Chapter IV: Part C: deals with aero-engines. It is mainly remarkable--in comparison (2)

Text size

----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------
| ~D 1911-12.~ | ~E 1912.~ | ~F 1912.~ | ~G 1912-13.~ | ~E 1912-13.~
Model. | 2-seater | 2-seater | Totally | Totally | Hydro-biplane.
| biplane. | biplane. | enclosed | enclosed |
| | | mono. | biplane. |
----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------
~Length~ feet (m.) | 31 (9.45) | 29 (8.84) | 23 (7) | 29 (8.84) | 33 (10)
~Span~ feet (m.) | 31 (9.45) | 36 (11) | 28 (8.50) | 36 (11) | 47-1/2 (14.50)
~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.) | 279 (26) | 335 (32) | 158 (14-1/2) | 335 (32) | 478 (34-1/2)
{empty lbs. (kgs.) | 800 (363) | 900 (482) | 550 (249) | 1191 (540) | 1740 (789)
~Weight~ { | | | | |
{fully loaded, lbs. (kgs.) | ... | 1300 (589) | 800 (363) | 1700 (771) | 2700 (1224)
~Motor~ h.p. | 35, any make | 50 Gnome | 40 Viale | 60 Green | 100 Gnome
~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.) | 48 (78) | 61 (97) | 65 (105) | 61.8 (100) | 55 (90)
Number built during 1912 | several | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1
----------------------------------------+-------------------+----------------+----------------+-------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--Of the above, 4 of the 50 Gnome E type were purchased by the British Royal Flying Corps, and one by the Portuguese Government; the other went to Windermere on January, 1913, for hydro experiments. Climbing speed of this type is 440 feet per min. (134 m.) Dual control fitted. D type are no longer being built. Climbing speed of F type, 300 feet per min. (91.5 m.) Gliding angle, 1 in 6. G has a gliding angle 1 in 6.5. On October 24th, 1912, made British record to date, 7'31-1/2" (=450 miles). The hydro. was delivered to the British R.F.C. naval wing early in 1913.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| _No suitable photo available._ |
| The machine is on usual lines. The first had a single float, but now |
| two floats are used. |
| |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
E type 100 h.p. Avro Hydro-biplane.

~B~

BLACKBURN Aeroplanes. Blackburn Aeroplane Co., Balm Road, Leeds. Blackburn produced his first machine early in 1910 (see 1911 edition for details). In the latter part of that year he designed the machine which ultimately developed into the _Blackburn_ military. In 1911 other types were produced, all being fitted with the patent Blackburn triple control. School at Filey Hucks has been the principal _Blackburn_ flyer. The type has also been very successfully flown by naval officers. Capacity of works: about 24 a year.

Notes.--Petrol for 5 hours (higher endurances can be fitted). Specially designed for military work--all steel construction. All parts unwelded to admit of rapid displacement. Clear observation provided for.

~Fuselage.~--The fuselage is ~V~ shaped and constructed of weldless steel tubing in the form of a lattice girder. The main longitudinals are of round section; cross members, oval section. Connections are not welded but made with strong steel clips so that should any member become damaged a new one can be readily arranged. The front portion is covered with sheet metal giving additional strength and reducing the head resistance. Stream line form tapering towards the rear which is covered with fabric.

~Chassis.~--Two long skids connected up to fuselage by metal struts. Each skid borne by a pair of wheels, axle held down by elastic shock absorbers. On the axle of the wheels are fitted steel springs which take side thrust. Each pair of wheels held by radius rods forming a bogie.

~Control.~--Patent Blackburn triple, independent or simultaneous on hand wheel, but special foot control for rudder is fitted if desired.

In 1912, five machines were built, of which two were of the mil. model. Others, non-military models (see last edition.)

BRISTOL. The British & Colonial Aeroplane Co., Ltd., Filton House, Bristol. Founded 1910. Capital (1913), ?. Have very extensive works (area. ? sq. feet) on the outskirts of Bristol, employing over 300 men, where they manufacture to their own designs practically every type of flying machine. Flying grounds: Salisbury Plain, Brooklands. 105 Royal Aero Club certificates won on _Bristol_ machines during 1912 (of which 86 were officers of His Majesty's Forces).

----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
| ~Military~ | ~Military~ | |
| ~mono.~ | ~mono.~ | ~Tractor~ | ~School~
| 2-seater. | 2-seater. | ~biplane~ | ~mono.~
| 80 h.p. | 50 h.p. | ~1913.~ | Side by side.
| ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ | |
----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------
~Length~ feet (m.) | 28-1/4 (8.60) | 23-2/3 (7.20) | 27-3/4 (8.47) |
~Span~ feet (m.) | 42-1/3 (12.90) | 39-1/3 (12) | 34-1/3 (10.44) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.) | 221 (20.6) | 226 (22) | 370 (34.4) |
~Total~ {machine, lbs. (kgs.) | 1719 (771) | 1323 (600) | 1764 (800) |
~weight~ {useful lbs. (kgs.) | 710 (322) | 551 (250) | 1200 (544) |
~Motor~ h.p. | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 70 Renault | 50 Gnome
~Speed~ {max. m.p.h. (km.) | 73 (118) | 62 (100) | 70 (112) |
{min. m.p.h. (km.) | ... | ... | ... |
~Endurance~ hrs. | 4 | 3-4 | ... |
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... |
----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------

Notes.--~Monoplane:~ Box section fuselage convex on bottom side to minimise resistance. Mounted on 2 wheels and 2 skids with smaller wheels attached at the forward end. Bristol tractor. ~Biplane:~ Box section fuselage, convex on top and bottom sides. Mounted as monoplane. Bristol tractor. This machine is the latest production of the Bristol Co., and has proved an exceptionally successful flyer. Designed by M. Coanda.

BLERIOT Aeronautics. Belfast Chambers, 156, Regent Street, London, W. School: Hendon. British office of the _Bleriot_ firm (see France).

BRITISH BREGUET CO., 1, Albemarle Street, Piccadilly, London, W. Works and offices: 5, Hythe Road, Cumberland Park, Willesden, London, N.W. Established 1912. Constructs in England _Breguet_ models, some of which are beginning to vary in detail from the originals (see France).

BRITISH CAUDRON. (See _Ewen_.)

BRITISH DEPERDUSSINS. British Deperdussin Aeroplane Co., Ltd., 39, Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S.W. School: Hendon.

Chairman: Admiral The Hon. Sir E. R. Freemantle, G.C.B., C.M.G.

Managing Directors: Lieut. J. C. Porte, R.N., D. Laurence Santoni.

Secretary: N. D. Thompson.

