Chapter VII: Part C: deals with aero-engines. It is mainly remarkable--in comparison (5)

----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed. | Remarks.
| | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h. (km.)|
----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
1908 | ~Z I~ | Zeppelin 3b | r. | 12100 | 190 | 29 (46) | as _rebuilt_
| | | | | | |
1910 | ~Z II~ | Zeppelin 9b | r. | 18000 | 345 | 35 (56) | as _rebuilt_
" | ~L. S I~ |Schuette Lanz 1| r. | 20000 | 540 | 40 (62) |
| | | | | | |
1912 | ~Z III~ | Zeppelin 12 | r. | 17800 | 450 | 49 (79) |was _Schwaben L. Z 10_
" | ~L I~ | Zeppelin 14 | r. | 22000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: 1 gun
| | | | | | |
1913 | ~Z IV~ (Z I _Ersatz_) | Zeppelin 15 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | 4 guns
Building. | ~L II~ | Zeppelin 16 | r. | 21000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | Naval: _bldg._ 4 guns
| ~S. L II~ |Schuette Lanz 2| r. | 26000 | 450 | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building_
| | | | | | |
----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
| | | | | | |
1908 | ~P I~ | Parseval 2 | n.r. | 3800 | 85 | 33-1/2 (54) |
| | | | | | |
1911 | ~P III~ | Parseval 11 | n.r. | 11000 | 400 | 42-1/2 (67) |
| | | | | | |
1912 | ~M I~ | Gross-Bas 2 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1908 _rebuilt_
" | ~M II~ | Gross-Bas 3 | s.r. | 6000 | 150 | 28 (45) | old 1909 _rebuilt_
" | ~M III~ | Gross-Bas 4 | s.r. | 9000 | 300 | 42-1/2 (67) | old 1910 _rebuilt_
| | | | | | |
1913 | ~M IV~ | Gross-Bas 5 | s.r. | 12000 | 400 | 44-1/2 (70) | old 1911 _rebuilt_
" | ~P II~ ersatz | Parseval 8 | n.r. | 8250 | 300 | 41 (66) | _Building_
" | ~P IV~ | Parseval 16 | n.r. | 10000 | 360 | 45 (72) | _Building_
----------+--------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Private.~[D]

------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
Date. | Name. | Make. | Type. |Capacity| Total| Speed | Remarks.
| | | | in m cubed. | H.P. | m.p.h (km.) |
------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
1910 | ~DEUTCHLAND 2~ | Zeppelin 6a | r. | 15000 | 345 | 36 (58) | Deutschland _Ersatz_
| | | | | | | Delag
| | | | | | |
1912 | ~V. LUISE~ | Zeppelin 11 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag
" | ~HANSA~ | Zeppelin 13 | r. | 17000 | 450 | 40 (62) | Delag
| | | | | | |
1913 | ~SACHSEN~ | Zeppelin 17 | r. | 21000 | | 48 (77-1/2) | _Building._ Delag
_Bldg._ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------
| | | | | | |
1908 | ~P. L 1~ | Parseval 1 | n.r. | 3200 | 185 | 20 (32) |
| | | | | | |
1910 | ~STOLLWERCK~ | Parseval 6 | n.r. | 9000 | 220 | 31 (50) |
| | | | | | |
1911 | ~P. L 9~ | Parseval 9 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | Sporting[E]
" | ~R 2~ | Ruthenberg 2| n.r. | 1700 | | | Experimental
| | | | | | |
1912 | ~SUCHARD~ |Suchard reb'lt| n.r. | 6730 | 200 | 17 (28) | to be _rebuilt_ 1913
" | ~P. L XII~ | Parseval 12 | n.r. | 8800 | 220 | 33-1/2 (54) |
| | | | | | |
1913 | ~P. L 10~ | Parseval 10 | n.r. | 2200 | 50 | 25 (40) | _Building_: delayed
" | ~R 3~ | Ruthenberg 3 | n.r. | 2700 | | | _Building_
------------+------------------------+--------------+-------+--------+------+-------------+----------------------

~Dirigible Sheds.~ (_See Note._)

Bickendorf bei Koeln.
Biesdorf bei Berlin.
*Bitterfeld (_Parseval Co._)
Breslau.
Cuxhaven.
Duesseldorf (_Delag_)
Frankfurt a/m.
Friedrichshafen (_Zeppelin Co._)
Gotha.
Hamburg (_Delag_).
*Johannisthal (_L.V.G._)
Kiel (_private_).
Koeln.
Koenigsberg i/Pr.
Leichlingen.
Manzell (_Zeppelin Co._)
Metz.
*Muenchen (_private_).
Oos bei Baden-Baden (_Delag_).
Potsdam (_Delag_)
Reinickendorf bei Berlin.
Rheinau.
Strassburg.
Stuttgart.
Thorn.

Note.--Unless otherwise stated the above are military sheds. All private ones capable of holding _Zeppelins_ are subsidised. *=not large enough for _Zeppelins_.

~Dirigible Pilots.~ For M. dirigibles.

Geerdtz, Oblt.
George, Hptm.
v. Jena, Hptm.
Kirchner, Oberltn.
Lohmuller, Hptm.
Masius, Oberltn.
v. Muller, Hptm.
Nichisch v. Rosenegk, Oberltn.
Schlutter, Obltn.
Sperling, Major.
von Zech, Obltn.

~Dirigible Pilots.~

Z=Zeppelin. S=Schutte-Lanz. P=Parseval _pilot_.

(The number after each name is the Imperial Ae. C. certificate number.)

Z Abercron, H. v. Major (1)
Z Bassus, K. v. (28)
Z Bentheim, Kapt. Lt. a. D. v. (34)
Z Blew (25)
Clouth, R. (8)
P Dinglinger, F. (2)
Z Dorr, W. E. (21)
Z Durr (9)
Z Eckener, Dr. (10)
P Forsbeck, Ob. Lt. A. D. (11)
Z Glund, F. (23)
Z Hacker, (12)
P Hackstetter, Reg. B. a. D. (13)
Z Hanne, G. (32)
Z Heinen, A. (22)
Z Holzmann, Ob. Lt. A. (26)
S Honold, R. (29)
P Hormel, Kap. Lt. (14)
P Jordens, W. (19)
P Kehler, R. v. (6)
P Kiefer, T. (5)
Kleist, Hptm. a. D. v. (15)
PZ Krogh, Hptm. a. D. v. (16)
Z Lange, K. (30)
Z Lau (17)
Z Lempertz, E. (33)
Z Mechlenburg, W. C. (35)
Z Meyer, Ob. Lt. E. (27)
P Parseval, A. v. (4)
Z Stahl, K. (31)
P Stelling, A. (3)
Z Sticker, J. (24)
P Thewaldt, C. H. (20)
Z Zeppelin, Graf. v. (7)
Z Zeppelin, Graf. F. v. junr. (18)

=GERMAN MILITARY CLASS--GROSS-BASENACH. (Semi-rigid)=

Up to date, these vessels have been designed by Major Gross and Oberingenieur Basenach.

The utmost secrecy is observed as to their details.

The system of employing 2 ballonets has been borrowed from the _Parseval_ type, and presumably the _Parseval_ system of working the automatic valves has also been adopted.

In all other features, these ships appear to resemble the French _Lebaudy_ type, the shape of the hulls being rather better.

List of ships built, re-built and re-building of this type:--

1 = Aeronautical Society. (1,800 m cubed) _non-effective._
2 (reconstructed) = M 1, Military. (6,000 m cubed)
3 " = M 2 " (6,000 m cubed)
4 " = M 3 " (9,000 m cubed)
5 " = M 4 " (12,000 m cubed)

M I (re-built 1912), & M II (re-built 1912). Military.

~Length,~ 242-3/4 feet} ~maximum diameter,~ 36 feet (11 m.) ~capacity~, 212,000 c. feet (6,050 kg.) ~total lift~, 13,338 lbs. (6,000 m cubed) _about_ 6 tons

~Useful lift.~--2,756 lbs. (1,250 kgs.)=about 1-1/4 tons.

