Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (8)

_T. Livius Patavinus_ (Livy), liable to the censure of having made the
earlier Roman history into disrepute, i, 4;
his statements concerning the booty, etc., are taken from the
Triumphal Fasti, 10;
his carelessness with regard to making use of historical records, 11;
took his description of the time of the kings from Ennius, 24, 80;
anachronism with regard to the Origines of Cato, 26;
in his first books borrowed many things from Valerius Antias 33;
began to write in 743, 45;
born in 693 at Patavium, died 772, 45;
grounds for fixing the period at which he began to compose his
history at so late a date, 45;
traces found in the last books of the first decade, that Livy had
known Dionysius, 45;
died before he had finished his work, 45;
the division in decades an original one, 47;
in the later decades he paraphrases Polybius, 47;
becomes prolix in his old age, 47;
the old grammarians reproach him with tautology and palilogy, 48;
the preface belongs to the worst parts of the work, 48;
was, when he commenced his work, entirely deficient in general
historical knowledge, 48;
dictated the whole of his work, 49;
always took one annalist as his ground work, 49;
his talent for description and narration, 50;
deficient in comprehensiveness of view, 50;
was in early life a Pompeian, 50; iii, 92;
reproach of Patavinity, i, 51;
the perfect correctness of his style, 51;
his amiable disposition, 52;
his influence on the later ages, 52;
all the MSS. of the first decade may be traced to a single one, 53;
missing books of Livy sought for in different parts of the world, 54;
fragments of the ninety-first book, 55;
condition of the text, 55;
commentaries and editions, 56;
no quotation from him since Priscian, during the whole of the middle
ages, except in Joannes Saresberensis, 67;
his account the most unadulterated source for the earlier times, 81;
not to be supposed that he had written from the old heroic poems, 92,
136;
gives his sources without understanding them, 216;
the account of the war of the Auruncians occurs twice in him, 222;
does not generally alter the materials which he finds, but merely
drops part of them, 241;
was, with all his genius, no more than a rhetorician, 327;
mistakes, in the second Punic war, a certain Heraclitus for the
philosopher of the same name, 329;
makes use of Dionysius, perhaps as early as in the fifth book, 364;
looks upon earlier Roman history with a sort of irony, 383;
wrote history not to give an account of facts, but for the sake of
the narrative, 397;
is very exact in his histories of the Fabian house, 507;
did not think of making any use of Hannibal’s memoirs, ii, 62;
the romantic in him may be traced to Cœlius Antipater, 63;
in his accounts of the war of Hannibal we may distinguish the
different sources, 63;
all the speeches of Hanno and others are rhetorical trifles, 68;
the description of the siege of Saguntum certainly from Cœlius, 72;
opinion on Cicero, iii, 92, 95;
literary character, 141;
takes pity on Claudius, and encourages him to write history, 182;
influence of the rhetoricians on him, 185;
whenever he wants to be argumentative he is infinitely harder than
Tacitus, 226;
stands forth as a great man in his age, 228.

_M. Livius Salinator_, near Ariminum, ii, 126.

_Lixæ_, i, 178.

_Loans_, earliest system of them, i, 387;
loan from the rich in Rome ii, 37.

_Locks_, known to the ancients, brought to perfection by the
Netherlanders in the fifteenth century, iii, 74.

_Locrians_, Ozolian, Ætolian, ii, 151.

_Locri_, i, 459;
taken by the Bruttians, ii, 107;
the first Greek town which declares for Hannibal, 107;
taken from Hannibal by Scipio, 133.

_Locris_, well affected to Macedon during the war of Hannibal, ii, 145;
subject to the rule of the Macedonians, 151;
a separate state, 163.

LOCUPLETES, i, 182;
_locupletes testes_, 182.

_Logau’s_ poems at the end of the thirty years’ war, iii, 340.

_M. Lollius_, legate, defeated by the Bructeri, iii, 153.

_Lombards_, carried on the money trade in medieval Italy, i, 227.

_Lombards_, fearing rebellions, pulled down the walls of all the
conquered towns in Italy, ii, 20;
pass the Po, iii, 287;
see Juthungi.

_Lombardy_, the cold there not less severe than in Germany, ii, 86.

_Louis XIII._, conspires against one of his subjects, iii, 333.

_Louis XIV._, the devastation of the Palatinate under him is the last
war of horrors, ii, 119.

_Luca_, colony founded, ii, 165;
congress between Cæsar, Pompey and Crassus, iii, 39.

_Lucanians_, sprung from the Sabine stock, i, 122;
not in a position of equality with the Œnotrians, 153;
war against them decided by a miraculous apparition, 219;
come from the Samnites, 419;
attack Heraclea and Metapontum, 463;
send ambassadors to Alexander the Great, 469;
hostile to the Greek, but partake of Greek civilization, 472;
called a Samnite colony, 478;
are Œnotrians become Samnites, 479;
never strong, 479;
union with Rome, 479;
independent, 505;
war with Tarentum, 510;
with the Samnites, 524;
again turn their arms against Rome, 544;
send ambassadors to Pyrrhus to Epirus, 557;
acknowledge the supremacy, 571;
in the service of Agathocles, 577;
fall away from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;
not trustworthy, 111;
hardly dealt with after the war of Hannibal, 187;
revolt in the Social war against Rome, 352.

_Lucania_, nearly the whole country under Honorius was pastureland, ii,
264.

_Lucan_, the Pharsalia wretched, iii, 132;
immensely read during the middle ages, 186;
the Lucanian school, 186.

_Luceres_, _Lucertes_, the third tribe of the earliest Roman
population, i, 129;
in the same relation to the two older tribes, as Ireland was to Great
Britain to the year 1782, 130;
introduced into the senate by Tarquinius Priscus, 141;
are called factio regis, 194.

_Luceria_, originally a Samnite town, taken from them by Apulians,
besieged by the Samnites, i, 486;
the conquest happened very likely in the year 439, 493;
receives a colony, 497; ii, 106.

_Lucerne_ and Berne, insurrection in the year 1657, i, 237.

_Lucerum_, name of the town on the Cœlius, i, 129.

_Lucian’s_ Lexiphanes, iii, 234;
overrated for some time, 234;
his style calls forth our admiration, 234.

_Lucilius_, from Suessa Aurunca, his verses, ii, 393.

_Lucilla_, sister of Commodus, iii, 248.

_Lucretia_, ii, 198;
her marriage with Collatinus belongs to poetry alone, 204.

_Lucretius_, Roman prætor, particularly notorious by his cruel deeds
against the Greeks, ii, 209.

_T. Lucretius Carus_, his eminence, iii, 128.

_Q. Lucretius Ofella_, besieges Præneste, ii, 381.

_Sp. Lucretius Tricipitinus_, belongs to the Ramnes, i, 200;
princeps Senatus, 201.

_Lucullus_, historian, i, 36.

_L. Lucullus_, general in Spain, ii, 223;
opinion of him, iii, 6;
outbreak against him, 8;
retreats to Cappadocia, 8;
recalled, 8.

_Lucumo_, joins Romulus in the war against the Sabines, i, 117;
title of an Etruscan king, 136.

_Lucus Petelinus_, place of assembly for the populus outside the town,
i, 269.

LUDI ROMANI, after the Licinian rogations a fourth day is added to them
for the plebeians, i, 405.

_Luneburg_, only one house left, i, 140.

_Lugdunensian tables_, i, 87, 190.

—LUS, adjective-termination, had a diminutive meaning given it at a
later period, i, 341.

_Lucitanians_, their dwelling-place, ii, 223;
Galba’s treachery to them, 224;
peace, 260.

_Lutatius._ See Catullus.

_Lycia_, civilised, even before it was hellenized, ii, 2;
under Egyptian rule, 147;
conquered by Syria, 148;
Rhodian, 183;
taken from the Rhodians by the Romans, 219; iii, 3.

_Lyciscus_, partisan of the Romans in Ætolia, ii, 209.

_Lycortas_, father of Polybius, ii, 209.