This firm handles the French models of _Deperdussins_, but has in addition a special hydro-aeroplane of its own, of which one was built in 1912. Details of this special machine are:--~Length,~ 27 feet 10 inches (8.50 m.) ~Span,~ 42 feet (12.80 m.) ~Area,~ 290 sq. feet (27 m squared.) ~Weight,~ total, 1,800 lbs. (816 kg.); useful, 1,250 lbs. (566 kg.) ~Motor,~ 100 h.p. Anzani. ~Speed,~ 67 m.p.h. (110 k.m.) Other models sold by the firm are of French type exactly (see France).

BRITISH DONNET-LEVEQUE. Handled by Aeros, Ltd., 39, St. James' Street, Piccadilly, London, S.W. Company forming March, 1913 (see France). Works and school at Shoreham.

BRITISH FARMANS. (See _Aircraft Co._)

BRITISH HANRIOTS. Hewlett & Blondeau, Omnia Works, Vardens Road, Clapham Junction, London, S.W. Construct all types of _Hanriot_ machines (see France), also build to private specifications, and deal in accessories generally.

BRITISH NIEUPORTS. Company forming 1913. Representative: M. Bonnier, 2, Goulders Green Crescent, London, N.W.

~C~

CODY. Cody flying school, Farnborough. Cody commenced experiments with kites in very early days on behalf of the British Admiralty. Subsequently built the first British Army dirigible, and an experimental Army aeroplane. In 1909, his direct connection with the Army ceased. A _Cody I_ was built in 1908. A _Cody II_ was completed June 1910. The _special features_ of both were: very strong construction, great size (_II_ had area of 857 sq. feet), ailerons. Later types, except that warping is substituted for ailerons, do not differ very materially except in minor details. All wood construction.

---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+-------------------
| ~1911.~ | ~1913.~ | Model.
| 4-seater | 4-seater | May, ~1912.~
| biplane. | biplane. | Monoplane.
---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+-------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 43 (13) | 43 (13) | 43-1/2 (13.25)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 484 (44-3/4) | 483 (44-3/4) | 260 (19)
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 1900 (862) | 1900 (862) | 2400 (1088)
~Weight~ { | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 1000 (453) | 1000 (453) | 700
~Motor~ | 60 Green, later | 120 Aust. Daimler | 120 Aust. Daimler
| a 100 Green | |
{max m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) | 75 (120) | 83 (135)
~Speed~ { | | |
{min m.p.h. (km.)| 47 (75) | 47 (75) | 58 (95)
Number built to end of last year | 1 | 1 | 1
---------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------+--------------------

Remarks.--The 1911 is the famous _Cody_, which, as a 60 h.p., won both Michelin 1911 prizes, and completed the _Daily Mail_ circuit. As a 100 h.p. it won the 1912 Michelin cross-country. By the end of 1912 it is said to have flown a total of 7000 miles. The 1913 is practically a duplicate with a more powerful engine. _Special features_ of the biplanes, maximum camber to lower plane. Both planes equal span. Very strong landing gear. Propeller chain driven: 1-3/4 to 1 gearing. In February, 1913, four biplanes were ordered for the British Army.

Cody lists a mono. for 1913 a trifle longer than the above; also five variations on the biplane of from 35 to 160 h.p., which can be built if required.

COVENTRY ORDNANCE. The Coventry Ordnance Works, Ltd., Coventry. London office: 28, Broadway, Westminster, S.W. Established 1912. Capacity: 50 machines a year without difficulty.

----------------------------+--------------+
| ~1912.~ |
| Model 10. |
----------------------------+--------------+
~Length~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) |
~Span~ feet (m.)| 56 (17) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 630 (58) |
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 1900 (861) |
~Weight~ { | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 800 (362) |
~Motor~ h.p.| 100 Gnome |
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (97) |
~Speed~ { | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... |
~Endurance~ hrs.| ... |
Number Built during 1912 | 2 |
----------------------------+--------------+

Remarks.--Experimental machines.

~D~

DUNNE. The Blair Atholl Aeroplane Syndicate, Ltd., 1, Queen Victoria Street, London, E.C. School: Eastchurch. In 1906 Lieut. Dunne was employed by the British Army authorities for secret aeroplane experiments. He had at that time patented a monoplane of < type. In 1907 _Dunne I_ was tried on the Duke of Atholl's estate in Scotland, but failed to fly, being smashed on the starting apparatus. _Dunne III_, a glider, 1908, was experimented with successfully by Lieut. Gibbs. In the same year _Dunne IV_, a larger power driven edition made hops of 50 yards or so. Early in 1910 the War Office abandoned the experiments. _Dunne II_, a triplane of 1906 design, was, by consent of the War Office, assigned to Prof. Huntingdon, who made one or two short flights with it at Eastchurch in 1910. At the same time the above syndicate was formed, and _Dunne V_, built by Short Bros., was completed in June, 1910. In 1912-13 the Huntingdon, modified, was flying well.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
| 50 Gnome. | | |
| ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~ | ~1912-13~
Model and Date. | single-seat | 2-seater | biplane. | biplane.
| mono. | mono. | ~D 8.~ | ~D 9.~
| ~D 7.~ | ~D 7~ _bis._ | |
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| _not given_ | ... | ... | ...
~Span~ feet (m.)| 35 (10.66) | 35 (10.66) | 46 (14) | 45 (13.70)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 200 (18.5) | 200 (18.5) | 552 (51) | 448 (42)
{total lbs. (kgs.)|1050 (476) | 1200 (544) | 1700 (771) | 1693 (768)
~Weight~ { | | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 359 (161) | 528 (239) | 414 (187) | 509 (231)
~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 60 Green | 80 Gnome
~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 60 (95) | 60 (95) | 45 (70) | 50 (80)
Number built during 1912 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 b'lding ('13)
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes.--Biplane _D 3_ is identical with the original pattern _Dunne V_, except that it has only one propeller instead of two. It has been flown completely uncontrolled in a 20 m.p.h. wind, carrying a R. Ae. C. observer as passenger.

~E~

EWEN. The W. H. Ewen Aviation Co., London Aerodrome: Hendon. Also works at Lanark, Scotland (opened February, 1913). Hold the British rights for and construct at their works _Caudron_ aeroplanes (see France).

~F~

FERGUSON. J. B. Ferguson, Ltd., Belfast.

This machine first appeared in 1910. Owing to an accident to Mr. Ferguson it was laid up for a long time. About the end of 1912 it re-appeared. Principal details:--

~Span.~--40 feet (12.20 m.) ~Area.~--230 sq. feet (21 m squared.) H.P. 40.

~G~

GRAHAME-WHITE. The Grahame-White Aviation Co., Ltd., 166 Piccadilly, London, W. Works and Flying Ground: Hendon. Founded by C. Grahame-White, the well-known aviator, who in 1909 commenced operations with a school at Pau. Later this was removed to England, and a general agency for the sale of aeroplanes, etc., established. This developed, and early in 1911 the firm was handling a special British agency for the U.S. _Burgess_ type known as "The Baby." The Hendon Aerodrome was acquired, and a factory established, which has grown continually ever since. In April, 1912, a monoplane to special design was completed. By the close of the same year biplanes of advanced design were constructed. Capacity of the works, March, 1913, was equal to 150 machines a year if necessary.