~Gas bag.~--Continental rubber cloth, diagonal thread. Tapering shape.

~Ballonet.~--One-fifth of total volume.

~Motors.~--2-75 h.p. Daimler. 2 propellers, with 3 aluminium blades.

~Speed.~--About 28 m.p.h. (45 km.).

_Remarks.--M I_ was originally built in 1908, re-built and enlarged 1910 and again in 1912. _M II_ built 1909, re-constructed 1912.

M III (re-built 1912). Military.

~Length~, 295-1/4 feet (90 m.) ~diameter~, 39-1/3 feet (12 m.) ~volume~, 317,800 c. feet (9,000 m cubed.)

~Motors.~--4 Koerting of 75 h.p. each = 300 h.p. total.

~Speed.~--19 metres per second = 42 m.p.h. (68-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--2, on outriggers from car, chain-driven.

Remarks.--Built 1910. Burned 13th September, 1911. Rebuilt 1912.

M IV (re-built 1913). Military.

+---------------------+
| |
+---------------------+

~Maximum length~, 334-3/4 feet (102 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 44-1/2 feet (13.5 m.) ~volume~, 423,800 c. feet (12,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~-- lbs. ( kgs.) ~Useful lift~, lbs. ( kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Continental.

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, 100 h.p. each = total 200 h.p.

~Speed.~--44-1/2 m.p.h. (70-1/2 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--4 (two for each motor.) Carried on outriggers projecting from the car.

Remarks.--Departs from previous practice in having two separate cars, each of which contains one motor. Originally built in 1911 of 7,500 m cubed. Re-built 1912-1913 to details as above.

=PARSEVAL CLASS (Non-rigid).=

Luftfahrzeug-Gesellschaft m.b.H, Berlin, W. 62.

When the "Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft" was formed at the instigation of the German Emperor, a committee was formed to acquire an experimental airship of the most promising type. Major Von Parseval's first airship was selected, and since that time the above company has confined itself to improving this type, and to making exhaustive and costly researches, all of which have been embodied in successive ships.

The characteristic feature of every one of these craft is its unequalled portability. Almost all other so-called Non-rigid vessels distribute the load by means of a long girder which also serves as a car. This girder is awkward to pack up and transport. Parseval uses a comparatively small car, and distributes the weight by hanging it further below the balloon than usual, and also by using 2 ballonets which are placed one near each end of the gas bag.

These 2 ballonets enable the ship to be trimmed by merely pumping air into either at the expense of the other.

Another essential feature of the type is the system by which the valves are worked automatically. At the present time there is no other system of valve working so reliable as this.

A third essential feature of the class is the use of a swinging car, in such a manner that pitching, due to alterations of propeller thrust, is automatically checked by an alteration of the position of the centre of gravity.

A fourth feature is the use of limp propeller blades. A propeller of this type is very easily packed up.

The shape of these vessels is in accordance with the experiments of Professor Prandtl.

Ships of this class built or building (figures supplied by the Parseval Co.):--

EXPERIMENTAL PARSEVAL 2,300 m cubed.
P. L. 1 Kals. Ae. C 3,200 m cubed.
MILITARY P I 4,000 m cubed.
MILITARY P II 6,600 m cubed.
P. L. 4 Austrian Military 2,300 m cubed.
P. L. 5 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 1,450 m cubed.
P. L. 6 " " 9,000 m cubed.
P. L. 7 Russian Army 7,600 m cubed.
P. L. 8 MILITARY P II Ersatz 8,250 m cubed.
P. L. 9 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed.
P. L. 10 Motorluftschiff Studien Gesellschaft 2,200 m cubed.
MILITARY P III 11,000 m cubed.
P. L. 12 Luftverkehrs Gesellschaft 8,800 m cubed.
P. L. 13 Japanese Army 8,500 m cubed.
P. L. 14 Russian Army 9,500 m cubed.
P. L. 15 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed.
P. L. 16 MILITARY P IV, Prussian Army 10,000 m cubed.
P. L. 17 Italian Army 10,000 m cubed.
P. L. 18 British Navy 8,800 m cubed.

(Of the above, the Experimental is no longer in existence, _P. 2_ is out of service, and _P. L. 3_ has been burned and destroyed).

PARSEVAL (P.L. 1). (1908.) (Belongs to the Kaiserl. Aero Club.) (Parseval class.)

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~max. diam.~ 31 feet (9.4 m) ~capacity,~ 113,000 c. feet (3,200m cubed) ~lifting power,~ 7,800 lbs. (3,583 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Cylindrical, with semi-conical front. Of rubber-proofed material in longitudinal strips. Pressure in ballonets and gas bag, 30 mm. of water.

~Motor.~--One 85 h.p. Daimler.

~Fuel.~--700 lbs. (325 kg.) 88 gallons (400 litres)

~Speed.~--20 m.p.h. (32 k.p.h.)

~Propeller.~--One 4-bladed. Semi-rigid Parseval.

This vessel was somewhat altered on being bought by the Society. Her essential principle is that she can be taken to pieces in a few minutes, and carried in a truck. Her main feature is that she has a ballonet at each end. This is described in the case of type A (_P.L. 2_). This class rise with the forward ballonet empty, and inclined up by the bow. The propeller is similar to that of _P.L. 2_. The car also is mounted on wire runners. She was originally 4,000 m cubed. capacity. Built 1908. Station: Bitterfeld. The car is at present in Deutsches Museum, Munich.

PARSEVAL P.L. 2 = P. I. Military. (1908.)

Built by the "Society for the Study of Motor Air Ships," and taken over by the German War Office.

~Length,~ 197 feet (60 m.) ~maximum diameter,~ 34 feet (10.40 m.) ~capacity,~ 111,270 cubic feet (4,000 cubic m.) ~lifting power,~ 9,200 lbs. (4,180 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Front end semi-ellipsoidal with semi-axes 15.4 feet (4.7 m.) and 11.8 feet (3.6 m.), from which it increases to its maximum diameter. This is maintained for about two-thirds of its length, when it begins to taper to a point at the stern. Made of 2 layers of transverse strips of rubber proofed material, crossing each other diagonally. Fitted with a tearing strip.

~Ballonets.~--One at each end, together amounting to about one-quarter of the total capacity. Owing to this disposition, the trim can be altered, and steering effected in the vertical plane by filling either more than the other. Pressure in the ballonets and gas bag, 20 mm. of water pressure.

~Motor.~--4-cylinder 85 h.p. Daimler placed at one side of the car to give more room. 1,000 to 1,200 r.p.m.

~Propellers.~--12-1/3 feet (3.75 m.) diameter, 250 to 300 r.p.m. 4-bladed, the blades being of peculiar construction. When stopped, the fabric of which they are made hangs down limply; when running, these flaps fly out under centrifugal force.

~Speed.~--27 miles per hour. 43 kilometers per hour.

~Car.--Length~, 22-1/3 feet (6.8 m.) Width 4.1 feet (1.22 m.) Made of nickel steel, U bars, screwed together so as to take the pieces rapidly. The sides are lattice girders. The whole is boat shaped and covered with canvas. Contains motor, chart table; trail rope 480 feet (146 m.) long, weighing 220 lbs. (100 kg.)

Wheel for horizontal steering at the bow.

110 gal. (500 litre) cask of petrol on the girders at the after point.

41 feet (12-1/2 m.) below the gas bag. It is capable of swinging horizontally on wires running over rollers.

Whereas without this device a forward swing of the car would lift the nose to a possibly dangerous extent, the free motion of the car shifts the centre of the gravity forward and so preserves stability.

~Steering.~--In vertical plane, by altering the trim. In horizontal plane, by a rudder of 80.7 sq. feet (7-1/2 m squared) immediately behind the vertical plane. Two fixed horizontal planes are placed at the rear end of the gas bag above the central line.

~Table of weights~:--

Gas bag 1,653 lbs.
Cordage 220.5 "
Trail rope 220 "
Car and motor 529 "
Fuel 770 "
Oil 160 "
Oil and fuel tanks, instruments,
miscellaneous 1,637 "
Crew, passengers, ballast 1,654 "
---------
Total 6,834 lbs.

