names of this and several other Asiatic species, as may be seen from the citations in the synonyms. I have followed the French authors in assigning Drury's insect to the Pyranthe of Linnæus, although that author describes his insect as having a discoidal red spot on each of the wings beneath. The species of this group are variable in the intensity of their markings, and the males are less strongly marked than the females; and as Drury's figure represents a male (distinguished by the bundle of hairs on the interior margin of the anterior wings) it may possibly be an extreme variety of the male of Pyranthe. Boisduval has indeed described another species of considerably smaller size, which is destitute of the discoidal spot (Call. minna), which also, he considers, may possibly be a variety of C. Pyranthe.

PLATE XIII.

ARGYNNIS IDALIA.

Plate XIII. fig. 1.3. [female].--2. [male].

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. ARGYNNIS, _Fabr. Latr. et God._ Argyreus, _Scop._ Dryades, _Hubn._
Papilio (Nymphales Phalerati), _Linn. Drury_.

ARGYNNIS IDALIA. Alis dentatis, anticis utrinque fulvis nigro-maculatis;
posticis suprà nigro-coeruleis, punctorum serie duplici, subtùs fuscis
costâ baseos maculisque 26 argenteis. (Expans. Alar. [male]. 3 unc. 6
lin.--[female]. 4 unc.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Idalia, _Drury_. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 252.
253. _Cramer, pl._ 44. _fig._ D. E. F. G. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 145.
_No._ 446. _Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix. 263. (Argynnis Id.)

HABITAT: New York (_Drury_); taken on the 28th June. Jamaica (_Enc.
Méth._).

{25}_Upper Side._ Head and thorax of a deep brown orange. Anterior wings
of a dark orange, the anterior and external margins bordered with black;
near the latter are eight white spots on the wings of the female. Above
these, in the female, are five, and in the male six, round black spots;
those of the latter being smallest. Several black waves and streaks are
dispersed on other parts of the wings. Posterior wings of a fine dark
blue, almost black, and slightly dentated; the anterior ones being
entire. Near the external margin is a row of seven cream-coloured spots,
which in the male are red. Above these, is another row of the same number
of cream-coloured spots, situated near the middle of the wings. The base
of these wings is covered with brown orange-coloured hairs.

_Under Side._ Head, breast, and feet dark blue, nearly black. Anterior
wings dark orange, with some triangular silver spots placed along the
external edges, whose upper points are edged with black, and are
generally more distinct in the female than in the male. The several black
waves and streaks seen on the upper side, are here more faint, some being
scarcely visible. Posterior wings of a dark olive brown, with twenty-six
different shaped silver spots on each; one of which, in the centre of the
wing, is divided by a short black line.

PAMPHILA PHYLÆUS.

Plate XIII. fig. 4. 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Hesperiidæ, _Stephens_.

GENUS. PAMPHILA, _Fabr._ Hesperia (urbicolæ), _Fabr. Latr. et God._
Papilio (Pleb. urb.) _Drury, Linn._

PAMPHILA PHYLÆUS. Alis rufo-fulvis, anticis supra fasciâ obliquâ
interruptâ (mas.) maculâve arcuatâ (foemina) limboque postico fuscis,
posticis ibidem extùs fusco marginatis. (Expans. Alar. 1½ unc.).

SYN. Papilio (Hesp. urb.) Phylæus, _Drury, Latr. et God. Enc. Méth._ ix.
_p._ 767. _No._ 112. (Hesperia Ph.)

Hesperia (urb.) Vitellius, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 327. _No._.
240

Pamphila Vitellius, _Steph. Illust. Brit. Ent. H._ 1. _p._ 103. _Haworth,
in Trans. Ent. Soc. Vol._ 1. _p._ 334. _Abbot and Smith, Ins. Georgia,
tab._ 17.

HABITAT: Antigua, St. Christopher's, Nevis, &c. (_Drury_). Antilles and
Brazil (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Thorax and abdomen of a yellowish olive. Superior wings of
a tawny yellow, having a dark brown (almost a black) indented margin,
running along the external margin, from the tips to the lower corners.
Near the middle of each wing are two dark-brown spots, one oblong, the
other of a longish square form, the former being the largest. Inferior
wings tawny yellow, and angulated, having a dark brown indented margin.

_Under Side._ Wings tawny yellow, but rather paler than on the upper
side. The anterior with several dark brown angular spots, placed along
the external edges, and in the middle of the wings, with a large one near
the shoulders. Posterior wings also spotted with many small dark brown
spots, some being scarcely visible.