----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------
| ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~
| Military | "Popular" | "Popular" | Tractor | Monoplane.
| biplane. | biplane. | biplane. | hydro-biplane | Type IX.
| Type VI. | Type VII. | Type VII. | Type VIII | single-seat.
| 2-seater. | 1-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. |
| | | | |
----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 33-1/4 (10.10) | 20-5/6 (6.40) | 26-5/6 (8.22) | 25 (7.60) | 21 (6.40)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 42 (12.80) | 29-1/6 (8.85) | 38 (11.60) | 42-1/2 (13) | 32 (9.75)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 435 (40-1/2) | 230 (21) | 475 (44) | 380 (35) | 208 (19)
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 2200 (997) | | | 850 (385) | ...
~Weight~ { | | ... | ... | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 750 (340) | | | 450 (204) | ...
~Motor~ | 120 Aust. Daimler | 50 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome
{max. m.p.h (k.p.h.)| 70 (110) | 60 (95) | 50 (80) | 65 (105) | 65 (105)
~Speed~ { | | | | |
{min. m.p.h (k.p.h.)| 55 (90) | 50 (80) | 40 (65) | 50 (80) | ...
~Endurance~ hrs.| 6 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4
Number built during 1912 | 1 | ... | ... | 1 | ...
----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------
| Also built with a | Also built | | Also built | Also built with
| 90 Aust. Daimler. | with a 35 | | with a 60 | a 35 Anzani.
| | | | |
| Designed to carry | | | | Two main floats
| a gun on the bow. | | | | with 12-1/2 ft. track.
| | | | | Floats are 15 ft.
| Very good view. | | | | long, 2 ft. wide,
| | | | | 1 ft. 3 in. deep.
| Very strong landing| | | |
| carriage. | | | |
----------------------------------+--------------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+-----------------

~H~

HOWARD-FLANDERS. L. Howard-Flanders, Ltd., 31, Townsend Terrace, Richmond, Surrey. School: Brooklands. Established February, 1912, by Howard-Flanders, whose connection with aviation dates from the pioneer days. Richmond Works opened April, 1912. Capacity of the works at end of 1912 was sufficient to turn out from 25 to 35 machines a year.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
| ~F 4 1912.~ | ~B 2 1912.~ | ~S 2 1913.~ | ~F 5 1913.~ | ~B 3 1913.~
| 2-seater | 2-seater | single-seat | 2-seater | 2-seater
| military | biplane. | monoplane. | monoplane. | biplane.
| monoplane. | | | |
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 31-1/2 (9.50) | 31-1/2 (9.50) | 28 (8.50) | 31 (9.45) | 31 (9.45)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 40 (12) | 40 (12) | 35 (10.70) | 39 (11.90) | 40 (12)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared)| 240 (22) | 390 (36) | 190 (17-3/4) | 250 (23) | 390 (36)
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 1850 (839) | 1500 (680) | 1180 (535) | 1600 (726) | 1650 (748)
~Weight~ { | | | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 500 (227) | 450 (204) | 350 (159) | 600 (272) | 600 (272)
~Motor~ h.p.| 70 Renault | 40 A.B.C. | 80 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 80 Gnome
{max m.p.h. (km.)| 67 (108) | 56 (90) | 82 (132) | 70 (115) | 68 (110)
~Speed~ { | | | | |
{min m.p.h. (km.)| 41 (66) | 38 (61) | 45 (73) | 42 (68) | 40 (65)
Number built during 1912 | 4 | 1 | | |
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--_F 4_ climbing speed 1000 feet (305 m.) in 3-1/2 minutes, 1500 in 5-1/2 mins., 2000 in 8 mins. _B 2_ climbing speed 200 feet (61 m.) per minute. The four _F 4_ type were bought by the British Army during 1912.

HANDLEY-PAGE Monoplanes. Handley Page, 72, Victoria Street, S.W. Works: 110, Cricklewood Lane, N.W. Flying ground: Hendon. Established at the end of 1908. In June, 1909, it was turned into a Limited Liability Co. Since then it has been busily employed in producing its own machines, also others to inventor's specifications. About the end of 1911 the firm bought up and sold all the machines of the Aeronautical Syndicate--_Valkyrie_ and _Viking_ types. It is doubtful whether any of these V type still exist--in any case it does not matter. Four were presented to the R. Flying Corps. Of these one was smashed up, the others, one army and two navy, were used to teach mechanics to take down and re-assemble engines, etc. Handley-Page also bought up the _Radley-Moorhouse_ machines (Bleriot copies), and disposed of them.

The 1912-13 _Handley-Page_ type is as follows--a development along regular lines of the original H.P. machine:--

~Length,~ 27-1/2 feet (8.40 m.) ~span,~ 42-1/2 feet (12.95 m.) ~area,~ 240 sq. feet. (22-1/4 m squared.)

~Weight.~--Total, 1300 lbs. (590 kgs.) Empty, 800 lbs. (363 kgs.)

~Motor.~--50 h.p. Gnome. ~Speed.~ 55 m.p.h. (90 km.)

Remarks.--The fixed tail area is 32 sq. feet. Body is entirely enclosed, stream line form. The passenger sits behind the pilot. Mounted on wheels and one long skid forward. Full description and details, _Flight_, 26th October, 1912.

Principal pilots have been the late E. Petre (who made in it the only flight through London), the late Lieut. Parke, R.N., S. Pickles, and L. R. Whitehouse. The machine has been flown with two passengers, in addition to the pilot.

~Military work.~--During 1912 five biplanes of the _B.E._ type were ordered by the British War Office. Several monoplanes were ordered by foreign governments.

~L~

LAKE FLYING Co. Windermere. Established 1911, by E. W. Wakefield, with a view to hydro-aeroplane experiments. The first machine was a _Curtiss_ type built by A. V. Roe, which flew in November, 1911. In 1912, a special biplane generally of _Farman_ type but with more camber to the planes, was built.

~Length.~--36-1/2 feet (11 m.) ~Span.~--42 feet (12.80 m.) ~Area.~--270 sq. feet (25 m. squared) ~Motor.~--Gnome. ~Speed.~--45.33 m.p.h. (72.54 k.p.h.)

The single float is 6 feet wide, flexibly connected. Balancers mounted on a spring board. Water rudders for steering at slow speed. Fuller details see _Flight_, December 7th, 1912. Early in 1913, an _Avro_ was purchased for further experiments.

~M~

MARTINSYDE. Messrs. Martin & Handasyde, Brooklands, Weybridge, Surrey. Output capacity: about 20 per annum.

