Chapter III (3)

From this scanty evidence we may infer that the new race competed for a time with the Neanderthals before they dispossessed them of their principal stations and drove them out of the country or killed them in battle. The Neanderthals, no doubt, fought with wooden weapons and with the stone-headed dart and spear, but there is no evidence that they possessed the bow and arrow. There is, on the contrary, some possibility that the newly arriving Crô-Magnon race may have been familiar with the bow and arrow, for a barbed arrow or spear head appears in drawings of a later stage of Crô-Magnon history, the so-called Magdalenian. It is thus possible, though very far from being demonstrated, that when the Crô-Magnons entered western Europe, at the dawn of the Upper Palæolithic, they were armed with weapons which, with their superior intelligence and physique, would have given them a very great advantage in contests with the Neanderthals.

(=1=) Commont, 1912.1, p. 294.

(=2=) Smith, W., 1894.1, chap. XV.

(=3=) Dietrich, 1910.1, pp. 329, 330.

(=4=) Penck, 1909.1.

(=5=) Leverett, 1910.1, pp. 306-314.

(=6=) Geikie, 1914.1.

(=7=) _Op. cit._, p. 272.

(=8=) _Op. cit._, pp. 265-266.

(=9=) Keith, 1911.1, p. 23, Fig. 5.

(=10=) Munro, 1912.1, pp. 46, 47.

(=11=) Lartet, 1861.1; 1875.1.

(=12=) De Vibraye, 1864.1.

(=13=) Massénat, 1868.1.

(=14=) Smith, W., 1894.1, chap. XIV.

(=15=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 119.

(=16=) Smith, W., _op. cit._, pp. 196, 197.

(=17=) _Op. cit._, p. 224.

(=18=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 118.

(=19=) Bächler, 1912.1.

(=20=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 18-32, 165-171.

(=21=) _Op. cit._, Table opposite p. 270.

(=22=) Osborn, 1910.1, pp. 419, 420.

(=23=) Niezabitowski, 1911.1.

(=24=) Harlé, 1908.1, p. 302.

(=25=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 135.

(=26=) Keith, 1911.2.

(=27=) Boule, 1913.1, pp. 220, 221.

(=28=) _Op. cit._, p. 64.

(=29=) Fischer, 1913.1, pp. 336, 337.

(=30=) Schaaffhausen, 1875.1; 1858.1.

(=31=) Lyell, 1863.1, pp. 80-92.

(=32=) Schwalbe, 1897.1; 1901.1; 1901.2; 1904.1.

(=33=) King, 1864.1.

(=34=) Cope, 1893.1.

(=35=) Wilser, 1898.1.

(=36=) Fraipont, 1887.1.

(=37=) Schwalbe, 1914.2.

(=38=) Dupont, 1866.1.

(=39=) Maška, 1886.1.

(=40=) Rzehak, 1906.1.

(=41=) Fischer, 1913.1.

(=42=) Klaatsch, 1909.1.

(=43=) Bouyssonie, 1909.1.

(=44=) Boule, 1908.1; 1908.2; 1909.1; 1911.1; 1912.1.

(=45=) Boule, 1913.1.

(=46=) Martin, H., 1911.1.

(=47=) Nicolle, 1910.1.

(=48=) Keith, 1911.1.

(=49=) Fischer, 1913.1, p. 352.

(=50=) Schwalbe, 1914.1, p. 544, Figs. 4 and 5.

(=51=) Fischer, _op. cit._

(=52=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 85.

(=53=) Gorjanovič-Kramberger, 1909.1.

(=54=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 104.

(=55=) Tomes, 1914.1, pp. 588-598.

(=56=) Schwalbe, 1901.2; 1914.1, pp. 534, 535.

(=57=) Schwalbe, 1901.1.

(=58=) Boule, 1913.1.

(=59=) _Op. cit._, pp. 66, 67, 72, 75.

(=60=) Berry, 1914.1.

(=61=) Johnson, 1913.1.

(=62=) Quatrefages, 1884.1, p. 394.

(=63=) Martin, R., 1914.1, p. 645.

(=64=) Boule, 1910.1; 1911.1.

(=65=) Anthony, 1912.1.

(=66=) Boule, 1913.1, p. 119.

(=67=) _Op. cit._, p. 120.

(=68=) Geikie, 1914.1, p. 130; Godwin-Austen, 1840.1.

(=69=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 23, 32, 66, 75, 76, 101, 169.

(=70=) _Op. cit._, p. 128.

(=71=) Schuchhardt, 1913.1, p. 144.

(=72=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, pp. 98-101.

(=73=) Obermaier, 1912.1, p. 130.

(=74=) Commont, 1909.1.

(=75=) Schmidt, 1912.1, pp. 126-128.

(=76=) Déchelette, 1908.1, vol. I, pp. 104, 105.

(=77=) Hrdlička, 1914.1.