Note.--This remarkably successful ship has performed a continuous flight of 11-1/2 hours. She also remained at a height of 4,800 feet (1,500 m.) for 1 hour. She can be transported in 1 railway truck or 2 pair horse wagons, and be assembled and filled ready for ascent within 3 hours of arrival by train.

Built 1908. Station: Metz.

PARSEVAL P.L. 6. "Stollwerck." (1910.)

~Length~, 229-3/4 feet (70 m.) ~Diameter~, 49-1/4 feet (15 m.) ~Volume~, 318,000 c. feet (9,000 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--Riedinger.

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each = 220 h.p.

~Speed.~--31 m.p.h. (50 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Semi-rigid material.

Remarks.--Station, Johannisthal.

PARSEVAL P.L. 8. = P II. Ersatz. Military. (1913.)

~Maximum length~, 252-3/4 feet (77 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 50-3/4 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 290,000 c. feet (8,250 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--5-1/2 tons=12,125 lbs. (5,500 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--2 ballonets, usual arrangement.

~Motors.~--300 h.p. made up of two 150 h.p. Daimler motors, placed one behind the other.

~Speed.~--41 m.p.h. (66 km.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval, 4-bladed, semi-rigid steel.

~Steering.~--As in others.

Remarks.--Station, Cologne, (Coeln).

PARSEVAL P.L. 9 (1910), & 10. (Building 1913.)

~Maximum length~, 164 feet (50m.) ~maximum diameter~, 26-1/4 feet (8m.) ~volume~, 77,700 c. feet (2,200m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--2,910 lbs. (1,320 kgs.)

~Gas bag.~--Continental fabric. One central ballonet instead of the usual two.

~Motors.~--1 N.A.G. of 50 h.p.

~Speed.~--25 m.p.h. (40 k.p.h.)

~Propellers.~--One 2-bladed, wooden. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.)

~Steering.~--Differs from other standard types, in that only one ballonet being fitted, an elevator is introduced under the bow.

Remarks.--Small ships for sporting purposes. A remarkably successful type of small dirigible. A small _P.L. 5_, burned 1912. _P.L. 10_ delayed owing to press of other work.

PARSEVAL P.L. 11. = P. III. Military. (1911.)

~Maximum length~, 272-1/3 feet (83 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 53 feet (16.20 m.) ~volume~, 388,450 c. feet (11,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 Koerting, each of 200 h.p.=400 total.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (67 k.p.h.) (18.3 metres p. sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed Parseval.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station, Koenigsberg.

PARSEVAL P.L. 12. "Charlotte." (1912.)

~Maximum length~, 259 feet (79 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 49-3/4 feet (15.20 m.) ~volume~, 300,750 c. feet (8,800 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--

~Gas bags.~--

~Motors.~--2 N.A.G. of 110 h.p. each=220 total.

~Speed.~--33-1/2 m.p.h.=54 k.p.h. (15 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--2 Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual.

Remarks.--Built 1911. Station: Wanne.

PARSEVAL P.L. 16 = P. IV. Military. (1913.)

+---------------+
| |
| _Completing._ |
| |
+---------------+

~Maximum length~, 308-1/2 feet (94 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 51-1/2 feet (15.50 m.) ~volume~, 353,000 c. feet (10,000 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzler.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach, of 180 each=360 h.p.

~Speed.~--45 m.p.h.=72 k.p.h. (20 m. per sec.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed, wooden (on trial).

Remarks.--For the Prussian Army. Station: Berlin.

RUTHENBERG II. (1911). H. Ruthenberg, Lehderstrasse 16/19, Weissensee bei Berlin: also Luftfahrzeug-Ges, Ruthenberg, Krefeld.

+-----------------------------------+
| |
| _Small ships on Parseval lines. |
| Still existing, but stored away._ |
| |
+-----------------------------------+

~Maximum length,~ 151 feet (46 m.) ~diameter~, 24-1/4 feet 7.40 (m.) ~volume~, 60,000 c. feet (1,700 m cubed.)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propellers.~--2 Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

RUTHENBERG III. (1913).

+---------------+
| |
| _Building._ |
| |
+---------------+

~Length~, feet (m.) ~diameter~, feet (m.) ~volume~, 95,000 c. feet (2,700 m cubed)

~Gas bags.~--

~Motor.~--

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--Ruthenberg.

Remarks.--

SUCHARD. Non-rigid (Trans-Atlantic). (Re-constructed 1912).

~Maximum length~, 198-1/2 feet (60/5 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 56-1/4 feet (17.11 m.) ~volume~, 237,681 cubic feet (6,730 m cubed.)

~Total weight.~--About 2 tons (2,130 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--Metzeler fabric. One ballonet.

~Motors.~--2 of 100 h.p. (one a N.A.G., the other an Escher). Placed one behind the other. A 4 h.p. motor carried for auxiliary purposes. Petrol carried, (1700 kil.) Oil, (300 kil.)

~Speed.~--17 m.p.h. (28 k.p.h).

~Propellers.~--Two 2-bladed Zeise. Diameter, 9-3/4 feet (3 m.) Chain driven.

~Steering.~--Elevation by moving weight slung on cable under body. Rudder aft.

Remarks.--Built March, 1911, with a view to crossing the Atlantic from the Canaries to the Antilles. Re-constructed 1912. Proposed further re-construction in 1913.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 1. Military. S.L. I. (1911.) H. Heinrich Lanz, Rheinau bei Mannheim.

~Maximum length,~ 426 feet (130 m.) ~maximum diameter~, 60-1/2 feet (18.40 m.) ~volume~, 706,000 c. feet (20,000 m cubed.)

~Total lift.~--About 20 tons (20,000 kgs.) ~Useful lift.~--About 5 tons (5,000 kgs.)

~Gas bags.~--These are of great strength and of unusual shapes, made to fit the interior, which is encumbered with cross stays. All but two of the bags are always full, and when the gas expands it flows into the remaining two, which are nearly empty at sea level, and full at 6500 feet (2,000 m.) A centrifugal pump is used for distributing the gas. There are 14 gas bags.

~Motors.~--2 Maybach of 270 h.p. each. The propellers are at the ends of the car, driven through 1 set of reduction gear. ~Speed.~--38-43 m.p.h. About 59-64 k.p.h.

~Propellers.~--2 aft. Also 1 with its axis vertical.

~Steering.~--Vertical and horizontal rudders at both ends of the ship. Also see Propellers.

Remarks.--Two of these ships were under construction, and one was to be presented and one sold to the German government. The hull is built of special 3-ply wood made of Russian white fir; this wood is pressed into channel bars, angle bars, and all other requisite shapes. The strength of the hull is such that it can be supported at the ends without damage; its lightness is such that although the ship is nearly half as large again as _Zeppelin II_, yet the hull weighs about 3 tons less. Designed by Prof. Schuette.

In 1910, structural defects were found in _Schuette I_ when the loads were applied. This has necessitated extensive alterations and much delay. In 1911 it was completed, and sold for L25,000 to the German Army.

SCHUeTTE-LANZ 2. Military. S.L. II. (1913.)

+------------------------------+
| |
| _Building._ |
| Enlarged edition of above. |
| 918,000 c. feet (26,000 m cubed.) |
| |
+------------------------------+

ZEPPELIN type. Rigid. Graf von Zeppelin, Friedrichshafen.

The features of this type are--A rigid framework of aluminium, a number of drum-shaped gas bags, and a thin outer cover.

At the end of March, 1913, the total of _Zeppelins_, limit and building was 16, including one (number 18) for Austria. Of these several had come to grief in various ways, and the actual total at the date mentioned, was:--

~8 effective~ = 4 Army (of which one _Z4_ was still on trials), 1 naval and 3 private.

3 completing or building = 1 naval, 1 private and 1 for Austria.

Others projected but not actually in hand.

All are on the lines of the above plan, differing only in minor details, such as the provision of a cabin amidships, etc., and in dimensions.

Details see the following pages.