----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ |
Model and date. | Mono. 2-seater. | Mono. 2-seater. |
----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
~Length~ feet. (m.)| 35-1/2 (10.75) | 35 (10.65) |
~Span~ feet. (m.)| 42-1/2 (12.95) | 42-3/4 (13) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 290 (27) | 285 (26-1/2) |
{total lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 1212 (550) |
~Weight~ { | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | 551 (250) |
~Motor~ h.p.| 65 Antoinette | 80 Laviator |
{max m.p.h. (km.)| 63 (102) | 78 (125) |
~Speed~ { | | |
{min m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |
----------------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

Notes.--Wood construction. Landing: wheels and one skid. _Controls_: warping wings and rear elevator. Triangular body. The two models are very nearly identical.

~P~

PIGGOTT. Piggott Bros. & Co., Ltd., 220, 222 & 224, Bishopsgate, London, E.C. This well-known firm of shed makers built a novel biplane in May, 1910 (details _Flight_, May 21st, 1910), and in 1911 a monoplane with enclosed body (_Flight_, April 1st, 1911). In 1912, both were disposed of, and the firm is not proceeding with its experiments. It has, however, a staff of skilled mechanics and a great deal of floor space for the construction of aeroplanes to specifications.

PLANES. Planes, Ltd., 6, Lord Street, Liverpool. Works: Duke Street & Cleveland Street, Birkenhead. Not building at present. In October, 1910, the firm produced a biplane, designed by W. P. Thompson, fitted with a special pendulum stabilising device. This was followed a year or so later by a monoplane.

~R~

RADLEY-ENGLAND. This is not an aeroplane firm, but a special hydro built by two well-known aviators for the _Daily Mail_ competition. ~Length,~ 22 feet. ~Span,~ 50 feet. 2 floats, 15 feet long by 1 foot 5 inches wide. Pilot in starboard float. ~Weight,~ with petrol for 12 hours, 1,380 lbs. ~Motor,~ 150 h.p., made up of 3--50 h.p. Gnomes, but two Greens to be fitted for competition. One 4-bladed propeller in rear. ~Speed,~ 60 m.p.h., with 100 h.p.

~S~

SANDERS. This firm appears to have ceased to exist.

SHORT BROS. Works and flying grounds: Eastchurch, Isle of Sheppey, Kent. London office: Queen's Circus, Battersea Park. Took up construction at a very early date. _Wright_ agents in 1909. Have built numerous biplanes and monoplanes to specifications. Produced their own first machine (see 1911 edition) in 1910.

----------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-----------------+------------------
| ~S 41. 1913. Hydro Biplane.~ | ~S 45. 1913. Military Tractor~ | ~S 38. 1913.~ | ~S 34. Standard School.~ | ~1911-12.~ | ~1911-12.~
| | ~Biplane.~ | ~Military Nacelle Biplane.~ | | 1-seater, | Tandem
+----------------+----------------+----------------|----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------+------------------+ mono. | tractor
| 80 h.p. | 100 h.p. | 160 h.p. | 70 h.p. | 80 h.p. | 160 h.p. | 50 h.p. | 80 h.p. | 50 h.p. | 70 h.p. | | biplane.
| 2-seater. | 2-seater. | 4-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | 4-seater. | 2-seater. | 3-seater. | 2-seater. | 2-seater. | |
----------------------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------|----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 35 (10.67) | 39 (11.90) | 45 (13.70) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 40 (13.70) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 35-1/2 (10.80) | 42 (12.85) | 42 (12.85) | 25 (7.60) | 35-1/2 (10.80)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 40 (13.70) | 50 (15.25) | 50 (15.25) | 42 (12.90) | 45 (13.70) | 50 (15.25) | 52 (15.85) | 52 (15.85) | 46-1/2 (14.20) | 46-1/2 (14.20) | 29-1/2 (9) | 42 (12.90)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 390 (36) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | 186 (17) | ...
{Machine lbs. (kg.)| 1200 (545) | 1700 (764) | 2000 (909) |1080 (490) | 1100 (500) | 1890 (860) | 950 (432) | 1050 (480) | 1100 (500) | 1150 (523) | ... | 850 (385)
~Weight~ { | | | | | | | | | | | |
{Useful lbs. (kg.)| 771 (350) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
~Motor~ h.p.| 80 Gnome | 100 Gnome | 160 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 160 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 70 Gnome | 50 Gnome. | 70 Gnome.
{max (m.p.h.)| 65 (105) | 60 (97) | 74 (120) | 60 (97) | 70 (113) | 74 (120) | 42 (68) | 58 (94) | 39 (63) | 48 (78) | ... | 58 (94)
~Speed~ { | | | | | | | | | | | |
{min (m.p.h.)| 50 (80) | 50 (80) | 56 (90) | 50 (80) | 50 (80) | 56 (90) | 35 (57) | 39 (63) | 34 (55) | 38 (61) | ... | ...
~Endurance~ hrs.| 4 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
| | | | | | | | | | | |
----------------------------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------------------------+------------------+------------------+-----------------+------------------
Remarks.--Floats are two long pontoons. Subsidiary floats at tips of |Tandem seats, pilot in front. |Specially designed for |Solely designed for |No longer built, but still
lower plane. Small tail float with water rudder. W.-t. compartments |Fittings for maps, etc. |reconnaissance. Tandem |school work. |in existence.
to floats. Tandem seated, pilot in front. The observer's seat can | |seats, pilot in front. An |Seats side by side. |
accommodate two if necessary. | |extra passenger can be | |
| |accommodated. | |
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+-------------------------------------+------------------------------------

SOPWITH. Sopwith Aviation Co. Works: Canbury Park Road, Kingston-on-Thames. School: at Brooklands. Established by T. O. M. Sopwith, the well known aviator at Brooklands, Autumn of 1911, where during 1912, a 70 h.p. tractor biplane and a 40 h.p. biplane was turned out.

Floor area of the Kingston works in March, 1913, was 30,000 sq. feet with electric power plant. Works manager: F. Sigrist. General manager: R. O. Cary. Output capacity: at full pressure about 50 machines a year.

----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------
| ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~
Model and Date. | Bat boat | Tractor | School | Armoured
| hydro | biplane | biplane. | warplane.
| biplane. | 3-seater. | |
----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 30-1/3 (9.20) | 29 (8.85) | 29 (8.85) | 29' 7-1/2" (9)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 41 (12.50) | 40 (12.20) | 40 (12.20) | 50 (15.25)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 422 (39) | 365 (34) | 400 (37) | 552 (51)
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 1700 (771) | 1750 (794) | 1200 (544) | 2000 (907)
~Weight~ { | | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 500 (227) | 750 (340) | 400 (181) | 800 (362)
~Motor~ h.p.| 90 Austro-Daimler | 80 Gnome | 50 Gnome | 90 Austro-Daimler
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 65 (105) | 74 (125) | 48 (78) | 65 (105)
~Speed~ { | | | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 42 (68) | 40 (65) | 35 (60) | 38 (61)
~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ...
----------------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------+-------------------

Notes.--Wood construction. Carriage wheels and skids. _Control:_ balanced ailerons.

