Chapter XCVII: Part I: The Rise of Liberalism497

1. [Movements of Liberalism: Three periods: 1790-1912;
1820-1860; 1903-1917. Since 1870 three attitudes towards
democracy: (1) It has been achieved but the machine
needs closer attention--civil service reform; (2) It has
not been achieved because of the Constitution, but it must
be achieved through remodeling political machinery; (3)
No intelligent person desires it to be achieved. The movement
of liberalism (1903-1917) a great stock-taking
venture]

I. [Discoveries]

1. [That the democratic program has not been fulfilled]

2. [That the Constitution is not a democratic instrument,
and was not intended to be--the clash between
the Declaration and the Constitution]

3. [That while professing to create a democracy we have
been erecting a plutocracy]

II. [Conclusions]

1. [The rediscovery of the relations between economics
and politics]

2. [The necessity of subjecting property to the collective
will]

3. [To that end the need of democratizing the machinery
of government--political Progressivism. The application
of the Hamiltonian state to the Jeffersonian
program]

II. [Liberalism and the Journalists: The Muckraking Movement[498]]

I. [The Origins in the Nineties--Henry D. Lloyd’s _Wealth
vs. Commonwealth_]

II. [The Gathering Clan: Lawson’s _Frenzied Finance_; Ida
Tarbell; Ray Stannard Baker; _McClure’s_, _The American_,
_Hampton’s_]

III. [The Left Wing]

1. [Lincoln Steffens, _The Shame of the Cities_]

2. [Charles Edward Russell, _The Stories of Great Railroads_]

3. [Gustavus Myers, _Great American Fortunes_]

4. [A. M. Simons, _Social Forces in American History_]

III. [Liberalism and Politics: The Movement of Progressivism]

I. [Robert La Follette--The State and Industry]

II. [Theodore Roosevelt--Middle-Class Liberal]

III. [Woodrow Wilson]