----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------
| | _Ersatz._ | | | ~Z III.~ | | | _(Ersatz Z I.)_ | |
Name | ~Z I.~ | ~DEUTSCHLAND.~ | ~Z II.~ | ~VICT. LUISE.~ | _(ex Schwaben)_ | ~HANSA.~ | ~L I.~ | ~Z IV.~ | ~L II.~ | ~SACHSEN.~
~Zeppelin~ No. | ~3b.~ | ~6a.~ | ~9b.~ | ~11.~ | ~12.~ | ~13.~ | ~14.~ | ~15.~ | ~16.~ | ~17.~
Date | ~1908.~ | ~1910.~ | ~1911.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1912.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~ | ~1913.~
Service | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Army.~ | "Delag." | ~Navy.~ | ~Army.~ | ~Navy.~ | "Delag."
----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------
{c. feet| 424,000 | 682,000 | 635,000 | 667,000 | 629,000 | 660,000 | 776,000 | 742,000 | 742,000 | 742,000
~Volume~ { | | | | | | | | | |
{ (m cubed.)| ~12,000~ | ~19,000~ | ~18,000~ | ~18,700~ | ~17,800~ | ~18,700~ | ~22,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~ | ~21,000~
~Length~ feet (m.)| 446 (136) | 479 (136) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 459 (140) | 485-1/2 (148) | 518 (158) | 492 (150) | 492 (150) | 492 (150)
~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38-1/2 (11.66) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 46 (14) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5) | 47-1/2 (14.5)
~Envelope~ | Pegamoid | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
{fabric| Continental | Continental | ... | ... | Continental | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
~Gas Bags~ { | | | | | | | | | |
{number| 17 | 16 | 16 | 18 | 16 | 18 | ... | 18 | ... | ...
{total tons| 12-1/2 | 16-1/2 | 17 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 21 | 21
~Lift~ { | | | | | | | | | |
{useful tons| 3-1/2 | 5 | 4-1/2 | ... | 4-1/2 | ... | 6 | ... | ... | ...
~Motors~ h.p.| 2--85 Daimler | 3--115 Daimler | 3--120 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | 3--150 Maybach | |
| (= 170) | (= 345) | (= 360) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450) | (= 450)
{number | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | ... | ...
~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | ... | 2 forward} | 2 forward} | ... | ...
{ | | | | | | | 4 aft } | 4 aft } | |
{diam feet (m.)| ... | 12 (3.60) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ...
~Max. Speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 29 (46) | 36 (57.5) | 35 (56) | 40 (62) | 49 (79) | 40 (62) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77) | 48 (77)
~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| 15 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 25 | 40 | 35 | ... | ... | ...
~Complement~ | ... | ... | ... |{8 crew | ... | ... | 21 | ... | ... | ...
| | | |{25 passengers | | | | | |
~Station~ | Metz | Oos | Cologne | Wechselnd | Cologne | Weschselnd | Hamburg | ... | Johannisthal | Leipsig
----------------------------+------------------+-------------------+------------------+-------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------

L I. Naval. (1912.) Armament: 1 gun on top.

+-----------------------------+
| |
| No photo procurable. |
| Generally resembles _Z IV._ |
| |
+-----------------------------+

Z IV. Military. (1913). Armament: 1 gun on top, 1 in each gondola, 1 can be lowered from central cabin]

GREEK.

~Aerial Societies:~--

_None._

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Military Aeroplanes:~--

At end of March, 1913, these included:--1 _Astra_ hydro. (fitted with Scott's bomb dropper), 2 or 3 _Nieuports_, 1--100 h.p. _M. Farman_, and probably some others. Owing to the war, details are unobtainable. 3 _Bleriots_ reported captured from the Turks, and 15 _Farmans_ on order.

~Military Aviators:~--

Adamis (824 Ae. C. F.)
Kamberos (744 Ae. C. F.)
Montoussis (839 Ae. C. F.)
Mutassas, Sub-lt., naval.
Savoff, Lt.

~Flying Grounds~:--

~Phaleron.~

+------------------+
| Killed 1913. |
| Argyropulus, Lt. |
| |
| |
+------------------+

ITALIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. d'Italia (Ae.C.I.), 62 via Colonna, Rome.

Ae. Club di Roma (Ae.C.I.), 183, via del Triton, Rome.

Circolo, Aeronautico Napoletano, 295 v. Roma, Naples.

Lega Aerea Nazionale (L.A.N.), 6 via della Signora, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 4 via Boccaccio, Milan.

Societa Aeronautica Italiana (S.A.I.), 6, via Cernaia, Turin.

Societa Aviazone, di Torino (S.A.T.), 28 via Roma, Turin.

Societa Ital. di Aviazone, (S.I.A.), 14 v. Monte Napoleone, Milan.

~Aerial Journals:~--

(3 times a week.)

_Gazzetta dello Sport_, 15 v. della Signora, Milan. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

(Weekly):

_Italia Sportiva_, Rome. L--.05 per no. (=1/2d.)

_Lettura Sportiva_, 17 corso Porta Romana, Milan. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Sports (Gli)._ 46 and dei Prefretti, Rome. L--.05 (=1/2d.)

_Stampa Sportiva_, 3 v. Davide Bertolotti, Turin. L--.10 (=1d.)

_Tribuna Sport_, 22 via S. Giacomo, Naples. L--.10 (=1d.)

(Monthly):

_Rivista della L.A.N._ (Lega Aerea Nazionale), Milan.

_Rivista del T.C.I._ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte
Napoleone, Milan. L--.40 (=4d.)

_La Navigazione Aerea_ (Bolletino dell' Ae. C. d'Italia). L--1.80
(=1/6.)

(Annual):

_Annuario dell' Aeronautica_ (Touring Club Italiano), 14 v. Monte
Napoleone, Milan. L--6.00 (=5/-)

~Flying Grounds~ (Military see next page):--

~Cameri~, Novara.--15 hangars (Thouvenot school).

~Mirafiore~, Turin.--17 hangars (Asteria and Chiribiri schools).

~S. Giusto~, Pisa.--4 hangars (Antoni school).

~Taliedo~, Milan.--26 hangars.

~Vizzola Ticino.~--7 hangars (Caproni school).

~Dirigible Headquarters~ (with hangars, etc., etc.):--

Bracciano.
Milan.
Rome.
Venice.
Verona.

~ITALIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~ORGANISATION, etc.~

The _Battaglione Aviatori_ has its headquarters at Turin. In July, 1912, it was re-organised along the following lines:--

1 command at Turin.
1 flying work.
1 technical work.
2 troop duty.
6 at the aviation schools, with a certain number of mobile squadrillos.

The recognised grades are:--

_a.a.p._ aspirante allievo (learners).
_a.p._ allievo pilota (certificated pilots).
_p._ pilota militare (superior military brevet).

In flying work the superior pilots are mostly using _Bleriots_; the ordinary pilots _Bleriot-Caproni_, _Bristol_, _Antonis_, _Deperdussins_ and _Voisins_.

The technical section chiefly supervises the theoretical instruction of the _a.a.p._

The 2 companies on troop duty practical work, preparation for the schools.

~FLYING SCHOOLS.~

The military schools are:--

~Aviano.~--Central school. Size about 5x2 kilometres. Sheltered
from all winds except westerly, by banks of trees. Numerous
hangers.

~Mirafiori (Turin).~--Mixed military and civil school. Hangers.
School machines confined to _Asteria_, _Bleriot_, _Nieuport_ and
_Savary_ types.

~Pordenone.~--School for superior brevets. Treeless plain.
Principal school machines _Breguets_ and _Farmans_; but some
_Bleriots_ and _Caproni_.

~S. Francesco al Campo.~--_M. Farman_ machines. At present for
officers trained in France.

~Somma Lombarda.~--Camp school for _Nieuports_.

~Venaria Reale.~--Formed late in 1912. _Bristol_ monos for
certificated pilots.

~GENERAL TRAINING.~

50 officers in training during the first quarter of 1913.

Aspirants commence with instruction in the theory of heavier than air machines, resistance of material and particular instruction in the various type of aero motors in use. They are taken for flights as passengers.

All then go to the training camp about 80% for monoplane work, the remainder for biplanes.