_Lydians_, under Atys emigrate to Tyrrhenia, i, 142;
after the destruction of Troy, they push forward nearer the coast and
subjugate the Meonians, 144.

_Lydia_, given to Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Lydus_, Joannes, makes use of excellent materials, i, 205;
was a heathen, iii, 335, note.

_Lygdamus_ is very likely not the name of the author of the poems in
the collection of Tibullus, iii, 137.

_Lysimachia_, destroyed by the Thracians, ii, 167;
fortified, 167;
its situation, 176.

_Lysimachus_, obtains the whole of Macedon after having shared it with
Pyrrhus, i, 554;
a curse on his house, 576.

M

_Maccabees_, iii, 2.

_Macedon_ abandons Antigonus Gonatas, proclaims Pyrrhus emperor, leaves
the latter again, and sides with Antigonus, i, 569;
extends in Philip’s times as far as the Nestus, ii, 161;
division of the country after the defeat of Perseus, 218;
province, 247;
favoured by Caracalla, iii, 238.

_Macedonians_, originally Pelasgians, i, 96, note;
their system of fighting in masses, 559;
their true home the mountains east of Illyria, ii, 152;
formerly under their own liege lords, then dependent on Philip, 153;
were no barbarians, 157.

_Macer._ See Licinius.

_Machanidas_ siezes upon the government of Sparta, ii, 145.

_Machares_, son of Mithridates, makes a separate peace with Pompey,
iii, 10.

_Macchiavell_, i, 251.

_Mack_, general, capitulates near Ulm, iii, 280.

_Macrianus_, Gessius, husband of Mamæa, iii, 260.

_M. Macrinus_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 259;
emperor, 259;
tries to restore discipline among the soldiers, 259;
rebellion, 259;
his death, 250;
was not, perhaps, of noble race, 266.

_Macro_, favourite of Tiberius, præfectus vigilum, iii, 176.

_Macrobius_, refuted, iii, 112;
flourished at end of the fourth century, 323.

_Mæcenas_, C. Cilnius, iii, 103, 134;
character, 154;
his ancestors on both sides seem to have been raised to the highest
magistracies at Arretium, 145.

_Sp. Mælius_ affords help during a famine, i, 337;
murdered by Servilius Ahala, 338.

_C. Mænius_, conquers on the river Astura, finishes the Latin war, i,
447;
prætor _rei gerendæ causa_, 496.

_Mæsa_, sister of Julia Domna, iii, 259;
forms a conspiracy against Macrinus, 260.

_Maestricht_, sacked in 1576, i, 577.

_Maffei_, proposes a union of the nobility of Venice and of the terra
firma, i, 512, 542.

_Magalia_, or Megara, suburb of Carthage, ii, 240.

_Magdeburg_, the number of its inhabitants, after its destruction,
reduced from thirty thousand to three thousand, i, 386, 500.

_Magister_, warden of the Vicus or pagus, i, 174; iii, 123.

_Magister equitum_, his office a continuation of the dignity of
tribunus celerum, i, 199;
not necessarily a patrician, 199.

_Magister populi_, i, 221.

_Dec. Magius_, allowed by Hannibal to leave Capua, ii, 67;
advises to remain true to the Romans, 105.

_Magnentius_, rebellion, iii, 305;
defeated by Constantine, 306.

_Magnesia_, constituted as an independent state, ii, 163.

_Magnesia_, on the Sipylus, battle, ii, 164, 178.

_Magnus_, surname of Caracalla, iii, 258.

_Mago_, brother of Hannibal, ii, 65, 123;
driven back to the Atlantic, 128;
goes to the Balearic isles, and from thence to Liguria, 128;
his progress in Italy, 139;
recalled, dies, 139.

_Maharbal_, commander of the Carthaginian cavalry, calls upon Hannibal
to follow him to Rome, ii, 103.

_Mai_, Angelo, his vanity, i, 40.

_Majorian_, emperor, iii, 343;
his high character, 344;
his undertakings and his death, 344.

_Malaga_, Phœnician settlement, ii, 59.

_Malchus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Malcus_ conquers Carthage, ii, 3.

_Cn. Mallius_, consul, his army destroyed by the Cimbri and Teutones,
ii, 325.

_Malta_, its evacuation demanded of the English after the peace of
Amiens, but not executed, i, 467.

_Maltese dialect_ still retains some Punic elements, ii, 5.

_Malthinus_, in Horace instead of Mæcenas, iii, 135.

_Mamæa_, younger daughter of Mœsa, iii, 260;
mother of Alexander Severus, 261;
her avarice, 262;
murdered, 267.

_Mamertines_, get possession of Messana by treachery, i, 566, 567;
common name for the Oscan mercenaries, 577;
apply to the Romans, 579;
independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

_Mamertus_, Claudius, iii, 326.

_L. Mancinus_, consul, ii, 237.

_Mancinus_, C. Hostilius, defeated by the inhabitants of Numantia, ii,
262;
delivered up to the Numantines, but not accepted, 262.

_Mandonius_, Spanish chief, joins an insurrection against Scipio, ii,
129.

_Manichæism_, iii, 316.

_M’. Manilius_, consul, ii, 232;
a highly distinguished jurist, ii, 234.

_Maniple_, i, 197.

_Manlius Capitolinus_, condemned to death not by the people, but by the
Curies, i, 94;
befriends the sufferers, 392;
condemned by the _concilium populi_, 395;
thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 395.

_Manlius_ drives back the Gauls, i, 382.

_C. Manlius Torquatus_, his duel with a Gaul seems to be historical, i,
409.

_C. Manlius_, general of Catiline in Etruria, iii, 23.

_Cn. Manlius_, killed in the Veientine war, i, 261.

_Cn. Manlius_, consul, his campaign against the Galatians, ii, 181;
conquers them, 183.

_L. Manlius_, consul, with Regulus to Africa, ii, 20;
recalled, 21.

_T. Manlius_, consul, his declaration against the Latins, i, 438;
has his son executed for disobedience, 440.

_Mannert’s_ work on ancient Italy can only receive very qualified
recommendation, i, 75.

_Mantua_, iii, 101.

_Manutius_, his commentary to Cicero’s epistles indispensable, i, 269,
_note_; iii, 94;
his researches on Roman jurisdiction, ii, 299.

_Maps_, disadvantage of the want of them, ii, 95.

_Marble_, its first introduction into Rome, ii, 394;
Carrara marble first brought into use by Augustus, iii, 149;
foreign, 222.

_Marbod_, his kingdom, iii, 154, 159.

_Marcellinus_, prince of Illyria, iii, 344.

_Marcellinus_, see Ammianus.

_C. Marcellus_, consul, iii, 49;
cancels the decree of Curio, 51.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, distinguished captain, slays Viridomarus, ii,
56;
gains a victory near Clastidium, 56;
drives Hannibal back near Nola, 107;
Hannibal’s opinion of him, 110;
conquers Syracuse, 117;
his alleged humanity, 118;
is the first to carry works of Grecian art in mass to Rome, 118;
enriches the temple of Virtus and Honor, 119;
defeated by Hannibal, dies of his wounds, 119.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, thrice consul, his generous conduct in Spain,
ii, 222, 257.

_Marcellus_, M. Claudius, general in the Cimbrian war, ii, 330.

_M. Marcellus_, consul, annoys and offends Cæsar, iii, 49, 78.

_M. Marcellus_, son of Octavia, iii, 143;
differences between him and Agrippa, 146;
dies, 146.

_Marcellus_, Sextus Valerius, husband of Soæmis, iii, 259.

_Marcia_, concubine of Commodus, iii, 248, 249.

_Marciana_, Trajan’s sister, iii, 217.

_Marcianopolis_, in the neighbourhood of Schumla, iii, 318.

_Marcius_, see Ancus, Philip.

_C. Marcius Rutilus_, first plebeian censor and dictator, i, 415.

_L. Marcius_, according to Livy retrieves the losses of the Romans, an
improbable story, ii, 121.

_L. Marcius Censorinus_, consul, 232.

_Marcomanni_, iii, 155, 211;
cross the Danube, 240;
mentioned for the last time, 242;
the war against them had two different epochs.

_Mardia_, battle, iii, 300.

_Marforio_, iii, 211, _note_.

_Maria_, daughter of Stilicho, wife of Honorius, iii, 332.

_Marinus_, proclaimed emperor, soon after murdered, iii, 272.

_C. Marius_, his descent, ii, 318;
the name is Oscan, 318;
must have made some money, 318;
superstitious, 319;
consul, 320;
demagogue, 320;
disdained the refinement of his age, 320;
a first-rate general, 320;
gets the chief command in Numidia, 321;
ends the war with Jugurtha, 321;
further consulships, 322, 325;
author of the great change in Roman tactics, 325;
takes every able-bodied man into the army, 326;
defeats the Ambrones, 329;
the Teutones, 330;
fifth consulship, 331;
victory near Vercellæ, 333;
sixth consulship, 333;
triumph, 333;
his weakness, 333;
his conduct at the legislation of Saturninus, 337;
declares against Saturninus and Glancia, 339;
distinguishes himself in the Social war, 356;
his relation to Sylla, 359;
sinks in his later days in moral worth, 365;
outlawed together with his son and partisans, 368;
hides himself in a marsh, 368;
escapes to Africa, 368;
recalled by Cinna, 371;
consul for the seventh time, 373;
dies, 374;
married to the sister of Cæsar’s father, iii, 29.

_C. Marius_, son or nephew of Marius, consul, ii, 380;
defeated by Sylla near Sacriportus, 381;
flies to Præneste, 381, 383.

_L. Marius_, ambassador of Sertorius to Mithridates, ii, 408.

_Marius_, armourer, emperor, iii, 283.

_Marius Gratidianus_, cousin of Marius, ii, 373.

_Markland_, Jeremy, the first who speaks without prejudice of Virgil,
iii, 133.

_Maronea_, Macedonian, ii, 203.

_Marrana_, canal, five miles from Rome, which carries the water of the
low ground at Grotta Ferrara into the Tiber, i, 289.

_Marrucinians_, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;
side with the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;
revolt against the Romans in the Social war, 352;
make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

_El Marsa_, the ancient Magalia, ii, 240.

_Marsala_, the ancient Lilybæum, ii, 30.

_Marsians_, of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;
allies of Romans, i, 505;
side with Romans after battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;
had a share in the Apulian pastures, ii, 282;
equal to the Romans in refinement, 352;
revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352;
had a language of their own, but Latin letters, 353;
make a separate peace with Rome, 357;
their relation to Rome, 358.

_Marshes_ near Pisa, ii, 89;
the Pontine marshes drained by Trajan, as far as they can be drained,
iii, 223.

MARSICUM BELLUM, ii, 365.

_Martha_, Syrian soothsayer, ii, 319.

_Martial_, his flatteries, iii, 211.

_Mascov_, i, 33; iii, 127.

_Masinissa_, prince of the Massylians, ii, 135;
goes over to the Romans, 136;
against Syphax, 136;
conquers Cirta, 137;
lays claim to Bysacene, 229;
war with Carthage, 230;
defeats Hasdrubal, 230;
his faithfulness to Rome wavers, 233;
makes Scipio executor of his will, 309.

_Massesyles_, ii, 5.

_Massilia_, transactions with Rome, probably on account of the
fisheries, i, 458;
besieged, iii, 36;
had always been a staunch ally to the Romans, 36.

_Massilians_, get from Rome a strip of country for protection against
the Ligurians, ii, 307.

_Massiva_, descendant of Masinissa, murdered by Jugurtha, ii, 315.

_Massylians_, people on the frontiers of what is now Tunis, ii, 135.

_Mastanabal_, son of Masinissa, ii, 309;
imbued with Greek learning, 309.

_Mastarna_, name of Servius Tullius in Etruscan annals, i, 88, 154,
190.

MASTRUCÆ, sheepskins of the Sardinians, ii, 5.

_Maternus_, iii, 213.

_Mausoleum_, iii, 148.

_Maxentius_, son of Maximian, Cæsar, iii, 297;
his conduct to his father, 299;
war with Constantine, 299;
the taxes raised, 299;
defeated near Turin, and then near Ponte Mollo, 299.

_Maximian_, colleague of Diocletian, iii, 293;
his coarseness, 294;
resigns his dignity, 295;
lives at Milan, 296;
returns to Rome, 296;
goes to Gaul, differences with Constantine, his death, 299.

_Maximin_, the first barbarian adventurer who rose to the imperial
throne, iii, 266;
born in Thrace, 266;
earlier history, 266;
did not even understand Greek, 267;
his son an amiable and well-bred young man, 267;
his cruelty, 267;
his wars, 268;
insurrection in Thysdrus, 268;
insurrection in Italy, 269;
murdered, 270;
chronology, 270.

_Maximinus Daza_, nephew of Galerius, Cæsar in the East, iii, 279;
Augustus, 298;
war with Licinius, death, 300.

_Maximus_, L. Appius, puts down the insurrection of Saturninus in
Germany, iii, 213.

_Maximus_, M. Clodius Pupienus, emperor, iii, 269;
murdered, 270.

_Maximus_, revolt in Britain, emperor, iii, 321;
marches against Valentinian II., 321;
defeated near Aquileia, 321.

_Maximus_, proclaimed emperor by Gerontius, iii, 335.

_Maxyes_, ii, 5.

_Mazzochi_, i, 68.

_Mecklenburgh_, the Vandal (Wendish) language vanished, i, 145.

_Medes_, have Persian language, iii, 264.

_Medicis_, Cosmo of, plots in his family, iii, 167.

_Media_, the king beseeches the protection of Antony, iii, 108;
Persian vassal kingdom, 253.

_Mediterranean_, the Sirocco increases in summer often into the most
dreadful hurricanes, ii, 25;
southern gales there are most dangerous, north winds harmless, 27;
north-easterly winds dangerous at the meeting of the currents of the
Adriatic and the Pontus, 27.

_Megara_, given up to Philip by the Achæans, ii, 155;
Achæan, 163.

_Megara._ See Megalia.

_Melas_, general, bungling and stupid, ii, 84.

_Melians_, among them the government placed in the hands of the men
above sixty, i, 181.

_Melpum_, in the country of the Insubrians, said to have been destroyed
on the same day with Veii, i, 364;
must have stood near the spot where Milan is now, 365.

_Melville_, general, his researches on the march of Hannibal over the
Alps, ii, 77.

_C. Memmius_, tribune of the people, moves for an inquiry against
Calpurnius Bestia, ii, 314;
opposes Saturninus, 335, 337;
consul, 339;
murdered, 339.

_Mena_, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

_Menalcidas_, general of the Achæan league, ii, 249;
bribed by the Oropians, 249.

_Menander_, his tone compared to that of Horace, iii, 136.

_Menecrates_, commander of S. Pompey, iii, 109.

_Mentz_, devastated, iii, 308.

_Meonians_ are Tyrrhenians, distinguished from the Lydians, i, 144.

_Mercenaries_, war against Carthage, ii, 44;
rising in Sardinia against Carthage, 45.

_Mericus_, Spanish general of the mercenaries before Syracuse, bribed
by Marcellus, ii, 118.

_Merida_, down to the Arabian times a first-rate town, its foundation,
iii, 150.

_Merobaudes_, iii, 324, 325.

_Merovæus_, king of the Franks, iii, 340.

_Merula_, Paul, has perhaps committed a fraud in his edition of the
fragments of Ennius, i, 25.

_Merula_, L. Cornelius, chosen consul in Cinna’s stead, is again
deposed, ii, 373;
his death, 373.

_Mesomedes_, a lyric poet, had a pension from Hadrian, iii, 233.

_Mesopotamia_ under Roman supremacy, iii, 254.

_Messala_, Valerius, surnamed from Messana, i, 581.