~V~

VICKERS. Vickers, Ltd., Vickers House, Broadway, Westminster. School: Brooklands. Seven pupils qualified during 1912.

-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+
| Monoplane. | Military |
Model and date. | ~1912-13.~ | biplane. |
| 2-seater. | ~1913.~ |
-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+
~Length~ feet (m.)| 25 (7.60) | ... |
~Span~ feet (m.)| 34-1/2 (10.50) | 40 (12.20) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 220 (20) | 385 (35) |
{total, lbs. (kgs.)| 730 (331) | ... |
~Weight~ { | | |
{useful, lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... |
~Motor~ h.p.| 80 Gnome | 80 Wolseley |
~Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) | ... |
~Endurance~ hrs.| 3 | ... |
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |
-----------------------------------+-----------------+------------------+

Notes.--Steel construction. Landing shock absorbing: 2 wheels and 1 skid. Rectangular enclosed body. _Controls_: warping and rear elevator.

~Monoplane~ climbs 300 feet a minute fully loaded.

~Biplane~ is armed with a Vickers R.C. automatic gun in the bow.

+------------------------------+
| |
| |
| |
+------------------------------+
Vickers. Armed biplane.

~W~

WHITE. J. Samuel White & Co., Ltd., shipbuilders and engineers, East Cowes, Isle of Wight. London office: 28, Victoria Street, S.W. This well-known firm of torpedo craft builders, etc., formally opened an aviation department on 1st January, 1913, with Howard T. Wright as general manager and designer.

----------------------------------+----------------+
| ~1913.~ |
| Navy 'plane. |
----------------------------------+----------------+
~Length~ feet (m.)| 30 (9.15) |
~Span~ feet (m.)| 44 (13.40) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 500 (46-1/2) |
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 2000 (907) |
~Weight~ { | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| 650 (295) |
~Motor~ h.p.| 160 Gnome |
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 70 (115) |
~Speed~ { | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 35 (57) |
Number built | ... |
----------------------------------+----------------+

Remarks.--Hydro-biplane, with Howard T. Wright patent aeroplanes to give wide range of speed. Two patent hydro floats, 21 feet (m.) long, three steps on each.

BRITISH DIRIGIBLES.

~Navy.~ ~Army.~
/-------------------------^----------------------------------\ /------------------^--------------------\
--------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------
| | | | | ~III, & IV & V~
Name and date. | ~II Willows 3.~|~III Astra Torres 2.~| ~IV Parseval 18.~ | ~II BETA.~ | ~GAMMA, DELTA,~
| ~1911.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1909 (1910.)~ | ~EPSILON.~
| | | | | ~1910, 1912, 1913.~
--------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------
~Volume~ c. feet (m cubed.)| 31,800 (900) | 222,500 (6,500) | 311,000 (8,800) | 21,000 (594) | 70,600 (2,000)
~Length~ feet (m.)| 120 (36.50) | ... | 276 (84) | 104 (31.70) | 152 (46)
~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 40 (12.20) | ... | 49-1/4 (15) | 25 (7.60) | 30 (9.10)
{fabric | Spencer | Continental | Metzler | Gold beater skin | Continental
~Gasbags~ {compartments | _nil_ | 3 | _nil_ | _nil_ | _nil_
{ballonets | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2
{total tons| about 1/2 | about 7 | about 10 | _about_ 3/4 | 2-1/5
~Lift~ { | | | | |
{useful, tons| ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
~Motors~ h.p.| 30 (=30) | 2--120 Chenu (=240) | 2--180 Maybach (=360) | 1--30 Green (=30) | 2--50 Green (=100)
{number | 2 (swivel) | 2 | 2 (s.r.) steel | 1 | 2 (swivel)
~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2
{diameter feet (m.)| ... | ... | ... | 6 (1.82) | 8-5/6
~Speed~ max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | 38 (63) | 42 (68) | 18 (29) | 28 (45)
~Endurance~ full speed| ... | ... | ... | ... | 4 hours
~Max. complement~ | 2 | 15-18 | 10-12 | 3 | 5
~Station~ | Farnborough | ... | ... | Farnborough | Farnborough
--------------------------------+----------------+---------------------+-----------------------+-------------------+---------------------

Notes.--All the above are non-rigid. The military ones were all built at the Royal Aircraft Factory.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Boothby, Lieut. F. L. M. (_F.C._)
Everett, Gunner F.
Masterman, Comdr. E. A. D. (in command)
Usborne, Lieut. N. F. (squad comdr.)
Woodcock, Lieut. H. (_F.C._)

Undergoing Naval Aircraft Course:

Crocker, Lieut. W. R.
Hicks, Lieut. W. C.
Wilson, Lieut. R. A.

~Military Dirigible Pilots.~

~Squadron Commanders.~

Maitland, Capt. E. M.

~Flight Commanders.~

Waterlow, Lieut. C. M.

~Flying Officers.~

Brabazon, Capt. Honble. C. M. P.
Fletcher, Lieut. J. N. (R.E.)
Hetherington, Lieut. T. G.
Mackworth, Lieut. J. D.
Pigot, Capt. R.

The following hold dirigible pilot certificates, but are not at present employed:--

Broke Smith, Capt. P.
Capper, Col. J. E.
Fox, Lieut. A. G.

~Private Dirigibles.~

There are one _Willows_ (1912) (sister to the naval one) and a couple of _Spencers_ about the size of _Beta_.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Willows, E. T. (24-32, Villa Rd. Handsworth, Birmingham).

~BRITISH NAVAL DIRIGIBLES.~

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| |
| ~New Construction.~ |
| |
| Messrs. Vickers have acquired the Parseval rights for the British |
| Empire, and several airships of this type are likely to be put in |
| hand by them shortly. |
| |
| Also reported that a big rigid is projected. |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------+

~BRITISH MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

BRITISH COLONIAL AIRCRAFT.

~AUSTRALIAN.~

~Military Aviation.~

In January, 1913, the Australian Flying Corps was instituted, as a part of the citizen forces. During 1913, about L5,600 is to be spent.

The force is to consist ultimately of 4 officers, 7 warrant officers and sergeants, 32 mechanics.

The school is at Duntroon. Course includes--mechanics of the aeroplane, aerial motors, meteorology, aerial navigation by compass, aerial photography, signalling, etc. Mr. Harrison is in command with Lieut. H. Petre as assistant.

~Australian Aviators.~

Banks, R. C.
Busteed, H.
Duigan, J. R.
Hammond, J. J.
Harrison
+Hart
+Lindsay, C.
Petre, H.
Pickles
Watts

+=killed.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

J. R. Duigan has built an aeroplane of his own design.

~NEW ZEALAND.~

Nothing doing worth mention. One _Bleriot,_ 80 h.p., presented 1913 by the _Standard,_ London.

~CANADIAN.~

~Aerial Societies.~

Aeronautical Society of Canada, c/o. M. P. Logan, 99 Gloucester
Street, Toronto

McGill Aviation Club, McGill University, Montreal

Oshawa, Ontario Ae. C.

Note.--Owing to the fact that the late Aerial Experiment Association was half Canadian and half U.S.A., it is difficult to draw a very clear dividing line between Canadian and U.S. aviators or machines. Thus, one given here is partly U.S.A., while at least one U.S. machine may be claimed as "partially Canadian."

~AVIATORS.--Private.~

Bell, Dr. Graham
McCurdy, J. A. D.
(U.S.A. Ae. C. 18)
McHardy
Symonds, E. F.
St. Henry R.

~Canadian Aeroplanes.~

GRAHAM-BELL II. Flights were made by Dr. Graham-Bell in a tetrahedal type, similar to one described in the 1911 edition.

McCURDY-WILLARD. Biplane.

~Maximum length,~ 26-1/4 feet (8 m.) ~maximum breadth,~ 31-1/3 feet (9.50 m.) ~supporting surface,~ ? sq. feet (? m squared.)

~Total weight.~--

~Body.~--Central skid in combination with 4 wheels. Triangular body, base of triangle on top. Fuselage entirely enclosed.

~Planes.~--Maximum span, 31-1/3 feet (9.50 m.) Chord, 3-1/2 feet (1 m.) Gap, 5 feet (1.50 m.) Ailerons at trailing edge of wing tips, 6 feet x 2 feet (1.80x0.60 m.)

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Tractor.~--Diameter, 7-3/4 feet (2.40 m.) Pitch, 6 feet (1.82 m.)

~Steering.~--Double elevator placed in rear of tail. _Control_, push and pull wheel. Rudder in rear. _Control_, wheel. Ailerons. _Control_, turning steering-wheel left or right.

Remarks.--See _Aeronautics_, U.S.A., August, 1911.

There has been also the _Baddeck_ and other early machines (see 1911 edition), but none of them seem to be in existence at the present time.

~INDIAN.~

~Military Aviation.~--A certain number of officers belonging to the Indian Army have qualified as pilots when home on leave, but there is no organised force. One is, however, proposed.

~Private Aviation.~--In the past two or three home-made machines appeared, and one or two were imported, but most or all are now extinct.

~SOUTH AFRICA.~

~Military Aviation.~--Non-existent.

~Private Aviation.~--J. Weston is a qualified pilot, but at the outside there are not more than two effective machines in the country.

BULGARIAN.

In the Balkan War, 1912-13, Bulgaria hastily organised an aviation corps. This, though necessarily lacking in military organisation, proved very useful on several occasions.

At the end of March, 1913, the aeroplanes effective included 6 _Bristol_ monos.; one 70 h.p. _Bleriot XXI_; 2 _Bleriot XI bis_ (captured from the Turks); also some half-dozen or more miscellaneous machines temporarily hired.

~Military Aviators.~--The principal are Lieuts. Milkoff, Taraxchieff and Petroff.

A number of other officers in various stages of training.

CENTRAL AMERICAN.

~General Note.~--Nicaragua and S. Domingo have both purchased one or two aeroplanes for their military forces: but nothing appears to have been done with them.

CHILIAN.

~Aviator.~--Edwards, Emilio. Sanchez Besa is a Chilian, but resides in Paris (see France).

~Military Aviation.~--In 1912, a commencement was made and one 80 h.p. _Deperdussin_ purchased. Other machines are now on order.

CHINESE.

~AVIATORS.~

Lee, Y. L. (British Ae.C. 148)
Tsai Tao Prince

~Military Aviation.~

In March, 1913, orders were placed for six 80 h.p. _Caudrons_, also for six 50 h.p., and a decision arrived at gradually to acquire a force of 700 aeroplanes, but very little has actually been done to date.

DANISH.

~Aerial Societies~:--

Danske Aeronautiske Selskab, 34 Amaliegade, Copenhagen.

~Aerial Journals~:--

None; but Motor (3 Bredgade, Mezz, Copenhagen) deals with aerial matters.

~Flying Grounds~:--

Klampenburg, Copenhagen.

Skandinarisk Aerodrom.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

In 1911 there was an Antoinette. Nothing done since.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Ullitkz, Kapt.

Private.

Arntzen, Dr.
Christiansen, S.
Ellerhammer
Folmes, Hansen
Maltke, Count
Nervoe, A.
Svendsen, R.
Thorup, K.

DUTCH.

(Revised by I. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer and Librarian of the Dutch Ae. C.)

~Aerial Societies:--~

Haagsche Proefvliegtuig Club (3e V.d. Boschstreet 20, The Hague).

Nederlandsche Vereeniging voor Luchtvaart (Nassau Zuilensteintraat,
10, The Hague). (Ae. C.)

Rotterdamsche Model Aero Club (Rochussenstreet 229b, Rotterdam).

_Colonial:_

Nederlandsche Indische Vereeniging voor Luchtvaart.

~Aerial Journals:--~

_De Luchtvaart_ (Ged Onde-Gracht, 141, Haarlem). Fortnightly.

_Avia_, Wynbrugstraat 13, Rotterdam. Fortnightly.

~Flying Grounds:--~

~Breda-Gilske-Rijen.~--6 hangars.

~Soesterberg.~--20 hangars.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

Up to the end of 1911 there were none, though some officers had their own private ones (_H. Farman's_ mostly).

At end of 1912.

2 monos. _Deperdussin_ (for Java).
1 biplane. _De Brouchere_ (for Java).

~AVIATORS.~

(The number against any name is, unless otherwise stated the Ae. C. Nederlandsche pilot certificate number.)

To end of ~1911~.

Military.

Bakker, H. Yandrig
Labouchere, Lieut. J.
Meel, Lieut. Van
Poorton, Lieut. H. ter
Versreegh, Lt, W. C. J.

Private.

Bahle, F. K.
Boerlage, M.
Burgh, Van der
Fokker, A. H. G.
Hilgers, J. W. E. L.
Konings, L.
Koolhoven (1)
Kueller, G. P. (2)
Lutge, F. (4) (323, F.)
Mulder, A.
Riemsdyk, Van F. (5)
Ryk, Madame Bde.
Wynmalen, H. (6) (208, F.)

The following Dutch aviator has been killed:

+------------------+
| 1911. |
| Van Maasdyck, C. |
| (130, Ae. C. F.) |
+------------------+

DUTCH AEROPLANES.

DE BROUCKERE. Biplane. _H. Farman_ type. Details, _De Luchtvaart_, No. 8, 1911.

FOKKER. Monoplane. Anthony Fokker, of Haarlem. In early 1912 flew at Breda.

MONNIER-HARPER. Monoplane. (O.P.I.I.) Generally _Bleriot_ type. Built 1911.

