Chapter XXVII: Appendix: Note I (2)

1912.1 Presidential Address to the Anthropological Section (B. A. A. S.). _Rpt. 82d Meeting, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, Dundee, 1912, pp. 575-598.

1913.1 The Controversies concerning the Interpretation and Meaning of the Remains of the Dawn-Man Found near Piltdown. [Abstract.] _Meet. Manchester Lit. and Philosoph. Soc._, November 18, 1913.

1913.2 On the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-Bearing Gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex). With an Appendix by Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith. See Dawson, C., 1913.1.

1913.3 The Piltdown Skull. _Nature_, vol. 92, no. 2292, October 2, 1913, p. 131.

1913.4 The Piltdown Skull and Brain Cast. _Nature_, vol. 92, no. 2296, October 30, 1913, pp. 267, 268.

1914.1 Supplementary Note on the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible at Piltdown (Sussex). (With Dawson and Woodward.) With an Appendix by Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith. See Dawson, C., 1914.1.

=Smith, W.=

1894.1 Man the Primeval Savage. His Haunts and Relics from the Hill-Tops of Bedfordshire to Blackwall. London, 8vo, 1894.

=Sollas, W. J.=

1900.1 Evolutional Geology. Presidential Address to the Geological Section (B. A. A. S.). _Rpt. 70th Meeting, Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci._, Bradford, 1900, pp. 711-730.

1911.1 Ancient Hunters and Their Modern Representatives. London, 8vo. 1911.

1913.1 Paviland Cave: An Aurignacian Station in Wales. (The Huxley Memorial Lecture for 1913.) _Journ. R. Anthropol. Inst. of Gr. Brit. & Ireland_, vol. XLIII, 1913, pp. 325-373.

=Steinmann, C.=

1914.1 Diluviale Menschenfunde in Obercassel bei Bonn. (With Verworn and Bonnet.) IV--Über das geologische Alter der Fundstelle. See Verworn, M., 1914.1.

=Strobel, J.=

1909.1 Die Aurignacienstation von Krems (N.-Ö.). (With Obermaier, H.) Mit einem Anhang von Oskar von Troll. _Jahrb. Altertumskunde_, Bd. III, 1909, pp. 129-148, Pls. XI-XXI.

T

=Tomes, C. S.=

1914.1 A Manual of Dental Anatomy, Human and Comparative. Edited by H. W. Marett Tims and A. Hopewell-Smith. Seventh edition. (J. and A. Churchill.) London, 8vo, 1914, 616 pp.

=von Troll, O.=

1909.1 Die Aurignacienstation von Krems (N.-Ö.). (With Strobel and Obermaier.) Mit einem Anhang von Oskar von Troll. See Strobel, J., 1909.1.

U

=Upham, W.=

1893.1 Estimates of Geologic Time. _Amer. Journ. Sci._, vol. XLV, 1893, pp. 209-220.

V

=Verneau, R.=

1886.1 La race de Crô-Magnon. _Rev. Anthropol._, sér. 3, tome I, 1886, pp. 10-24.

1891.1 Cinq années de séjour aux îles Canaries. Paris, 1891.

1906.1 Les Grottes de Grimaldi (Baoussé-Roussé). Tome II, fasc. I--Anthropologie. Monaco, 4to, 1906.

=Verworn, M.=

1914.1 Diluviale Menschenfunde in Obercassel bei Bonn. (With Bonnet and Steinmann.) I--Fundbericht, Verworn. II--Die Kulturstufe des Fundes, Verworn. III--Die Skelete, Bonnet. IV--Über das geologische Alter der Fundstelle, Steinmann. _Die Naturwissenschaften_, Heft 27, Jahrg. 2, 3 Juli 1914, pp. 645-650.

=de Vibraye.=

1864.1 Note sur des nouvelles preuves de l'existence de l'homme dans le centre de la France à une époque où s'y trouvaient aussi divers animaux qui de nos jours n'habitent pas cette contrée. _C. R. Acad. Sci._, Paris, tome 58, 1864, pp. 409-416.

=Villeneuve, L.=

1906.1 Les Grottes de Grimaldi (Baoussé-Roussé). Tome I, fasc. I--Historique et Déscription. Monaco, 4to, 1906.

=Volz, W.=

1907.1 Das geologische Alter der Pithecanthropus-Schichten bei Trinil, Ost-Java. _N. Jahrb. Miner., Geol. u. Paläontol., Festband_, 1907, pp. 256-271.

W

=Walcott, C. D.=

1893.1 Geologic Time as Indicated by the Sedimentary Rocks of North America. _Amer. Geol._, vol. XII, no. 6, 1893, pp. 343-368, Pl. XV.

=Wiegers, F.=

1913.1 Eine Studienreise zu den paläolithischen Fundstellen der Dordogne. (With Schuchhardt and Hilzheimer.) _Zeitschr. f. Ethnol._, Jahrg. 45, Heft I, 1913, pp. 126-160.

=Wilser, L.=

1898.1 Menschenrassen und Weltgeschichte. _Naturwiss. Wochenschr._, Band XIII, Heft I, 1898.

=Woodward, A. S.=

1913.1 On the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible in a Flint-Bearing Gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching, Sussex. (With Dawson, C.) With an Appendix by Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith. See Dawson, C., 1913.1.

1914.1 Supplementary Note on the Discovery of a Palæolithic Human Skull and Mandible at Piltdown (Sussex). (With Charles Dawson.) With an Appendix by Prof. Grafton Elliot Smith. See Dawson, C., 1914.1.

1914.2 On the Lower Jaw of an Anthropoid Ape (_Dryopithecus_) from the Upper Miocene of Lérida (Spain). _Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc._, London, vol. LXX, pp. 316-320, Pl. XLIV.

1915.1 A Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man in the Department of Geology and Palæontology in the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S. W. With 4 plates and 12 text-figures. Printed by order of the trustees of the British Museum. 8vo, 1915, 33 pp.

INDEX

INDEX[BK]

A

Abbeville, 109, =116=, 124, =125=, 127, 149, 152, 156, 166, 167, 244, 331

Abri Audit, 245, 246, 248, =255=, 269, 277, 305, 307, 309, 311, 314

Abri Dufaure, 471

Abri Mège, 435, 442

Abris, see Rock Shelters

Achenheim, 30, 160, =161=, 167, 176, 195, 284, 314

_Achenschwankung_, see Postglacial Stage

Acheulean, 14-16, 18, 30;
chronology, 33, 41, 89;
climate, 112, =117=, =118=, =165=, 166, =173=, =174=, 175-177, 186;
fauna, =144-148=, 165;
geography (physical), 166;
human fossils, 24, =181-185=;
industry, 14, 16, 18, 41, 108, 113, 122-124, =169-173=, 177-180, 270,
280, 362;
stations, 151, 158-162, =166-169=;
see Origin

Æschylus, on the prehistory of man, 3, 505

Aggsbach, 29, 435, 448

Agriculture, 2, 486, 496

_Aiguille_, needle, =271=, 310, 313, 387, 388, =391=, =392=, 440,
443-445, 449, 461, 462

_Alactaga jaculus_, 373, =374=;
see Jerboa

_Alces_, 187, 287, 369;
_latifrons_, 70, see Moose

Alento, 167

Alpera, 469, 497

Alpine fauna, see Fauna

Alpine race, 278, 458, 479, 480, 481, 484, 485, 491, =499=, =500=

Alpine vole, =371=, see _Arvicola nivalis_

Altamira, 17, 319, 321, 331, 332, 346, 368, 385, 394, =395=, 399, 408,
415, 416, =422-427=, 434, 435, Pl. VIII

Ancestry of Man, see Man

Ancona, 167

Andernach, 160, 195, 279, 372, 378, 435

Anthropoid Apes, 3, 21;
ancestry, =49-61=;
brain, =52-60=;
compared with Grimaldi, 266,
with Neanderthal, 9, 217, 230-233, 237-240,
with Piltdown, 140, 141,
with _Pithecanthropus_, 9, 77-79;
known to Carthaginians, 511, 512;
recent discoveries, 511

Anthropology, rise of, 3-10

_Antilope saiga_, see Saiga antelope

Anvils, bone, 211, 253, 256, 271;
see _Compresseur_

Apes, see Anthropoid

Arboreal life, effects of, 56, 57

Archæology, rise of, 10-18

Archer, 329

_Arctomys marmotta_, 182, 370;
see Marmot

Arcy-sur-Cure, 214, 219, 435

Argali sheep, 46, 285, 287, =371=;
see _Ovis argaloides_

Arrow, 214, 258, 270, 272, 344, =353=, =354=, 410, 450, =497=

Art, 13, 14, 17, 21, =315-330=, 332, =347-350=, =392-434=, 449, see
Aurignacian, Magdalenian, Solutrean, Engraving, Painting,
Sculpture, Industry;
implements used in, =270=, 309-312, 321, =329=, =330=, 385, 396, 415,
463;
means of dating, =317-320=

Arudy, 435, 436

_Arvicola_, _amphibius_, 147;
_gregalis_, 373;
_nivalis_, 370, 371

Ascoli Piceno, 167

Ass, wild (kiang), see Horse

Aurensan, 435, 438, 471

Aurignac, 5, 13, 14, 16, 275, 279, =290=, 294, 314

Aurignacian, 14-16, 18, 275, 276;
art, =315-330=, 403, 404, 408;
burial customs, =302-305=;
chronology, 33, 41, 351;
climate, 123, =281-286=;
fauna, =285-289=;
human fossils, =289-305=;
industry, 16, 18, 41, 108, =269-271=, 275-277, 280, =305-313=, 329,
330, 362;
stations, 275, 283, 284, 289, 307, =313-315=;
see Origin

Aurignacian race, see Combe-Capelle man

Aurochs, see _Bos primigenius_ and Cattle

Australian head type, 136, 228, 232, 234

Awl, see _Poinçon_

Axe, 493, 494

Azilian, see Azilian-Tardenoisian

Azilian-Tardenoisian, 16, 275, 451, 456;
art, 456;
burial customs, =475-479=;
chronology, 275, 456, 459;
climate, 463, 468;
fauna, 463, 466, =468-470=, 471, 472, 474;
human fossils, 461, =475-485=;
industry (Azilian), 15, 16, 18, =270=, =271=, 275, 276, 456,
=459-465=, 466, =470-475=,
(Tardenoisian) 16, 18, =270=, =271=, 450, 456, =465-468=, 470-472,
(painted pebbles) 394, 456, 461, =463-465=;
stations, 459, 463, 466, 467, =472-475=;
see Origin

B

Badegoule, 279, 331, 336, 435

Badger, 165, 201, 343, 367, 447, 498;
see _Meles taxus_

Ballahöhle, 279, 331, 336

Baltic race, 458, 486, 500;
see Maglemose

Balverhöhle, 471

Baoussé Roussé, see Grimaldi, Grottes de

Baousso da Torre, see Grimaldi, Grottes de

Barma Grande, see Grimaldi, Grottes de

_Bâton de commandement_, 271, 311, 312, 345, =358=, =359=, 388, 391,
432, 443-445, 449

Baumannshöhle, 160, 195, 245, 247, 248, 439

Bear, 43, 44, 62, 95, 96, 165, 213, 245, 264, 287, 288, 333, 343, 348,
367, 378, 430, 441, 447, 461, 468, 498;
see Cave-bear and _Ursus_

Beaver, 63, 95, 134, 165, 182, 288, 348, 367, 447, 461, 468, 498, see
_Castor_;
giant, III, 155, see _Trogontherium_

Bernifal, 321, 395, 396, 435

Billancourt, 109, 149, 152

Bison, Wisent, 13, 43, 44, 69, 71, 95, 98, 106, 125, 147, 165, 192, 194,
196, 202, 206, 211, 223, 287, 288, 317, 321, 333, 348, =353=,
356, 364, 368, 372, 385, =403=, 405, 406, 410, =414=, 420, 421,
=423-428=, =430=, 431, 449, 466, 469, 496, 498, 505, 506, Pls.
VII and VIII;
see _Bison_

_Bison_, _antiquus_, 69;
_priscus_, 71, 95, 148, 368, see Bison

Blade, see _Couteau_ and _Lame_

Bléville, 167

Boar, wild, 2, 3, 43, 44, 76, 95, 264, 265, 421, 426, 447, 461, 466,
468, 498;
see _Sus_

Bockstein, 285, 314, 435, 442

Bois Colombes, 109, 149, 152

Borer, drill, see _Perçoir_

_Bos_, 71, 369, 405;
_longifrons_, 498;
_primigenius_, 71, 94, 222, 368, 413, 468, 469, 498;
_taurus_, 447, 498;
see Cattle

Bossuet, on the prehistory of man, 503, 504

Brachycephaly, 7, 8, 78, 183, 457, 458, 478-485

Brain, anthropoid, 51, 52, 56, 59;
Brünn, 334, 490;
Combe-Capelle, =236=, 302, 490;
Crô-Magnon, 272, 292, 294, 299, 490;
evolution of, 8, 9, =56-60=;
Grimaldi, 269, 490;
Modern, =56-59=, 83, 84, 140, 235, 303, 490;
Neanderthal, 9, 58, 59, =235-237=, 490;
Ofnet, 480, 490;
Piltdown, 58, 59, =139-141=, 236, 490;
_Pithecanthropus_ 9, 58, 59, =83=, =84=, 490

Brassempouy, 14, 279, 314, 322, 331, 347, 355, 393, =395=, 433-435, 438

Brive, 307, 314

Bronze Age, 12, 18, 21, 202, 267, 460, 461, 476

Bruniquel, 279, 348, 388, 427, 435, 436

Brünn, 279, 315, 322, 331, 334-337, =395=, Pl. II;
race, 23, 257, 276, 278, 302, 331, 333, =334-338=, 480, 489-491, 500;
see Brüx, Galley Hill, Předmost, Human fossils, and Origin

Brüx, 334; see Brünn race

Buchenloch, 245, 314, 435

Buffon, G. L. L., 3

_Bühl_, see Postglacial Stage

Burial customs, 24, 215, 221-223, 270, 271, 302, =303-305=, 337,
=376-380=, =475-479=

_Burin_, graver, =270=, =306-308=, 310, 386, 389, 470

C

Cabeço da Arruda, 467, 471, 474

Camargo, 279, 294, 314, 331, 435

Campignian, 493-495

Campigny, 471;
see Campignian

Camps, open, 29, =30=, 176, 283, 284, 314, 334, 337, 341-343, 442, 448

Canary Islands, 453, 454, =506-510=

_Canis_, _lagopus_, =193=, 206, see Fox, arctic;
_neschersensis_, 333;
_suessi_, 147;
see Dog, Jackal, and Wolf

Cannibalism, 184, 477

Cannstatt, 10, 105, 218, 220, 331

Cap-Blanc, 317, =395=, 428, =431=, 435

_Capreolus_, 70, 147, 367, 469;
see Deer, roe-

Capri, 167, 168

Caramanico, 167

Castillo, 33, 150, =162-165=, 167, 245, 246, 279, 314, 319, 320, 324,
325, 331, 342, 349, =395=, =402=, 408, 435, 436, 459, 460, 471

_Castor_, 69;
_fiber_, 147, 183, 470;
see Beaver

Cattle, wild (Aurochs, Urochs, urus), 43, 44, 62, 66, 76, 95, 98, 106,
119, 125, 148, 165, 182, 192, 206, 211, 214, 245, 265, 284, 288,
325, 333, 348, 356, 368, 372, 392, 405, =413=, 461, 466, 468,
469, 497, 498, 505, 506;
see _Bos_ and _Leptobos_

Cave-bear, =10=, =11=, 13, 182, 194, 197, 201, 202, 206, =210=, =211=,
212, 213, 218, 287, =401=, =413=;
see _Ursus spelæus_

Cave-hyæna, 11, 212, 218, 265, 287, 288;
see _Hyæna crocuta spelæa_

Cave-leopard, 206, 287;
see _Felis pardus spelæa_

Cave-lion, 201, 206, 265, 287;
see _Felis leo spelæa_

Caverns, 24;
formation of, =30-33=, 212;
life in, 2, 30, 32, =211-213=, 457

Cavillon, Grotte de, see Grimaldi, Grottes de

Cazelle, 435

Cephalic index, 8, 480, 490

Ceppagna, 167

Cergy, 109, 149, 152

_Cervus, carnutorum_, 71;
_dama_, 498;
_dicranius_, 71;
_elaphus_, 70, 94, 147, 367, 392, 426, 461, 469;
_maral_, 367, 447;
_sedgwicki_, 69, 71;
see Deer and Stag

Chaffaud, Grotte du, 396, 404, 435, 438

Chaleux, Trou de, 435

Chamois, _Rupicapra_, 44, 46, 201, 264, 265, 357, 365, 366, =369=,
=371=, 466

Champs, 435, 436

Champs Blancs, 331, 348, 435

Chancelade, 279, =376-378=, 382, 435

Chapelle-aux-Saints, La, 7, 9, =203=, 214, =222-224=, =226-232=,
=235-238=, =241-243=, 245, 246

Châtelperron, 305, 307, 314;
see _Pointe_

Chellean, 14-16, 18;
chronology, 33, 34, =113-115=, 120;
climate, =117,= =118=;
fauna, =144-148=;
geography (physical), 115, =116=, =154-157=;
industry, 12, 14, 16, 18, 41, 108, 114, =148-154=, =270=, 280, 362;
stations, =149=, 152, 154-158;
see Origin

Chelles, 16, 109, =111=, 116, 149, 152, =154=, 167, 244

Chimpanzee, 3, 8, 49, =52-56=, 58, 59, 78, 140, 227, 231, 235, 490, 511,
512

Chipping, see Flint

Chisel, see _Ciseau_

Chronology, 10, 12-14, 16, =18-24=, =41=, 510;
tables, 18, 21, 22, 23, 33, 41, 43, 54, 108, 280, 362, 395, 491;
means of estimating, 19, 20, =22-24=, =317-320=

_Ciseau_, chisel, =270=, =271=, 388, 392, 444

Climate, effect on fauna, 46, 47, 192, 194, 205, 284-287;
effect on man, 33, 297, 332, 372, 382;
glacial, 20, 29, 34, 37-43, 64-66, 89, 104, 105, 114, 117, 188-194,
202, 205, 281, 285;
interglacial, 20, 29, 30, 33, 34, 37-41, 43, 67, 90, 91, 95, 103, 112,
117, 118, 186-188;
Pliocene, 63;
Postglacial, 23, 41, 43, 276, 281-284, 361-363

Clothing, 2, 178, 186, 213, 388, 392, 496

Cogul, 394, 497

Colombes, 109, 149, 152

Combarelles, 319, =395-397=, =399-401=, 435

Combe-à-Roland, 331

Combe-Capelle, 167, 192, 196, 197, 199, 211, 245, 248, 249, 252, 253,
255, 279, 314;
man (_Homo aurignacensis_), =302=, =303=, 338

Combo-Negro, 435, 436

_Compresseur_, =271=;
see Anvils

Continental outline, 19, =34-37=, 64, 65, 71, 86, 92, 105, 115, 116,
155, 156, 166, 189, 190, 281, 282, 288, 362

Cotte de St. Brelade, La, 214, =225=, 245

Cottés, Les, 213, 314

_Coup de poing_, =113=, =114=, =121=, 129, 130, =152-154=, 169-173,
177-180, 222, 251-254, 256, =270=

_Couteau_ (knife, blade), 130, 172, 177, 180, =270=, 306, 308, 310, 386,
389, 488, 494

Crayford, 198, 245

Créteil, 109, 149, 152

_Cricetus phæus_, 373, =374=;
see Hamster

Crô-Magnon, 279, =291=, 314, 331, 437, Pl. II;
man, 7, =273=, 279, =291-294=, =300=, =301=;
race, 7, 23, 54, 240, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 265-276, =278=, 280-282,
284, =289-305=, 336, 351, 358, 376-382, 434, 440, 443, 449-454,
457-459, 489-492, 499, 500, 506-510, Pl. VII

Cromer, Forest Bed of, 64, 67, 68, 71

Crosle Biscot, 435

Crouzade, 331, 341, 435, =437=

Culture, see Industry

_Cyon alpinus fossilis_, 201

D

Dart-thrower, see _Propulseur_

_Daun_, see Postglacial Stage

Deer, =44=, 125, 134, 245, 265, 356, 426, see _Cervus_;
_Axis_, 62, 71, 76, 102;
fallow, 265, 469, 497, see _Cervus dama_;
giant, 43, 94, 96, 165, 187, 206, 211, 213, 288, 335, see _Megaceros_;
polycladine, 63, 102, see _Cervus dicranius_ and _sedgwicki_;
red, 44, 287, 426, 447, see _Cervus elaphus_ and Stag;
roe-, 44, 94, 95, 165, 264, 265, 287, 404, 447, 466, 468, 488, 498,
see _Capreolus_;
rusa, 76

_Dicerorhinus_ (R.), _antiquitatis_, 46, 106, 285, see Rhinoceros,
woolly;
_etruscus_, 41, 63, 69, see Rhinoceros, Etruscan;
_merckii_, 41, =92-94=, 117, 148, 263, see Rhinoceros, Merck's

Dog, domestic, 474, 486, 488, 497, 499

Dolichocephaly, 7, 8, 78, 220, 230, 231, 266, 268, 334, 336, 338, 457,
478-481

Domestic Animals, 447, 466, 474, 486, 488, 497-499

Drill, see _Perçoir_

_Dryopithecus_, 6, 49, 50, 511

Dürnten, 20, 117, 119

Dürntenian, 107, 119

Duruthy, see Sorde

E

Ehringsdorf, 167, 181, 214

Elasmothere, _E. sibiricum_, 46, 286, 373

Elephant, 38, 43, 44, 47, 72, 76, 86, =91-95=, 102, 117, 119, 123, 124,
147, 148, 155, 157, 161, 174, 177, 186, 187, 192, 205, 245, 264;
see _Elephas_

_Elephas_, _antiquus_, 27, 41, 47, 72, 76, =92-94=, 96, 117, 123, 125,
148, 165, 263;
_hysudricus_, 76;
_meridionalis_, 26, 27, 41, 62, 69, 72, =92=, 125;
_planifrons_, 62;
_primigenius_, 26, 46, 106, 285;
_trogontherii_, 41, 93, 102, 117;
see Elephant and Mammoth

Elevation, see Continental outline

Enfants, Grotte des, see Grimaldi, Grottes de, and Grimaldi race

Engis, 435, 453

Engraving, 317, =319-324=, 326, 348, 349, 353, 355, 356, 358, =392-407=

_Eoanthropus dawsoni_, 138, see Piltdown

Eolith, 11, 68, =84-86=, 135

Eolithic, Era, 17, 18;
industry, 17

_Equus_, _caballus celticus_, =367-369=, 400, 408, 412, 419, 431, 432,
498;
_przewalski_, 194, =367=, 373, 408, 410, 419;
_stenonis_, 27, =62=, 63, 69, 72;
see Horse

Erect attitude, 4, =57-60=, 73, 74, 82, 241-244

Ermine, _Mustela erminia_, 46, 207, 370, 447, 469

Etruscan rhinoceros, see Rhinoceros

Eyzies, Les, 13, 249, 279, 331, =378=, 388, 394, 435

F

Fate, Grotte delle, 245, 247

Fauna, 19-21, =38-47=, 61-64, 66, 69, 108;
Acheulean, =117=, =147=, =148=, 165, 177, 182;
African-Asiatic, 43, 44, 47, 62, 63, 71, 72, 86, 91-94, 205, 206, 287;
alpine, 44, 46, 206, 287;
Aurignacian, 284-289;
Azilian-Tardenoisian, 466, =468-470=, 472;
Chellean, =117=, 125, =144-148=;
forest, 44, 71, 206, 287;
glacial, 105, 106, 117, 190-194, 196, 197, 205-214, 265;
interglacial, 69-72 91-98, 101-103, 108-112, 117, 119, 123-125,
186-188, 265;
Magdalenian, =364-376=, 385, 397-434, 449, 466, 469;
meadow, 44, 71, 206, 287;
Mousterian, =117=, 186-188, =190-194=, 196, 197, =199-214=, 218,
221-223, 225, 263, 264;
Pliocene, 54, =61-64=, 144;
Postglacial, =281=, 364, 468, 469, 498, 499;
Pre-Chellean, 108-112, =117=, =125=;
Siwalik, 76;
Solutrean, =332=, =333=, 343, 348;
steppe, 44, 46, 194, 206, 281, 287, 362-366, =373-376=, 449, 450;
tundra, 44, 46, =190-194=, 206-211, 281, 285, 287, 348, 361, 362-366,
=370-373=;
migrations of, 19, 34-37, 62-64, 71, 72, 202, 205-210, 287;
represented in Palæolithic art (list), 366;
see Climate, for effect of, and Faunal lists

Faunal lists, 95, 125, 147, 206, 207, 287, 366

_Faune chaude_, 39, 91, 192;
see Mousterian fauna

_Faune froide_, see Mousterian fauna

Faustkeil, see _Coup de poing_

Fées, Grotte des, 279, 435

_Felis_, _leo_, 72, 92, 469;
_leo antiqua_, 147;
_leo spelæa_, 47, 188;
_manul_, 447;
_pardus spelæa_, 201;
see Cave-leopard, Cave-lion, Leopard, Lion, and Wildcat

Femur (thigh-bone), 73, 74, 77, 80, =237-241=, 266, 298, 376, 380

Fère-en-Tardenois, 16, 465, 471

Ferrassie, La, 7, 214, 216, =219=, =224=, 232, 237, 245, 246, 269

Fire, use of, 2, 165, 212, 213

First Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

First Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Fishing, 355, 385, 390, 450, 465, 471

Flake, see Levallois

Flaking, see Flint

Flint, chipping, 170;
cleavage, 171;
flaking, 169

Floors, Mousterian, 198, 199

Flora, 20;
Acheulean, 117, 118, 174, 175;
Chellean, 117, 118;
glacial, 65, 108, 117-119, 191, 192, 202, 208;
interglacial, 20, 67, 90, 91, 117-119;
Mousterian, 199;
Pliocene, 61, 63;
Postglacial, 361, 372, 375, 463, 488;
Pre-Chellean, 117, 118;
Pre-Neolithic, 488

Font-de-Gaume, 283, 314, 318, 319, 321, 325, 331, 349, 356, 358, 365,
372, 395-397, 399, 406-409, 412, =414-424=, 435, 449

Font Robert, 277, 311, 314, 331, 340, 344

Forestian, Upper, 362;
Lower, 282

Forests, see Flora

Foro, 167

Fourth Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Fox, 43, 63, 71, 206, 265, 287, 333, 343, 348, 366, 447, 498, see
_Vulpes_;
arctic, 44, 46, =193=, 207, 287, 289, 348, 370, 447, 468, 469, see
_Canis lagopus_.

Freudenthal, 279, 435

Frileuse, 167

Frontal, Trou de, 435

Fuente del Frances, 435

Furfooz, 7, 279, =481-483=, Pl. II;
race, 278, 458, 480, 482-485, 489, 491, 492, 500;
see Grenelle, Ofnet, and Origin

Furninha, 167, 168

G

Galley Hill, 28, 302, 337, 338;
see Brünn race

Gansersfelsen, 435

Garenne, 435, 440

Gargano, 167

Gargas, 31, 307, 314, 317, 325, =327=, 349, =394=, =395=

Germolles, 307, 314

Gibbon, =49-54=, 58, 61, 63, 77, 511;
see _Hylobates_

Gibraltar skull, 7, 9, 140, 214, =215=, =216=, 219, 226, 228, 232, 233,
236

Glacial Epoch, 18-23, 33, 40, 41, 43, 54;
chronology, 18-23, 40, 41, 108, 188, 280, 362;
see Climate, Continental outline, Fauna, Glaciers;
First Glacial Stage (Günz), 23, 25, 26, 37, 38, 41, 43, =64-66=;
Second Glacial Stage (Mindel), 23, 25, 26, 33, 37, 38, 41, 43, 65,
=86-90=;
Third Glacial Stage (Riss), 23, 25, 26, 33, 37-39, 41, 43, 94,
=104-106=, 115;
Fourth Glacial Stage (Würm), 18, 22, 23, 25, 26, 30, 32, 33, 36-38,
41, 43, 107, 108, 117, 160, =188-195=, 205, 206, 280, 281, 284,
285, 362,
_Laufenschwankung_, 41, 108, 280, 362;
First Interglacial Stage (Günz-Mindel or Norfolkian), 23, 26, 29,
33-35, 38, 41, 43, =66-72=, 84, 95, 115;
Second Interglacial Stage (Mindel-Riss), 23, 25, 29, 33, 38, 40, 41,
43, 69, =90-95=, 109-111, 114, 115;
Third Interglacial Stage (Riss-Würm), 23, 25, 29, 33, 34, 36, 38-41,
43, 69, 94, 107, 108, 112, 113, =115-119=, 186-188, 280, 362;
Postglacial Stage, 18-23, 29, 32, 33, 36, 41, 43, 108, =280-284=, 362,
468, 510,
_Bühl_, 23, 25, 26, 41, 108, 276, 280, =281=, =361=, =362=, 370,
372, 446, 447, 449,
_Gschnitz_, 23, 41, 108, 276, 280, =281=, 362, =363=, 372, 449, 450,
_Daun_, 23, 41, 108, 276, 280, =281=, 362, =363=,
_Achenschwankung_, 25, 26, =281=, =282=, 284

Glaciers, 64-66, 89, 90, 94, 104-106, 118, 189, 190, 361-363

Glutton, see _Gulo luscus_ and Wolverene

Gobelsburg, 435, 448

Goccianello, 167, 168

Gorge d'Enfer, 331, 435

Gorilla, 49, 52, =54-56=, 511, 512

Goulaine, 435, 438

Gourdan, 214, 279, 331, 341, 369, 388, 392, 435, 438

Goyet, 435

_Grattoir_, 129, 130, 177, 254, =270=, =306-310=, =386=, 390, 470,
=473=, 494;
_caréné_, 308, =309=, 463

Graver, see _Burin_

_Gravette_, etching tool, 270

Gravette, La, 277, 311, 314

Gray's Thurrock, 28, 109, 116, 128, 149, 152, =156=, =157=

Greek conception of nature and of the prehistory of man, 1-3

Grenelle, 279, 481, 482, 484;
race, see Furfooz

Grèze, La, 314, 317, 327, 331, =395=, 396

Grimaldi, Grottes de (Baoussé Roussé), 245, 247, =262-265=, 279, =294=,
295, 312-314, 321, 323, 380;
Baousso da Torre, 263, 294;
Barma Grande, 263, 294;
Cavillon, Grotte de, 263, 294;
Enfants, Grotte des, =263-265=, 292, 294-297, see Grimaldi race;
Prince, Grotte du, 262, 263

Grimaldi race, 7, 19, 245, 260, 262-269, 278, 279, =294=, 301, 314,
490-492

_Gschnitz_, see Postglacial Stage

Guanches, 453-455, 507-510

Gudenushöhle, 245, 248, 279, 307, 314, 435, 448

_Gulo luscus_, 469;
_borealis_, =193=;
see Wolverene

Günz, see Glacial Epoch

H

_Hachette_ (_tranchette_, chopper, cleaver), =270=, 488, 494

Hammer-stone, see _Percuteur_

Hamster, 46, 63, 147, 165, 287, 362, 364, =374=

Hand-axe, see _Coup de poing_

Hand-stone, see _Coup de poing_

Hare, 289, 333, 368, 447, 468, 498, see _Lepus_ (_timidus_);
arctic, 46, 207, 287, 348, 370, 447, 468, 469, see _Lepus variabilis_;
tailless, see _Lagomys_ and Pika

Harpoons, 355, 383-385, =387=, =388=, 390, 391, 440, 443-445, 449, 450,
456, =460-462=, 465, 466, 470, 474, 486, 487

Hastings, 471, 475

Heidelberg man, Mauer, 7, 23, 24, 40, 41, 53, 54, 90, =95-101=, 114,
138, 143, 144, 214, 228, 229, 489, 491, 492, Pl. II

Heidelberg race, see Heidelberg man and Origin

Helin, 109, =116=, 127, =128=, 149, 152, 166, 167

Helvetian, see Dürntenian

Hermida, La, 435

Hippopotamus, _H. major_, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 47, 69, 71, 86, 91,
=92-94=, 102, 117, 123-125, 134, 147, 148, 155, 157, 165, 174,
177, 186, 192, 199, 263, 264

Höhlefels bei Hütten, 435, 442

Höhlefels bei Schelklingen, 435, 442

Hohlestein, 314, 435

Hommes, Grotte des, 279, 435

_Homo_, _aurignacensis_, see Combe-Capelle man;
_heidelbergensis_, see Heidelberg man;
_mousteriensis_, see Neanderthal race;
_neanderthalensis_, see Neanderthal race;
_sapiens_, 7, 9, 10, 54, 230-234, 257, 260, 261, 278, 334, 484, 490,
491, 500

Horace, on the prehistory of man, 3, 504

Hornos de la Peña, =245-247=, 314, 331, =395=, 435, 436

Horse, 45, 165, 182, 192, 225, 284, 355, 385, 392, =404=, 405, 407,
=408=, =410=, =412-414=, =431=, =432=, 469, 498;
Desert, Plateau or Celtic, see _Equus caballus celticus_;
Forest or Nordic, 95, 147, 288, 289, =367=, 369, 400, 498;
Hipparion, 63;
kiang or wild ass, 194, 285-287, 366, =367=, =372-374=, 400, 447;
Solutré, =288=, =289=, 414;
Steno's, 34, 96, 110, 111, 125, see _Equus stenonis_;
Steppe, see _Equus przewalski_

Hôteaux, Les, 279, =378=, =379=, 435

Hoxne, 158

Human figures, 317, =321-323=, =328=, =329=, 337, 357, 393, =395=, 399,
=433=, 434, 497

Human fossils, 4, 11;
distribution of, 214, 279;
tables of, 7, 219, 294, 336, 378, 490;
see Lists

Human races, see Lists and Origin

Hunting, 2, 11, 166, 202, =211-214=, 283, 372, 456, 471, 496, 497

Hyæna, 43, 62, 76, 110, 147, 148, 155, 165, 188, 214, 245, 265, 317,
356, 476;
see Cave-hyæna and _Hyæna_

_Hyæna_, _brevirostris_, 125;
_crocuta_, 102, 147;
_crocuta spelæa_, 47, 102, 188;
_striata_, 92, 102;
see Hyæna

_Hylobates_, 6;
see Gibbon

I

Ibex, _Ibex priscus_, 44, 46, 201, 206, 264, 265, 287, 289, 321, 348,
=357=, 369, =371=, 391, 401, 405, 433, 447, 466, 469, 497

Ice Age, see Glacial Epoch

Ice-fields, 19, 22; see Glaciers

Implements, 11, 27-30, 130, =270=, =271=;
art, =270=, 329, 330;
see Eolith, Flint, Industry, Lists, Neolith, Palæolith

Industry, 4, 11, 12-14, 19, 33, see Acheulean, Aurignacian,
Azilian-Tardenoisian, Chellean, Campignian, Magdalenian,
Mousterian, Neolithic, Pre-Chellean, Solutrean;
see Lists and Implements

Interglacial Stages, see Glacial Epoch

Iron Age, 12, 18, 21, 202, 267

Irpfelhöhle, 245, 248

Istein, 469, 471-473

Isturitz, 347, =395=

J

Jackal, 43, 44;
see _Canis neschersensis_

Javelin point, see _Sagaie_

Jerboa, 46, 194, 287, 364;
see _Alactaga jaculus_

K

Kärlich, 314

Kartstein, 245, 248, 314, 435

Kastlhäng, 370, 435, 442

Kent's Hole, 10, 152, =244=, =245=, 435, 440

Kesslerloch, 279, 286, 355, 361, 364, 378, 383, 435, 436, 441, 442,
=444-446=, 449

Kiang, wild ass, see Horse

Kleinkems, 471

Knife, blade, see _Couteau_ and _Lame_

Knight, Charles R., see Restorations

Kostelìk, 435, 448

Krapina, 7, 162, 167, =181-185=, 214, 219, 220, 228, 229, 256

Krems, 119, 248, 289, 307, 314, 435, 448

L

Lacave, 279, 331, 340, 345, 347, 391

_Lagomys_, 63;
_pusillus_, 202, 370, see Pika

_Lagopus_, see Ptarmigan

Lamarck, on man, 4

_Lame_, blade, 271

_Lampe_, lamp, 270, =401=, =402=

_Laufenschwankung_, see Glacial Epoch

Laugerie Basse, 13, 14, 275, 279, 331, 348,
=376-378=, 385, 388, 392, 407, 434, 435, 471

Laugerie Haute, 13, 14, 279, 294, =296=, 314, 331, 346, 352, 435

Laussel, 245, 246, 249, 275, 313, 314, 317, =326-329=, 331, 352,
=395=, 435

Lauterach, 314

Lemming, 46, 191, =193=, 194, 202, 207, 281, 287, 333, 348, 361,
364, 370, 469, 476;
see _Myodes_

Leopard, 265, 348;
see Cave-leopard and _Felis pardus spelæa_

Leptobos, 71;
_elatus_, 62;
_etruscus_, 63;
see Cattle

_Lepus_, 469;
_cuniculus_, 364, see Rabbit;
_timidus_, 364, see Hare;
_variabilis_, 206, see Hare, arctic

Levallois, 167, 179

Levallois flake, 167, 168, =179=, 180, 199, 250, 251

Limeuil, 279, 435

Lion, 43, 86, 94-96, 98, 148, 165, 188, 281, 317, 348, 356, 365, 378,
400, =407=, 446, 468, 472, 498;
see Cave-lion and _Felis leo_

_Lissoir_, polisher, smoother, =270=, =271=, 380, 388, 392, 456, 463,
466, 470

Lists and Tables, chronology, 18, 21, 22, 23, 33, 41, 54, 108, 280, 362;
climatic changes, 38, 39, 41, 43, 117, 191, 192, 275, 281, 284,
361-364;
fauna, 21, 41, 43, 54, 62, 95, 125, 147, 206, 207, 287;
human fossils, 7, 9, 219, 236, 237, 239, 266, 294, 295, 336, 378, 490;
human races, 41, 54, 108, 278, 280, 362, 458, 490, 491, 499, 500;
industries, divisions of, 18, 113, 114, 248, 249, 252, 340, 389,
succession of, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362;
implements, 130, 172, 254, 270, 271, 306, 308, 310

Liveyre, 331, 435

Loam, 5, 24, 27, 28

Loess, 5, 23-25, =29=, =30=, 36, 38, 46, 97, 103, 112, 115, 117-119,
122-124, 151, 159, 161, 162, 174, 176, 181, 252, 281, 282, 284,
286, 314, 334, 337, 364, 376, 442, 448;
stations, see Camps, open

Longueroche, 435, 471

Lorthet, 406, 407, 435, 438, 471

Lourdes, 279, 388, 432, 435, 436, 438, 471

Lower Rodent Layer, see Rodent Layers

Lucretius on the prehistory of man, 1, 2, 503

Lussac, 279, 435

_Lutra vulgaris_, 147;
see Otter

_Lynchus lynx_, 469;
see Lynx

Lynx, 43, 63, 206, 287, 367, 466;
see _Lynchus lynx_

M

Macaque, 54, 61, 63, 69, 76

Macerata, 167

_Machærodus_, 41, 69, 244;
see Sabre-tooth tiger

Madeleine, La, 13, 16, 279, 351, =383-389=, 398, 435, 443, 445, 449, 471

Magdalenian, 14-16, 18, 276, 277, 351-360;
art, 351-357, 365, 366, 393, =395-434=;
burial customs, =376-380=;
chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, 351, 361-364;
climate, 276, =360-364=, =370-376=, 443, 447, 449, 450;
fauna, =361-376=, 443, 445-447, 449, 450;
human fossils, =376-382=;
industry, 14-16, =270=, =271=, 275, 276, 351-356, 358, =382-392=, 436,
440, 443-450;
stations, 351, =434-449=;
see Origin and Rodent Layers

Maglemose, 458, 471, =487=, =488=, 501

Magrite, Trou, 314, 331, 344, 435

Mairie, Grotte de la, 317, =395=, 400, 405, 412, =413=, 435, 442

Malarnaud, 214, 219

Mammoth, 10, 43, 102, 109, 117, 134, 147, 148, 177, 187, 194, 200, 202,
205, 206, 213, 218, 281, 288, 289, 316, 317, 321, 324-326, 333,
337, =348-350=, 356, 364, 372, 385, 401, 403, =420=, =421=,
=427=, 429, 449, 450, 476, see _Elephas_;
woolly, 13, 40, 41, 43, 106, 117, 174, 187, =190-192=, 196, 205,
=207=, =208=, 210, 218, 221, =285-289=, 334, 335, 363, 370, 372,
384, =397=, =398=, 420, 427, 446, see _Elephas primigenius_

Man, ancestry of, 3-7, =49-64=, 491, 511

Mantes-la-Ville, 167

Marcilly-sur-Eure, 214

Mare-au-Clercs, La, 167

Marignac, 109, 126, 149, 152

Markkleeberg, 167

Marmot, _Arctomys marmotta_, 182, 201, 206, 265, 370

Marsoulas, 314, 319, 321, 328, 373, =394=, =395=, 396, 399, 403, 405,
415, 416, 435, 471, 485

Marten, 71, 165, 201, 265, 367, 380, 447, 498;
see _Mustela martes_

Martinshöhle, 435, 471

Mas d'Azil, 15, 16, 279, 319, 357, 375, 380, 385, 388, 391-396, 432,
433, 435, 437, 449, =458-465=, 471, 472, 474

Massat, 437, 471

Mastodon, 62, 70, 134

Maszycka, 435, 436, 449

Mauer, see Heidelberg man

McGregor, J. Howard, see Restorations

Mediterranean race, 261, 278, 457, 458, 479, 480, 485, 489, 491, 492,
499, 500

_Megaceros_, 45, =68=, 70, 106, 147, 182, 196, 287, 367;
see Deer, giant

_Meles taxus_, 147;
see Badger

Mentone, 247, 322, 395, 472, 473;
see Grimaldi, Grottes de

Merck's Rhinoceros, see _Dicerorhinus_ and Rhinoceros

Mesaticephaly, 8, 479

Metternich, 284, 314

Micoque, La, 113, =167=, =168=, 179, 192, 196, 245, 246, 248, 249

Microlith, see _Microlithique_

_Microlithique_, microlith, =270=, 306, 308, 310, 388, 396, 450, 470-472

Migration, of fauna, see Fauna;
of human races and industries, see Origin

Mindel, see Glacial Epoch

Miskolcz, 245, 248, 331

Mommenheim, 245, 247, 248

Monkeys, 54, 61-63

Montconfort, 279, 331, 435

Montfort, 341, 471

Monthaud, 331, 346

Montières, 109, 127, 149, 152, 186, 244, 245, 283, 314, 331

Moose, 44, 94, 96, 265, 281, 348, 366, 468, 469, 472, 488, 496-498;
see Alces

Moulin-de-Laussel, 331

Mousterian, 14-16, 18, 30, =186-188=, 248-250;
burial customs, 222, 223, 271;
chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362;
climate, 117, 123, =188-199=, 202, 205, 207;
fauna, 117, 190-194, 196, =199-214=;
flora, 199;
human fossils, =218-226=;
industry, 14-16, =113=, =248-256=, =270=, =271=;
stations, 194-202, =244-248=;
see Caverns, life in, Floors, and Origin

Moustier, Le, 13, 16, =196-199=, 214, 245, 246, 251, 253, 255;
man, 7, 196, 214, =221-223=, 226, 228, frontispiece

Mouthe, La, 17, 246, 279, 314, 317, 320, 321, 394, =395=, =398=, =399=,
401

Mugem, 471, 474, 486

Munzingen, 160, 195, 435, 439, 442, 443

Murals, see Painting

Musk-ox, 42-44, 46, 65, =66=, 187, 191, =193=, 207, 285, 287, 289, 348,
362, 366, 370;
see _Ovibos moschatus_

_Mustela_, _erminea_, see Ermine;
_martes_, 147, 469, see Marten.

_Myodes_, _lemmus_, 210;
_obensis_, 206, 285, 370;
_torquatus_, =193=, 202, 206, 285, 370, 441, 446, 447;
see Lemming

N

Narbonne, 435, 437

Naulette, La, 7, 214, =221=, 228

Neanderthal, cave, 31, 214, 216, 217, Pl. II;
burial customs, see Mousterian;
man, 5, 7, 9, 56, 181, =216-219=, 490;
race, frontispiece, 5-7, 9, 23, =40=, =41=, 54, 136, 182, 191, 196,
=211-244=, 256, 258, 263, 272, 491, 492,
anatomical features, 53-56, 183, 184, 203, 219-223, =226-244=, 490,
chronology, 41, 108, 257, 262, 280, 491,
compared with Crô-Magnon, 297, 298,
discoveries, 181-185, =215-226=,
distribution of, 214, 219;
see Origin

Necklace, 302, 304, 376, 378, =437=, 472

Needle, see _Aiguille_

Negroid race, 261, 262, =266-269=, 278, 301, 302, 321, 492

Neolith, 11, 496

Neolithic, New Stone Age, 10, 13, 18, 19, 21, 41, 108, 280, 362, 447,
482, 484-486, 488, 493-501

_Neopithecus_, 49

Neschers, 245, 435, =438=

Niaux, 314, 319, 353, 373, 391, =394=, =395=, 400, 406, =409-411=, 412,
429, 435

Niedernau, 370, 435

Norfolkian, see First Interglacial Stage and Forest Bed of Cromer

Nutons, Trou des, 435

O

Oban, 474, 475, 486

Obercassel, man, 7, 279, 353, 378, =380-382=, 435, 443

Oberlarg, 435

Ochos, 214, 219, =221=, 228, 245, 248

Ofnet, 279, 285, 314, 331, 370, 435, 469, 471, 473, =475-481=;
races, 442, 457-460, 480, 481, 490, 491, 500;
see Furfooz race and Origin

Ojcow, 331, 436, 449

Ondratitz, 331

Orang, 3, 49, =52-54=, 56, 77, 511

Origin, of industries, Acheulean, 261, 492,
Aurignacian, 261, 289, 305-307, 322, 492,
Azilian-Tardenoisian, 457, 470-472, 492,
Chellean, 126, 261, 492,
Magdalenian, 351-353, 383,
Mousterian, 261,
Pre-Chellean, 126,
Solutrean, 330, 331, 340, 353, 492;
of human races,
Alpine, 458, 484, 485,
Brünn, 331, 492,
Crô-Magnon, 261, 322, 492,
Furfooz, 492,
Grimaldi, 262,
Heidelberg, 492,
Mediterranean, 492,
Neanderthal, 492,
Ofnet, 457, 484, 485,
Piltdown, 492,
Teutonic, 486

Otter, 63, 71, 76, 165, 201, 287, 468, 498;
see _Lutra vulgaris_

_Ovibos_, 376;
_moschatus_, =193=, 445, 447, see Musk-ox

_Ovis argaloides_, 369;
see Argali sheep

P

Painted Pebbles, see Azilian-Tardenoisian industry

Painting, 305, 316-318, 320, 321, =324=, =325=, 327, 328, 330, 358, 365,
=394-396=, 404-406, 408-429, 464, 465, 474, 496, 497

Pair-non-Pair, 279, 307, 314, 317, 320-322, 331, =336=, =394-396=

Palæolith, 11, 24, 84, 85, 109, 111, 158, 389

Palæolithic, Old Stone Age, 13, 16, 18, 19, 21, 28, 33, 41, 108, 160,
280, 362;
Lower Palæolithic, 14, 41, 108, 113, 114, 214, 280, 362, 490, 491;
Upper Palæolithic, 14, 41, 108, 214, 275, 276, 278, 280, 362, 395,
396, 490, 491, 500;
chronology, 18, 41, 108, 280, 362, 456

_Palæopithecus_, 49, 511

Parietal Art, see Painting

Pasiega, La, 319, =395=, =402-405=

Pataud, 245, 246, 331

Paviland, 279, =289=, =290=, 294, 314, 440

Pech de l'Azé, 214, 219, 245

_Perçoir_, drill, borer, 130, 135, 153, 172, 179, 253, 254, =270=, 306,
308, 310, 311, 344, 346, 385, 386, 388, 390, 392, 470, 473, 488

_Percuteur_, hammer-stone, 130, 254, =270=, 306

Pescara, 167

Petit Puymoyen, 214, 245, 246

_Pic_, pick, 494

_Pierre de jet_, throwing stone, 130, 172, 213, 254, =270=, 306

Pika, 46, 362, 447;
see _Lagomys_ (_pusillus_)

Piltdown, 109, 116, 128, =130-135=, 149, 152, 214, Pl. II;
industry, 127, 128, =133-135=;
man (_Eoanthropus_), 7, 23, 24, 40, 50, 53, 54, 56, =130-145=, 214,
489-491;
race, see Piltdown man and Origin

Pindal, =314-316=, 325, 349, =394=, =395=

_Pithecanthropus_, Trinil race, 7, 23, 24, 40, 53, 54, 86, 491, 511,
Pl. II;
anatomical features, 9, 10, 53, 56, 74, =77-84=, 233, 234, 240, 490;
discovery, =73-77=

Placard, 279, 331, =333=, =334=, 340, 345-348, 352, 353, 355, =378-380=,
383, 385, 389, 435, 436, 438

Planing tool, see _Grattoir_

Pleistocene, see Glacial Epoch

_Pliohylobates_, 49, 54

_Pliopithecus_, 49, 54

_Poignard_, dagger, poniard, =271=, 392, 432

_Poinçon_, awl, 271, 308, 346, 392, 470

_Pointe_, point, knife, lance head, spear head, =15=, 113, 153, 172,
177, 179, =248-255=, =270=, 306, 308, 310, 311, 473;
Châtelperron, 306, 307, 311;
_pointe à cran_, shouldered, =270=, 308, 310, 313, 334, 340, 342,
345, 346, 352;
_pointe à face plane_, 341;
_pointe de lance_, =271=, 306;
_pointe de laurier_, laurel leaf, =15=, =270=, 310-312, 334, 337,
339-341, 344, 345, 347, 348, 352;
_pointe de sagaie_, javelin point, =271=, 308, 340, 346, 354, 355,
361, 364, 370, 383, 387, 390, 442, 449, 462, 494;
_pointe de saute_, willow leaf, 340, 344, 347;
_pointe à soie_, =270=, 310, 311, 313, 340, 345

Polisher, see _Lissoir_

Portel, Le, 319, 394, =411=, =412=

Postglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Pottery, 461, 466, 474, 486, 488, 496

Praule, Trou de, 435

Pre-Chellean, 16, 18, 36, 41;
chronology, 18, 33, 40, 41, 90, =107-115=, 280, 362;
climate, 108, 112, 114, =117=, =118=, 123;
fauna, 108-112, 117, 124, =125=;
industry, 40, 114, =120-130=, =270=;
stations, 109, 116, =122-128=, 149, 150-152, 158, see Continental
outline and Origin

Předmost, 257, 279, 331, 341, 345, 348, 349, 366, =395=, 427;
see Brünn race;
mammoth hunters, 279, =337=

Primates, 3-10, 40, =49-64=, 73-84, 86, 140, 141, 217, 219, 227, 231,
233-235, 237-240, 490, 491

Prince, Grotte du, see Grimaldi, Grottes de

_Propliopithecus_, 49, 54

Propstfels, 372, 435, 442, 469

_Propulseur_, spear thrower, dart thrower, =271=, 355, 391, 432, 433,
436, 445, =449=

Ptarmigan, _Lagopus_, 44, 206, 207, 287, 289, 370, =371=, =375=, 469

Q

Quartz, 166

Quartzite, 163, 164, 265

Quina, La, 9, 113, 211, 213, 214, 245, 246, 248, 253-256;
man, 7, 9, 214, 216, 217, =219=, 221, =225=, 236, 237, 248

R

Rabbit, 265, 343, 368, 468;
see _Lepus cuniculus_

_Racloir_, scraper, 113, 114, 130, 135, 172, =178=, 209, 248, 250, 251,
=253-255=, =270=, 306, 387, 388, 470, 472, 473, 488

_Rangifer tarandus_, =193=, =209=, 210, =285=;
see Reindeer

Räuberhöhle, 245, 247, 248, 314

Raymonden, 349, 376, 388, 435

Reilhac, 331, 471

Reindeer, 13, 41, =43=, =44=, 46, 102, 103, 187, =191-194=, 196, 197,
202, 205, 206, =209=, 210-212, 214, 221, 223, 225, 284, =285=,
286-289, 314, 317, 332, 333, =365=, =366=, 370, 372, 385, 392,
399, =405=, =407=, 411-413, 415, 419-421, =429=, 433, 440,
=441=, 445, 447, 461, 462, 468, 469, 471, 474, 481, 498;
see _Rangifer_

Reindeer Epoch, Period, 13, 14, 102, 192, 275, 286, 363, 375, 392, 438,
456, 459

Religion, 272, 358-360, 463, 465, 501

Remouchamp, 471, 474

Ressaulier, 435, 436

Restorations, Knight, Charles R., frontispiece, 358;
McGregor, J. Howard, 9, 79-82, 87, 137, 140, 142, 143, 145, 203, 242,
243, 273, 293, 300, 301;
Rutot-Mascré, 73, 101, 484, 495

Retouch, =169-172=, 248, 269, 306, 308, 310, 331, 332, 338, 339, 358,
389

Rey, 331

Rhens, 284, 314

Rhinoceros, 38, 39, 43, 44, 62, 76, 123, 221, 245, 289, 337, 356, 365,
see _Dicerorhinus_;
Etruscan, 34, 95-97, 101, 109, 110-112, 117, 125, 134, 144, see _D.
etruscus_;
Merck's (broad-nosed), 27, 43, 47, =93=, =94=, 97, 102, 109, 119, 124,
125, 134, 147, 148, 151, 155, 157, 161, 164, 165, 177, 182, 186,
187, 192, 205, 263-265, see _D. merckii_;
woolly, 11, 13, 40, 41, 117, 148, 174, 187, =190=, 191, 196, 199, 205,
206, =208-210=, 213, 218, 223, 225, 281, =285-288=, 314, =319=,
324-326, 348, 363, 366, 372, 400, 409, see _D. antiquitatis_

Riss, see Glacial Epoch

River-drifts, 5, 11, 12, 23;
formation, =24-27=, 90, 119, 154-157, 186;
stations, 114-116, 119-124, 154-156;
terraces, 20, 23, =24-28=, 34, 85, 90, 104, 154-157, 162

Robenhausen, 471, 495

Roccamorice, 167

Roche au Loup, 307, 314

Rochette, La, 245, 246

Rock Shelters, 32, 33

Rodent Layers, 447;
Lower, 206, 207, 211, 281, 314;
Upper, 281, 361, 363, 446

Romanelli, 306, 314

Rüderbach, 167

Rüdersheim, 167

_Rupicapra_, see Chamois

Ruth, Le, 314, 331, 435

Rutot-Mascré, see Restorations

S

Sablon, 162, 167

Sabre-tooth tiger, 34, 43, 62, 69, =70=, 72, 94, 102, 110-112, 117, 125,
144, 147;
see _Machærodus_

_Sagaie_, javelin point, see _Pointe de sagaie_

Saiga antelope, 44, 46, 194, 287, 289, 333, 357, 362, 366, 373, =374=,
376, =449=

_Saiga tartarica_, see Saiga antelope

Salitre, 435

Saint Acheul, 5, 14, 16, 109, 116, =119-124=, 127-129, =149-152=, 155,
162, 163, 166, 167, 170, 244, 245, 249, 283, 314, 331, 435, 440

Saint Lizier, 435

Saint Martin d'Excideuil, 331

Saint Prest, 17, 67-69

San Isidro, 109, 126, 149, 152, 167, 245, 246

_Sciurus vulgaris_, 367;
see Squirrel

Schmiechenfels, 372, 435, 469

Schussenquelle, 372, 435, 442

Schussenried, 435, 441;
see Schussenquelle

Schweizersbild, 286, 361, 364, 370, 435, 441, 442, =444-447=, 449, 460

Scraper, see _Racloir_

Sculpture, 317, =320-323=, =328=, =329=, =347-349=, 356-358, 392, 393,
=395=, 396, =427-434=

Second Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Second Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Seven Oaks, 471, 475

Shelters, abris, see Rock Shelters

Šipka, 214, 219, =221=, 228, 245, 247, 248, 435, 449

Sireuil, 314, 322, 395

Sirgenstein, =201=, =202=, 245, 248, 285, 314, 331, 370, 372, 435, 441,
460

_Sivapithecus_, 511

Siwalik, see Fauna

Solutré, 16, 279, 283, 286, 288, 294, 314, 330, 331, =341-345=, 373,
435, 436, 438

Solutrean, 14-16, 18, 41, =270=, =271=, 276, 278, 280;
art, =347-350=, 357;
burial customs, 332;
chronology, 18, 33, 41, 108, 280, 362;
climate, 41, 108, 276, 280, 281, =332=, =333=;
fauna, =332-334=, 343, 348, 366;
human fossils, 279, =334-337=;
industry, 275-278, 330-332, 334, =338-348=, 351, 352, 354, 358;
stations, 326-328, =331=, 337, =340-348=, see Origin

Somme River, 12, 110, 112, =114-117=, 119, 120, =122-125=, 127, 162,
252, 276

Sorde, 279, 378, 435, 438

Souzy, 435

_Spermophilus rufescens_, 194, 373;
see Suslik

Spear-point, see _Pointe_

Speech, power of, 4, 58, 60, 139, 140

Spiennes, 127, 128, 495

Spy, 162, 214, 244, 245, 311, 314, 331;
man, 7, 181, 214, =218-220=, 226, 228, 229, 231-233, 235-237, 244,
256, 257, 490

Squirrel, 447, 498; see _Sciurus vulgaris_

Stag, 43, 44, 95, 106, 119, 187, 201, 202, 264, 265, 288, 333, 364,
367, 370, 372, 405, =426=, 429, 456, 461, 463, 468, 469, 481,
488, =497=, 498;
see _Cervus elaphus_ and Deer, red

_Stegodon_, 76, 134

Strassberg, 435

Stratification of Castillo, 164;
Enfants, Grotte des, 265;
Heidelberg, 97;
Madeleine, La, 385;
Mas d'Azil, 461;
Ofnet, 476;
Piltdown, 133;
Placard, 333-334;
Saint Acheul, 122, 123, 150;
Schweizersbild, 447;
Sirgenstein, 202

Subsidence, see Continental outline

Sureau, Trou du, 435

_Sus_, _arvernensis_, 63;
_scrofa_, 71;
_scrofa ferus_, 147, 165, 368, 469;
_scrofa palustris_, 499;
see Boar

Suslik, 206, 289, 447;
see _Spermophilus rufescens_

T

Tables, see Lists

Tardenoisian, see Azilian-Tardenoisian

Tasmanian compared with Neanderthal, 232, 233;
see Neanderthal

Taubach, 119, 167, 214

Tectiforms, =283=, 284, 403, 404

Terraces, see River-drifts

Teutonic race, 458, 486, 488, 499-501

Teyjat, 388, 394, 396, 435;
see Mairie, Grotte de la, and Abri Mège

Thiede, 314

Third Glacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Third Interglacial Stage, see Glacial Epoch

Throwing stone, see _Pierre de jet_

Thumb, opposable, 55, 58, 60, 240

Tibia, shin-bone 237-239, 241, 266, 298

Tilloux, 109, 149, 152, 167

Torralba, 109, 126, 149, 152

Tourasse, La, 471, 486

Trilobite, Grotte du, 314, =324=, =326=, 331, 340, 341, =344=, =347=,
440

Trinil race, see _Pithecanthropus_

_Trogontherium_, 45, 69, 94;
see Beaver, giant

Tuc d'Audoubert, 32, 395, 396, 406, =427-431=, 435

Tundra, see Climate, glacial;
see Fauna

Turbarian, Lower, 361;
Upper, 363

U

Upper drift, 191

Upper Rodent Layer, see Rodent Layers

Urochs, Aurochs, see _Bos primigenius_ and
Cattle

_Ursus_, _arctos_, 102, 147, 211, 469;
_arvernensis_, 63, 94, 102;
_deningeri_, 102;
_spelæus_, 45, 183, =210=, =211=, 369;
see Bear and Cave-bear

V

Vache, Grotte de la, 435, 437, 471

Valle, 435, 466, 471, 474

Venosa, 167

Villejuif, 30, 167, 176

Volgu, 331, 339, 345

Völklinshofen, 284, 314

_Vulpes_, 469;
see Fox

W

Warm fauna, see _Faune chaude_

Weimar, 167

Wierschowie, 245, 248, 331

Wildcat, _Felis catus_, 43, 63, 95, 287, 498

Wildhaus, 314, 435

Wildkirchli, =200=, 201, 245, 247, 256

Wildscheuer, 286, 314, 370, 435, 442, 444

Willendorf, 30, 279, 311-315, 322, 395

Winterlingen, 435

Wisent, see Bison

Wolf, 43, 44, 71, 95, 147, 165, 187, 206, 264, 265, 287, 288, 333, 343,
348, =356=, 366, 441, 447, 468, 498;
see _Canis suessi_ and _Cyon alpinus fossilis_

Wolvercote, 167

Wolverene, glutton, 44, 46, 71, =193=, 287, 289, 348, 370, 447, 468, 498;
see _Gulo luscus_

Würm, see Glacial Epoch

Wüste Scheuer, 471

Z

Zonhoven, 471, 474

Zuffenhausen, 314

Region traversed in the author's motor tour of 1912 through the Palæolithic caverns of Italy, France, and Spain.]

FOOTNOTES:

[A] The folding map at the end of the volume exhibits the entire extent of the author's tour.

[B] Lucretius was born 95 B. C. His poem was completed before 53 B. C. In the opening lines of Book III he attributes all his philosophy and science to the Greeks. See Appendix, Note I.

[C] Lucretius, _On the Nature of Things_, metrical version by J. M. Good. Bohn's Classical Library, London, 1890.

[D] Horace was born 65 B. C., and his Satires are attributed to the years 35-29 B. C. See Appendix, Note II.

[E] Æschylus was born 525 B. C. See Appendix, Note III.

[F] Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon (b. 1707, d. 1788). For reviews of Buffon's opinions and theories see Osborn, 1894.1, pp. 130-9; also Butler, 1911.1, pp. 74-172.

[G] Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, known as the Chevalier de Lamarck (b. 1744, d. 1829). For a summary of the views of Lamarck see Osborn, 1894.1, pp. 152-181; also Butler, 1911.1, pp. 235-314, an excellent presentation of Lamarck's opinions.

[H] References are indicated by numbers only throughout the text. At the close of each chapter is a list giving the author, date, and reference number for every citation. A full list of all the works cited, including those from which illustrations have been taken, together with complete references, will be found in the bibliography at the end of the book.

[I] The best reference works on the history of French and German Palæolithic Archæology are: Cartailhac,(12) _La France Préhistorique_; Déchelette,(13) _Manuel d'Archéologie_, T. 1; Reinach,(14) _Catalogue du Musée de St.-Germain: Alluvions et Cavernes_; Schmidt,(15) _Die diluviale Vorzeit Deutschlands_; Avebury,(16) _Prehistoric Times_.

[J] The Cannstatt skull and Cannstatt race are now regarded as Neolithic, and therefore not contemporary with the mammoth or the cave-bear.

[K] Note that lists and tables of races, cultural stages, faunæ, etc., in this volume are given not in chronological but in _stratigraphic_ order, beginning with the _most recent_ at the top and ending with the _oldest_ at the bottom.

[L] This table is a modification of that of Obermaier in his _Mensch der Vorzeit_.(38) To each period of the chronologic reckoning should be added the 1900 years of our era.

[M] Bison and wild cattle are grass eaters, and their natural habitats are the open plain and meadow regions. They also range into open forest lands where grasses can be found. The prehistoric 'urus' and 'wisent' of Europe were both found in forests, but this may not have been their natural habitat in Palæolithic times. See Appendix, Note IV.

[N] A recent article by A. Smith Woodward describes the fourth known specimen of _Dryopithecus_, lately discovered in northern Spain (see Woodward, 1914.2).

[O] There is a vast _Pithecanthropus_ literature. That chiefly utilized in the present description includes Dubois,(13) Fischer,(14) Schwalbe,(15) Büchner.(16)

[P] In the Trinil skull as restored by McGregor (Fig. 36) the cranial capacity is 900 c.cm.

[Q] These horses are now identified respectively as _E. mauerensis_, _E. mosbachensis_, and _E. süssenbornensis_.

[R] This glaciation as it occurs in northern Europe has been termed _Polandian_ by Geikie; in the Alps Penck has termed it the _Riss_; in America it is known as the _Illinoian_ from the great drifts it deposited over the State of Illinois.

[S] This stage is known as the _Helvetian_ or _Dürntenian_ of Geikie; it is the _Riss-Würm_ of Penck's terminology and the _Sangamon_ of the American glaciologists.

[T] Modified after Schmidt.

[U] The weakness of Penck's argument for placing the Chellean in the Second Interglacial was exposed by precise observations of Boule(5) and Obermaier(6) in the Alps, the Jura, and the Pyrenees.

[V] The writer is indebted to M. Marcelin Boule and to M. l'Abbé Henri Breuil for their observations on this fauna and culture period.

[W] Industry similar to the Chellean, but not necessarily of the same age, is distributed all over eastern Africa from Egypt to the Cape.

[X] Schmidt regards the _Strépyan_ implements, which are considered by Rutot and others to be transitional, between the Mesvinian and the Chellean, as closely similar to the Pre-Chellean of France and probably of the same age.

[Y] The original paper describing this remarkable discovery was read before the Geological Society of London, December, 1912, and published as a separate pamphlet in March, 1913. A discussion as to the geologic age by Kennard, Clement Reid, and others was held at the time of the reading of the original paper.

[Z] By the author of this work, and also by Professor J. Howard McGregor of Columbia University and Doctor William K. Gregory of Columbia University and of the American Museum of Natural History.

[AA] _Guide to the Fossil Remains of Man_, 1915.1.

[AB] The reconstruction (Fig. 66) of the Piltdown skull made by Professor J. H. McGregor has a cranial capacity of about 1300 c.cm. The brain (Fig. 70) is seen to be very narrow and low in the prefrontal area, the seat of the higher mental faculties. In the reconstruction the cranial region is in the main very like the second restoration by Doctor Smith Woodward, but the jaws differ in some respects. The tooth hitherto regarded as a right lower canine, is now placed as the left upper canine, in accord with the conclusions of the author of this work and of Doctors Matthew and Gregory of the American Museum of Natural History. The dental arches are more curved, thus more human and less ape-like than in the Smith Woodward restoration, and the chin region is made somewhat deeper, thus giving a somewhat less prognathous aspect to the face.

[AC] The early Teutonic designation of these animals was as follows: bison, 'wisent,' wild ox, 'auerochs,' 'urochs' (the 'urus' of Cæsar). The urus survived in Germany as late as the seventeenth century, while a few of the bison or 'wisent' survive to the present time. The bison was distinctively a short-headed animal, while its contemporary, the urus, was long-headed and less agile. At Dürnten, near Zürich, remains of the urus are found associated with those of the hardy, straight-tusked elephant and of Merck's rhinoceros. (See Appendix, Note IV.)

[AD] The author was guided through this station by Doctor Hugo Obermaier in the summer of 1912.

[AE] The entire fourth glaciation has been termed _Mecklenburgian_ by Geikie;(6) the recession may correspond with his Fourth Interglacial Stage, the _Lower Forestian_. It is the _Würm_ of Penck in the Alpine region, with a first and second maximum separated by the recession known as the _Laufenschwankung_. In America it is the early _Wisconsin_ with the _Peorian_ recession interval, followed by the late _Wisconsin_, which is the final great glaciation of America.

[AF] Obermaier, Breuil and Schmidt assign La Micoque to the transition between late Acheulean and early Mousterian times.

[AG] The _climate_ of the _tundras_ is extreme, the winter temperature falling on an average to 27°F. below zero, while in summer the temperature is about 50°F. In the subarctic steppes the average January temperature hardly exceeds 30°F., while that of July is 70°F.

[AH] The last of this very primitive race of the great island of Tasmania became extinct in 1877.(62)

[AI] This cavern, like many of those discovered in the early days of anthropological research, was not carefully explored in reference to the all-important horizontal bedding of the layers of flint flakes and of animal remains.

[AJ] See Appendix, Note VI.

[AK] Named in honor of the reigning Prince of Monaco, whose generous gifts and personal interest made the adequate exploration of these grottos possible.

[AL] This correlation agrees in the main with that of Schmidt in his _Diluviale Vorzeit Deutschlands_.(10)

[AM] Obermaier,(19) R. Martin.(20)

[AN] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AO] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AP] Denotes very frequent occurrence of a typical form.

[AQ] Breuil,(34) Schmidt.(35)

[AR] The writer had the privilege of visiting all these caverns in the company either of Professor Emile Cartailhac, or of the Abbé Breuil.

[AS] Despite Schwalbe's statement, the supraorbital ridges in this skull appear to form a complete bridge. Doctor Hrdlička regards the related Předmost skull as distinctly showing Neanderthaloid affinity.

[AT] Obermaier,(45) R. Martin.(46)

[AU] From notes by Doctor Robert H. Lowie (Nov. 16, 1914) of the American Museum of Natural History on the opinions of Marett (_Anthropology_) and of James.

[AV] After Obermaier,(10) R. Martin,(11) and others.

[AW] This custom is observed again in Azilian times in the burials at Ofnet on the Danube (see page 475).

[AX] The whole history of these successive discoveries, beginning with the finding of an engraved bone, in 1834, in the grotto of Chaffaud, and concluding with the discoveries of Lalanne, and of Bégouen, in 1912, is summarized in the admirable little handbook by Salomon Reinach.(23) This convenient volume also includes outline tracings of the more important drawings and sculptures found in western Europe up to the present time.

[AY] Only a few drawings from this cavern have as yet been published, such as the famous mammoth of Combarelles; the entire work is in the hands of Breuil.

[AZ] The stations of Castillo, of Pasiega, and of Altamira were visited by the writer, under the guidance of Doctor Hugo Obermaier, in August, 1912.

[BA] Letter of October 23, 1912.

[BB] J. Bayer(34) has lately expressed the opinion that the industry of the open 'loess' stations of Munzingen, Aggsbach, and Gobelsburg is not really of Magdalenian age, but represents an atypical Aurignacian.

[BC] Lucretius, _On the Nature of Things_, metrical version by J. M. Good. Bohn's Classical Library, London, 1890.

[BD] Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne, _Discours sur l'Histoire universelle_ (first published in 1681), pp. 9, 10. Edition conforme à celle de 1700, troisième et dernière édition revue par l'auteur. Paris, Librairie de Firmin Didot Frères, 1845.

[BE] _The Satires, Epistles and Ars Poetica of Horace_, the Latin Text with Conington's Translation, pp. 29, 31. George Bell & Sons, London, 1904.

[BF] Æschylus, _Prometheus Bound_. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, _Poetical Works of Elizabeth Barrett Browning_, pp. 148, 149. Oxford edition, 1906. Henry Frowde, London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, New York, and Toronto.

[BG] Kobelt, W., _Die Verbreitung der Tierwelt_, pp. 403-7. C. H. Tauchnitz, Leipsic, 1902.

[BH] Abercromby, Hon. John, _The Prehistoric Pottery of the Canary Islands and Its Makers_. Royal Anthropological Institute, November 17, 1914. _Nature_, December 3, 1914, p. 383.

[BI] Verneau, Dr. R., _Cinq années de séjour aux îles Canaries_. (Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie des sciences, 1891.)

[BJ] Bunbury, E. H. _History of Ancient Geography_, vol. I, pp. 318-333. John Murray, London, 1879.

[BK] Authors' names are given in the bibliography and in the reference lists at the end of each chapter.

Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Passages in bold are indicated by =bold=.

Superscripted characters are indicated by {superscript}.

End of Project Gutenberg's Men of the Old Stone Age, by Henry Fairfield Osborn