_Messala_, M. Valerius, spoke Greek, iii, 84, 98;
prose writer, 130;
orator of about the same standing as Virgil, 130.

_Messana_, conquered by the Mamertines, i, 566;
massacre, 573, 577;
besieged by Hiero and the Carthaginians, 581.

_Messapians_, Grecian name for Sallentines, i, 46;
hellenized, ii, 355.

_Messenians_, separated from the Ætolians and Achæans, ii, 151;
independent, 163.

_Metapontum_, i, 459;
attacked by the Lucanians, 463;
taken by Cleonymus, 510;
goes over to Hannibal, ii, 110.

_Metellus_, tribune of the people, iii, 55.

_Metellus_, C. Cæcilius, prætor, against the Sennonian Gauls, i, 546;
defeated, 546.

_Metellus_, L. Cæcilius, besieged by Hasdrubal near Palermo, defeats
him, ii, 28.

_Q. Metellus Celer_ against Catiline, iii, 24.

_Q. Metellus Macedonicus_, conquers Andriscus, ii, 247;
scatters the Achæans near Scarphea, 253;
all his four sons consulars, 307.

_Metellus_, Q. Cæcilius Numidicus, ii, 307;
goes to Africa, 316;
character, 316;
war against Jugurtha, 317;
conduct towards Marius, 317;
opposes the laws moved for by Saturninus and goes into exile to
Rhodes, 338;
recalled, 340.

_Q. Metellus Pius_ ends the Nolan war, ii, 374;
in the Romagna, 380;
against Sertorius, 401.

Μετεωρία, iii, 1.

_Metres_, anapæsts of the modern Greeks, and those among the Sclavonic
nations, ii, 198.

_Mexicans_, their name transferred upon the Spaniards there, i, 143.

_Mezentius_, probably the Etruscan conqueror of Cære, and also of
Latium, i, 147.

_Micali_, i, 73.

_Micipsa_, son of Masinissa, ii, 309.

_Middleton_, life of Cicero, iii, 94.

_Miguel_, Dom, his most intimate confidant is his barber, iii, 183.

_Milan_, residence of Maximian, iii, 296.

_Military colonies_ of Sylla, ii, 384;
of Augustus, iii, 125.

_Military service_, the obligation for it lasted in Sparta until the
sixtieth year, i, 180;
regulated by general laws, 572.

_Military tribunes_, law, that he who had been military tribune should
no more become a centurion, i, 434;
appointed part of them by the tribes and part by the consuls, 434.

_Military tribunes with consular power_, i, 327;
inferior to the consuls, 329;
their number changes, 330;
their election seems to have passed from the centuries to the tribes,
331, 347, 416;
were almost without any exception patricians, 401.

_Milo_, general of Pyrrhus in Tarentum, i, 568;
character, 570;
sells Tarentum, 570,

_Milo_, T. Annius, iii, 38, and _note_;
insurrection, 65.

_Mimes_, consisted very much of improvisation, iii, 129, 141.

_Minerva_, her worship on the Capitol Etruscan, i, 148.

_Minervina_, Constantine’s first wife, iii, 298.

_Minority_ decides in the constitution of Servius Tullius, i, 183.

_Minturnæ_, Roman fortress, i, 510.

_Minucius_, consul, surrounded by the Æquians on the Algidus, i, 282.

_Minucius_, magister equitum, defeated by Hannibal, ii, 97.

_L. Minucius Augurinus_, præfectus annonæ, i, 337.

_Misenum_, peace, iii, 105.

_Misitheus_, præfectus prætorio of young Gordian, iii, 270;
others call him Timesicles, or Timesitheus, 270, 271;
father-in-law of Gordian, 271;
is said to have owed his death to the arts of Philip, 271.

_Mithridates_ of Pontus, gets Great Phrygia, ii, 268;
by bribery, 268.

_Mithridates_, king of Pontus, descent, ii, 360;
his earlier history, 361;
outbreak of the war with Rome, 363;
conquers, 363;
brought up in the Greek manner, 364;
on his coins there is the sun and the moon, 364;
received with rapture in Greece, 364;
accepts the peace, 376;
second war, 407;
third war, 408; iii, 5;
extent of his empire, iii, 1;
overrated in history, 5;
besieges Cyzicus, 6;
flies to Tigranes, 7;
breaks into Cappadocia, 8;
conquered by Pompey, 10;
his death, 11.

_Mitylene_, free, ii, 151.

_Mnaseas_, pupil of Aristarchus, i, 100.

_Modena_, probably fortified after the battle of Clastidium, afterwards
lost again, ii, 57;
Roman colony, 165;
must have been of very great extent, iii, 89;
war of Mutina, 89.

_Mœsia_, war of Crassus, iii, 151.

_Möser_, Justus, i, 175;
his remark concerning the ancient Germans, iii, 154.

_Mohammed_, an inspired enthusiast, or a crafty impostor, ii, 123.

_Mohocks_, in the times of Queen Anne, i, 281.

MOLES HADRIANI, iii, 235;
the tower still existed in the middle ages, 235.

_Molossians_, their empire first rising from insignificance in the
Peloponnesian war, i, 552;
their princely race branches into two lines, that of Arymbas and that
of Neoptolemus, 552.

_Mons sacer_, i, 236.

_Montbeliard_, in its neighbourhood there are magnificent ruins of a
place, iii, 203.

_Monte Sasso di Castro_, i, 414, _note_.

_Monte Testaccio_, iii, 330.

_Montesquieu, sur les causes_, &c., a masterly work, i, 71, 186, 251;
mistaken with regard of the struggle of the _optimates_ and the
_equites_, ii, 341.

_Moors_, disturbances under Hadrian, iii, 229;
under Antoninus Pius, 236;
invade Spain under M. Antoninus, 268;
have never been quite subject to Roman rule, 268.

_Moreau_, was general of division already in his first campaign, iii,
30.

_Morelli_, abbate, i, 64, 279.

_Morgetians_ of the same stock as the Pelasgians, i, 116.

_Mortgage_, the Roman law of mortgage borrowed from the Athenian, i,
229.

_Mosaic_, its rise, iii, 275;
peculiar to the West, 327.

_Mosheim_, iii, 126.

_Motye_, conquered by Dionysius, i, 575;
Carthaginian, ii, 4;
Phœnician settlement, 4;
destroyed, 4.

_Movement_, trochaic or iambic, of native use among the Romans, ii,
198.

_Mucianus_, Licinius, in Parthia, against Vitellius, iii, 198;
of noble birth, 200;
character, 200.

_Mucias Scævola_, i, 211;
the Mucii Scævola plebeians, 211;
Mucius was, in the old poems, certainly called only C. Mucius, 211.

_P. Mucius_, a tribune, causes his nine colleagues to be burnt alive,
i, 294;
criticism on this statement, 294, 325.

_P. Mucius Scævola_, consul, ii, 279;
called upon by Scipio Nasica to take strong measures, 286;
a great lawyer, iii, 16.

_Q. Mucius Scævola_, in great danger of being condemned guiltless, ii,
342;
pontifex maximus, murdered, 381.

_Von Müller_, Johannes, i, 165, 214.

_Mulcta_, regulations concerning its amount, i, 339.

_Mummius_, _novus homo_, ii, 255;
takes Corinth, 255.

_Mummius_, tribune of the people, ii, 285.

_Munatia Plancina_, daughter of Munatius Plancus, wife of Piso, iii,
172.

_Munatius Plancus_, iii, 37;
in Gaul, 87;
a native of Tiber, a man of distinguished intellect, a Cæsarian, 107;
a flatterer, 117;
a skilful orator, 130.

_Municipia_, i, 449.

_Murcia_, dependent on Carthage, ii, 5.

_L. Murena_, general against Mithridates, ii, 407.

_Mursa_, the present Essek in Slavonia, iii, 306.

_Musicians_, i, 177.

_Mutina._ See Modena.

_Mutines_, a Numidian Captain, treacherously goes over to the Romans,
ii, 119.

_Mylæ_ (Milazzo), naval victory of Duilius, ii, 15;
battle, iii, 109.

_Myonnesus_, sea fight, ii, 175.

_Mysia_, in the possession of Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Mysians_, push forward after the destruction of Troy to the coast of
Asia Minor, i, 144.

N

_Nabis_, tyrant of Lacedæmon, ii, 151;
peace with Rome, 163;
slain in a riot, 163.

_Cn. Nævius_, his _bellum Punicum_ in Saturnian rhythm, i, 16; ii, 196;
the year in which he first brought out a play undecided, i, 16;
libellous verses against the Metelli, 17;
cannot have died in Utica, 18;
Varro places his death at a later period than others did, 18;
gives the legend of the Troian settlement, 105;
has himself served in the first Punic war, ii, 21;
has written tragedies and comedies, 196;
an eminent poet, 196.

_Names_, too great a stress should not be laid on their resemblance, i,
99;
those ending in _-ing_ and _-ung_, names of dynasties, iii, 280.

_Naples_, saying of Prince Canosa, ii, 298;
butchery of 1799, 306;
the dregs of the populace armed in 1799, 386.

_Napoleon_, negotiation between him and Fox in the year 1806, i, 565;
twenty-seven or twenty-eight years of age when he undertook the
Italian campaign, ii, 64;
battle of Marengo, 84;
his plight after the battle of Borodino, 106;
in the Russian campaign the Italian troops suffered less than the
northern nations did, 330;
falls into the hands of an Austrian patrol, iii, 47;
his opinion of Tiberius, 174;
knew Roman military history very well, 174;
sometimes sick of war, 220;
charge of cowardice unfounded, deficient in moral courage, 294;
should have died at Waterloo, 294.

_Narbo_ acquires the Roman franchise by the lex Julia, ii, 354;
_colonia civium Romanorum_, 354.

_Narcissus_, iii, 183.

_Narni_, conf., Nequinum.

_Nasidienus_ in Horace, means Salvidienus, iii, 135.

_Nasos_, of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_National Convention_, iii, 173.

_Naupactus_, siege, ii, 174.

_Navius._ See Attus.

_Navigation laws_, first traces of them among the Romans, ii, 45.

_Neapolis_, founded, i, 470;
of Chalcidian origin, 470;
situation, 471;
receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472;
betrayed to the Romans, 473;
obtains a favourable alliance, 473.

_Neapolis_, suburb of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Nebrodian_ mountains, ii, 8.

NEGOTIATORES, bankers, i, 515;
bloodsuckers in the provinces, ii, 297.

_Nemesian_, poem on the chase, iii, 292.

_Nemi_, its lake higher than that of Alba, i, 359;
aqueduct made by Augustus, iii, 149.

_Neniæ_, i, 91;
two of them still preserved in the tombs of the Scipios, 91.

_Neodamodes_ in Sparta, ii, 22.

_Neoptolemus_, prince of the Molossians, father of Olympias, i, 552.

_Nepet._ See Sutrium.

_Nepheris_, ii, 237.

_Nepos_, Julius, emperor, iii, 346.

_Nequinum_, Latin colony under the name of Narnia, i, 509, 524.

_Nero_, emperor, in his time the style of architecture first changed,
iii, 148;
son of Agrippina by her first marriage, 183;
adopted by Claudius, 183, 184;
mannerism of his writing, 186;
emperor, 188;
his parents, 188;
pupil of Seneca and Burrhus, 189;
his profligacy, 189;
uncertain whether he set Rome on fire, 190;
builds the golden palace, 190;
seems to have been insane, 192;
strolls about Greek towns, 192;
kills himself, 194.

_Nero_, C. Claudius, sent to Spain, ii, 122;
opposes Hannibal, 126;
his bold expedition against Hasdrubal before Sena Gallica, 126.

_Nero_, Ti. Claudius, husband of Livia, tries to get up an insurrection
in favour of the proscribed, iii, 99, 102;
compelled by Augustus to give up to him Livia, 142;
quæstor with Cæsar, 156;
flies to Naples, 156.

_Nerva_, M. Cocceius, his history imperfectly known, iii, 214;
character of his government, 215;
adopts Trajan, 215;
dies, 217.

_Nervians_, seems to have had no serfs, iii, 44.

_Nestor_, Russian chronicle of the eleventh century, i, 14.

_Netherlands_, their growing prosperity at the time of the thirty
years’ war, i, 459;
horrors of year 1576, 577;
constitution, ii, 248.

_New-Platonism_, iii, 293, 310.

_Newton_, Sir I., assigns seventeen years as an average to each king,
i, 83.

_Nexum_ and _Nexus_ i, 230;
done away with, 522.

_Niall_, the Great of Ireland, fabulous tales concerning him, i, 86.

_Nibelungen_, existing only in the form in which the poem was composed
in the thirteenth century, i, 13;
interpreted as an historical war of the Burgundians, 29;
historical characters appear in it, but nothing of the whole poem
belongs to history, 85;
it cannot be chronologically placed anywhere, 214;
originally Gothic, iii, 317.

_Nice_, council, iii, 303.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 181.

_Nicomedes_, son of Prusias, hostage in Rome, ii, 221;
his territory enlarged, 267.

_Nicomedes_, king of Bithynia, ii, 362;
leaves his kingdom to the Romans, iii, 1.

_Nicomedia_, destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278;
residence of Diocletian, 296.

_Nicopolis_, besieged by the Goths, relieved by Decius, iii, 278.

_Niebuhr_, B. G., his attention directed to Roman history by political
affairs, i, 74;
relied too much on Varro’s authority, wherefore he arrived only late
at clear views, 103, _note_;
searches for the old churches in Rome, 122, _note_;
deemed at first Rome to be an Etruscan colony, 148;
first led to critical researches on Roman history by the _jus
agrarium_, 250;
his researches on Roman topography arisen from the discovery of the
spot of the Curia Hostilia, 270, _note_;
retracts his opinion, first expressed in the first edition of his
Roman history, that three envoys had been sent to Athens to
collect the Greek laws, 295;
understands the first Punic wars from the campaign of the English in
1812, ii, 9;
takes much trouble to become acquainted with farming in Italy, 273;
makes out the place on the Palatine where Cicero’s house stood, iii,
36;
puts up Cæsar’s Commentaries as subjects for a prize essay, 40;
intended to continue his Roman history down to the institution of the
Feriæ Augustæ, 115;
keeps the laurel from the grave of Virgil as a dear relic, 133;
lived in Rome beside the theatre of Marcellus, 149;
on Petronius, 276.

_Niebuhr_, Carsten, meets in Arabia with positive news of the seven
years’ war, i, 469;
conf. d’Anville.

_Night marches_, people always arrive later than is calculated, i, 568,

_P. Nigidius Ficulus_, iii, 127.

_Nisibis_, the ancient Zobah, iii, 8;
border fortress of the Romans against Persia, 8.

_Nissa_, on the borders of Bulgaria and Servia, battle, iii, 284.

_Nizza_, taken, ii, 220.

_Nobility_, ii, 268.

_Nola_, Samnite colony, i, 426;
hellenized, 472;
conquered by the Romans, 496;
taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355;
destroyed, 406.

NOLANUM BELLUM, ii, 365.

NOMEN DARE, ABNUERE, i, 233.

_Nomentans_, acquire the full right of Roman citizenship after the
Latin war, i, 448.

_A. Nonius_, elected tribune, murdered by the influence of Saturninus,
ii, 336.

_Nonius Asprenas_, iii, 158, 159.

_Nonius Marcellus_, iii, 323.

_Norba_, i, 344.

_C. Norbanus Balbus_, consul, democrat, ii, 378;
defeated by Sylla near Canusium and the Mount Tifata, 380.

_Noricans_, i, 369;
of Celtic descent, 370.

_Normandy_, the excavations there betoken towns of great extent, iii,
203.

_Normans_, gain settlements in Neustria, ii, 181;
devastations in the ninth and tenth centuries, iii, 280.