Monoplanes. Special attention paid to teaching _Gauchis Dessent_.

Biplanes. Much shorter course. Principal feature: _Vol Plane_.

For the _military brevet_ the examination is most comprehensive, special attention is paid to flying in wind, manoeuvring, climbing, good landings without inconvenience to passengers, cross country flights, etc. The course is generally modelled on war experiences.

~TOTAL FLYING STRENGTH.~

No particular distinction between naval and military aviators.

Total by end of June, 1913, to be about 225 certificated aviators of whom a fair percentage hold the superior brevet. In addition all the best civilian aviators are held at disposal.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

At the end of 1911 there were about 20 machines, mostly _Bleriots_ and _Farmans_. The majority of these are still in use for school purposes.

At the end of March, 1913, the machines effective for war purposes were roughly as follows:--

_Bleriot._ }
_Bristol_ (mono.) }
_Caproni._ }
_Deperdussin._ } Total _about_ 50, plus a number
_Farman._ } of school machines.
_Hanriot._ }
_Nieuport._ }
_Savary._ }

About 40 machines were on order, including 12 _Bristol-Capronies_.

~Naval Aeroplanes.~

Effective at end of March, 1913.

1 _Calderara_.
1 _Guidoni-Farman_.
4 or 5 others.

~ITALIAN AVIATORS.~

Military.

Agostoni, Capt. V. (45)
Bailo, Lieut. (71)
*Bolla, Capt. (89)
Cannonieri, Lieut. (22)
+Cammarotta, Lieut. (15F)
De Filippi, Com. (5)
*De Rada, Lieut. (38)
*Falchi, Capt. (55)
Garassini. (29)
*Gavotti, Lieut. (25)
Gazzera, Lieut. (20)
Guidoni, Capt. (58)
*Lampugnani, Lieut. (33)
+Manazini, Lieut. (98)
Moizo, Capt. (40)
Neri, Lieut. (345-Ae. C. F.) (106)
*Palmadi, Cesnola Lieut. (75)
*Piazza, Major (44)
Pizzagalli, Capt. (49)
Poggi, Lieut. (82)
Prandoni, Capt. (69)
*Pulvirenti, Lieut. (50)
Raffaelli, Lieut. A. (108)
Ravelli (453, Ae. C. F.)
Roberti, Lieut. (47)
Rossi, Capt. (27)
+Saghetti, Lieut. (16)
Savoia, Lieut. T. U. (4)
Surdi, Lieut. (32)
*Vece, Lieut. F. (74)
+Vivaldi, Lieut. (31)

_Brevets in 1912._

Andriani, Capt. O. (137)
Antonini, Capt. L. (91)
Almerigi, F. (159)
Alvisi, Lieut. A. (172)
Baglione, Lieut. A. (129)
Baracca, F. (167)
Bonamici, L. (101)
Bongiovanni, Lieut. E. (115)
Bongiovanni, c. L. (124)
Bonuti, R. (135)
Brach, Lieut. F. (146)
Buzzi, Lieut. M. (156)
Calderara, Lieut. A. (134)
Calori, S. (136)
Capuzzo (143)
Casabella, Lieut, G. (121)
Clerici, Lieut. U. (110)
Cuzzo, Capt. A. (166)
De Giovanni, Lieut. G. (101)
De Riso, Lieut. G. (153)
Della Chiesaconte, Lieut. A. (109)
Ercole, Lieut. E. (117)
Franceschini, Lieut. E. (112)
Gallotti, Lieut. A. (150)
Garino ing. G. (134)
Girotti, Lieut. M. (100)
Gordesco, Lieut. M. (151)
*Graziani, Lieut, C. (92)
Jacoponi, Lieut. A. (171)
Kerbaker, Lieut. E. (99)
Laureati, Lieut. G.
Leffi dott. sott. med. A. (169)
*Mareno, M. A. (90)
Moreno, Capt. G. (78)
Nosari, G. (142)
*Novellis di Coarazze, Capt. A. (94)
Oddo, A. (147)
Pagano, P. (158)
Palpacelli, A. (164)
Perrucca, D. (162)
Poggioli, Q. (107)
Pongelli, R. (60)
Porta, Capt. E. (145)
Prandoni, Capt. E. (69)
Resio, Lieut. (120)
Rosetti, A. (157)
Russi, Lieut. S. (152)
Suglia, Lieut. C. (118)
Torelli, F. (165)
Valdimiro, Lieut. F. (170)
Venanzi, U. (155)
Zanuso, Lieut. G. (149)

Naval.

(_To end of 1911_).

Calderara, Lieut. (1)
Ginnochio, Lieut. (18)
*Rossi, Sub. Lieut. (31)
Strobin, Lieut. (39)

(_During 1912_).

De Muro, Lieut. (119) Frigerio, Lieut. (154) Scelsi, Capt. difreg. G.

Private.

(_To end of 1911_).

Akachew, C. (61)
Amerigo (3)
Barigiola, G. (51)
Battagli, B. (34)
Bianchi, P. (6)
Biego, C. (56)
Bigliani, A. (63)
Borgotti, G. (43)
Brilli, D. G. (48)
Brociner, M. (87)
Cagno, U. (10)
Cagliani, A. (23)
Cannoniere, Umberto (22)
Cattaneo, Bartelomo (2)
Cavaglia, Pietro (30)
Cavalieri, Alfredo (17)
Cei, J. (53, Ae. C. F.)
Casaroni, A. (77)
+Cirri, Ciro (11)
Cobianchi, Mariot (24)
Darioli, Ernesto (9)
Da Zara, Leonino (7)
De Agostina, A. (53)
De Antonis, A. (67)
Faccioli, Mario (21)
Franzoni, R. (62)
Garassini, G. G. (29)
Gianfelice (59)
Ginnochio, T. (18)
Graziani, nob. Ettere (28)
Lusetti, A. (19)
Maffeis, C. (36)
Maggiora, C. (72)
Manissero, R. (37)
+Marra, R. (35)
Marro, E. (52)
Mogafico, Mario (26)
Mosca, Francesco (47)
Pasquali, R. (66)
Picollo, G. (32)
Poggioli, Quinto (117)
Porro, A. (113)
Ramasotto, M. M. (148)
Ravetto, Clemento (12)
Re, Umberto (86)
Ruggerone, G. (14)
Sabelli, G. (93)
Santoni, L. (114)
Stucchi, Federico (8)
Verona, A. (54)

(_Brevets in 1912_).

Amour, ing. E.
Arista, A. (131)
Ballerini, M. (132)
Bergonzi, P. C. (78)
Berni, L. (95)
+Bertoletti, R. (79)
Borsalino, G. M. (102)
Brunetta D'Usseaux, G. (125)
Carabelli, C. (104)
+Caramanlaki, A. (97)
Caramanlaki, G. (168)
Carminati di, B. N. (163)
Colucci, G. (80)
Corsini, J. C. (133)
Corsini, A. E. (85)
Dalla, N. C. (126)
Dal Mistro, C. A. (127)
De Campo conte, S. (103)
Fabri, A. (165)
Facchini, E. (141)
Garino, G. (134)
Gelmetti, A. (83)
Grassi, conte A. (88)
Leonardi, G. (122)
Mandelli, P. (96)
Marazzi, E. (140)
Nardini, G. (128)
Paolucci, G. (144)
Piceller, G. (105)
Sacerdoti, C. (116)
Salengo, R. (138)
Vallet, C. (86)
Zorra, L. (84)

~Private Aeroplanes.~

At the end of March, 1913, there were about 45 machines in use at the various private schools, and about 6 privately owned aeroplanes.

ITALIAN AEROPLANES

~A~

ANTONI. Soc. di aviazione Antoni, via Vitt. Emanuele, 46, Pisa. School: S. Guisto, Pisa. Output capacity: about 20 machines a year.

----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
| ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ |
| Single seat mono. | 2-seater military |
| | mono. |
----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+
~Length~ feet (m.)| 33 (10) | 36 (11) |
~Span~ feet (m.)| 28 (8.50) | 28 (8.50) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 172 (16) | 237 (22) |
{machine lbs. (kg.)| 660 (300) | 770 (350) |
~Weight~ { | | |
{useful lbs. (kg.)| ... | ... |
~Motor~ h.p.| Gnome or Anzani | Gnome and Anzani |
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |
~Speed~ { | | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |
~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... |
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |
----------------------------+-------------------+-------------------+

ASTERIA. Fabbr. Ital. Aeroplani ing. Darbesio e. C., via Salbertrand, 12, Torino (Turin). School: Mirafiori. Capacity: small.

-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
| ~1912-13.~ | ~1912-13.~ |
| Monoplane. | Biplane. |
-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+
~Length~ feet (m.)| 21-3/4 (6.50) | 29-1/2 (9) |
{| 26-1/2 (8.10) | 44 (13.50) |
~Span~ feet (m.){| | |
{| ... | 24-1/2 (7.50) |
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 431 (40) |
{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 530 (240) | 110 (500) |
~Weight~ { | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... |
~Motor~ h.p.| 50 Gnome | 70 Renault |
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |
~Speed~ { | | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... |
~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... |
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... |
-----------------------------+-----------------+-----------------+

~C~

CALDERARA. Navy hydro-monoplane.

----------------------------+--------------------
Model ~1912-13.~ | "Hydro vol."
----------------------------+--------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 54 (16.50)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 61 (18.50)
~Area~ sq. feet (m squared.)| 753 (70)
{total lbs. (kgs.)| 2644 (1200)
~Weight~ { |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ...
~Motor~ h.p.{| 150 (formerly 100
{| Gnome)
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 62 (100)
~Speed~ { |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| 50 (80)
~Endurance~ hrs.| 6-1/2
Number Built during 1912 | 1
----------------------------+--------------------

Lieut. Calderara's floats consist of a plurality of w.t. compartments with internal lattice frame, well braced. Hull is formed of three skins of wood, sail-cloth between each. Distance between outer floats, 21 feet (6.30 m.) Centre of gravity is only 4-1/2 feet (1.40 m.) above water. If necessary wings can be cut away and the central hull used as a boat with emergency sail.

CAPRONI. Soc. di Aviazione Ingg, Caproni e Faccanoni, Vizzola Ticino. School: Vizzola Ticino.

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
Models ~1912-13.~ | Single Seat | Single Seat | 2-seater mono. | 3-seater mono.
| mono. A. | mono. B. | |
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 26-1/4 (8) | 26-1/4 (8) | ... | ...
~Span~ feet (m.)| 29 (8.80) | 29 (8.80) | ... | ...
~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 162 (15) | 162 (15) | 172 (16) | 226 (21)
{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 485 (220) | 660 (300) | 750 (340) | 760 (345)
~Weight~ { | | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ...
~Motor~ h.p.| 35 Anzani | 50 Gnome | 60 Anzani | 80 Gnome
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 56 (90) | 75 (120) | 75 (120) | 87 (140)
~Speed~ { | | | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ...
~Endurance~ hrs.| 3-1/2 | ... | ... | 4
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | ... | ...
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Remarks.--At the end of 1912, held Italian record for speed, 200-300 k.m. Flown by Cobioni.

CAPRONI-BRISTOL. Caproni also builds under Bristol license.

CHIRIBIRI. A Chiribiri e. C, via Lamarmora 28, and via Don Bosco 68-73. Torino (Turin).

-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
Models ~1912-13.~ | 45 h.p. mono. | 50 h.p. mono. | Racing mono. | 80 h.p. mono.
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
~Length~ feet (m.)| 23 (7) | 23 (7) | 24-3/4 (7.50) | 25-3/4 (7.80)
~Span~ feet (m.)| 29-1/2 (9) | 29-1/2 (9) | 31 (9.30) | 39-2/3 (12.10)
~Area~ sq. ft. (m squared.)| 204 (19) | 204 (19) | 226 (21) | 258 (24)
{machine lbs. (kgs.)| 595 (270) | 683 (310) | 772 (350) | 595 (270)
~Weight~{ | | | |
{useful lbs. (kgs.)| ... | ... | ... | ...
~Motor~ h.p.| 45 Chiribiri | 50 Chiribiri | 60 Chiribiri | 80 Chiribiri
{max. m.p.h. (km.)| 44 (70) | 56 (90) | 103 (165) | 65 (105)
~Speed~ { | | | |
{min. m.p.h. (km.)| ... | ... | ... | ...
~Endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ...
Number built during 1912 | ... | ... | 2 | ...
-----------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

~F~

FRIULI. E. Pensuti e E. Calligaro, Pordenone. School: Pordenone. A 30-35 h.p. Anzani motor monoplane. Area, 150 sq. feet. (14 m squared). Generally of _Bleriot_ type, but _Hanriot_ type landing carriage.

~G~

GUIDONI. Naval Hydroavions. Either a _Farman_ biplane or a _Nieuport_ mono. is used, mounted on special floats designed by Capitano del Genio navale Guidoni. There are two long floats, each of which is fitted with parallel fins.

~FOREIGN AGENCIES.~

Foreign types of machines are constructed in Italy under licenses as follows:--

BLERIOT. Soc. Ital. Transaerea, corso Peschiera 25, Torino (Turin).

BRISTOL. (British), by Caproni.

DEPERDUSSIN. Soc. Ital. degli Aeroplani, via Giulini 7b, Milan.

NIEUPORT. Carrozzeria Macchi. Varese.

ITALIAN DIRIGIBLES.

~ITALIAN MILITARY DIRIGIBLES.~

~Army.~ ~Navy.~
/----------------------------------------------^--------------------------------------------------\ /-----------------^-----------------\
--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
Name and Date. | ~P1.~ | ~P2 & P3.~ | ~P4 & P5.~ | ~Citta di Milano~ | ~Parseval.~ | ~M1.~ | ~M2 & M3.~
| 1909. | 1910 & 1911. | both 1912. | 1912. | (P.L. 17). | 1912. | 1912 & 1913.
| | | | | 1912-13. | |
--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------
{ c. feet| 148,000 | 155,000 | 166,000 | 424,000 | 353,000 | 424,000 | 424,000
~Volume~ { | | | | | | |
{ (m cubed.)| (~4200~) | (~4400~) | (~4700~) | (~12000~) | (~10000~) | (~12000~) | (~12000~)
~Length~ feet (m.)| 197 (60) | 207 (63) | 207 (63) | 233 (72) | 279 (85) | 272-1/3 (83) | 272-1/3 (83)
~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 38 (11.60) | 38 (11.60) | 39-1/3 (12) | 59 (18) | 52-1/2 (16) | 56 (17) | 56 (17)
{fabric | Silk | Continental | Continental | ... | Riedinger | Metzeler | Metzeler
~Gas bags~ {compartments | 7 | 8 | 8 | ... | 0 | ... | ...
{ballonets | 1 | 1 | 1 | ... | 2 | ... | ...
{total tons | 3.50 | 3.50 | 3.75 | ... | ... | 9.50 | 9.50
~Lift~ {useful tons | 1.10 | 1.35 | 1.50 | ... | 3.00 | 3.80 | 3.80
~Motor~ h.p. {| 1-100 C. Bayard | 1-120 C. Bayard | 2-80 Fiat | 2-85/100 Isotta | 2-170 Maybach | 2-250 Fiat | 4-125 Wolseley
{| (=100) | (=120) | (=160) | (=170/200) | (=340) | (=500) | (=500)
{number | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 Parseval | 2 | 2
~Propellers~{blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4
{diameter feet (m.)| 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 10 (3) | 14 (4.20) | ... | 12-1/2 (3.80) | 12-1/2 (3.80)
~Max. speed~ m.p.h. (km.)| 32 (52) | 35 (56) | 37 (60) | 45 (72) | 40 (65) | 44 (70) | 44 (70)
~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 20 | 12 | 12
~Max. complement~ | 5 | 5 | 5 | ... | ... | 14 | 14
~Station~ | Bracciano | Tripoli | Vigna di Valle | Baggio | Venice | Bracciano |
--------------------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+------------------+------------------

Notes: All the above are semi-rigid. The _P_ and _M_ are all of the same general type. Principal features of these ships, which were designed by Captains Crocci and Ricaldoni, are the shape of the envelope, (maximum diameter very far forward), keel and the box kite tail. The _Citta di Milano_ (semi-rigid) is an enlarged _Leonardo da Vinci_ (which see). _Special feature_ is the keel built into the envelope. This serves as a nacelle.

Building.--One _Parseval_ (P.L. 15) about the same size as the other (P.L. 17), which was completed first.

~Army Dirigible Pilots.~

Agostoni, Capt.
Biffi, Ten.
Bosio, Ten.
Crocco, Capt. G.
Dal Fabbro, Capt. C.
Denti di Piraino, March, Capt.
Gallotti, Ten.
Longo, Ten.
Manni, Ten.
Menenti, S. Ten.
Merzari, Capt.
Messina, Ten.
Munari, Capt. E.
Pastina, Capt.
Ricaldoni, Capt. A.
Scelso, Ten L.
Seymandi, Capt. G.
Stabarin, Ten.
Tagliasacchi, Ten.

~Navy Dirigible Pilots.~

Carniglia, Ten. d. vas.
Gravina, Ten. d. v. Conte M.
Penco, Ten. d. v., A.
Ponzio, Ten. d. v., E.
Scelsi, Capt. di f., G.
Valerio, Sot. V.
Valli, Ten. d. v., G.

Elevation of P. I. The later ships only differ in dimensions, and the fact that the middle rudder is done away with.

~ITALIAN PRIVATE DIRIGIBLES.~

----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+
Name and date. | ~Ausonia bis.~ | ~Italia I.~ | ~Italia II.~ | ~Leonardo da Vinci.~ | ~Usuelli.~ |
| Reconstructed 1910.| 1905. | 1913. | 1909. | 1909. |
----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+
~Volume~ (m cubed.)| (~1500~) | (~1500~) | (~2600~) | (~3265~) | (~3870~) |
~Length~ feet (m.)| 121 (37) | 128 (39) | 164 (50) | 131-1/4 (40) | 167-1/3 (51) |
~Diameter~ feet (m.)| 27 (8.25) | 19-3/4 (6) | 32-3/4 (10) | 46 (14) | 32 (9.80) |
{fabric | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
~Gas bags~ {compartments | nil. | nil. | nil. | 7 | 6 |
{ballonets | 1 | nil. | nil. | 1 | 1 |
{total tons| ... | 1.35 | 2.20 | 3.00 | ... |
~Lift~ { | | | | | |
{useful tons| 0.80 | ... | ... | ... | ... |
~Motor~ h.p.| 1-55 h.p. S.P.A. |1-40/50 Antoinette| 1-50 h.p. | 1-40 Antoinette | 1-80 h.p. S.P.A. |
{number | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
~Propellers~ {blades | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 2 |
{diameter, feet (m.)| 10-3/4 (3.20) | 15 (4.50) | 10 (3) | 9 (2.70) | ... |
~Max. speed~ m.p.h (k.m.)| 25 (40) | 25 (40) | ... | ... | 30 (50) |
~Full speed endurance~ hrs.| ... | ... | ... | ... | 6 |
~Max. complement~ | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
~Station~ | Bosco Mantico | Schio | building | Laid up at Baggio | Turin |
| | | | near Milan | |
----------------------------------+--------------------+------------------+------------------+----------------------+------------------+

Notes:

~Ausonia.~ Nico Piccoli, via Accademia 12, Padova (Padua). Works:
Magre, Vicenza (Schio). Semi-rigid.

~Italia.~ Cont Almerico da Schio, Schio. Non-rigid. _Special
features_ is a "belly" of Para rubber in lieu of a ballonet.

~Leonardo da Vinci.~ Ing. Enrico Forlanini, via Boccaccio 21,
Milan. Works: Baggio. Semi-rigid, keel and nacelle, incorporated in
envelope.

~Usuelli.~ Usuelli and Borsalini, Torino (Turin). Non-rigid.

~Private Dirigible Pilots.~

Forlanini, ing. E.
Piccoli, D.
Usuelli, C.

JAPANESE.

(Naval Aviation data. Official).

~Aerial Societies~:--

Tokio, Ae. Co.

Aeroplane Assoc., 1, Yayesu Cho, I-Chome, Kojimachi, Tokio. (Sec.:
Dr. Fujioka).

Kikyu Kinkyu Kai (connected with War Office).

~Flying Grounds~:--

Near ~Yokohama~.

~Saitama~, Tokorozawa (Government).--Dirigible shed and hangars.

~Port Arthur~, (Government).

~General Military Aviation.~

This was originally formed as one body without distinction between army and navy. It was subsequently re-modelled on lines somewhat similar to the British Royal Flying Corps with naval and military wings.

~Navy.~

The naval section is superintended by Capt. K. Yamaji, I.J.N.

The naval headquarters are at Oihama (near Yokosuka).

The naval force at the end of 1912 consisted of 4 hydro-aeroplanes (2 _Curtiss_ and 2 _Farman_). The available total of qualified naval aviators was 5.

~Finance.~

The total amount granted for aviation of the navy in 1912 (fiscal year) was 100,000 yen (L10,000).

For the year 1913 the estimates amount was 100,000 yen (but not approved yet).

~Pay of Flying Officers.~

The special pay for officers employed in aerial work is undecided.

~Army.~

The army wing is responsible for the dirigible. Aeroplanes are one or two _Bleriots_, a _Grade_, 2 _Tokogawa_, and a _Farman_.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Hino, Major
Saigom, Capt.
Tokogawa, Capt.
Tokogama, Lieut.

Naval.

Narahara, Naval Constr.
Kaneko, Lieut.
Kono, Lieut.
Obama, Eng. Lieut.
Umikita, Lieut.
Usuioku, Naval Constr.

Private.

Doig, S.
Iga, Baron
Shigeno, Baron
Tsuzuki,
Yamada, Isaburo

The following have been killed:--

+----------------+
| 1912. |
| Aibata, Lieut. |
| |
| 1913. |
| Kimura, Lieut. |
| Tokuda, Lieut. |
| Takeishi. |
+----------------+

~Private Aviation.~

There are some private aeroplanes being regularly flown in Japan. A number of aeroplanes have from time to time been invented by naval and military officers and private individuals, and some of them are in use. Inventors include Major Hino, naval constructor Narahara and Ushioki, Baron Iga, Baron Shigeno and Mr. Tsuzuki.

JAPANESE AEROPLANES.

JAPANESE DIRIGIBLES.

PARSEVAL type. Military. (P.L. 13.)

~Length~ 259 feet (19 m.) ~maximum diameter~ 47-3/4 feet (14.50 m.) ~capacity,~ 8,500 m cubed.

~Gas bag.~--2 ballonets. Usual Parseval.

~Motors.~--Total, 300 h.p., made up of two 150 h.p. Maybach.

~Speed.~--42 m.p.h. (65 km.)

~Propellers.~--Two 4-bladed. Parseval.

~Steering.~--Usual Parseval (see German).

Remarks.--Of _Parseval P.L. 12_ type (see German). Built 1911.

YAMADA. Non-rigid. (Private.)

~Maximum length~, feet ( m.) ~maximum diameter~, feet ( m.) ~volume,~ 700 m cubed. (_about_)

~Gas bag.~--

~Motor.~--American make.

~Speed.~--

~Propeller.~--One.

~Steering.~--Biplane elevator forward. Triangular rudder in rear under gas bag.

Remarks.--Generally of American type.

MEXICAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

There are 2 old pattern _H. Farman_; also one or more _Curtiss_ and _Wright_ machines. Nothing seems doing with them.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Martinez, N. (Ae. C. F. 462)
Mendia, (Ae. C. F. 680)

Private.

Duval, Raoul
Lebrija, Miguel
Morales
Noriega
Ramsey, E. L.
Saavedra, Alfonso

Probably 2 others

(The above are mostly amateur builders.)

NORWEGIAN.

~Aerial Societies:~--

Aero Club, Norsk Flyveselskad (Christiana). Secretary, D. Barth.

Norsk Luftseilads Forening (Christiana). President, H. Mohn.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_None._

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Military Aviation.~

At the end of 1912 the Army possessed two 70 h.p. _M. Farmans_ (Renault motors), and the Navy a 100 h.p. N.A.G. _Rumpler_.

For 1913 the purchase of further machines is contemplated for both arms.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1911~ 1

At end of 1912 there were in existence 2--a _Grade_ and a _Deperdussin_.

~AVIATORS.~

~Military.~

Dichi, Lieut.
Jacobsen, Lieut.

~Private.~

Hansen.
St. Dons.

PERUVIAN.

~Military Aeroplanes.~

The Peruvian Government has made a special grant for aviation students, and war machines are projected. Actual order to end of 1912 was one _Avro_ mono.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 3
" ~1911~ 2
" ~1912~ _none_ probably.

~AVIATORS.~

Bielovucic, J.
Chavez, J.
Monterc (766 A. C. F.)

Peruvian aviators killed:

+------------+
| 1910. |
| Chavez, G. |
| |
| 1911. |
| Tenaud, C. |
| |
+------------+

PORTUGUESE.

(Revised by J. SCHIERE, Aeronautical Engineer.)

~Aerial Societies:~--

Ae. C. de Portugal (R. Nova docklaemada d. ISL.)

~Aerial Journals:~--

Rivista Aeronautica (Ae. C. Journal.)

~Flying Grounds:~--

Campo do Seigcal.

Mounchavo da Povoa.

~Private Aeroplanes.~

Total at end of ~1910~ 1
" ~1911~ 2
" ~1912~ 2

~Private Aviators.~

De Castro, Sanchez
De Silva, Gomez

~Military Aviation.~

In 1912 a military corps was formed. At the end of 1912 it possessed _Avro_ (1--50 h.p.), _Voisin_ (1--80 h.p.), and _M. Farman_ (1--80 h.p.) (since wrecked). 1 _Deperdussin_.

~Private Aviation.~

In 1911 the _Gouveia_ mono. was built, span 9 metres, but it failed to fly. Also the _Avante_ biplane, which also failed. First flight in Portugal by a Portuguese was De Castro in September, 1912, with an old _Bleriot_.

ROUMANIAN.

~Army Aeroplanes.~

At end of March, 1913, there were several 80 h.p. _Bristol_ monos., 2 _Bleriots_, 1 _Nieuport_, 1 _Morane_, 2 _Vlaiclu_, and several _H. Farman_ biplanes.

Government school is at Bucharest.

~AVIATORS.~

Military.

Capsa, Lieut.
Negrescu, Lieut.
Protpopscu, Lieut.
Vacas, Lieut. Poly
Zorileann, Lieut. (Ae. F. 587)

Private.

Bibesco, Prince (Ae. C. F. 20)
Oznoth

VLAICLU Monoplane. Designed by Ouvret Vlaiclu. First shewn at the Vienna Exhibition, 1911. Modified; it flew very well indeed at Aspern, June, 1912. The 1912 model is of entirely novel type, a tail first monoplane with a propeller either end of the main planes, and a triangular tail aft. Principal details are:--~Length~, 34-2/3 feet (10.50 m.) ~Span~, 30 feet (9.15 m.) ~Height~, 12 feet (3.65 m.) Wing frame in three sections with gap between. ~Motor~, 50 h.p., Gnome chain driven. ~Fuselage~, old style; landing chassis on three wheels only, with a single ash skid in front. Covered in engine driving the 31 foot propeller shaft for the 2 propellers. Rear tail consists of 2 fixed planes, a triangular damping plane and a triangular keel plane. Forward, an elevator and two semi-circular rudders (double faced). From this combination remarkable results are achieved, and all gyrostatic effect from the propellers eliminated. _Control_, horizontal wheel on column. Elevator depressed or otherwise by action on column. Note.--At Vienna, 1912, this machine took first prize for the smallest circle and also for accurate bomb-dropping. The original machine was purchased by the Roumanian Army.

RUSSIAN.

~General Note.~--In the number of military machines and general attention to aviation Russia is only second to France. There are no effective machines of Russian design, but the Aviataka, Dux & Lomatuk firms build at home under foreign license, and there is also the Kennedy school (Anglo-Russian).

~Aerial Societies:~--

(Imperial) Aero Club.
1. Odessa branch.
2. Rostow and Don branch.
3. St. Petersburg "

Finland Ae. C., Helsingfors.

Kieff University Ae. C., Kieff.

Moscow Ae. C., Moscow.

Moscow Imp. Tech. College (Aviation Section).

Riga Ae. C., Riga.

Russian Aeronautical Society, St. Petersburg.

Sevastopol Ae. C.

Students' Aviation Club.

Tomsk Ae. C., Tomsk.

Volunteer Aerial Fleet.

~Aerial Journals:~--

_Aeronautical Journal of St. Petersburg._

_Aero_ (6, Liteiny, St. Petersburg). Weekly.

_Dans l'Empire des Airs_ (7, Rota 26, Petersburg). Fortnightly.

_Revue de Navigation Aerienne_ (7 rue Stremmiannaya, Petersburg).
Weekly.

_Sport_ (25, Ekaterineska, Odessa).

_Wozdookhoplavatel_ (St. Petersburg). Monthly.

_Wosduchoplawanie y Sport_ (Moscow). Monthly.

~Flying Grounds:~--

~Gatchina Park.~-- Flying here under restrictions. V.F. school.

~Kieff.~--School for pilots.

~Kolomiaggi.~--Racecourse.

~Novo Therkask.~

~Odessa.~

~St. Petersburg.~--Kennedy school.

~Sevastopol.~--Volunteer Fleet school.

~Warsaw.~

~RUSSIAN MILITARY AVIATION.~

~Army Aviation.~

Early in 1912, under the presidency of the Grand Duke Alexander, the special school of the Volunteer Aerial Association was finally formed at Sevastopol for the winter and Gatchina for the summer.

June 1912. Vote for 150 aeroplanes (140 to be built at home). Vote
1,050,000 roubles for new school at Tauride.

November, 1912. Military trials results. (1) Sikorsky in a _Sikorsky_.
(2) Haber in a _M. Farman_. (3) Boutmy in a _Nieuport_.

December, 1912. Aeronautical school re-organised. Put under control of
one commandant, one assistant, and four juniors. Course made seven
months--15 pupils per school at a time. A one month course in
aeroplanes, aerial motors, etc. Of the pupils, 10 will be selected
for aeroplanes. New flying school established at Taskend in
Turkestan.

March, 1913. New schools established at Moscow, Odessa and Omsk.

At the end of 1911 the total number of military aeroplanes was about 100. At the end of March, 1913, the total number was about 250, of which about 150 were modern. Principal types: _Albatross_, _Aviatik_, _Bristol_, _Deperdussin_, _Farman_, _Nieuport_, _Rumpler_, there being an average of 20 of each. The majority built under Russian license in Russia. The number of actual military pilots was 72. There is, however, a special volunteer corps of about 36 private aviators, bringing the available total to 108 or thereabouts.

~Navy Aviation.~

July, 1912. Lieut. Andreadi, 50 h.p. _Nieuport_, did a flight with
stops from Sevastopol to St. Petersburg.

September, 1912. Special naval aerodrome for hydro-avions ordered for
Golodai Island, near Petersburg, bringing total of military and
naval aerodromes to 6. _Sikorsky_ hydro-avion acquired. Also an
_M. Farman_ ditto. New naval station projected at Libau.

October, 1912. Naval purchase of several _Curtiss_ hydro-avions after
trials at Sevastopol.

At the end of March, 1913, the approximate effective force was as follows (all hydros, or capable of being so fitted): 1 _Astra_, 1 _Breguet_, 2 _Donnet-Leveque_, 1 _Farman_, 4 _Paulhan Curtiss_, 2 _Nieuport_ (50 h.p.), 1 _Sikorsky_. (A number of others on order.)

Early in 1913 experiments were carried out with a combination of floats and skids, invented by M. Lobanoff, of Moscow. This proved equally effective on land or water.

~AVIATORS.~