Chapter C: Julius Cæsar

Biographies of Cæsar by Suetonius and Plutarch, 29 History of the youth of Julius Cæsar, 29 His character, 31 Impeachment of Cicero by Clodius, 35 Cicero goes into exile, 36 Is recalled, 36 Consulship of Pompey and Crassus, 37 Distribution of provinces under Pompey, Cæsar, and Crassus, 37 Pompey becomes sole consul, 38 Death of Clodius. Banishment of Milo, 38 Cicero proconsul of Cilicia, 38 Congress at Lucca, between Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, 39

THE GALLIC WARS.

Cæsar’s Commentaries, 39 The Books, _De Bello Gallico_, and on the Alexandrine war, 40 _De Bello Africano_, 40 _De Bello Hispaniensi_, 40 Expedition of the Helvetians, 41 Population of Gaul, 42 Arvernians, Æduans, 42 The German tribes. Ariovistus, 43 Cæsar’s conquest over Ariovistus, 43 War against the Belgians, 43 Cæsar’s treatment of the Usipetes, 44 His war with the Veneti, Expedition to Britain, 45 Cæsar crosses the Rhine, 46 Rising of the Eburones under Ambiorix. Insurrection of Vercingetorix, 46 Cæsar made prisoner by the Gauls, 47 Cæsar’s treatment of Vercingetorix, 48 End of the war, 48

CIVIL WAR BETWEEN CÆSAR AND POMPEY.

Situation of Cæsar at the end of the Gallic wars, 48 C. Scribonius Curio, 49 Demand of the opponents of Cæsar, 50 Cæsar crosses the Rubicon, 53 Pompey flies before Cæsar, 54 Cæsar in Rome, 55 Pompey goes over to Greece, 55 Cæsar goes to Spain. Siege of Marseilles, 56 Death of Curio, 57 Cæsar nominates himself dictator. His legislation, 57 Cæsar passes over to Illyricum, 58 Defeat near Dyrrachium, 59 Taking of Gomphi, 60 Battle of Pharsalus, 60 Flight of Pompey, 62 Murder of Pompey, 63 Cæsar in Egypt, 63 Insurrection in Alexandria, 64 War with Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, 65 Cæsar return to Rome, 65 Meeting of the troops in Rome, 66 The African war, 66 Battle near Thapsus, 67 M. Porcius Cato of Utica, 65 Cæsar appears before Utica, 69 Suicide of Cato, 69 Juba, 70 The Spanish war, 70 Battle near Munda, 70 Cæsar’s triumph, 71 Cæsar’s last enterprises and plans, 72 Veteran Colonies. Colony at Corinth and Carthage, 74 Legislation, 74 Increase of the Patricians, 75 Cæsar’s desire for the title of king, 76 M. Junius Brutus, 76 Cassius Longinus, 78 Conspiracy against Cæsar, 79 Murder of Cæsar, 80

STATE OF ROME AFTER THE MURDER OF CÆSAR. TRIUMVIRATE OF ANTONY,
OCTAVIAN, AND LEPIDUS. DEATH OF CICERO.

Indecision of the conspirators after Cæsar’s death, 81 Cæsar’s will, 82 C. Octavius, 83 M. Antony, 83 Cicero, 84 Cicero’s letter to Brutus, 88 War in Mutina, 89 M. Æmilius Lepidus. Munatius Plancus, 90 Octavius becomes consul, 91 _Lex Pedia_, 91 Meeting of Antony, Octavian, and Lepidus on an islet in the river Reno. Triumvirate, 91 Proscription, 92 Death of Cicero, 93 Character of Cicero’s writings, 95 Battle near Philippi, 97 Death of Cassius, 98 Second Battle. Death of Brutus, 99 Horace, 99

THE PERUSIAN WAR. PEACE OF BRUNDUSIUM. PEACE OF MISENUM. EVENTS DOWN TO
THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM. END OF THE CIVIL WAR.

Antony. Cleopatra, 100 Destruction of the Julian colonies, 101 Perusian war, 103 Taking of Perugia, 103 Peace of Brundusium, 104 Sextus Pompey, 104 War in Sicily. Peace of Misenum, 105 Labienus, 106 Asinius Pollio. Munatius Plancus, 107 Antony’s campaign against the Parthians, 107 Octavian takes up arms against Sextus Pompey, 108 Lepidus forsaken, 110 Battle of Actium, 110 Fight at Actium, 110 Octavian in Egypt, 113 Death of Antony and Cleopatra, 118 _Feriæ Augustæ_, 114

ROME A MONARCHY. MEASURES OF AUGUSTUS FOR THE CONSOLIDATION OF HIS
POWER.

Monarchical power of Octavian, 116 Octavian takes the surname of Augustus 117 Reorganization of the senate, 118 Jurisdiction, taxes, army, 119 Constitution of the provinces, 120 _Ærarium_, 121 _Lex Ælia Sentia_, 122 Extension of the Roman franchise, 122 Police, 122 Division of the town into fourteen regions, 123 _Præfectus urbi_, 123 The Courts of Justice restored into the hands of the Knights, 124 Italy divided into regions, 124 _Cohortes prætoriæ._ _Auxilia_, 125 Increase of soldier’s pay, 126

LITERATURE.

Perfection of the Latin language by Cicero and his contemporaries, 126 Varro. P. Nigidius Figulus. M. Lælius Rufus. Curio. C. Licinius Calvus, 127 Sallust. Lucretius. Catullus, 128 Valerius Cato, 128 Perfection of his metres, 129 Dec. Laberius. Furius Bibaculus. Varro Atacinus. Asinius Pollio, 129 Munatius Plancus. Hirtius. Augustan age. Valerius Messala, 130 Virgil, 131 Horace, 133 Tibullus. Lygdamus, 137 Cornelius Gallus, 138 Varius, 138 Propertius, 189 Ovid, 139 Cornelius Severus. Pedo Albinovanus, 140 Livy. Dec. Laberius. P. Syrus. Valgius, 141 Greek literature. Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 141

PRIVATE LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. AGRIPPA. MÆCENAS. FAMILY CONNEXIONS.
BUILDINGS.

Character of Augustus, 142 Livia. Agrippa, 143 C. Cilnius Mæcenas, 144 Marcellus. Julia. Death of Agrippa, 146 Tiberius Claudius Nero. Lucius and Caius Cæsar, 147 Buildings of Augustus, 148

WARLIKE ENTERPRISES OF AUGUSTUS. HIS DEATH. GENERAL SURVEY OF THE
EMPIRE.

War in Dalmatia, 149 The Cantabrian war, 149 New war in Dalmatia, Mœsia, Pannonia, 150 War against the Alpine races, 151 War in Germany, 152 Nero Claudius Drusus, 153 Tiberius, 153 Marbod. State of civilization in Germany, 154 Revolt in Dalmatia and Pannonia, 155 Quintilius Varus. Arminius, 156 Battle in the Teutoburg Forest, 157 Consequences of the battle, 158 Germanicus. Agrippina, 160 Death of Augustus, 160 Extent of the Roman Empire, 161 Legislation of Augustus, 162

TIBERIUS.

Importance of the Imperial history, 163 Sources. Tacitus. Suetonius, 164 Velleius Paterculus, 165 Early history of the Emperor Tiberius, 165 Tiberius succeeds Augustus to the throne, 168 Mutiny of the troops in Illyricum and on the Rhine, 169 Abolition of the popular elections, 169 War of Germanicus in Germany, 170 Drusus, son of Tiberius, Germanicus, 171 Piso. Death of Germanicus, 172 _Crimen majestatis._ Informers, 173 Death of Livia, 174 Napoleon’s opinion of Tiberius, 174 Ælius Sejanus, 174 Macro, 176 Death of Tiberius, 177

CAIUS CÆSAR, OTHERWISE CALIGULA.

Events of the childhood of Caius, 177 His character, 177 Suetonius’ life of Caligula, 178 Prodigality of Caligula, 179 Expedition against the Germans, 179 Buildings, 180 Murder of Caligula. The Republic is to be proclaimed, 180

TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS CÆSAR.

Character of Claudius, 180 Historical works of his, 183 Amnesty. _Donativum_ to the soldiers, 182 Rule of Slaves. Polybius. Narcissus. Pallas. Agrippina, 183 Aqua Claudia. Buildings. Draining of the Lake Fucinus, 183 Britain becomes a Roman province, 184

LITERATURE AFTER THE DEATH OF AUGUSTUS. MORAL CONDITION OF ROME AND THE
PROVINCES.

Influence of the Greek Rhetoricians, 184 The elder Seneca. The philosopher Seneca. Pliny the elder, 185 Lucan. Quintilian, 186 Nero. Fabius Rusticus, 186 Moral condition of the empire, 187

NERO.

Natural talents of Nero, 188 Burrhus. Seneca. Agrippina. Poppæa Sabina, 189 Burning of the city of Rome. The golden palace of Nero, 190 Execution of Seneca, and others. War in Britain and in Armenia, 191 Insanity of Nero, 192 Rebellion under Julius Vindex, 192 T. Virginius Rufus, 193 _Servius Sulpicius Galba_ proclaimed emperor in Spain, 193 Emperor in Spain, 193 Galba’s march against Rome, 194 Nero’s death, 194

SERVIUS SULPICIUS GALBA. M. SALVIUS OTHO. A. VITELLIUS.

Dissatisfaction towards Galba, 195 Galba adopts Calpurnius Piso, 195 Murder of Galba. Otho proclaimed emperor, 196 Vitellius proclaimed emperor by the troops on the German frontier, 196 Battle near Bedriacum, 197 Vitellius becomes emperor, 198 Rebellion of the Mœsian legions under Antonius Primus. The Syrian under T. Flavius Vespasianus. The Parthian under Licinius Mucianus, 198 The Jewish war. Josephus, 199 Vespasian, 199 Mucianus, 200 Battle near Cremona, 200 Burning of the Capitol. Murder of Vitellius, 201

T. FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS. TITUS. DOMITIANUS.

Domitian, 201 Helvidius Priscus, 202 State of Gaul, 202 Rebellion of Civilis, 204 Character of Vespasian, 204 Execution of Helvidius Priscus, 206 Death of Vespasian, 207 _Titus_, 207 Buildings, 208 Fire in Rome. Catastrophe of Herculanum and Pompeii, 209 _Domitian_, 209 Paraphrase of the _Phænomena_ of Aratus, 209 Endowment for Rhetoricians, 210 _Agon Capitolinus_, 210 State of literature. Statius, 210 Condition of the army, 210 War in Britain. Agricola, 211 War against the Chatti, and other German people, 211 War against the Dacians, 212 Cruelty of Domitian, 212 Delatores, 213 Murder of Domitian. _Forum Palladium_, 214