_North America_, hardly any homebred population, i, 163;
there are in the United States similar sentiments said to prevail as
in Carthage, ii, 7.

_Notarii_, see Scribæ.

NOTA CENSORIA, i, 336.

_Nubia_ becomes a Roman province under Trajan, iii, 221.

_Nuceria_, yields itself up to the Romans, but afterwards falls off
again, i, 479;
reconquered by the Romans, 504;
the story of the murder of the senate unauthenticated, ii, 65;
conquered by Papius Mutilus, 355.

_Nuremberg_, the guilds crushed, i, 168.

_Numa Pompilius_, poetical account of him, i, 80;
born on the day of the foundation of Rome, 84;
first sæculum at Rome ends with his death, 84;
belongs, as husband of Egeria, to the cycle of the Gods, 85;
the account of his election merely a representation taken from the
books of rituals, 123;
compromises the dissension between the Romans and Sabines, 124;
doubles the number of augurs and pontiffs, 124;
all the spiritual law traced back to him, 156;
imagined to have been a Pythagorean, a truly Sabine tradition, 489,
_note_.

_Numantia_, town of the Arevaci, ii, 260;
situation, 260;
the peace with Pompey not approved by Rome, 261;
delivers up Mancinus out of regard for Ti. Gracchus, 262;
destruction by Scipio, 263.

_Numeri_, original meaning, i, 81.

_Numerian_, son of Carus, well educated, but unwarlike, iii, 290.

_Numerical systems_, two different ones in the Roman legends, i, 106.

_Numidia_, united with the province of Africa, most of it an
independent kingdom, ii, 321.

_Numidians_, ruthless and reckless, ii, 66;
excellent for foraging, reconnoitring, harassing the enemy, by no
means fitted to stand the shock of the battle, 101;
have an alphabet of their own, 310;
extent of their kingdom, 310.

_Numidian kings_ receive the Carthaginian library, ii, 310.

_Numidian horsemen_, the Cossacks of the ancients, ii, 11.

_Numitor_, prænomen, i, 112.

NUMMI RESTITUTI of Trajan, i, 403.

_Numonius Vala_, iii, 158.

_Nundines_ are no more to be the same as court-days, i, 520.

_Nursia_, Val di Norcia, constitution anterior to the French
revolution, ii, 397;
its inhabitants of the present day, 398;
in Cicero’s times, 398.

NURSINA DURITIES, ii, 397; iii, 200.

_Nymphius_, i, 473.

O

_Obrecht_, one of the ornaments of Germany, i, 70.

OBSESSIO, i, 354.

OBTORTO COLLO, i, 267.

_Oceanus_, statue on the Forum Martium, iii, 211.

_Ocellus_, the Lucanian, has hardly written all the works attributed to
him, i, 18.

Ὄχλος, the mass of the poor, i, 169.

_Octavia_, half-sister of Octavian, widow of Marcellus, marries Antony,
iii, 104;
divorce, 110;
the most respectable of all the Roman matrons, 143.

_C. Octavianus_, (conf. C. Octavius,), makes particular advances to
Cicero, iii, 85;
gets prætorian power, 88;
the war of Mutina, 89;
suspected of having caused the death of Hirtius and Pansa, 90;
consul, 91;
triumvirate, 91;
battle of Philippi, 97;
accused of not having taken the least share in the battle, 98;
his cruelty after the war, 99;
the Perusian war, 103;
peace of Brundusium, 103;
receives the West, 104;
peace of Misenum, 105;
war against S. Pompey, defeated near Taurominium, 108;
his fleet, 111;
battle of Actium, 111;
to Egypt, 113;
conf. Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, grandson of the sister of Julius Cæsar, his heir _ex
dodrante_, iii, 83;
of the equestrian order, 84;
his age, 84;
sent to Apollonia, 84;
from Velitræ, 147;
conf. Octavian and Augustus.

_C. Octavius_, C. F., a worthy man, dies early, iii, 83.

_Cn. Octavius_, consul, colleague of Sylla, ii, 367, 368;
opposes Cinna, 370;
murdered, 373.

_M. Octavius_, tribune of the people. friend of Ti. Gracchus, ii, 281;
turns against Gracchus, 281;
deposed 281.

_M. Octavius_, Pompey’s best general, iii, 58, 59.

_Octavius Mamilius_, son-in-law of Tarquinius Superbus, i, 210, 216,
218.

_Odenathus_, king of Palmyra, justly reckoned among the great men of
the East, iii, 281;
princeps Saracenorum, 281.

_Odoachar_, iii, 347.

_Œnomaus_, leader in the servile war, ii, 406.

_Œnotrians_, earliest inhabitants of Southern Italy, i, 98.

_Œnotria_ proper, the present Basilicata and Calabria, i, 143.

_Ofella._ See Lucretius.

_Ofellus_ in Horace, ii, 396; iii, 134.

_Officers_, the class of officers one of the best things in the Roman
military system, i, 434.

_Olybrius_, emperor, iii, 345.

_Olympiads_, the reckoning by them very late among the Greeks, i, 149.

_Olympiëum_, iii, 230.

_Olympus_, Mount, ii, 212.

_Opicans_, crush the Siculians in Central Italy, i, 98;
in Samnium and Campania, 98;
held in great contempt by the Greeks, 489, note.

_L. Opimius_, prætor, destroys Fregellæ, ii, 292;
consul, 303;
persecutes the partisans of C. Gracchus, 305;
declares for Jugurtha, 311;
condemned, 316.

_Oppidum_, town wall, also a town surrounded by walls, i, 330, note.

_C. Oppius_, author of the book, _de bello Africano_, iii, 40;
Cæsar’s friend, 40.

_Sp. Oppius_, decemvir, president of the senate, i, 307;
becomes obnoxious, 308;
dies in prison, 316.

_Orbi_, _orbæque_, pay a tax for the equites, i, 351.

_Orchomenes_, in the power of Philip, ii, 155.

_Orchomenus_, in Arcadia, ii, 250.

_Orders_ in Cologne, i, 161.

ORDINANZA DELLA GIUSTIZIA in Florence, i, 542.

_Orestians_, well inclined to the Romans, ii, 153;
free, probably united with Thessaly, 163.

_Orestes._ See Aurelius.

_Orestes_, a patrician, iii, 346.

_Oreus_, taken by the Romans, ii, 146.

_Oricum_, situation, iii, 58.

_Origen_, addresses letters to the emperor Philip, iii, 272.

_Orkney_ islands, visited by Agricola, iii, 211.

_Orleans_, besieged by Attila, relieved by Aëtius, iii, 340;
conf. Genabum.

_Oropians_, quarrel with the Athenians, ii, 249.

_Orosius_ seems to have written from an abstract of Livy, but assigns
dates which clash with him, i, 59;
exaggerates, 553;
an unadulterated source for the history of the Cimbri and Teutones,
ii, 329.

_Osca_, (Huesca,) town in Northern Spain, academy there, ii, 400.

_Oscan_, histories of Italy, not written in the Oscan but in Greek, i,
18;
Oscan language distinguished from the Sabine by Varro, 99;
Oscan language still existing in some monuments, 105;
Oscan people receive isopolity, 572;
Oscans in the service of Agathocles, 577.

_Osroëne_, Persian vassal kingdom, iii, 253;
Roman province, 258.

_Ossaja_, the name does not refer to the battle of the Trasimene lake,
but was formerly called Orsaria, ii, 91.

_Ostia_, founded by Ancus, i, 132;
holds out against the Gauls, 381;
devastated, ii, 372;
the harbour bad, iii, 73;
filled with silt, 222.

_Ostrogoths_, iii, 317;
rush into the places left by the Visigoths, 318;
in Illyricum, 329.

_Otho_, M. Salvius, his person, iii, 195;
proclaimed emperor, 196;
war against Vitellius, 197;
battle near Bedriacum, 197;
puts an end to his life, 197;
character, 197.

_Otho_, emperor, makes a question rising out of the law of inheritance
to be decided by an appeal to the judgment of God, i, 132.

_Ottilienberg_ in Alsace, the heathen wall there evidently an Etruscan
work, i, 146.

_Ovid_, the greatest Roman poet after Catullus, iii, 139;
influence of his age on him, 140.

P

_Pacuvius_, nephew of Ennius, composes only in imitation of Æschylus
and Sophocles, ii, 199;
tragic writer, 392.

_Pacuvius_, tribune of the people, iii, 118.

_Padua_, see Patavium.

_Pæstum_, Roman colony, ii, 106;
conf. Posidonia.

_Pætus_, Thrasea, iii, 190.

_Paganism_, the attempt of Julian to revive it a downright absurdity,
iii, 310.

PAGI, subdivision of the tribes in the country, i, 174.

_Paix_ of Fexhe, i, 243.

_Palæopolis_, a Cuman colony, i, 470;
its situation, 471;
receives Samnite auxiliaries, 472;
betrayed by Rome, disappears from the face of the earth, 473.

_Palazzo Savelli_, iii, 149.

_Palatine_ and Aventine hostile to each other, i, 113;
Palatine, seat of the noblest patrician tribe, 115.

_Palestrina_, see Præneste.

_Pallas_, iii, 183.

_Palmerius_, see Paulmier.

_Palmyra_, makes head against Sapor, iii, 281;
the empire acknowledged by Gallienus, 282;
its extent, 283;
protects the eastern frontier, 284;
destroyed, 286.

_Pamphylia_, whether, after the peace of Antiochus with the Romans, it
remained under the rule of Antiochus, uncertain, ii, 180;
Roman, iii, 3.

_Panætius_, ii, 238.

_Panegyrists_, iii, 324.

_Pangæus_, gold mines, iii, 97.

_Pannonia_, subjected, iii, 151.

_Pannonians_, of Liburnian race, called by the Greeks Pæonians, had a
language of their own, iii, 151;
revolt, 155;
had Roman manner, 155.

_Panormus_, (Palermo,) Carthaginian, ii, 4;
taken by the Romans, 27;
a thoroughly Greek city, 29;
Roman, 116.

_Pansa_, a generous and wise man, iii, 80;
a commonplace soldier, 85;
consul, 87;
the war of Mutina, 89;
wounded, 89.

_Pantheon_ of Agrippa, the finest relic of ancient Rome, iii, 144, 148.

_Panvinius_, Onuphrius, elucidates the Roman antiquities, i, 68;
weak in Greek literature, 68.

_Paphlagonia_, ii, 376.

_Papinian_, murdered by Caracalla, iii, 263;
a great jurist, 275;
excellent with regard to language, 275.

_Papirius_, see Carbo.

_L. Papirius_, a written law attributed to him, i, 5.

_L. Papirius Cursor_, dictator, character, i, 482;
consul, 493;
appointed dictator by the consul Fabius, 501;
defeats the Samnites, 501.

_L. Papirius_, the younger, completes the reduction of the Samnites, i,
569;
takes Tarentum, 570.

_Papius Brutulus_, the life and soul of the Samnite campaign, i, 485;
makes away with his own life, 486;
the Samnites send his corpse to Rome, 486.

_C. Papius Mutilus_, a Sabine, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353,
355;
coins existing with his likeness, 354.

_Papus_, see Æmilius.

_Parætonium_ in Libya, iii, 113.

_Parentationes_, see Laudationes.

_Parma_, colony founded, ii, 165.

_Paros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Parthamasiris_, king of Armenia, pays homage to Trajan, iii, 219.

_Parthamaspates_, made king of the Parthians by Trajan, iii, 220.

_Parthians_, foundation of their empire, ii, 222;
spread, 267; iii, 2;
are not without Greek learning, ii, 310;
war against them, iii, 105;
commanded by Labienus, driven back by Ventidius, 107;
hostages of theirs among the Romans, 161;
expel a king given to them by Tiberius, 171;
war against them in Nero’s times, 191;
Trajan’s war against them, 219;
deserve but little our esteem, 220;
hostilities under Antoninus Pius, 236;
burst into Armenia, 240;
peace, 241;
had excellent cavalry, 244;
defeated by Avidius Cassius, 244;
war of Septimius Severus, 253;
of Caracalla, 259;
downfall of the Parthian dynasty, 263;
their light cavalry seldom spoken of in later times, 263;
vanish, 264;
the downfall of their empire commemorated by a bas relief and an
inscription, 264.

_Pasion_ in Athens, i, 227.

_Patavium_, (Padua,) capital of the Venetians, ii, 56;
destroyed by the Huns, iii, 341.

_Patres_, synonymous with the patricians, i, 224, _note_;
ambiguous use of the word, 330.

PATRES CONSCRIPTI, i, 104.

_Patricians_ are in the centuries, i, 174;
do not belong to the classes, i, 183;
were tenants _in capite_, not freeholders, 183;
forbidden by Servius Tullius to dwell on the Esquiline, 193;
their money trade, 227;
cannot have possessed such immense moneyed resources, 227;
had different civil rights from the plebeians, 227;
in cases of difficulty their clients or kinsmen had to step in, 231;
their proceedings, 236;
_usurpatores agri publici_, 255;
origin of this matter, 255;
go over to the plebes, 315;
in the tribes since the time of the second censors, 315;
connubium with the plebeians sanctioned by law, 326;
_coëunt ad interregem prodendum_, 340;
the appeal from the dictator to the curies open to them, 484;
relations to the plebeians in the fifth century of the city, 512;
in the times of Dionysius there are not more than fifty patrician
families left, ii, 268;
their number increased by Julius Cæsar, iii, 75.

_Patrician falsifications_ of history, i, 287.

_Patriots_, the so called, in the times of George I. and II., intrigue
and secretly correspond with the Pretender, i, 63.

_Paul_, Vincent de, iii, 24.

_Paullus_, not to be spoken of in the same breath with Papinian and
Ulpian, iii, 275.

_Paullus_, see Æmilius.

_Paulmier_ de Grentemesnil, (Palmerius,) his criticism on the end of
Regulus, ii, 25.

_St. Paul_, church of, built by Ricimer, iii, 347.

_Pausanias_ writes in the days of the Antonines, very useful and
important, iii, 235.

_Pavia_, was not Etruscan, i, 147.

_Pax Augusta_, (Badajoz,) founded, iii, 150.

_Pax Julia_, (Beja,) iii, 150.

_Pay_ of the soldiers raised by Cæsar and Augustus, iii, 126;
by Domitian, 210.

_Peace_ of the patricians and plebeians, i, 238.

_Peasants_, their landed property could not pass to the noblemen, i,
171.

_Peasants’ wars_ in Gaul, iii, 332.

_Pecuniary embarrassments_ of the plebeians only to be understood of
the mortgages which encumbered the landowners, i, 169.

_Q. Pedius_, iii, 91.

_Pelasgians_, dwell from Italy to Asia Minor, i, 96;
on the other hand as far as Liguria, Sardinia, and Corsica, 97;
vanish in the age of history, 97;
their migration, 98;
settle at the mouth of the Po at Spina, from whence they cross to
Etruria, 142;
their old abodes, 418.

_Pelasgus_, son of Palæchthon, rules in Argos, i, 143.

_Pelignians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;
faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109;
revolt against Rome in the Social war, 352;
make a separate peace with Rome, 357.

_Pella_, destroyed, ii, 247.

_Pella_, the real centre of the Jewish-Christians, ii, 272.

_Pennus_, M. Junius, tribune of the people, his decree concerning the
allies, ii, 290.

_Pentalides_ in Mitylene, i, 281.

_Pentameter_, the Roman poets have peculiarities in its construction,
iii, 129.

_Penteconters_, manned with fifty men, open, ii, 12, and note.

_Pentrians_, i, 419;
carry on the Marsian war, ii, 358.

PEREGRINI, may be received in the gentes, i, 160.

PEREGRINITAS, abolished, iii, 258.

_M. Perennis_, præfect under Commodus, iii, 247;
death, 248.

