Chapter VI: Appendix: Note

I. LUCRETIUS AND BOSSUET ON THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF MAN 503

II. HORACE ON THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF MAN 504

III. ÆSCHYLUS ON THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF MAN 505

IV. 'UROCHS' OR 'AUEROCHS' AND 'WISENT' 505

V. THE CRÔ-MAGNONS OF THE CANARY ISLANDS 506

VI. THE LENGTH OF POSTGLACIAL TIME AND THE ANTIQUITY OF
THE AURIGNACIAN CULTURE 510

VII. THE MOST RECENT DISCOVERIES OF ANTHROPOID APES AND
SUPPOSED ANCESTORS OF MAN IN INDIA 511

VIII. ANTHROPOID APES DISCOVERED BY CARTHAGINIAN NAVIGATORS 511

BIBLIOGRAPHY 513

INDEX 533

ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate I. Neanderthal man at the grotto of Le Moustier
(_in tint_) _Frontispiece_

PAGE

Plate II. Discovery sites of the type specimens of human
and prehuman races (_in color_) _facing_ 19

Plate III _Pithecanthropus_, the ape-man of Java 87

Plate IV. The Piltdown man 145

Plate V. The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 203

Plate VI. The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon' 273

Plate VII. Crô-Magnon artists in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume
(_in tint_) 358

Plate VIII. Bison painted by Palæolithic artists in the cavern
of Altamira (_in color_) 414

FIG.

