Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (9)

_Pictor_, mentioned in Cicero as a Latin annalist, i, 21;
_de jure pontificio_ in Macrobius, 21.

_Picts_, of Cimbrian stock, ii, 322.

_St. Pierre_, Bernardin de, iii, 186.

_Pighius_, Steph., historical criticism, i, 3;
his annals a chimerical undertaking, 69.

PILANI in the Roman army, ii, 326.

_Pillars_, colossal pillars, formerly thought to have been portions of
the temple of Jupiter Stator, belong to the Curia Julia, iii, 148.

_Pilum_, its practice not easy to learn, ii, 92.

_Pindar_ sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

_Pinnes_, son of Agron, ii, 47.

_Pinnes_, leader of the Pannonians, iii, 155;
treacherously given up to the Romans, 156.

_Pirates_, iii, 8;
encouraged by Mithridates to make prizes, 9;
land at Ostia, 9;
reduced by Pompey, 9.

_Pisa_, the valley there was at one time a great marsh, ii, 53;
is now inhabited only in the centre, 108.

_Pisidia_, Roman, iii, 3.

_Piso_, C. Calpurnius, conspiracy under Nero, iii, 192.

_Piso_, Cn. Calpurnius, his conduct to Germanicus, iii, 172;
will not give up Syria, 172.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, author of a work De continentia veterum
poëtarum, i, 25;
doubts on it, 25.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, Frugi Censorius tries to bring consistency into
the earliest history, i, 29;
historicises the birth of Romulus, 81; ii, 121.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ii, 237.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, consul, ἀλιτήριος, iii, 35;
buys the province of Macedonia from Clodius, 35;
Cæsar’s father-in-law 82;
not among his heirs, 83.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius, _præfectus urbi_, iii, 123.

_Piso_, L. Calpurnius adopted by Galba, iii, 195.

_Pitt_, after the loss of America, with redoubled courage undertakes
the task of infusing new strength into his country, ii, 58.

_Placentia_, Roman colony, ii, 57, 75;
destroyed by the Boians, 164;
colony or municipium, 385.

_Placidia_, sister of Honorius, married to Adolphus, iii, 334;
flies to Constantinople, 335.

_Plague_ in the Peloponnesian war, i, 176; iii, 241;
in Greece at the time of Antigonus Gonatas, i, 536; iii, 241;
epoch in literature owing to it, 241;
not in Africa, 246;
its intensity, 246, 284;
ceases, 289.

_Plancius_, quæstor, his conduct to Cicero when outlawed, iii, 36.

_Plania_, mistress of Tibullus, iii, 137.

_Platen_, count, his metrical art, ii, 198; iii, 24;
the tomb in Busento, 334.

_Plato_, his letters old but not genuine, i, 576;
attached to the uncle of his mother, iii, 29;
his Phædon does not give the faith of immortality, 69.

_Platonists_ had sunk into thaumaturgi and theurgi, iii, 239.

_Plautus_ and _Terence_, in their iambic and trochaic verses, observed
the rhythmical measure only, and not the quantity, i, 90;
P. is one of the greatest poetical geniuses of ancient times, ii,
196;
his irony, 196;
very poor, 197;
his metres by no means Greek, 197.

_Plebeians_, in the tribes, i, 174;
constitute a fourth order, 190;
oppressed by the patricians, 225;
had different civil rights from patricians, 227;
were no rabble, 234;
in possession of the Capitol, conquerors, after the downfall of the
decemvirs, 312;
connubium with the patricians, 326;
may become military tribunes, but the election always foiled, 330;
have a share in the senate, 334;
in the consulship, 397; ii, 269;
curule ædiles, i, 405;
prætors, 454;
add to their names those of their fathers and grandfathers, 513;
their distinguishing character is that of being landowners, 513.

_Plebs sincera_, 516;
sedition, 540;
two plebeians for the first time censors together, ii, 268.

_Plebeian forgeries_ of history, i, 226.

_Plebeity_, the notion of it changed, ii, 97.

_Plebes_, its origin, i, 133;
does not by any means consist of the poorest classes of the people,
169;
existed even before the reign of Ancus, 173;
_sciscit_, 269;
assembles in the forum, afterwards in the Area Capitolina, 269; ii,
285;
votes _tabellis_, i, 269;
plebs urbana distinguished from the tribes, ii, 295.