_Perinthus_, acquired by Syria, ii, 148.

_Peripatetics_, fallen to nothing in the times of the emperors, iii,
239.

_Perizonius_, Jacob, historical criticism, i, 3;
his _animadversiones historicæ_, a thoroughly classical work, 71;
a real genius for history, 71;
conf. 88, 111, 263, 282.

_M. Peperna_, defeats Aristonicus, ii, 267.

_M. Peperna_, an Italian, becomes consul and censor, ii, 343, and note.

_M. Peperna_, lieutenant of M. Lepidus, ii, 397;
conspires against Sertorius, 403;
conquered by Pompey, 404.

_Perrhæbia_, detached from Thessaly, ii, 163.

_Persepolis_, iii, 264.

_Persians_, insurrection against the Parthians, iii, 264;
Tadjicks (inhabitants of towns) of the Iran race, 264;
their later worship very different from the former one, 264;
war of Gordian, 271;
peace, 271;
burst into the Roman empire, 279;
defeat Valerian, and overrun Asia Minor and Syria, 280;
their relations with their eastern neighbours hidden from us, 281;
peace with Rome, 286;
war with Carus, 290;
campaign of Galerius, 296;
wars of Constantius, 305, 306;
war of Julian, 312;
peace, 315.

_Perseus_, son of Philip, ii, 205;
maddened against the Romans, 205;
character, 206;
wins the hearts of the Greeks, 206;
marries the daughter of Antiochus Epiphanes, 207;
war with Rome, 208;
defeats Crassus, 208;
allows himself to be taken in by Marcius Philippus, 210;
successful in the second and third years of the war, 210;
battle of Pydna, 213;
flies, 214;
made prisoner, 214;
declension of his name, 215, note;
a prisoner at Alba on the Lake Fucinus, 245;
his son becomes a clerk at Alba, 245.

_Persian_ families, seven noble, ii, 360.

PERSONA, in its legal meaning, i, 227.

_Pertinax_, Helvius, distinguished in the administration, iii, 247;
emperor, 249;
murdered, 249;
not of noble birth, 266.

_Perusia_, (Perugia,) concludes a peace with Rome, i, 509;
breaks it, 526;
fate of the town, iii, 103;
rebuilt as a Julian military colony under the name of Perusia
Augusta, 103.

_Perusian war_, iii, 103.

_Peruvians_, their name transferred upon the Spaniards, i, 143.

_Pescennius Niger_ in the East, iii, 246;
proclaimed emperor, 250;
defeated near Issus by Septimius Severus, 253.

_Pestilence_, in the Volscian war, i, 276;
after the Samnite wars, 536.
See _Plague_.

_Petelia_, i, 479;
the only place which remained faithful to the Romans after the battle
of Cannæ, ii, 109;
destroyed by the Carthaginians, and the other Lucanians, 109.

_Peteline grove_, i, 395, 435.

_Petilia_, battle, ii, 406.

_Petrarch_, read the war of Hannibal in Livy, and also Cæsar’s
Commentaries with passionate fondness, i, 67;
felt for the old Romans as an old Roman himself would have done, 79;
iii, 94.

_M. Petreius_, against Catiline, iii, 24;
general of Pompey in Spain, 54;
defeated near Lerida, 56;
in Africa, 66;
his death, 67.

_Petronius Arbiter_, witty but profligate, lived in the reign of
Alexander Severus and Gordian, iii, 276;
the greatest poetical genius of Rome since the days of Augustus, 276.

_Petronius Maximus_, emperor, iii, 342.

_Peucetians_ i, 98.

Φαίσολα in Polybius, must have been situated in the neighbourhood of
Aquapendente, ii, 54.

_Phalanx_, its meaning explained, i, 176;
was not one compact mass, but advanced by smaller divisions, 569,
note.

_Phameas._ See Himilco.

_Pharnaces_, son of Mithridates, iii, 11;
peace with Pompey, 11;
mixes himself up with the civil wars, 11, 65.

_Pharsalus_, battle, iii, 60.

_Pherecydes_, the philosopher, ii, 390.

_Philemon_, poet, legend of him, ii, 48, note.

_Philinus_ of Agrigentum wrote the first history of the first Punic
war, highly exasperated against the Romans, i, 19;
always represents the Carthaginians as generous, ii, 37.

_Philip II._ of Spain, ii, 390;
plots in his family, iii, 167.

_Philip_, son of Amyntas, had crossed the Hellespont even before
Alexander, ii, 176.

_Philip III._ of Macedon negotiates with Hannibal, ii, 111;
we read the treaty in Polybius, 143;
war with the Romans, 144;
his character, 144;
overcomes the Asintanians and Ardyæans, 146;
invades Ætolia, 147;
peace, 147;
peace with the Romans, 147;
allies himself with Antiochus the Great against Ptolemy Epiphanes,
147;
conquers the whole of the Thracian coast, 148;
applied to by Crete for his mediation, 148;
second war with Rome, 150;
defeated by Flaminius near the _fauces Antigoneæ_, 155;
flies, 155;
keeps Orchomenus, without asking leave of the Achæans, 155;
defeated near Cynoscephalæ, 160;
concludes peace with the Romans, 161;
a pretender opposed to him by Antiochus, 169;
seizes the fortress of Demetrias, 172;
must have had a secret treaty with the Romans, 172;
union with Rome, 173;
besieges Lamia, 174;
left in the lurch by the Romans, 174;
reduces the Athamanians and Dolopians, 174;
supports Scipio, and receives for his reward the towns on the
Thracian coast, 177;
extent of his empire, 203;
his death, 205.

_Philip_, M. Julius, emperor, præfectus prætorio under Gordian, murders
him, iii, 207;
from Bostra in Arabia Petræa, 207;
called an Arabian, 207;
peace with the Persians, 207;
is assumed to have been a Christian, 207;
his coins bear heathen emblems, 272;
tradition of his having done penance, 272;
rebellion in Pannonia, 272;
is killed in a fight near Verona, 273.

_Philippi_, battle, iii, 96.

_Philippus_, consul, enemy of Livius Drusus, ii, 348;
ὅρκος Φιλίππου, 348;
plot to murder him, 351.

_Philippus_, Q. Marcius, Roman general against Perseus, ii, 210;
crosses Olympus, 210.

_Philocles_, Macedonian governor of Corinth, takes Argos, ii, 156.

_Philology_, blighted in Germany by the Thirty Years’ war, i, 70;
grammatical, 73.

_Philopœmen_, ii, 156, 162, 209;
his hatred against Sparta, 248.

Φιλοστοργία, iii, 26.

_Phintias_, prince of Agrigentum, i, 576.

_Phlius_, Achæan, ii, 151.

_Phocæa_, free, ii, 183.

_Phocæans_, beaten by the Agyllæans and the Carthaginians in Corsica,
i, 147.

_Phocis_, during the war of Hannibal, well-affected to Hannibal, ii,
145;
dependent on Macedon, 151;
a separate state, 163, 256.

_Phœnicians_ had settlements on Cyprus, ii, 1;
may have frequently emigrated under the Persian to Carthage, 3;
subjected by Pompey, iii, 11;
did not fetch their tin from India, 45.

_Phœnician_ chronicles known to the Romans, after the destruction of
Carthage presented to the Numidian kings, ii, 1.

_Phraata_, town in Media, iii, 108.

_Phraortes_, king of the Parthians, iii, 108.

Φράτραι, i, 161.

_Phrygia_, on the Hellespont, and Great Phrygia (afterwards made one
under the kingdom of Asia) falls to Eumenes, ii, 183, 377.

_Phthiotis_, for the greater part Ætolian, ii, 151, 163.

_Phthiriasis_, ii, 390.

_Piali_, Stefano, iii, 148.

_Picenians_, from Sabine stock, i, 120.

_Picentians_, i, 418;
acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, 571;
faithful to the Romans after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 109.

_Picenum_, the commotion in the Social war fiercest there, ii, 351;
revolt against Rome, 352;
had to suffer most grievously, 356.