1. Modern, Palæolithic, and chimpanzee skulls compared 8

2. Skull and brain of _Pithecanthropus_, the ape-man of Java 9

3. Three great types of flint implements 11

4. Evolution of the lance-point 15

5. Map--Type stations of Palæolithic cultures 16

6. Section--Terraces of the River Inn near Scharding 25

7. Section--Terraces of the River Rhine above Basle 26

8. Section--Terraces of the River Thames near London 28

9. Magdalenian loess station of Aggsbach in Lower Austria 29

10. Section of the site of the Neanderthal cave 31

11. Sections showing the formation of the typical limestone cavern 32

12. Map--Europe in the period of maximum continental elevation 35

13. Section showing snow-lines and sea-levels of the Glacial Epoch 37

14. Chronological chart--Great events of the Glacial Epoch 41

15. Zoogeographic map 45

16. The gibbon 50

17. The orang 51

18. The chimpanzee, walking 52

19. The chimpanzee, sitting 53

20. The gorilla 55

21. Median sections of the heads of a young gorilla and of a man 56

22. Side view of a human brain of high type 57

23. Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (side view) 58

24. Outlines of typical human and prehuman brains (top view) 59

25. Map--Europe during the Second Glacial Stage 65

26. The musk-ox 66

27. The giant deer (_Megaceros_) 68

28. The sabre-tooth tiger (_Machærodus_) 70

29. Restoration of _Pithecanthropus_, the Java ape-man 73

30. Discovery site of _Pithecanthropus_ 74

31. Section of the volcano of Lawoe and the valley of the Solo River 75

32. Map--Solo River and discovery site of _Pithecanthropus_ 75

33. Section of the _Pithecanthropus_ discovery site 76

34. Skull-top of _Pithecanthropus_, top and side views 77

35. Head of chimpanzee, front and side views 78

36. Restoration of _Pithecanthropus_ skull, side view 79

37. Restoration of _Pithecanthropus_ skull, three views 80

38. _Pithecanthropus_, the Java ape-man, side view 81

39. _Pithecanthropus_, the Java ape-man, front view 82

40. Side view of a human brain of high type 83

41. Outlines of human and prehuman brains, side and top views 84

42. The hippopotamus and the southern mammoth 92

43. Merck's rhinoceros and the straight-tusked elephant 93

44. Map--Geographic distribution of Merck's rhinoceros, the
hippopotamus, and the straight-tusked elephant 94

45. Section of the Heidelberg discovery site 96

46. The sand-pit at Mauer, discovery site of the Heidelberg man 97

47. The Heidelberg jaw 98

48. Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (side view) 99

49. Jaws of an Eskimo, of an orang, and of Heidelberg (top view) 100

50. Restoration of Heidelberg man 101

51. Map--Europe during the Third Glacial Stage 105

52. Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch 108

53. Map--Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations 109

54. Map--Europe during the Third Glacial Stage 110

55. Excavation at Chelles-sur-Marne 111

56. Map--Western Europe during the Third Interglacial Stage 116

57. Three terraces on the Connecticut River 120

58. Four forms of the Chellean coup de poing 121

59. Section--Terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul 122

60. Very primitive palæoliths from Piltdown 127

61. Pre-Chellean coups de poing from St. Acheul 128

62. Pre-Chellean _grattoir_ or planing tool from St. Acheul 129

63. Discovery site of the Piltdown skull 131

64. Section of the Piltdown discovery site 133

65. Primitive worked flint found near the Piltdown skull 134

66. Eoliths found in or near the Piltdown site 135

67. Piltdown skull and skull of South African Bushman 136

68. Restoration of the Piltdown skull, three views 137

69. Section of the Piltdown skull, showing the brain 140

70. Brain outlines of the Piltdown man, of a chimpanzee, and of
modern man, compared 140

71. The Piltdown man, side view 142

72. The Piltdown man, front view 143

73. Map--Pre-Chellean and Chellean stations 149

74. Section--Middle and high terraces on the Somme at St. Acheul 150

75. Excavation on the high terrace at St. Acheul 151

76. Small Chellean implements 153

77. Map--Palæolithic stations of Germany 160

78. Entrance to the grotto of Castillo 163

79. Section--archæologic layers of the grotto of Castillo 164

80. Map--Acheulean stations 167

81. Late Acheulean station of La Micoque in Dordogne 168

82. Method of 'flaking' flint 169

83. Method of 'chipping' flint 170

84. The fracture of flint 171

85. Large Acheulean implements 173

86. Map--Valleys of the Dordogne and the Garonne 175

87. The valley of the Vézère 176

88. Acheulean implements, large and small 178

89. A Levallois flake 179

90. The grotto of Krapina 181

91. Section Valley of the Krapinica River and grotto of Krapina 182

92. Section--The grotto of Krapina 183

93. Skull from Krapina, side view 184

94. Map--Europe during the Fourth Glacial Stage 189

95. The woolly rhinoceros and the woolly mammoth 190

96. Typical tundra fauna 193

97. Map--Palæolithic stations of Germany 195

98. The type station of Le Moustier 197

99. Excavations at Le Moustier 198

100. The Mousterian cavern of Wildkirchli 200

101. Entrance to the grotto of Sirgenstein 201

102. The woolly mammoth and his hunters 208

103. The woolly rhinoceros 210

104. Map--Distribution of Pre-Neanderthaloids and Neanderthaloids 214

105. The Gibraltar skull, front view 215

106. Section of the Neanderthal discovery site 216

107. The Neanderthal skull, side view 217

108. The skull known as Spy I, side view 220

109. Discovery site of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 222

110. Entrance to the grotto of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 223

111. The skull from La Chapelle-aux-Saints, three views 224

112. Human teeth of Neanderthaloid type from La Cotte de St.
Brelade 225

113. Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a
modern Frenchman, side view 227

114. Outlines of the Gibraltar skull and of a modern Australian
skull 228

115. Skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints compared with one of high
modern type, side view 230

116. Skulls of a chimpanzee, of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, and of a
modern Frenchman, top view 231

117. Diagram comparing eleven races of fossil and living men 233

118. Section of the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, showing the
brain 235

119. Brain outlines of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, of a chimpanzee,
and of modern man, compared 235