VAN DEN BURG. Monoplane. Early in 1912 was flying at Johannisthal, Germany.

VREEDENBURGH. Monoplane. (O.P.I.I.) Blend of _Bleriot_ and _Antoinette_. Motor, 75 h.p. Miesse. Completed December, 1909.

FOKKER. Monoplane. (See Germany for details.) Firm now established in Germany.

DUTCH DIRIGIBLES.

~Military.~

DUINDIGT. Non-rigid.

(Zodiac make.)

~Length~, 111-1/2 feet (34 m.) ~diameter~, 22-1/2 feet (60.80 m.) ~capacity~, 31,785 c. feet (900 m cubed.)

~Motor~.--18 h.p.

Remarks.--Small edition of _Zodiac III_. (See France.)

FRENCH.

(Special French Editor.)

~Aerial Societies:--~

Aero Club de France.

Academie Aeronautique de France.

Aeronautique Club de France.

Societe des Aeronautes du Siege.

Aero Club du Sud Ouest.

Aero Club du Rhone.

Aero Club du Nord.

La Ligue Aerienne du Sud.

Societe Francaise de Navigation Aerienne.

Societe d'encouragement a l'Aviation.

(_Full list of clubs next page._)

~Aerial Journals:--~

_L'Aerophile._

_L'Aero._

_L'Aeronaute._

_Aerostat (Bulletin Aeronautique)._

_Aerostat (Academie d'Aerostation)._

_Revue de l'Aerostation._

_Le Ballon._

_L'Aerostation._

_L'Aeronautique._

_Bulletin Aeronautique._

_Encyclopediede l'Aviation._

_La Ligue Nationale Aerienne._

_Revue de l'Aviation._

_L'Aeromecanique._

~Principal Flying Grounds:~

~Antibes.~--Hanriot school.

~Beauce.~

~Betheny.~--Sommer school. ~Deperdussin School.~

~Buc.~--M. Farman school.

~Buoy.~

~Chalons.~--Sommer school.

~Chalais-Mendon.~ (Military)

~Chatres.~--Savary school.

~Cran~, Marseilles.

~Crotoy.~--Caudron school.

~Croix d'Hins~, Bordeaux (Aer. Lig. du Sud.) Area 6 km. Track. Free
sheds.

~Corbeaulieu~ pres. Compregne.--Doutre school.

~Etampes.~--Bleriot school. Farman school.

~Grand Camp, Lyons.~

~Issy les Moulineaux.~--Astra school

~Juan-le-Pias.~--Paulhan aquaplane school.

~Juvissy~, near Paris.--Aerodrome. Caudron school. Goupy school.

~La Brayelle~, Douai.--Breguet school.

~Da motte Brueil dans L'Oise.~

~Le Bourget~, Paris.--100 sheds.

~Le Mans.~

~Moisson.~

~Mourmelon.~--Voisin school.

~Napante.~

~Nice.~--Small and rough surface.

~Pau.~--Bleriot school.

~Reims.~--Aerodrome.

~St. Cyr.~

~Villacoublay~, Paris.--Breguet, Nieuport and Astra schools.

FRENCH AEROPLANES.

~Military Aviation.~

In February, 1912, the then total of 208 effective aeroplanes were divided into "squadrillas" consisting of eight aeroplanes; attached to these eleven or twelve motor cars, one traction car and one fast car, also a repairing car and repairing van.

It was then estimated that at the end of 1912, ~344~ aeroplanes would be available for service.

The estimated _personnel_ was provisionally fixed at 234 officer pilots, 210 scouts, 42 mechanics, 110 officers, 1,600 corporals or sappers and 550 privates.

Approximately L880,000 was spent in aviation during 1912, and L1,000,000 was estimated for future years.

The French military aviation centres are all upon somewhat the same footing as fortresses, and the greater part of the work comes under the head of "confidential." The principal school is at St. Cyr, which was specially selected because the ground is rough and mostly covered with small shrubs: it being held important to train officers from the first to rise and land on ground similar to that most likely to be found in war time. Each station is supplied with large portable wooden-framed hangars covered with canvas. These can be rapidly taken to pieces and re-erected. Each station is supplied with its own special motor transport.

All military machines are provided with a compass and map case in front of the pilot and sketching apparatus in front of the observer.

Although a few non-commissioned officers have been taught flying, the organization only contemplates the employment of commissioned officers as pilots. The age limit is 38.

On April 16th, 1913, the flying corps was modified. The principal features of the corps as now existing are as follows:--

~Establishments.~

1. Schools.

2. Special establishments, dealing with purchase, construction, and big repairs.

3. _Directions._ Administration of _material_.

4. Depots. A species of dockyards dealing with minor repairs, etc.

~Administration.~

There are three main groups, each commanded by a colonel. Each group consists of dirigibles and aeroplane "escadrilles," and is fully equipped with establishments, etc. The three centres are:--

1. Versailles.

2. Reims.

3. Lyon.

~General.~

All squadron units are made up of machines of the same make and power. Pilots are detailed as required to any particular unit, and liable to transfer from one to another, though in practice such transfers are rare.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

During 1912 nearly 500 machines were delivered to the Army, but a great many old machines have been scrapped. At the end of March, 1913, the force stood at 421 effective for war machines, plus an uncertain number of school machines and obsoletes.

About one-third or more of the effective aeroplanes were _Farmans_. The rest consisted of all leading French types, proportionated more or less to the productive capacity of these firms. Also certain other makes experimental.

~Navy Aviation.~

The Navy section of French military aviation is still in the "being formed" process. No data are yet available as to the ultimate force to be provided. At present the number of effective war machines is small. It is made up of hydro-avions of the following types:--_Astra_, _Borel_, _Breguet_, _Caudron_, _Deperdussin_, _Donnet-Leveque_, _Farman_, _Paulhan-Curtiss_, _Sanchez-Besa_, the total at end of March, 1913, being well under 20. There are also two special _Bleriot_ type fitted with floats, which carry 330 lbs of explosive, are fitted with wireless, have a speed of 140 km.p.h. (85 m.p.h.), and a radius of about 600 miles (1,000 km.)

~PRINCIPAL FRENCH ARMY AND NAVY AVIATORS.~

(In each case the number against each name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. French certificate pilot number.)

Army.

Abadie, Sous Officier
Acevedo, Lieut. (740)
Acquaviva, Lieut. Paul V. (68)
Aiguillon, Lt. R.d' (308)
Aubry, Lieut.
Balensi, Capt. Albert (173)
Bares, Capt. (543)
Basset, Lieut. Paul (145)
Battini, Lieut. G. (508)
Baugnies, Lt. J. B. E. (193)
Beatrix, Sous Officier
Bellemois, Lieut. G. (546)
Bellenger, Capt. M. (45)
Berni, Lieut. (760)
Biard, Capt. G. M. (261)
Bihan, Lieut.
Binda, Lieut. Louis (232)
Blard, Lieut. (460)
Bobillier, Lieut.
Boerner, Lieut.
Boissonas, Lieut. (443)
Bon, Lieut.
Boncour, Lieut. (478)
Bonnier, Lieut. (478)
Bonnier, General (137)
Boucher, Lieut.
Bousnuet, Lieut. P. (295)
Breley, Lieut.
Brenot, Capt.
Brouchard, Lieut.
Brugiere, Lt.
Brule, Lieut. (436)
Bruncher, Lieut.
Burgeat, Capt. M. (44)
Camerman, Lieut. F. (33)
Camine, Capt.
Campagne, Lieut. (782)
Casse, Capt. (415)
Chabert, Lieut.
Charoux, Sous Officier
Chavenac, Lieut. E. (551)
Cheutin, Lt. E. J. (233)
Chevreau, Lieut. R. (132)
Clavenad, Lieut. P. (294)
Clerc, Lieut. (465)
Clolus, Commdt. G. (97)
Couret, Lieut.
Coville, Capt.
D'Abrantes, Lieut.
D'Aquillon, Lieut.
De Beruis, Lieut.
De Caumont, Capt.
De Chanac Lanzac, Capt.
De Geyer, Lieut.
De Gorge, Lieut. (805)
De Goys, Capt.
De Lafargue (417)
De L'Estrade, Lieut.
De Rose, Lieut. P. (477)
Destace, Capt.
Destouches, Capt.
Devarenne, Lieut.
Devaulx, Lieut. R. (158)
De Ville d'Avray, Lieut.
Didier, Sous Officier (765)
Do-Ird, Lieut.
Drevet, Sous Officier (753)
Duparquet, Capt.
Duperron, Capt. (196)
Dupin, Lieut.
Eteve, Capt. A. (89)
Erstorac, Capt.
Felix, Capt. J. (270)
Fequant, Lieut. A. (63)
Fequant, Lieut. P. (340)
Fierstein, Sous Officier
Francezon, E. (410)
Foirelline, Lieut.
Garnier, Lieut. (305)
Garnier, Lt. (826)
Gastringer, Lieut.
Gaubert, Lieut. E. (313)
Germain, Lieut.
Girard, Lieut. J. (197)
Gironde, Lt. A. de
Godefroy, Sous Officier (583)
Gouin, Lt. M. E. R. (348)
Gourlez, Lieut. (521)
Grezaud, S.-Lt. P. (265)
Grailly, Lieut. (399)
Gronier, Lieut. J. (138)
Grandjean, Sapper
Guibart, Lieut.
Guiton, Sous Officier
Hable, Sous-Lt. A. L. (257)
Hugoni, Capt. E. (165)
Hanouille, Lieut.
Henequin, Lieut.
Henri, Lieut. (497)
Herli, S.-Lt. (257)
Hurard, Sous Officier
Issartier (531)
Jacquet, Lieut.
Joly, Lieut. F. (341)
Jost, Lieut. R. G. (264)
Kass, Capt.
Langardt, Lieut.
Laurent, Sous Officier (246)
Le Beau, Capt.
Le Bleu, Lieut.
Lelievre, Lieut. E. (522)
Lemasson, Lieut. (506)
Le Mauget, Capt.
Letheux, Lieut. G. (142)
Letort, Sapper (170)
Letourneur, Lieut.
Lucca, Lieut. D. (154)
Ludmann, Lieut. G. (255)
Lussigny, Lieut.
Machin, Lieut.
Mailfert, Lieut. F. (146)
Maillois, Lieut. J. (131)
Malherbe, Lt. de (334)
Maneyrol, Lieut.
Manoha, Lt.
Marc, Lt.
Marconnet, Capt. (90)
Marie, Capt. Felix (80)
Marlin, Lieut.
Marmies, Lieut.
Marty, Sous Officier (816)
Massol, Lieut.
Mauger, Lieut.
Maurice, Lieut.
Mazac, Lieut. (592)
Migaud, Lieut. G. (501)
Morel, Sous-Lt. P. (262)
Morlaye, Lieut. la
Mouchard, Lieut.
Negre, Capt.
Nicaud, Lieut.
Nogues, Capt. (114)
Normand, Lieut. F. (314)
Pelloux, Sous-Lt. M. (346)
Peraldi, Lieut.
Peretti, Sous Officier
Pierre, Lieut.
Ponchet, Lieut.
Prat, Lieut.
Precardin, Lieut.
Princetau, Lieut.
Postulat, Sergt.
Quennehen, Sous Officier
Ragot, Lieut.
Remy, Lieut. H. C. (143)
Reynard, Lieut. (668)
Rimbert, Lieut.
Rocca-Serra, Lieut.
Rochette, Lieut. J. (564)
Rolland, Lieut. M. E. (545)
Ronin, Lieut.
Rougerie, Lieut.
Sauleillon, Lt. A. (674)
Saunier, Lieut. G. (153)
Seguin, Sapper (528)
Sevelle, Lieut. (747)
Silvestre, Lieut. (599)
Sido, Capt. Marie (65)
Sourdeau, Lieut. A. (474)
Soulielani, Lieut.
Thomas, Lieut. (846)
Thomas, R. (116)
Touzet, E. (485)
Tretane, Lieut.
Tricornot de Rose, Lt. de (330)
Vandamone, Lieut. (535)
Van de Vaero, Lt. (491)
Vandine, Lieut.
Varcin, Lieut.
Vaudein, Lieut.
Verdier, Sous Officier (538)
Vibra, Lieut.
Vigne, Lt. Henri (315)
Vinda, Lieut.
Vitra-Rougerie, Lieut.
Vocayeau, Lieut.
Vogoya, Capt.
Vuilliereme, Lt. L. (174)
Watteau, Lieut.
Willemenz, Lieut. (759)
Yence, Lieut. R, (220)

Naval.

Byasson, Lt. de V. (175)
Cayla, Lieut. (458)
Conneau, Lieut. (322) "Beaumont"
Davelny, Comdt.
Delage, Lieut. G. (219)
Fournier, Lieut.
Hautefille, Lieut. (247)
Lafon, Lt. (194)
Leve, Lieut. (243)
Parasa, Lieut. (179)
Reymond, Lieut. (206)

~FRENCH AEROPLANES--PRIVATE.~

~Private Aeroplanes.~

The total number of machines built in France during 1912 has been estimated at about 1,500. This includes military as well as private machines, also machines exported, and appears to be unduly generous even so. The actual total of machines commenced and completed in 1912 is nearer 1,000.

The number of private aeroplanes--excluding demonstration and school machines is small.

~PRIVATE AVIATORS~ (brevets to end of 1911).

(In each case the number against each name is, unless otherwise stated, the Ae. C. French certificate pilot number.)

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Jane's All the World's Aircraft. 1913Chapter IV: Part C: deals with aero-engines. It is mainly remarkable--in comparison (2)

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