A specimen of this species is stated to have been captured by the late Dr. Abbot in Bedfordshire. It is most probable, however, now that the Pamphila Bucephalus has been proved to be an indigenous species, that the specimen the capture of which is recorded by Mr. Haworth, belonged to that species. The caterpillar of this skipper-butterfly feeds upon a species of panic grass (Panicum Crus-Galli) and on the buffalo grass.

{26}PLATE XIV.

NYMPHALIS BOLINA.

Plate XIV. fig. 1. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ.

GENUS. NYMPHALIS. _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymphal. Phal.), _Linn. Drury_.

NYMPHALIS BOLINA. Alis dentatis, supra nigris, anticis maculis duabus,
posticis solitariâ magnâ, coeruleo-albis, subtus corticinis fascià albâ.
(Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Ph.) Bolina, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 781. _No._
188. _Cramer, pl._ 65. _fig._ E. F. _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 244. _fig._ 3. 4.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 126. _No._ 384. _Latr. et God. (Enc.
Méth.)_ ix. 396. _No._ 157. (Nymphalis Bol.)

HABITAT: Bombay, Surinam, all the West Indian Islands, New York,
Carolina, Brazil, Cape of Good Hope, Malabar, Coromandel, China, Ceylon
(_Drury_). "In Indiæ orientalis Portulaca" (_Fabr._). Cayenne (_Enc.
Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Three white spots, one before, and two behind, on the head,
which, with the thorax and abdomen, is of a blackish brown. Wings
dentated, and of a dark chocolate colour, almost black; but when held
against the light, in a certain direction, display a blueish purple.
Anterior wings, in the middle, having a large oval, and another smaller
oblong white spot at the tips. Posterior wings with a large white spot,
larger than that in the superior ones. On the edges of all these spots,
the purple colour before-mentioned, is very conspicuous.

_Under Side._ Palpi white. The sides of the thorax spotted with white.
Anterior wings, next the body, of a reddish chocolate; but near the tips,
of a dirty olive. The large and small white spots appear here as on the
upper side; with three small angular white spots, close to the anterior
margin, near the middle. Along the external edge, is a row of white
crescents on a black border; over which are six small, round, faint,
white spots. Posterior wings, next the body, of a dirty olive; but toward
their external edges, more of a chocolate, with a broad central white bar
running entirely across the wing, with a small angular black mark, near
the anterior margin. Along the external edges, is a row of white
crescents; above which is a row of small white triangular spots, placed
two and two, between the crescents. Above this, six small round white
spots are placed in a row.

The flight of this species is said by Drury to be exceedingly quick and rapid, so that it is very difficult to catch them, and hence they are seldom obtained in fine condition, being generally secured in a faded state when they are taken with more ease. The purple tint upon the upper side of the wings is most intense, and when the insect flies in the sun, glancing before the eye of the observer at a little distance (for it is by no means a timid creature), the vivid purple, observes Drury, is not much less than the electrical spark, and its changes depending on the degree of obliquity which it presents to the sun, are scarcely less rapid.

{27}NYMPHALIS IPHICLA.

Plate XIV. fig. 3, 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Diurna. FAMILY: Nymphalidæ, _Swains_.

GENUS. NYMPHALIS, _Latr. God._ Papilio (Nymph. Phal.), _Linn. Fabr. God._

NYMPHALIS IPHICLA. Alis denticulatis, supra fuscis, fasciá communi albâ
antrorsùm rotundatâ, retrorsùm acuminatâ; anticis suprà maculâ apicis, et
auguli analis, ferrugineis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Papilio (Nymph. Phal.) Iphicla, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 380.

Papilio (N. P.) Iphicla, _Drury, App. v._ 2. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1.
_p._ 135. 417. _Cramer, pl._ 188. _fig._ E. F. (var.?)

Papilio Basilea, _Cram. pl._ 188. _fig._ D. ([male]).

Papilio Cytherea, _Cram. pl._ 376. C. D. ([female]).

P. Cythereus, _Herbst. Pap. tab._ 284. _f._ 1. 2.

P. Iphicla, _Herbst. Pap._ 148. _fig._ 3. 4.

Nymphalis Iphicla, _Enc. Méth._ ix. 374.

HABITAT: Surinam (_Drury_). Guiana and Brazil (_Enc. Méth._).

_Upper Side._ Thorax and abdomen nearly black. Anterior wings of a light
liver colour, having some faint lines a little waved, of a darker colour,
running along the external edges. Each has an orange spot, situated at a
small distance from the tip, and joining to the anterior margin.
Posterior wings dentated, and angular at the anal angle, of the same
colour as the anterior; with the same faint waved subapical lines. In the
middle of the anterior wings arises a bar of a very pale brimstone
colour, near a quarter of an inch broad, and which extends to the anal
angle of the posterior wings, below which is an orange spot.