PLEBISCITA, rules at pleasure, i, 241;
had not at first any authority over the whole community, 241;
the spelling, _plebisscita_, incorrect, 270, note;
acquire general validity, 320;
_ut omnes Quirites tenerent_, 447;
there is no longer any mention made of them under Augustus, iii, 118.

PLEBISCITUM CANULEIUM, i, 326;
that a tribune could be elected two years running, ii, 293.

_Pleias_, Alexandrine tragedy, iii, 138.

_Pleminius_, his cruelty against Locri, i, 445.

_Pleuron_ in Ætolia has isopolity with the Achæans, ii, 250.

_Pliny_, the elder, mentions Licinius among his sources, i, 33;
his excerpta little weighed by him, 98;
has seen the treaty of Porsena, 212.

_Pliny_, the younger, mentioned along with Tacitus, iii, 226;
vain, 226;
his letters most instructive, 226;
striking likeness to the Parisian writers of the eighteenth century,
226.

_Plotina_, wife of Trajan, an excellent woman, iii, 217;
has perhaps only spread the report of Hadrian’s adoption, 221.

_Plutarch_, made, like Montaigne, for quiet and cheerful contemplation,
i, 59;
his lives most delightful reading, 59;
no critic, 59;
follows at one time one authority and at another time another, 60;
understood little Latin, 60;
conf. 175;
had a keen perception of individual character, ii, 191;
wrote the life of the Gracchi without any knowledge of the state of
affairs, 271;
very detailed on the Cimbric war, 329;
has made use of Sylla’s memoirs, 367;
his life of Cæsar is ἀκέφαλοι, iii, 29;
life of Antony, 108;
the only writer of eminence since Polybius from old Greece, 142;
his defects, 228;
character, 228.

_Plutei_, i, 354.

_Poetical traditions_, source of the early Roman history, i, 12.

_Poggius_, the letters to him most affecting, i, 67.

_Police_ in Rome, iii, 122.

Πόλις, its original meaning, i, 166.

Πολῖται, i, 166.

Πολιτεία, union of the clans and the community, i, 166.

_Political views_ hereditary in certain families, i, 401.

_Political delinquencies_, for many of them no penalty fixed, i, 318.

_Politorians_, i, 171.

_Pollentia_, in Montferrat, battle, iii, 330.

_Pollnumber_, the ancients never voted according to accidental
pollnumber, i, 421, and note.

_Polyaratus_, ii, 219.

_Polybius_, i, 36, 133;
a very good officer, 530;
does not mention the first misunderstanding between Rome and
Carthage, 574;
his list of the Roman reserve in the war with the Cisalpine Gauls
wrongly written, ii, 52;
has made use of a brass tablet of Hannibal in the temple of Juno
Lacinia, 62;
his work leaves nothing to desire, 62;
his account of the battle of Cannæ, 63;
two editions of his work, 69;
acquitted of the charge of partiality for the Romans, 71;
his clear exposition of the state of political affairs, 209;
taken to Rome, 217;
the second edition added the war against Corinth and the third Punic,
besides an introduction, 220;
tutor of Scipio, 238;
obtains fair conditions for his countrymen, 256;
his share in framing the constitution of Achaia, 256.

_Polybus_, or Polybius, very likely not as contemptible as he is
generally represented, iii, 183.

_Pomerania_, extinction of the Vandal (Wendish) language, i, 145.

_Pometia_, i, 222, 223.

_Pomœrium_ of Romulus, i, 187.

POMPÆ, in connexion with the prætextatæ, ii, 195.

_Pompædius_, (Poppædius,) Silo, consul in the Italian state, ii, 353.

_Pompeia_, wife of Julius Cæsar, iii, 27.

_Pompeii_, conquered by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355;
the so-called barracks there a _ludus gladiatorius_, 405;
destruction, iii, 209.

_Pompeian_ race, iii, 109.

_Cn. Pompeius Magnus_, (Pompey,) in Picenum, ii, 380;
character, 401;
held in particular esteem by Sylla, 402;
against Sertorius, 402;
ends the war, 403;
consul, 404;
reconciled with Crassus, 404;
restores the tribuneship, iii, 5;
war against the pirates, 9;
against Mithridates, 10;
had Mithridates buried with kingly pomp, 11;
against Tigranes, 11;
goes to Egypt, 11;
dismisses his army, 11;
his surname of Magnus conferred on him by Sylla, 12;
his indifference to Cicero, 25;
sets on Clodius against Cicero, 28;
falls out with Clodius and friend with Cicero, 37;
consul for the second time, 37;
his laws, 37;
congress at Lucca, 39;
marries Cæsar’s daughter, 39;
dangerously ill, 51;
receives the command in Italy, 52;
goes to Brundusium, 54;
tyranny of the Pompeians, 55;
betakes himself to Illyricum, 55;
defeats Cæsar near Dyrrachium, 59;
battle of Pharsalus, 60;
flies, 62;
goes to Egypt, 62;
murdered, 63;
his statue, 63.

_Cn. Pompeius_, Cn. F., a by far more able general than his father,
iii, 70;
cut down, 71.

_Cn._ and _Sex. Pompeius_ in Spain, iii, 70;
battle of Munda, 70.

_Cn. Pompeius Strabo_, father of Magnus, prætor with proconsular power,
is the first who had any brilliant success in the Social war, ii,
356;
victory near Ascalum, 356;
Cicero’s opinion of him, 369;
ambiguous, 372;
defeated by Sylla, 372;
dies of the plague, 372.

_Q. Pompeius_, A. F., consul, in Spain chief of the aristocracy, ii,
261;
brought to great straits by the Numantines, offers peace, 261;
hand and glove with Scipio Nasica, 279.

_Q. Pompeius_, Sylla’s colleague, receives the command in Italy against
Cinna, ii, 369;
murdered, 369.

_S. Pompey_, hides himself among the Celtiberians, iii, 71;
master of Sicily, 104;
peace of Misenum, 105;
_sermone barbarus_, 105;
war with Octavian, 109;
battles near Mylæ and Taurominium, 109;
murdered, 109.

_Pomponius_, friend of C. Gracchus, ii, 305.

_Pomponius_, see Atticus, Lætus.

_Pondemate_, (Pound-mead) i, 179.

_Ponte di Sanguinetto_, wrongly referred to the battle of the Trasimene
lake, ii, 91.

_Ponte Mollo_, iii, 300.

_Pontifex Maximus_, lived below in the town, i, 7.

_Pontifices_, their number doubled by Numa, two Ramnes, two Tities, i,
124;
number at a later period, 130, 523;
their number is increased by Sylla from nine to fifteen, ii, 389;
their jurisdiction must have been done away with, iii, 27.

_Ti. Pontificius_, tribune of the people, puts a veto to the levy of
soldiers, i, 260.

_Pontian_ isles, Roman colony there, i, 489.

_Pontine_ marshes, Ap. Claudius cuts a canal through them, i, 517;
object of it, 517.

_C. Pontius_, general of the Samnites, one of the greatest men of
ancient times, i, 487;
victory in the Caudine passes, 488;
gives to the departing Romans beasts of burden for the wounded 490;
sends back the prisoners, 492;
the account of his having been conquered in Luceria, 493;
put to death, 534.

_Pontius_, Herennius, father of Caius, friend of Archytas, i, 489;
occurs as a speaking personage together with Archytas in a
philosophical dialogue of a Pythagorean, 489, _note_.

_Pontius Glaucus_, a poem written by Cicero in his youth, iii, 16.

_C. Pontius Telesinus_, ii, 353;
against Rome, 382;
battle at the Colline gate, 382.

_Pontus_, population, ii, 361.

_Poor_, the poor received corn in the temple of Ceres, ii, 259;
care taken by C. Gracchus for them, 259.

_M. Popillius_, ambassador of Rome to Antiochus Epiphanes, prevents him
from the conquest of Egypt, ii, 221.

_P. Popillius Lænas_, consul, persecution of the adherents of Gracchus,
ii, 287;
goes into exile, 294.

_Popillius Lænas_, iii, 93.

_Popolanti_, in the middle ages, no Romans but Albanians and Illyrians,
i, 236, note.

POPOLO, in Italian, union of the clans and the community, i, 168.

_Poppæa Sabina_, wife of Nero, iii, 189.

_Poppædius_, see Pompædius.

_Populonia_ destroyed, ii, 383.

POPULUS ROMANUS QUIRITES, i, 104, 123.

_Populus_, πολῖται, _citadini_, i, 166;
etymology, 166;
populus and plebes without a doubt in all the towns of Italy, and
also in the Greek colonies of Lower Italy and Sicily, 171;
assembles in the comitium and in the Lucus Petelinus, 269;
_jubet_, 269.

_Porcia_, wife of Brutus, iii, 77, 80.

_Porcius_, see Cato.

_Porsena_, Martial’s incorrect scansion of the name, i, 208, note;
his mausoleum at Clusium, 209;
his war is fabulous, 210;
his peace quite a different thing from what the Romans would make us
believe, 211;
acquires the _septem pagi agri Veientium_, 213;
seems to have failed against Aricia, 213;
his goods symbolically sold before every sale by auction, 213;
his war very likely happened ten years later than is generally
presumed, 215, 232.

_Porta Carmentalis_, i, 263, note.

_Portico_ of Octavia, the entrance still standing, iii, 149.

_Portogallo_, i, 384.

_Portugal_, down to the times of Pombal, had many negro slaves,
wherefore also many Mulattos there, ii, 274.

_Portus_ Julius, iii, 144.

_Posidonia_, i, 458;
see Pæstum.

_Posidonius_, i, 36;
not inferior to Polybius, 252;
history of the Gracchi, 252.

_Posidonius_, contemporary of Perseus, has described the war of
Perseus, ii, 214.

POSSESSIO and property distinguished, i, 254.

_Postumius_, see Albinus.

_Postumius Regillencis_, dictator in the battle at the Lake Regillus,
i, 217;
an interpolation, 219;
consul, according to some, 219.

_L. Postumius_, consul, given up to the Samnites, i, 492;
insults old Fabius, 543;
impeached by the tribunes, 543;
head of an embassy to Tarentum, 550;
mocked by the Tarentines, 550.

_A. Postumius Tubertus_, dictator, conquers the Æquians and Volscians,
i, 343.

_M. Postumius_, military tribune, slain by the soldiers, i, 346.

_C. Postumius Megillus_, ii, 272.

_Postumus_, M. Cassianus, (Cassianius) Latinius, severs Gaul, Spain,
Britain, from the Roman empire, iii, 282;
an eminent man, 282;
loses his life, 282.

_Pothinus_, eunuch, guardian of Ptolemy, iii, 63;
wishes to overpower Cæsar, 64.

_Potitii_, extinct in the times of Appius Claudius, i, 140.

_Pouilly_, i, 3.

_Pound_ of the Romans weighed about twenty-three half-ounces of
Cologne, i, 382.

PRÆFECTURA ANNONÆ, seems to have been a temporary magistracy, i, 337;
præfectura explained, 450;
præfectures with Cærite rights, ii, 185;
_præfectura ærarii_, iii, 123;
_præfectura Galliæ_, 282, 295.

PRÆFECTURA URBI, his office abolished during the decemvirate, i, 299;
has jurisdiction, and probably likewise the presidency in the senate,
330;
_Latinarum causa_, ii, 351;
under Augustus, iii, 123;
has since Hadrian a district of a hundred Italian miles round Rome,
255.

_Præneste_, disappears in the Volscian war, i, 275;
independent since the Gallic invasion, 384;
seems to have been united with Tibur, 390;
together with part of the Æquians hostile to Rome, 390, 451;
the citadel occupied by Pyrrhus, 562;
receives Roman citizenship by the Lex Julia, ii, 354;
declares for Marius, 372;
the present Palestrina is a part only of the ancient arx, 381;
reduced by hunger by Q. Lucretius Ofella, 381;
fate after the conquest, 383;
military colony, 385.

_Prærogativa_, decided by lot, i, 162; ii, 366.

_Prætextatæ_, native tragedies in Italy, ii, 195;
historical pieces in the manner of Shakspeare, 393.

PRÆTOR URBANUS, a new magistracy instead of the _præfectus urbi_,
patrician, i, 403;
is not so called merely in contradistinction to the _prætor
peregrinus_, 403;
his functions, 403;
was called _collega consulum_, six lictors, 404;
appointed by the centuries, 406;
the office accessible to the plebeians, 454;
the office of prætor peregrinus created, ii, 42;
the phrase is a barbarism, 42;
the prætor not limited to civil jurisdiction, 42;
their number raised from four to six, 186;
the patrician privilege done away with, 190;
their number increased by Sylla, 389;
raised to ten, and again to sixteen, iii, 74.

_Prætores_, the original name of the consules, i, 203.

_Prætorians_, their increase by Sejanus is the most momentous event in
the later Roman history, iii, 175;
their despotism, 179;
tale of their having offered the empire for sale, 249;
cowardly, 251;
transformed by Septimius Severus into a guard, 257;
accompany Severus and Caracalla in their expeditions, 257.

_Prætorian cohorts_, iii, 125.

_Prætura urbana_, honourable and lucrative, iii, 78.

_Priestly offices_, the nomination for them transferred upon the
smaller half of the tribes, ii, 342;
co-optation restored by Sylla, 388.

_Primus_, Antonius, tribune, excites the Mœsian legions to rebellion
against Vitellius, iii, 198;
is victorious near Cremona, 200;
conspires against Vespasian, and thereby loses his life, 206.

_Principes_, i, 441.

_Prisci_, name of the Cascans, i, 104.

PRISCI LATINI, i, 104.

PRISCUS, quaint, i, 104;
a common name with the Romans, 136.

_Priscus_, see Helvidius.

_Priscus_, Statius, iii, 240.

_Priscus_, historian, iii, 327.

_Privernum_, Volscian town, i, 353;
seems not to have entered into the league of the Latins, 444;
rises against Rome, 466;
receives the citizenship and constitutes the tribus Ufentina, 466.

_Privilegia_, laws against individuals abolished by the laws of the
Twelve Tables, i, 303.

_Probus_, emperor, iii, 288;
wars, 288;
his popularity, 289;
came from the neighbourhood of the Limes Illyricus, 289;
murdered, 289.

_Proconsular power_, its origin, i, 473.

_Proconsuls_, in the senatorial provinces, iii, 244.

_Procopius_, general of Julian, iii, 312.

_Proculeius_, an officer of Octavian, iii, 113.

_Procuratores Cæsaris_, iii, 125.

_Prodigality_ never became rife again among the Romans since Vespasian,
iii, 206.

_Profuturus_, Renatus, historian, iii, 325.

PROLETARII, i, 178;
paid no taxes, 182.

_Propertius_, mentions _patres pelliti_, i, 120;
his poems imitations of the Alexandrian school, iii, 139.

_Property tax_, ii, 37.

_Property_, different from possession, i, 254.

_Proscribed_, the sons of the proscribed by Sylla, persuaded by Cicero
to renounce recovering their honours, iii, 22;
the _jus honorum_ restored to them by Cæsar, 74.

_Proscriptions_, ii, 383; iii, 91.

_Prose_, in olden times always developed by oratory, iii, 130.

_Proselytes_ of the gate and of the temple, i, 164.

_Provence_, its inhabitants were during the whole of the middle ages in
possession of the coral fisheries of Africa, i, 458;
is called _Italia altera_, iii, 122.

_Province_, explained, ii, 41;
Roman province in Gaul, 308;
senatorial and imperial, iii, 120;
proconsular and pro-prætorian, 121;
provinces less heavily oppressed than Italy, 257;
the difference between senatorial and imperial provinces done away
with, 274.

_Provinces_ distributed in the senate previous to the election of the
magistrates, ii, 300.

_Provincials_ of the west much sooner assimilated themselves to Roman
manners than those of the east, i, 61;
the ownership of the provincials not according to Roman but to
provincial law, ii, 41.

_Prudentius_, iii, 326.

_Prusa_ destroyed by the Goths, iii, 278.

_Prusias_, king of Bithynia, ii, 193;
marries Perseus’ sister, 207;
connexion with Perseus, 211;
goes to Rome, 221.

_Prussian army_ of 1762 much inferior to that of 1757, ii, 105.

_Pseudophilip_, ii, 237;
an impostor, 245;
given up by Demetrius to the Romans, 245;
routs the Macedonians, 246;
defeated by Scipio Nasica, 246;
beats P. Juventius Thalna, 247;
conquered by Q. Metellus, 247;
put to death, 247.

_Ptolemy Auletes_, driven from Alexandria, comes to Rome to be
reinstated, iii, 28;
restored by Gabinius, 62;
his death, 62.

_Ptolemy Epiphanes_, son of Ptolemy Philopator, against him Philip
III., Antiochus the Great united, ii, 147.

_Ptolemy Euergetes_, war against Seleucus Callinicus, ii, 182.

_Ptolemy Euergetes II._, (Physcon,) ii, 221;
receives Cyprus and Cyrene, 221.

_Ptolemy Ceraunus_, i, 556;
succumbs under the invasion of the Gauls in Macedonia, 546.

_Ptolemy Lagus_, historical writer, i, 470.

_Ptolemy Philadelphus_, in alliance with Rome, ii, 13, 50.

_Ptolemy Philometor_, ii, 221.

_Ptolemy Philopator_, an unworthy king, under him the empire falls into
utter decay, ii, 148.

_Ptolemy_, son of Ptolemy Auletes, iii, 62.

_Ptolemy Soter_, friendly with Seleucus, enemy to Cassander, quarrels
with both of them about the spoil of the battle of Ipsus, i, 553.

_Publicani_, farmers of revenue, i, 253; ii, 193.

_Public debt_ in Rome during the war of Hannibal, ii, 187.

_Public works_ in Rome done by contract, ii, 38.

_Publicius_, see Clivus.

PUBLICUM, chest of the patricians, i, 233;
after the Licinian laws very likely the general exchequer of the
country, 408.

_Q. Publilius Philo_, dictator, his laws, i, 445;
first plebeian prætor, 454;
conquers Naples as first proconsul, 473;
consul, 493.

_Vol. Publilius_, insult offered to him by the patricians, i, 268;
elected tribune, 268;
his rogations, 269.

_Pulcheria_, iii, 335.

_Pullani_, descendants of the Crusaders in the Holy Land, become
unwarlike, ii, 166.

PULSARE, to violate the law of nations, ii, 251.

_Punic_, spoken in the provincial towns of Africa, iii, 234.

_Punic wars_, periods of the first, ii, 9;
the ideas of the Romans quite changed by the taking of Agrigentum,
12;
peace, 39;
the first Punic war one of the causes of the degeneracy of the Roman
people, 42;
no war in ancient history to be compared to the second Punic, 61;
division, 68;
peace, 142;
the third Punic war, 227.

PUTEUS, cistern, i, 518.

_Puzzuoli_, dyke across the harbour, iii, 180.

_Pydna_, battle, ii, 213.

_Pyrgi_, Roman fortress, i, 571.

_Pyrrhus_, king of Epirus, i, 551;
compared to Charles XII., 552;
brought up by Glaucias, prince of the Taulantians, 553;
goes to the court of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and of Antigonus the
One-eyed, 553;
restored by Demetrius, king of the Molossians, 553;
in his service, 553;
sent to Ptolemy, 553;
marries Antigone, daughter of Berenice, 554;
acquires Ambracia, Amphilochia and the Epirote provinces, 554;
war with Demetrius Poliorcetes, 554;
unites with Lysimachus, and shares with him Macedon, 554;
a mighty master in the method of battle array, 555;
treaty with Tarentum, 555;
sails to Italy, 556;
raises a levy among the Tarentines, 556;
the only barbarian king fraught with the brilliancy of old Hellenism,
557;
offers his mediation between Rome and Tarentum, 558;
battle of Heraclea, 558;
advances against Rome, 560;
sends ambassadors, 561;
takes Fregellæ by storm, 562;
resolves upon turning back, 562;
embassy of the Romans to him, 562;
has left memoirs, 563;
gives leave to the prisoners to go to Rome to the Saturnalia, 563;
an enthusiastic admirer of the Romans, 563;
battle near Ascalum, 564;
always placed alternately an Italian moveable cohort and solid
battalion of the phalanx, 565;
the attempt at poisoning by his physician seems to have been a
preconcerted farce, 565;
exchange of prisoners, 566;
goes to Sicily, 566;
his son becomes king of Syracuse, 566;
drives out the Carthaginians from Sicily, except from Lilybæum, 566;
conquers the Mamertines, 566;
siege of Lilybæum, 567;
returns to Italy, lands near Locri, 567;
attacked by a Carthaginian fleet, 567;
battle of Taurasia, (Beneventum,) 567;
leaves Milo behind in Tarentum, 568;
returns to Epirus, 569;
proclaimed king of Macedonia, 569;
soon forsaken again, 569;
expedition against Sparta, 569;
marches to Argos, 569;
his death, 569.

_Pythagoras_, uncertain whether an historical person, i, 458;
the Pythagorean philosophy known at an early period to the Romans,
458;
to be sought for among the Pelasgians, 472.

_Pyxus_, i, 458.

Q

_Quadi_ cross the Danube, iii, 240, 242.

_Quadratum saxum_, flagstone, i, 518.

_Quadriremes_, ii, 12.

_Quadrigarius_, Q. Claudius, his history is brought down to about the
time of Cicero’s consulship, i, 31;
unwieldiness of his language, 31.

QUÆSTIONES PERPETUÆ, analogous to the modern jury courts, ii, 345;
assigned by Sylla to the prætors, 389;
gave the verdict of innocence or guilt, and also had the right of
pardoning, iii, 21.

_Quæstor_, his office ceases during the decemvirate, i, 298;
chosen by the centuries, 325;
_Quæstores parricidii_ and _Quæstores classici_ to be distinguished,
325;
_quæstores parricidii_ synonymous with the _duum viri perduellionis_,
325;
the office thrown open in the year of the town 346 to both orders,
335, 340;
quæstors appointed for Italy, 572;
their number increased to eight, 572;
by Sylla to twenty, ii, 389;
by Cæsar to forty, iii, 74.

_Quæstura Ostiensis_, ii, 335.

_Quatremere de Quincy_, i, 209.

_Quatuorviri_, i, 406.

_Quinctilian_, his saying on Cicero, iii, 94;
on Cornelius Gallus, 138;
restorer of good taste in Rome, 186, 228;
on Domitian, 210;
has a pension from him, 210.

_Quinctilis_, month, called July, iii, 114.

_Quinctilius_, brother of Claudius Gothicus, iii, 288, _note_.

_Quinctius_, see Cincinnatus, Crispinus.

_Quinctius_, Cæso, son of Cincinnatus, offers the most violent
resistance to the _lex Terentilia_, i, 280;
prosecuted on the _Lex Junia_, 281;
leaves the town, 281;
his death, 284.

_Quinqueremes_ in the Macedonian, Sicilian, and Punic fleets, ii, 12;
manned with three hundred rowers, and hundred and twenty marines, 13.

_Quirinal Hill_, iii, 223.

_Quirites_, the name wrongly adopted as a common one of the united
Romans and Sabines, i, 123.

_Quirium_, name of the Sabine town, i, 129.

R

_C. Rabirius_, iii, 106.

_Radagaise_ besieges Florence, iii, 331;
forced back by Stilicho into the Apennines, 331.

_Rafaelle_, iii, 299.

_Ramnes_, name of the Latin tribe, i, 124.

_Ranks_, their line of demarcation formed by landed or moneyed
property, iii, 4.

_Rape_ of the Sabines, i, 117;
their number, 117.

_Rasena_, original name of the Etruscans, i, 142, _note_.

_Rastadt_, murder of the French ambassadors, ii, 139.

_Raudii_, see Campi.

_Ravenna_, built on islands, iii, 333.

_Rea Silvia_, mother of Romulus, i, 112;
Rea is a cognomen, 112;
changed into a goddess, made the wife of the god Anio, 112.

_Rebellio_, instead of _rebellis_, iii, 245.

_Regifugium_, i, 198.

_Regillus_, battle, the account of it poetical, i, 218;
its date not fixed, 219.

_Regillus_, M. Æmilius, at the head of a fleet against Antiochus, ii,
175;
battle of Myonnesus, 175.

_Regions_ of Servius Tullius, i, 173.

_Regions_ of Rome, iii, 123;
of Italy, 124.

_Regulus_, M. