Chapter V: Part 5

_Upper Side._ Antennæ brown, and strongly pectinated. The head white,
small, and almost hid under the shoulders and neck, having a small brown
ring encircling it. Thorax pale yellow, having a chocolate or dark brown
line crossing it, parallel with the margins of the anterior wings. All
the wings are of a beautiful pea-green colour; the nerves being of a pale
red brown. Along the anterior margin of the anterior wings runs a
chocolate line, which is narrowed towards the tips. About an inch from
the shoulders springs from this line a small curved one, which, bending
towards the middle of the wing, terminates in a small eye, pointed in the
lower part, whose pupil is transparent like glass; the iris being partly
red and partly black, within which are semicircles of white; external
margin of the wings, red brown; the posterior being white. Posterior
wings furnished with two broad tails, which, at their extremities, appear
as if they were crimped; their external edges being red brown. In the
middle of each of these wings is likewise an eye, similar to, but rather
larger than those in the anterior ones. Abdomen white.

_Under Side._ Abdomen white, the sides being of a dark clay colour. All
the wings are of the same colour as on the upper side; the nerves being
browner and more conspicuous, without the brown edge on the anterior
pair; the eyes themselves are the same as on that side. The anterior
margin of the inferior wings is white, and the eyes strongly resemble
those of an animal having them half shut.

Drury's correspondent informed him that the caterpillar of this handsome moth is red, and feeds on the leaves of the sassafras tree. When they are full-fed they inclose themselves in a strong case composed of the substance of the tree, and a glutinous matter which they secrete. They appear in June and August. The caterpillar, however, figured by Abbot is green, with short hairs scattered over the body, and with about eight small red {46}spots on each segment, placed transversely. This author also states that it feeds upon the sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua, Linn.), different kinds of walnut, and the Persimon (Diospyros Virginiana). One of them spun up on the 31st of May, and came out on the 8th of June; another on the 23rd of June, and came out on the 10th of July; and a third, which did not spin up until the 6th of September, remained in the chrysalis till the 3rd of March. It continues breeding throughout the summer, but is not very plentiful.

DEIOPEIA ORNATRIX.

Plate XXIV. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ.

GENUS. DEIOPEIA, _Stephens_. Euchelia, _Boisduval_. Eyprepia p. _Ochs_.

DEIOPEIA ORNATRIX. Alis convolutis albidis, anticarum margine rubro
atropunctato, posticis albo nigroque variis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9
lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Noctua) ornatrix, _Linn. S. N._ 2. 839. _No._ 110.

Bombyx ornatrix, _Fab. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 480. _No._ 225. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2444. 110. _Oliv. Enc. Méth._ 5. 100. _No._ 258.

HABITAT: Antigua (_Drury_). America (_Linn. Fabr._).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, filiform. Head with a black frontal spot;
tongue spiral. Thorax flesh-coloured, with small black spots. Anterior
wings fine flesh-coloured; the anterior edges being bordered with
scarlet, except four small white places, in each of which is a small
black spot; near the base is a red cordate spot, with a small black one
above it; near the external margin is a row of small black spots; above
this is a row of red ones, nearly joining together, and nearly united to
the red border at the anterior edge, and above this is another row of
black ones. Posterior wings clear white, their external edges with large
angular spots of black, one of them running to the anterior edge.

_Under Side._ Anterior wings fine deep scarlet, but next the shoulders
white, as is the cilia, where, joining to it, is a row of very small
black spots; a little above this is a black irregular line, running from
the anterior edge to the lower angle; above this line is another,
shorter, reaching half way across the wings. Posterior wings clear white,
spotted with the same black angular spots, as on the upper side; the
anterior edges being of the same scarlet colour as the superior wings.

DEIOPEIA BELLA.

Plate XXIV. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Nocturna. FAMILY: Lithosiidæ.

GENUS. DEIOPEIA, _Stephens_. Euchelia. _Boisduval._ Eyprepia p. _Ochs_.

DEIOPEIA BELLA. Alis anticis albidis, fasciis sex punctorum nigrorum
fasciis fulvis divisis; posticis rubris apice nigris. (Expans. Alar. 1
unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Phalæna (Tinea) bella, _Linn. S. N._ 2. 884. _No._ 348. _Fabr. Ent.
Syst._ III. 1. 479. _No._ 223. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2447. 348. _Oliv. Enc.
Méth._ 5. 99. 256.

HABITAT: New York.

{47}_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and filiform. Head with a small black
spot between the antennæ. Thorax and abdomen white; on the former are
several small black spots. Anterior wings of a fine yellow, with several
white, narrow, irregular bars crossing them; having on each several small
black spots; cilia white, and above it is a row of small black spots that
almost joins it. Posterior wings faint scarlet, externally edged with a
narrow black border; cilia white.

_Under Side._ The anterior wings fine scarlet, inclining along the
anterior edge to yellow; where are several angular black spots, each
lengthening as it approaches the tips; along the external margin is a row
of small black spots. Posterior wings scarlet, edged with the same black
border as on the upper side; on the anterior edge are two white spots,
with black ones in their centres.

In the 'Systema Naturæ' this and the preceding most nearly allied species were placed far apart in the genera Noctua and Tinea. This species appears in May and August. The caterpillar is of the same colours as the anterior wing of the moth, and feeds on the blue lupine.

PLATE XXV.

SPHINX CAROLINA.

Plate XXV. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._

SPHINX CAROLINA. Alis anticis fusco cinereoque variis, posticis fasciis
3-4 fuscis exterioribus dentatis; ciliâ albo nigroque variâ, abdomine
maculis 10-12 lateralibus luteis. (Expans. Alar. 5 unc.)

SYN. Sphinx Carolina, _Linn. S. N._ 2. 798. _No._ 7. _Brown. Jam._ 438.
_t._ 43. _f._ 17. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 363. _No._ 25. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2377. _No._ 7. _Stephens Ill. Brit. Ent. H._ 1. 118. _Abbot
& Smith, Ins. Georg. tab._ 33. _Curtis Brit. Ent._ v. _pl._ 1. 197.

HABITAT: New York, Maryland, Virginia.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ internally white, but externally brown. The head,
thorax, and abdomen of a rusty grey brown; the sides of the latter having
five oblong yellow spots, intersected by black lines, on each of which is
a small white spot placed between the yellow ones. Anterior wings rusty
grey brown, with a white spot at the base, and another small discoidal
white one; a narrow irregular indented line of white begins near the
interior angle, and runs nearly to the tip; several indented lines,
nearly black, cross the wings, more or less distinct. Cilia brown,
spotted with white. Posterior wings brown, darkest in the middle, the
shoulders being nearly black, with an indented narrow bar of ash colour
running across them, from the middle of the anterior edges to the anal
angle; below this is a narrow black one, answering and joining to it.

_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen ash-coloured. Anterior wings brown,
without any marks or shades, except two very faint undulated dark lines
crossing them. Posterior wings, next the body, ash-coloured; the
remainder being like the anterior, with some faint dark lines crossing
them.

According to Abbot the caterpillar is pale green, with white lateral oblique stripes, and a pink tail. It is said to feed on the potato, tobacco, red pepper (Capsicum?), &c. One of these caterpillars, observed by Abbot, went into the ground on the 19th of June, and came out on the 15th of July; whilst another went in on the 8th of July, and came out {48}on the 1st of August. The caterpillar is stated by the same author to be very destructive in plantations of tobacco, the cultivators being obliged to pick them carefully off the young plants. The chrysalis is of a chesnut colour, with a long nearly straight tongue case, extending to the middle of the breast, and clubbed at the end. The moth is generally seen in an evening, sucking the James-town weed and gourd blossoms, and continues breeding all the summer; the moth is common in the West Indies, as well as in Georgia and Carolina. Dr. Brown says it is called the musquito hawk, from its appearing at that time of the evening when those insects abound, and being vulgarly but erroneously supposed to prey upon them. _Abbot and Smith, loc. cit._

Specimens of this American insect have from time to time been captured in this country. "It unquestionably cannot," however observes Mr. Stephens, "be considered as indigenous, and ought to be rigidly excluded from our cabinets; otherwise the most perplexing consequences must inevitably arise, to the total confusion of our inquiries into the geographical distribution of insects. If this be admitted, as well might 'the noble monarch of the forest,' because a captive lioness which had escaped from her prison was retaken on Salisbury Plain."

SYNTOMIS PHEGEA.

Plate XXV. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia.? FAMILY: Zygænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SYNTOMIS, _Illiger_. ZYGÆNA, _Rossi. Fabr._ Sphinx, _Linn._

SYNTOMIS PHEGEA. Viridi-atra alarum punctis fenestratis, anticarum sex,
posticarum duobus; abdomine cingulo luteo. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Phegea, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 805. 35. _God. Lepid. du Franc.
pl._ 22. _f._ 14.

Zygæna Quercûs, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 388. _No._ 6.

Syntomis Quercûs, _Latr. Genera Crust. et Ins._ 4. _p._ 213.

Sphinx du Pissenlit, _Engram Pap. d'Eur_.

HABITAT: Germany.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black, filiform, with the tips white. Head and
thorax black. Abdomen dark green, almost black; on the top, next the
thorax, is a deep yellow spot like gold, and near the extremity a ring of
the same golden yellow extends just below the sides. Anterior wings dark
green; having six transparent spots, one next the shoulders, two in the
middle, and three next the tips. Posterior wings of the same colour as
the superior, with two transparent spots on them.

_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen dark green; on each side the breast are
two golden yellow spots. All the wings are coloured and marked as on the
upper side.

{49}GLAUCOPIS FENESTRATA.

Plate XXV. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr._ Charidea, _Dalm._ Sphinx, _Linn._

GLAUCOPIS FENESTRATA. Alis anticis nigris, maculâ magnâ discoidali fere
ocellatâ fenestratâ, posticis fenestratis margine nigro, pedibus
palpisque coccineis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Fenestrata, _Drury_, _App. v._ 2.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ nearly black, and pectinated. Head and eyes black.
Palpi small and long, and of a fine scarlet. Tongue spiral. Thorax
blueish green, almost black. Abdomen dark brown. Anterior wings the same,
the middle part being perfectly transparent like glass, wherein is a dark
cloud which is joined to the anterior margin. Posterior wings small,
transparent, with a dark brown narrow border running round their edges,
which at the upper corners is broad where it becomes cloud-like.

_Under Side._ Breast dark brown. Legs and thighs scarlet, which colour
extends along the middle of the abdomen, almost to the tail, where it
becomes a little fainter, being crossed by the rings of the abdomen,
which are black and very narrow. All the wings of the same colour as on
the upper side.

SPHINX CINGULATA.

Plate XXV. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._

SPHINX CINGULATA. Alis anticis cinereo atroque undatis, puncto parvo
discoidali; posticis nigro fasciatis, basi sanguineis, abdominis fasciis
alternis interruptis sanguineis et atris. (Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Cingulata, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 395. _No._ 56.

Sphinx Convolvuli var. _Drury_, _Append. vol._ 2. (Exclus. _Syn. Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2376. _No._ 6.) _Abbot and Smith Ins. Georg._ 1. _tab._ 32.

HABITAT: St. Christopher's.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ white on one side, and brown on the other. Thorax
dark brown, with several curved lines running across it from one shoulder
to the other. The abdomen, on the upper part is beautifully encircled
with five rings of rose colour, and six of black, extending to its sides,
having on the top of it a line of a rusty brown, which runs from the base
to the extremity. Anterior wings brown chesnut, marked with lighter and
darker clouds, some of which are almost black; having a lighter spot near
the middle, and not far from the anterior margin. Posterior wings at the
base black, but along the external edges of a grey brown, the middle
being occupied by three bars of red, ash, and faint rose colours,
separated by three black waved lines crossing them from the anterior to
the interior. Cilia brown spotted with white.

_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen ash-coloured; along the latter are five
dark spots (the middle ones the largest) placed at the bottom of the five
segments near the breast. Anterior wings dark hazel, immaculate.
Posterior wings of the same colour along the anterior and external
margins; but next the shoulders and inner edges are of a grey ash colour;
a dark coloured line begins near the anal angle, {50}where it is almost
black, and runs across the wing, ending at the middle of the anterior
edge; from whence to the middle it resembles a row of arches joined
together.

The caterpillar of this insect, according to Abbot and Smith, is brown, with four dorsal dark flesh-coloured lines, and a series of short lateral oblique cream-coloured marks united together over the legs. It feeds upon the sweet potatoe plant (Convolvulus Batatas, Linn.), and is sometimes frequent though the moth is rare. The chrysalis is chesnut, with a long curved tongue case, the extremity of which is recurved. It is often dug up with the potatoes. In Virginia one of these insects buried itself October 3rd, and came forth in the perfect state on the 30th of May; whilst one observed in Georgia went into the ground on the 20th of August, and came out the 11th of September.

This species was considered by Drury and Smith as a climatal variety of the Europæan Sphinx Convolvuli. Fabricius, however, considered it distinct, and designated it by the specific name adopted above.

PLATE XXVI.

GLAUCOPIS POLYMENA.

Plate XXVI. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. GLAUCOPIS, _Fabr._ Sphinx, _Linn. Drury_.

GLAUCOPIS POLYMENA. Nigra, alis maculis luteis, anticis tribus, posticis
duabus; abdomine cingulis coccineis. (Expans. Alar. fere 2 unc.)

SYN. Sphinx Polymena, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 806. _No._ 40. _Cram. Ins.
t._ 13. _f._ D.

Zygæna Polymena, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 396. _No._ 34. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2394. 40. (Sphinx.)

HABITAT: China.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black and pectinated, being smallest at their
extremities; between them is a white round spot placed on the front of
the head; above them, on the neck, is a round spot of bright scarlet.
Thorax black. The first segment of the abdomen scarlet; the two next are
black, verged on their lower edges with a beautiful sky blue colour;
behind this the abdomen is of a fine vermilion, separated by two small
black lines, the extremity being black. Anterior wings dark brown, having
next the shoulders a small spot of shining blue, and three spots of a
deep yellow; the two largest of which appear as if divided by the
tendons, which are black and run across them. Posterior wings dark brown,
with two deep yellow spots; the smaller one near the shoulders, the other
near the middle.

_Under Side._ Breast black, spotted with white at the base. The abdomen
dark brown at the base, behind which is pale red tinged with white; the
extremity dark brown. Anus pale red. The wings are the same colour as on
the upper side.

{51}SYNTOMIS CERBERA.

Plate XXVI. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SYNTOMIS, _Fabr_. Sphinx, _Linn. Drury_.

SYNTOMIS CERBERA. Viridi-atra, alis anticis punctis sex fenestratis,
posticis duobus, abdomine cingulis duobus sanguineis (postico latissimo).

SYN. Sphinx Cerbera, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 806. 38. _Cramer, tab._ 83.
_fig_. F.

Zygæna Cerbera, _Fabr. Ent. Syst_. III. 1. _p._ 391. _No._ 16.

Sphinx Cerbera, _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2393. 38.

Syntomis Cerbera, _Boisduv. Monogr. Zygæn. pl._ 7. _f._ 6.

HABITAT: Cape of Good Hope.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ and head black. Thorax and abdomen shining blueish
green; the latter having on the middle three rings of scarlet extending
from side to side, but not meeting underneath. Anterior wings dark green,
with six transparent spots like glass on them; the smallest, near the
base, is round; three others, placed next the external margin, are
oblong; the other two, which are in the middle, are oval and triangular.
Posterior wings dark green, with two transparent spots; the largest next
the shoulders; the other, which is round and small, beyond the middle.

_Under Side._ Breast, abdomen, and legs shining mazarine blue, inclining
to green; on the former is a small red spot, close to the shoulders of
the superior wings. The hinder legs have one joint white. Wings of the
same colour as on the upper side.

DEILEPHILA CHIRON.

Plate XXVI. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochsenheimer_. Spectrum p. _Scop._ Sphinx p. _Linn._

DEILEPHILA CHIRON. Alis anticis castaneis, fasciâ obliquâ pallidâ
utrinque fusco marginatâ, posticis nigris maculis quinque albidis.
(Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Chiron, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ and head chesnut; a flesh-coloured line encircles
the eyes, running to the shoulders, where it becomes white. Thorax
chesnut. Abdomen rather paler on the top; underneath very light clay
colour. Anterior wings sorrel chesnut, having two faint oblique waved
lines crossing them from the tips to the middle of the posterior edges,
where is a small cloud the colour of blue clay, and next the shoulders is
a small narrow cream-coloured mark. Posterior wings dark brown, with a
row of yellow cream-coloured spots running from the anal angle towards
the middle of the anterior margin.

_Under Side._ Breast and abdomen very pale clay colour. Anterior wings at
the base pale clay-coloured, towards the middle darker; from thence to
the tips prettily clouded with orange and clay-coloured marks, divided by
dark lines, and many small dark brown spots. Posterior wings along the
interior margin clay-coloured, and along the extreme part of the anterior
edges the same; the remainder of the wings dull orange, faintly shaded
and spotted with brown marks and dots.

{52}ZYGÆNA? THETIS.

Plate XXVI. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia? FAMILY: Zygænidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. ZYGÆNA? _Fabr._ Anthrocera, _Scop._ Sphinx, _Drury_.

ZYGÆNA? THETIS. Coerulea, thorace anticè rubro punctato, alis nigris,
anticis apice, posticis disco, hyalinis. (Expans. Alar. 1 unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Thetis, _Linn. Mantiss_. 1. 539.

Zygæna Thetis, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 391. _No._ 17. _Gmel. Linn. S.
N._ 2393. 115. (Sphinx T.)

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ black. Head and thorax black. On the neck are two
small scarlet spots just above the eyes, and one on each side below them.
Abdomen silvery shining blue, having a triangular black mark at the base.
Anterior wings dirty black, immaculate; tips whitish. Posterior wings
dirty black, with a white discoidal transparent cloud.

_Under Side._ Breast and sides dirty black. Abdomen white; its sides and
tip dirty black. Wings of the same colour as on the upper side.

MACROGLOSSA ZONATA.

Plate XXVI. fig. 5.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sesiidæ, _Steph._

GENUS. MACROGLOSSA, _Ochs._ Macroglossum, _Scop._ Sphinx, _Fabr. Drury_.

MACROGLOSSA ZONATA. Alis nigricantibus, anticis punctis tribus
subapicalibus, abdominisque fasciâ albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Zonata, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: St. Christopher's.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ dark brown, hooked at the extremities; the under
sides being paler. Thorax and abdomen dark greyish brown; the extremity
of the latter broad and hairy, with a white transverse central fascia;
between which and the extremity are three small lateral white spots.
Anterior wings very dark brown, with three transparent minute spots
beyond the middle; above which, near the anterior margin, is a single
black one. Posterior wings dark brown, immaculate.

_Under Side._ The middle of the abdomen at the base ash-coloured,
extending about half way, narrowing gradually; the middle of each of the
segments being the same. Posterior wings coloured as on the upper side;
the posterior, along the interior margin to the shoulders, being
ash-coloured.

PLATE XXVII.

SPHINX ALOPE.

Plate XXVII. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._

SPHINX ALOPE. Alis dentatis fuscis, strigis dentatis nigris, posticis
fulvis apice latè nigris; abdomine nigro cingulis interruptis pallidis.
(Expans. Alar. 4 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Alope, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer_, 26. _tab._ 301. _fig._
G. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 362. _No._ 20. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2375.
62.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

{53}_Upper Side._ Antennæ red brown above, white underneath. Head and
thorax dark brown; head and thorax with a black dorsal line. Abdomen
encircled with rings of brown and dark ash colour, divided on the top by
a dark ash-coloured line running from the thorax to the extremity.
Posterior wings dark brown coloured, having some dark irregular lines,
almost black, crossing them from the anterior to the posterior margin,
and a row of small black angular marks running along their external
margin; these wings are a little dentated. Posterior wings yellow, with a
deep black border.

_Under Side._ Abdomen dark ash-coloured. Anterior wings brown, spotted
along their external edges with long yellowish spots. Posterior wings
brown, with a deep border; the middle of the wings and abdominal edges
being yellow; a narrow black indented line begins at the abdominal
corners, and crossing the wings ends at the anterior margin below the
middle.

Fabricius, on the authority of Dr. Pflug, states that this insect frequents the Carica Papaya. The larva is tailed, without hairs, the back cinereous anteriorly, with a broad fascia of a brown colour, ocellated in the middle and ending in a black spot. The chrysalis is brown, with red annuli and striæ.

SPHINX PINASTRI.

Plate XXVII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. Sphinx, _Auct._

SPHINX PINASTRI. Alis cinereis, anticis lineolis tribus confertis nigris;
abdomine fusco, cingulis atris suprà albo marginatis et dorso
interruptis. (Expans. Alar. 3 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Pinastri, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 892. _No._ 22. _Sepp. Ins._
3. 23. _t._ 5. _Roesel. Ins. Belust._ 1. _Phal._ 1. _t._ 6. _Donov. Engl.
Ins._ ix. 10. _pl._ 296. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 367. _No._ 35. _Gmel.
Linn. S. N._ 2385. 22. _Stephens Illust. Brit. Ent. Haust._ 1. 121.

HABITAT: Germany (_Drury_). England, and other parts of Europe.

_Upper Side._ Antennæ white on one side, and brown on the other. Head and
thorax brown grey; the latter at the base being ash-coloured, having a
black line running on each side. Abdomen brown grey, encircled with rings
of a dirty black, divided on the top by a broad line of brown grey,
through which runs a black line from the base to the extremity. Anterior
wings brown grey, with three short black lines in the middle of each
wing; at the tips rises another irregular narrow black line, running
towards the middle of the wing, and chequered with white and black.
Posterior wings brown grey, immaculate, being a little paler towards the
shoulders; the wings are entire. Cilia alternately black and white.

_Under Side._ The breast and abdomen are ash-coloured. All the wings
brown grey, immaculate. Cilia spotted as above.

This insect is attached to the pine, and is consequently found in the great forests in Germany, and other parts of Continental Europe. This accounts for its scarcity in England, and for its having been occasionally found in the pine forests of Scotland by Dr. Leach and Mr. Wilson. The larva is described by Mr. Stephens as being entirely yellow in its first skin, in the second green with yellow stripes, in the third deeper green, with three longitudinal lemon-yellow lines on each side, and finally of a rich green with a {54}brown dorsal line; the sides with two deep yellow ones; the anterior and first segment of the body yellow, the latter spotted with black; the horn, which was previously straight, becomes curved and black. It feeds on various species of pine, as Pinus abies, sylvestris, Strobus, &c. The chrysalis is dark brown, changing to maroon; the tongue-sheath is short.

SPHINX ELLO.

Plate XXVII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. Sphinx, _Auct._

SPHINX ELLO. Alis subdentatis cinereis; posticis rufis margine nigro;
abdomine pallido cingulis (dorso interruptis) nigris. (Expans. Alar. 3
unc. 6 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Ello, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. _p._ 800. _No._ 13. _Cramer,
tab._ 301. _fig._ D. _Merian Surin. t._ 61. _f._ 2. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 1. 362. _No._ 21. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2375. 13.

HABITAT: St. Christopher's (_Drury_). Surinam (_Mad. Merian_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ white on one side, and brown on the other. Head and
thorax ash-coloured; the latter having some faint narrow dorsal and
lateral black lines. Abdomen ash-coloured, encircled with black rings
extending to its sides, divided on the top by an ash-coloured line.
Anterior wings dentated and ash-coloured, having an irregular shade of
black and dark brown running from the tips to the shoulders, and a few
small black spots dispersed on different parts of the wings. Posterior
wings red, with a black border. Cilia reddish white.

_Under Side._ Breast, thighs, legs, and abdomen ash-coloured. Anterior
wings, in the middle, ferruginous; but toward the external edges and the
tips dirty red brown. Posterior wings next the shoulders and interior
margin ash-coloured, but in the middle of a reddish colour; along the
anterior margin they are of a brown grey, and along the external margin
they are of a dirty red brown. These wings are a little dentated.

PLATE XXVIII.

SPHINX VITIS.

Plate XXVIII. fig. 1.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, Auct.

SPHINX VITIS. Alis anticis olivaceo-fuscis, fasciâ, vittâ lineisque
pallidis; posticis cinereis fasciâ nigrâ margineque roseo. (Expans. Alar.
4 unc.)

SYN. Sphinx Vitis, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 801. _No._ 16. _Merian Surin.
tab._ 47. _f._ 1. _Cram. Ins. tab._ 267. _fig._ C. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._
III. 1. 369. _No._ 41. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2380. 16. _Abbot and Smith,
Ins. Georgia,_ 1, _t._ 40.

HABITAT: Antigua, Jamaica, St. Christopher's (_Drury_). "In vitæ
Americes" (_Linn._). "Magnolia glauca" (_Fabr._). "Jussiæa erecta"
(_Abbot and Smith_).

_Upper Side._ Head and thorax dark flesh-coloured; on the latter, near
the neck, is a long spot of olive brown, with another on each side.
Abdomen dark flesh-coloured, having two olive brown streaks above,
extending from the base to the extremity, being intersected by narrow
flesh-coloured annuli or {55}rings. The ground of the anterior wings is a
fine olive brown; a flesh-coloured bar begins at the tips, and running
parallel with the anterior margin at the middle of the wing, divides into
two branches, one continues to the shoulder margin, the other terminates
at the middle of the posterior margin; on the upper part of the bar is
placed a small flesh-coloured mark, discoidal, the middle being black;
near the tips arises also from the upper side a second smaller branch,
which runs to the anterior edge, which, with the external margin, has a
narrow border of a rusty clay colour. Posterior wings with their external
edges bordered with red; above which is a black bar, extending from the
anterior edge to the anal angle, where it is much fainter; the inner
margin also red, with a large black patch thereon. The upper parts of the
wings are of a blueish ash colour. Nerves pale.

_Under Side._ Breast, thighs, and abdomen dark flesh-coloured. The
colours of all the wings on this side are faint, being principally of a
clay colour; the inferior ones, next the abdominal edges, being tinged
with red.

The caterpillar of this beautiful Sphinx is remarkable for having only a slight protuberance at the extremity of the body in place of the erect spine or tail, which is possessed by the majority of the caterpillars of the Sphingidæ. It is of a pale yellowish colour, with numerous slender transverse black lines, and white oblique lateral marks _directed towards the head_. Its food is very various. One, observed by Abbot, went into the ground on the 14th of August, and came out on the 7th of September; whilst another which went in on the 29th of September, did not come out until the 18th of July following. The moth is rare; but may occasionally be seen sucking the gourd blossoms in the evening. The chrysalis has a pointed tail, but is destitute of a porrected tongue-case.

THYREUS LUGUBRIS.

Plate XXVIII. fig. 2.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. THYREUS, _Swains. Zool. Illustr. vol._ 1.

THYREUS LUGUBRIS. Alis brunneis, anticis strigis undatis parallelis
punctoque subocellari atris. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 9 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Lugubris, _Linn. Mant._ 2. 537._Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1.
356. _No._ 5. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2372. 50. _Abbot and Smith Ins. Georg._
1. _t._ 30. _Swainson Zool. Illustr. 1st Series, vol._ 1.

HABITAT: Antigua (_Drury_). Georgia (_Abbot_).

_Upper Side._ Antennæ, head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown. The tail
very broad and hairy. All the wings dark brown chesnut; having very few
distinct marks or lines, except the anterior pair, which have a small
black discoidal spot, and a very narrow line next the shoulders of a
lighter brown, crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges.
The posterior wings are slightly, the anterior deeply, dentated.

_Under Side._ Thorax, legs, abdomen, upper and lower wings rather paler
than on the upper side. On the anterior wings are two very faint brown
lines, crossing them from the anterior to the posterior edges, situated
between the middle and the external margin. On the posterior wings also
are two small faint waved lines of a darker colour, beginning at the
anterior edges and ending a little above the abdominal corners.

{56}The caterpillar of this hawk-moth was found by Abbot on the Virginian Creeper. It went into the ground on the 18th of August, and the fly came out on the 11th of September. The tail of the male spreads like a fan. This is a very rare species; one was caught in the evening on a gourd blossom. It flew exceedingly swift, making a noise like a humble bee. The caterpillar is of a very pale greenish colour, with two dark dorsal lines, terminating at the base of the straight tail; the sides of the body are also ornamented with pale yellow oblique stripes, margined with brown. The chrysalis is chesnut, with a short point at the extremity of the body, and without any tongue-case.

DEILEPHILA TERSA.

Plate XXVIII. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochs._ Eumorphæ p. _Hübn._ Sphinx p. _Fabr._

DEILEPHILA TERSA. Alis anticis griseis, lineis nonnullis obliquis
parallelis nigris; posticis nigris fasciâ maculari luteo-albâ. (Expans.
Alar. 3 unc.)

SYN. Sphinx Tersa, _Linn. Mant. p._ 538. _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Cramer,
tab._ 397. _fig._ C. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. _p._ 378. _No._ 69.
_Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2379. _No._ 71. _Abbot and Smith Ins. Georg._ 1.
_tab._ 38.

HABITAT: Maryland, Jamaica, St. Christopher, Antigua (_Drury_). South
America (_Fabricius_). Georgia (_Abbot_).

_Upper Side._ Head flesh-coloured; which colour, separating at the neck,
runs on each side of the thorax to the abdomen. Thorax and abdomen dark
clay colour. Abdomen pointed; the sides being of a yellower colour than
the top. Anterior wings greyish olive brown; from the tips to the middle
of the posterior margin run several narrow lines of lighter and darker
colours, parallel with each other. Posterior wings, at the base, black;
but along the external margin brown; having a row of narrow angular marks
of a cream colour running from the anal angle to the anterior edges.
Cilia white.

_Under Side._ Thorax and abdomen clay-coloured; paler on the middle than
the sides. Wings red clay-coloured; the anterior brown in the middle, and
the posterior having some faint waved lines crossing them; each wing
having a row of faint small spots along their external margin.

The caterpillar of this insect, figured by Abbot and Smith, is of a pale green colour, with the three anterior segments elongated and attenuated in front, having seven beautiful white eye-like spots on each side, with a red pupil, and margined with black; the anterior ocellus being the largest. These ocelli are united by a lateral white line, terminating at the base of the straight red tail. It feeds upon the wild thyme (Spermacoce Hyssopifolia, Sm.) Some of them are stated by Abbot to be brown. One was observed by the same author to spin itself up on the 31st of July, from which the moth appeared on the 15th of August; whilst another which spun up on the 11th of September, remained in the chrysalis state until the 9th of May. When disturbed, the caterpillar contracts the anterior segments of the body.[22] The chrysalis is of a pale brown colour, freckled with darker marks. It is not provided with a porrected tongue-case.

{57}SPHINX STRIGILES.

Plate XXVIII. fig. 4.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, _Auct._

SPHINX STRIGILES. Alis integerrimis griseis, margine externo anticarum
obscuro; posticis fulvis strigis tribus transversis fuscis. (Expans.
Alar. 5 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Sphinx Strigiles, _Linn. Mant. p._ 538. _Cramer, tab._ 106. _f._ B.
_Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 364. _No._ 26. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2377. _No._
66.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, and abdomen fawn-coloured; having on each
abdominal segment a semicircle of a paler colour. A brown red spot is
placed on each side the thorax, near the base of the upper wings, which
are fawn-coloured; having a round spot of olive brown on each near the
shoulders, and another on the middle of the posterior margin, between
which and the anterior angle is a patch of a blueish brown; from this
angle to the tip runs a small narrow border of yellow brown, with several
short, faint, brown circular marks placed on different parts of the wing.
Posterior wings pale orange; having three brown, narrow, waved lines
crossing them in the middle, and with a narrow brown border.

_Under Side._ The mouth, thorax, thighs, abdomen, superior and inferior
wings are all of a red clay colour. The border, along the external margin
of the anterior wing, is of a much paler colour. Several reddish brown
lines and marks are also placed on different parts of the wings.

PLATE XXIX.

SPHINX SATELLITA.

Plate XXIX. fig. 1. [female].--fig. 2. [male].

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ. _Leach_.

GENUS. SPHINX, _Auctorum_.

SPHINX SATELLITA. Alis integris, fuscis badio griseoque variis, anticis
puncto nigro ocellari sesquialtero maculâque triangulari ad angulum
analem nigrâ; posticis basi griseis. (Expans. Alar. 4¼ unc. [male].--5½
unc. [female].)

SYN. Sphinx Satellita, _Linn. Mant. p._ 539. _Fab. Ent. Syst._ III. 1.
370. _No._ 42. _Gmel. Linn. S. N._ 2301. 74.

Sphinx Licaon, _Cramer_.?

HABITAT: Jamaica.

FEMALE.--_Upper Side._ Head and thorax pale olive brown, with dark brown
dorsal and lateral lines; the latter edged with white, extending to the
abdomen, where two small white streaks run obliquely across it. Abdomen
light olive brown, paler on its sides; with two rows of dark brown dorsal
spots, reaching almost to the extremity. Anterior wings olive grey; but
from the middle of the anterior margin runs a shade of olive brown,
ending at the external margin, and continuing towards the tips. Two small
black discoidal spots, and a large squarish spot on the middle of the
posterior margin of a very dark red brown; from whence to the shoulders
extends a shade of paler brown. Posterior wings, next the shoulders,
grey, but at the anal angle reddish ash colour; from whence runs a row of
small black spots, which lose themselves in a very dark, brown, olive
colour, occupying a large part of the wings near the exterior angle.
Cilia pale brown.

_Under Side._ Thorax, thighs, and abdomen dark brown. Wings reddish
brown, the posterior palest; and along the abdominal edges ash-coloured.
There are very few marks of any sort observable on {58}this side, except
a faint waved line which, crossing the superior and inferior wings, ends
near the anal angle.

MALE.--_Upper Side._ Head, thorax, abdomen, and anterior wings sandy
yellow. The shades and clouds, which in the female are of olive brown, in
this are of fine red brown; the two discoidal black spots being distinct.
Posterior wings, next the shoulders, grey, as in the female; but along
the external margin sandy yellow.

_Under Side._ The breast, abdomen, thighs, superior and inferior wings
are, as on the upper side, the same sandy yellow; the faint waved lines,
crossing both superior and inferior wings, being rather more conspicuous
than in the female.

DEILEPHILA EUPHORBIÆ.

Plate XXIX. fig. 3.

ORDER: Lepidoptera. SECTION: Crepuscularia. FAMILY: Sphingidæ, _Leach_.

GENUS. DEILEPHILA, _Ochs. Steph. &c._ Eumorphæ, _Hübn._ Sphinx, _Linn._

DEILEPHILA EUPHORBIÆ. Alis anticis virescentibus vittâ latâ luridâ
maculâque disci virescente, posticis nigris fasciâ margineque exteriori
roseis, abdomine cingulis (interruptis) albis. (Expans. Alar. 2 unc. 10
lin. [male]. 3 unc. 1 lin. [female].)

SYN. Sphinx Euphorbiæ, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 802. _Donov. Brit. Ins._ 3.
_pl._ 91. 92. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ III. 1. 367. _No._ 37. _Gmel. Linn. S.
N._ 2383. 19. _Haworth Lep. Brit._ 61.

The Spotted Hawk Moth, _Harris Aurelian, pl._ 44. _f._ a. c.

Deilephila Euphorbiæ, _Ochs. Schmett._ iv. _p._ 43. _Curtis Brit. Ent._
1. _pl._ 4.

HABITAT: Holland, Germany (_Drury_). England, and other parts of Europe.

_Upper Side._ Head and thorax olive, having a white stripe on each side,
which, beginning at the palpi and running across the shoulders, ends at
the base of the abdomen; the olive colour extending along that part to
its extremity. The first segment of the abdomen is black, the second
cream colour, the remainder alternately cream colour and olive. The
superior wings are of a flesh colour, having a narrow olive bar beginning
at the tips, which, crossing them, ends at the posterior margin, widening
gradually; an olive patch, the size of a small pea, is also placed on
each next the shoulders, and another on the middle near the anterior
edge. Cilia cream colour. The posterior wings black at the base; below
which is a rose-coloured bar crossing them, next that is a narrow black
indented bar, and beneath these the wing is flesh-coloured, with white
cilia.

_Under Side._ The breast rose-coloured. The abdomen flesh-coloured, with
cream-coloured rings. Wings faint rose and flesh-coloured; the anterior
having a black spot in each, near the middle, and not far from the
anterior edge.

Since the days of Drury this handsome insect has been ascertained to be a native of our island. It has, however, until lately been deemed one of the rarest as well as most beautiful species in the rare family to which it belongs. Entomologists are indebted not only for a considerable number of specimens, but, what is more interesting, for a knowledge of the habits of the insect to William Raddon, Esq. the celebrated engraver, by whom an interesting notice has been published in the Entomological Magazine. It feeds upon the sea {59}spurge (Euphorbia paralias), which grows in plenty on the sand hills in the neighbourhood of Barnstaple and Braunton Burrows, in Devonshire. These sand hills are of great extent, and, as suggested by Mr. Curtis, must have been collected by the winds and storms to which they are constantly exposed. During the winter the whole soil is frequently removed, so as completely to alter the surface of the country; a great number of the pupæ must consequently be destroyed or buried at a considerable distance below the surface, where probably they lie hid until they are brought to light and life by the influence of the elements. These circumstances account for the great irregularity in the appearance of the insects. In 1814, for instance, they were so plentiful that Mr. Raddon found not less than one hundred minute larvæ upon an armful of spurge, which he had cut at dusk the preceding evening. The rarity of the insect is also increased by the difficulty of rearing it. The late Mr. Fuseli, the royal academician, who was a zealous entomologist, was enabled only to obtain one moth from twenty chrysalides. The larvæ are full grown in September, and the moth appears in the following June.

PLATE XXX.

DYNASTES HERCULES.

Plate XXX. fig. 1. [male].--2. [female].

ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Dynastidæ, _MacLeay_.

GENUS. DYNASTES, _MacLeay_. Geotrupes, _Fabricius_. Scarabæus,
_Latreille_, _Linnæus_, _&c._

DYNASTES HERCULES. Thoracis [male] cornu incurvo longissimo subtus
barbato utrinque unidentato, capitis recurvato dentato. (Long. Corp. 5
unc. 9 lin. [male].)

SYN. Scarabæus Hercules, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 2. 541. 1. _Oliv. Ins._ 1. 3.
_b._ 1. _tab._ 1. _f._ 1. _tab._ 23. _fig._ 1. _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 1. _p._
2. _No._ 1. _Naturalists' Library, Beetles, pl._ 11. _Edwards, Birds, t._
334. _Gronov. Zooph._ 412. _Johnst. Ins. t._ 16. _f._ 1. _Petiv. Gaz. t._
70. _f._ 1. _Roesel. Scar. tom._ iv. _t._ 5. _f._ 3. _Pal. Beauv. Ins.
d'Afr. & d'Amer. Col. Pl._ 1. c. _f._ 1. _Marcgr. Braz._ 247. _fig._ 3.

HABITAT: Gaudaloupe (_Drury_). South America.

_Male._ Black, except the elytra, which are of an olive colour; having a
number of black spots on them of different shapes and sizes, varying
considerably in different individuals. Thorax, above, smooth, and
shining, the sides covered with a multitude of small punctures. Its front
is produced into a long shining horn, near three inches in length, which
gradually bends downwards from the base to the extremity, where it is
slightly forked; the under side being covered with short fine hairs of a
yellowish colour, resembling the pile of velvet, and having about two
inches from its extremity a strong short spine placed on each side. The
head is furnished with another horn, about two-thirds the length of the
first, sharp and thin on its upper side, and towards the end bending
upwards; having on the upper edge, near the middle, three or four teeth
or strong spines, and another near the extremity. Eyes shining, red
brown. Tibiæ armed with spines, particularly the anterior pair, which
have four; three near the tips, and one near the middle. The middle and
hinder tibiæ have each two strong spurs, and several smaller spines,
surrounded with hair on the other parts. The edge of the abdomen is
covered with a row of dark orange-coloured hairs. Several other parts of
the body, joints, &c. are also clothed with the same {60}coloured hairs.
Each of the ungues has a little tuft of strong hairs issuing from the
extremity of the terminal joint of the tarsi.

_Female._ This sex is unfurnished with horns. The elytra are the same
colour as in the male, not spotted so much, if at all, and more rugose.
Thorax black, with a few yellowish spots, formed like stars or rays on
it. In other respects it resembles the male.

Drury adds to this insect the following remark--"I have observed many species of beetles whose males have been furnished with horns, either on the head or thorax, but in which the females have none, but have those parts quite smooth and plain; and my observations incline me strongly to think that this rule subsists in every one of them, through the whole class. The instances I could bring in support of this opinion are too many to be admitted in this place."

The circumstance observed upon in the preceding note is certainly very interesting in a physiological point of view. In quadrupeds we find both sexes of cornuted species armed with horns; but in insects almost universally the males alone are provided with these appendages. It is also worthy of remark, that although in the majority of insects the females considerably surpass the males in size, yet in those species in which the males are cornuted, the females are almost invariably smaller than their partners.

Burmeister lays it down as a rule, that with regard to the differences of the sexes, their whole character may be thus distinguished; viz. that the male displays a preponderance of evolution, and the female a preponderance of involution; and observes, "that some beetles have processes upon the head and thorax, which, like the mandibles, can meet, like tongs, and thus serve as a weapon. This is asserted of Hercules and its large comrades." This opinion as to the uses of these horns can, however, scarcely be maintained, since the number of species in which the horns really meet is very few. Kirby and Spence observe, "What may be the use of these extraordinary appendages to the males, has not yet been ascertained. Whether the individuals of this sex are more exposed to the attack of birds and other enemies, in consequence of being more on the wing than the females, and are therefore thus provided with numerous projecting points of defence, is a question worth considering." It is also to be observed that these appendages, instead of being deciduous, as in many of the higher animals, are in insects component parts of the external skeleton.

There are a few exceptions to the observation of Drury; thus in the Lamellicorn genus Hoplites Dej. Catal. (Scarabæus Pan,) the females are cornuted as well as the males; and in the genus Osmia, belonging to the section of wild bees, Dasygastres, Latr., the females alone have the head furnished with two porrected horns.

{61}BUPRESTIS (CHALCOPHORA) VIRGINIENSIS.

Plate XXX. fig. 3.

ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Serricornes. FAMILY: Buprestidæ.

GENUS. BUPRESTIS, _Linn._ SUBGENUS. Chalcophora, _Solier_.

BUPRESTIS (CHALCOPHORA) VIRGINIENSIS. Thorace lato fusco, punctis
cupreis; elytris serratis atris, maculis cupreis, saturâque metallicâ.
(Long. Corp. 1 unc. 1½ lin.)

SYN. Buprestis Virginiensis, _Drury, App. vol._ 2. _Herbst. Col._ ix.
_p._ 114. 63. _t._ 148. _f._ 1.

Buprestis Virginica, _Linn. (Gmel.)_ 1. iv. _p._ 1940. _No._ 110. _Rossi
(Hellw.) Fn. Etr._ 1. _p._ 211. _not._

HABITAT: Virginia.

Head small and broad. Antennæ about the length of the thorax, and small.
Thorax broad and rugged, having the elevated parts of a dark coppery
colour; but the depressed ones lighter, covered with very small
punctures, and joining close to the wing-cases. Scutellum very small and
triangular. Elytra of the same colour with the thorax; the dark parts in
the figure being those that lie highest. They are margined on the sides
and suture, extending even with the anus; which near their edges are
slightly serrated. Under side shining and coppery, but on the sides with
a tincture of flesh colour. Legs the same; with two tibial spurs.

PLATE XXXI.

GOLIATHUS GIGANTEUS.

Plate XXXI. fig. 1.

ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Lamellicornes. FAMILY: Cetoniidæ.

GENUS. GOLIATHUS, _De Lamarck_. Cetonia, _Oliv._ Scarabæus, _Linn, &c._

GOLIATHUS GIGANTEUS. Thorace piceo, nudo, holosericeo-albo lineato;
elytris glaucis, clypeo porrecto bifido. (Long. Corp. 4 unc. 3 lin.)

SYN. Goliathus Giganteus, _Kirby in Introd. to Ent. vol._ 3. _p._ 33.
_v._ 4. _p._ 493.

Scarabæus Goliathus, _Linn. Mant._ 5. 30.

Cetonia Goliata, _Fabr. Ent. Syst._ 1. 2. _p._ 124. 1.

Cetonia Goliathus, _Olivier_, 1. _No._ 6. _pl._ 5. _f._ 33.

Goliathus Magnus, _Naturalist's Library, Beetles, pl._ 16.

Goliathus Africanus, _De Lamarck Anim. sans Vert_.

HABITAT: Western Africa, near the Equinoctial line.

Head, above, flesh-coloured; beneath, black; about three-fourths of an
inch in length, terminating in two blunt, obtuse, and irregular horns.
Two other thick and jagged horns also arise from its sides, much shorter
than the former. Its breadth at the base is half an inch; having a small
projecting ridge running along the middle, from thence to the extremity,
at the base of the horns. Thorax an inch and a half long, being
principally black; but along the sides is flesh-coloured. It has also
five narrow and irregular waved lines of a flesh colour running from the
anterior to the posterior edges; one of which, being in the middle of the
thorax, is narrower than the rest; the two next this terminate at the
posterior edges in a fine rose colour; these next the lateral edges are
broadest, having likewise a patch of rose colour next the wing-cases.
About the middle of the thorax, these external lines separate and divide,
continuing so almost to the anterior edges, where they again unite. The
under part of the thorax is flesh colour; but in the middle of a
yellowish brown. The scutellum is triangular and black; with a clear
white central oblong mark truncated in front. Elytra beautiful
chocolate-coloured, and {62}covered with a great number of short fine
hairs, resembling the pile on velvet; the anterior part, with a narrow
and indented margin, of a cream colour, also surrounding the scutellum.
The elytra are two inches broad at the base. Legs very dark green colour,
almost black. Intermediate and posterior femora and tibiæ with dark
yellow hairs. Abdomen very dark green, furnished on the sides and edge
with dark yellow hairs. Sternum rather long.

This magnificent insect may be regarded as one of the rarest species figured in these Illustrations. Drury states, that the specimen here represented was brought from Africa by Mr. Ogilvie, surgeon of His Majesty's ship the Renown, being found floating, dead, in the river Gaboon, opposite Prince's Island, near the equinoctial line. Nearly seventy years have elapsed since the insect was first described, and yet the insect remains, as far as my knowledge extends, unique.[23] It would appear that the specimen either belonged to or passed into the hands of Dr. Hunter after the death of Mr. Drury, for Fabricius describes the species with a citation of the museum of Dr. Hunter alone; and Olivier's figure was taken from the specimen whilst it was in that gentleman's possession. After his decease it passed, with his collection, by bequest, into the possession of the University of Glasgow, where it now forms one of the most interesting objects in the Hunterian Museum. Joseph Hooker, Esq., son of Sir W. Hooker, the highly distinguished botanist of Glasgow, tells me that the individual in question was picked up by a sailor in the river above mentioned, and that it is stated in the MSS. of Dr. Hunter that it cost Mr. Drury £10. In the Catalogue of the Insects of Mr. Drury, which were sold by auction at the Natural History Sale Rooms in King Street, Covent Garden (now occupied by Mr. J. C. Stevens), on the 23rd of May, 1805, and two following days, the 95th lot is described as "Scarabæus Goliathus, _var._" Whence it would appear that the insect here figured was not in the possession of Mr. Drury at his decease, and that he only possessed the insect figured in the 3rd volume of these Illustrations, pl. 40, which evidently on the authority of Fabricius he had regarded as a variety only of the specimen here figured.

The genus Goliathus is exceedingly interesting, not only on account of the gigantic size and singular form of the species of which it is composed, but also from the geographical range of the group. Mr. Kirby observes upon this subject, "Mr. W. S. MacLeay has remarked to me that Goliathus Lam. appears to belt the globe, but not under one form. The types of the genus are the vast African Goliaths (G. giganteus, &c.), which, as well as G. Polyphemus, and another brought from Java by Dr. Horsfield, have, like Cetonia, the scapulars interposed between the posterior angles of the prothorax and the shoulders of the elytra, while the South American species (G. micans,[24] &c.) have not this projection of the scapulars; in this resembling Trichius; Mr. MacLeay further observes, that the {63}female of the Javanese Goliathus is exactly a Cetonia, while that of the Brazilian is a Trichius."--_Introd. to Entomology_, vol. 4. p. 494.

Since the publication of this passage, the genus Goliathus has undergone a considerable revision; the South American species, Cetonia Ynca, _Fabr._ barbicornis, _MacLeay_, _&c._, have been separated from the genus by Saint Fargeau and Serville in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, under the generic name of Ynca, and the Javanese species above noticed (Gol. Rhinophyllus[25] _Wiedemann_) is stated by Latreille in the Règne Animal, 2nd edition, not to belong to the genus Goliathus, but to that of Cetonia. The genus is thus restricted to the African species,[26] with the exception of a Mexican insect which Dejean has named Goliathus Hoffneri. The genus Ynca may thus be regarded rather as a geographical subgenus, or type of form belonging to and representing the African species of Goliathus.

PLATE XXXII.

DIAPREPES SPENGLERI.

Plate XXXII. fig. 1.

ORDER: Coleoptera. SECTION: Rhyncophora. FAMILY: Curculionidæ. SUBFAMILY:
Brachyderides.

GENUS. DIAPREPES, _Schonherr._ Chlorima, _Dej._ Curculio, _Linn. &c._

DIAPREPES SPENGLERI. Niger, thorace albo-squamoso, elytris squamositate
flava vestitis, saturâ, margine striisque tribus elevatis, nudis, nigris,
notatis. (Long. Corp. 7 lin.)

SYN. Curculio Spengleri, _Linn. Syst. Nat._ 1. 2. 609. 32. _Fabr. Syst.
Eleuth._ 2. 532. _No._ 149. _Oliv. Ent. V._ 83. 311. _No._ 345. _t._ 2.
_f._ 15. _C. T._ 20. _f._ 254. _Herbst. Col._ 6. _t._ 68. _f._ 11. & _T._
69. _f._ 1. _Schonh. Syn. Ins. Curcul._ 2. _p._ 8. _No._ 1.

Curculio Aurifer, _Drury, App. vol._ 2.

HABITAT: Jamaica.

Head black, long, and rostrated; as long as the thorax, which is also
black. They are both striped underneath with streaks of a shining,
golden, green colour. Scutellum very small. Elytra dark brown, extending
very low down the sides, and terminating in a point, double margined. The
abdomen dark brown, and, with the wing-cases, adorned with many oblong
spots or streaks, of a golden green colour. Femora simple, and dark
brown. Tibiæ hairy, particularly within. Underside of the tarsi brown
yellow.