120. Brains of Lower and Upper Palæolithic races, top and side
views 236

121. Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints 238

122. Thigh-bones of the Trinil, Neanderthal, Crô-Magnon, and
modern races 240

123. The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, side view 242

124. The Neanderthal man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, front view 243

125. Map--Mousterian stations 245

126. The Mousterian cave of Hornos de la Peña 246

127. Outlook from the cave of Hornos de la Peña 247

128. Typical Mousterian 'points' from Le Moustier 250

129. Mousterian 'points' and scrapers 251

130. Late Mousterian implements 255

131. Entrance to the Grotte du Prince near Mentone 262

132. Section of the Grotte des Enfants 265

133. The Grimaldi skeletons 267

134. Skull of the Grimaldi youth, front and side views 268

135. Map--Distribution of Upper Palæolithic human fossils 279

136. Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial Epoch 280

137. 'Tectiforms' from Font-de-Gaume 283

138. Map--Distribution of the reindeer, mammoth, and woolly
rhinoceros 285

139. Section of the grotto of Aurignac 290

140. Section of the grotto of Crô-Magnon 291

141. Skull of Crô-Magnon type from the Grotte des Enfants 292

142. Head showing the method of restoration used by J. H. McGregor 293

143. The rock shelter of Laugerie Haute, Dordogne 296

144. Skeleton of La Chapelle-aux-Saints and skeleton of Crô-Magnon
type from the Grotte des Enfants, compared 297

145. Sections of normal and platycnæmic tibias 298

146. The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' side view 300

147. The 'Old Man of Crô-Magnon,' front view 301

148. Brain outlines of Combe-Capelle, of a chimpanzee, and of
modern man, compared 303

149. Evolution of the _burin_, early Aurignacian to late Solutrean 307

150. Typical Aurignacian _grattoirs_, or scrapers 309

151. Evolution of the Aurignacian 'point' 311

152. Prototypes of the Solutrean 'laurel-leaf point' 312

153. Map--Aurignacian stations 314

154. Outlook from the cavern of Pindal 315

155. Mammoth painted in the cavern of Pindal 316

156. Primitive paintings of animals from Font-de-Gaume 318

157. Woolly rhinoceros painted in the cavern of Font-de-Gaume 319

158. Carved female figurine from the Grottes de Grimaldi 321

159. Female figurine in limestone from Willendorf 322

160. Female figurine in soapstone from the Grottes de Grimaldi 323

161. Superposed engravings of rhinoceros and mammoth from Le
Trilobite 324

162. Silhouettes of hands from Gargas 325

163. The rock shelter of Laussel on the Beune 326

164. Section of the industrial layers at Laussel 327

165. Bas-relief of a woman from Laussel 328

166. Bas-relief of a man from Laussel 329

167. Map--Solutrean stations 331

168. The skull known as Brünn I, discovered at Brünn, Moravia 335

169. Solutrean 'laurel-leaf points' 339

170. The type station of Solutré 342

171. Excavations at Solutré 343

172. Typical Solutrean implements 346

173. Mammoth sculptured on ivory, from Předmost, Moravia 349

174. Engraved and painted bison from Niaux 353

175. Decorated _sagaies_ or javelin points of bone 354

176. Horse's head engraved on a fragment of bone, from Brassempouy 355

177. Painting of a wolf, from Font-de-Gaume 356

178. Crude sculpture of the ibex, from Mas d'Azil 357

179. Decorated _bâtons de commandement_ 359

180. Chronological chart of the last third of the Glacial epoch 362

181. Engraved and painted reindeer from Font-de-Gaume 365

182. Four types of horse frequent in Upper Palæolithic times 367

183. Horse of Celtic type, painted on the ceiling of Altamira 368

184. Four chamois heads engraved on reindeer horn, from Gourdan 369

185. Typical alpine fauna 371

186. Typical steppe fauna 374

187. Ptarmigan or grouse carved in bone, from Mas d'Azil 375

188. The rock shelter of Laugerie Basse, Dordogne 377

189. Human skull-tops cut into bowls, from Placard 379

190. Male and female skulls of Crô-Magnon type, from Obercassel 381

191. The type station of La Madeleine 383

192. Magdalenian flint implements 386

193. Magdalenian bone harpoons 387

194. Magdalenian flint blades with denticulated edge 390

195. Bone needles from Lacave 391

196. Map--Palæolithic art stations of Dordogne, the Pyrenees, and
the Cantabrian Mountains 394

197. Primitive engravings of the mammoth from Combarelles 397

198. Preliminary engraving of painted mammoth from Font-de-Gaume 397

199. Charging mammoth engraved on ivory, from La Madeleine 398

200. Human grotesques from Marsoulas, Altamira, and Combarelles 399

201. Entrance to the cavern of Combarelles, Dordogne 400

202. Engraved cave-bear, from Combarelles 401

203. Magdalenian stone lamp, from La Mouthe 401

204. Entrance to the cavern of La Pasiega 402

205. Engraved bison from Marsoulas 403

206. Herd of horses engraved on a slab of stone, from Chaffaud 404

207. Herd of reindeer engraved on an eagle radius, from La Mairie 405

208. Reindeer and salmon engraved on an antler, from Lorthet 406

209. Engraved lioness and horses, from Font-de-Gaume 407

210. Painted horse of Celtic type, from Castillo 408

211. Galloping horse of steppe type, from Font-de-Gaume 408

212. Entrance to the cavern of Niaux 409

213. Engraved horse with heavy winter coat, from Niaux 410

214. Professor Emile Cartailhac at the entrance of Le Portel 411

215. Engraved horse and reindeer, from La Mairie 412

216. Engraved reindeer, cave-bear, and two horses, from La Mairie 413

217. Engraved wild cattle, from La Mairie 413

218. Preliminary etched outline of bison from Font-de-Gaume 414

219. Entrance to the cavern of Font-de-Gaume 415

220. Map of the cavern of Font-de-Gaume 416

221. Narrow passage known as the 'Rubicon,' Font-de-Gaume 417

222. Plan showing reindeer and procession of bison, Font-de-Gaume 419

223. Plan showing preliminary engraving and painting of the
procession of mammoths, superposed on drawings of bison,
reindeer, and horses 420

224. Example of superposition of paintings, from Font-de-Gaume 421

225. Entrance to the cavern of Altamira 422

226. Plan of paintings on the ceiling of Altamira 423

227. The ceiling of Altamira 424

228. Painting of female bison lying down, from Altamira 425

229. Royal stag engraved on the ceiling of Altamira 426

230. Statuette of a mammoth carved in reindeer horn, from Bruniquel 427

231. Entrance to the cavern of Tuc d'Audoubert 428

232. Engraved head of a reindeer from Tuc d'Audoubert 429

233. Two bison, male and female, modelled in clay, from Tuc
d'Audoubert 430

234. Horse carved in high relief, from Cap Blanc 431

235. Horse head carved on a reindeer antler, from Mas d'Azil 432

236. Statuette of horse carved in ivory, from Les Espelugues 432

237. Woman's head carved in ivory, from Brassempouy 433

238. Map--Magdalenian stations 435

239. Necklace of marine shells, from Crô-Magnon 437

240. Map--Palæolithic stations of Germany 439

241. Reindeer engraved around a piece of reindeer antler, from
Kesslerloch 441

242. Entrance to the grotto of Kesslerloch 444

243. The rock shelter of Schweizersbild 445

244. The open loess station of Aggsbach 448

245. Saiga antelope carved on a bone dart-thrower, from Mas d'Azil 449

246. Western entrance to the cavern of Mas d'Azil 460

247. Azilian harpoons of stag horn 462

248. Azilian _galets coloriés_, or painted pebbles 464

249. Tardenoisian flints 467

250. Map--Azilian-Tardenoisian stations 471

251. Azilian stone implements 473

252. Double-rowed Azilian harpoons of stag horn, from Oban 474

253. Section--Archæologic layers in the grotto of Ofnet 476

254. Burial nest of six skulls, from the grotto of Ofnet 477

255. Brachycephalic and dolichocephalic skulls from Ofnet 478

256. Broad-headed skull of Grenelle 482

257. Entrance to the grotto of Furfooz on the Lesse 482

258. Section of the grotto of Furfooz 483

259. One of the type skulls of the Furfooz race 483

260. Restoration of the man of Grenelle 484

261. Implements and decorations from Maglemose 487

262. Ancestry of the Pre-Neolithic races 491

263. Stages in the manufacture of the Neolithic stone ax 493

264. Stone hatchet from Campigny 494

265. Stone pick from Campigny 494

266. Restoration of the Neolithic man of Spiennes 495

267. Stag hunt, painting from the rock shelter of Alpera 497

268. Map--Distribution of the types of recent man in western Europe 499

Map of Palæolithic Tour _folded at the end of the volume_

MEN OF THE OLD STONE AGE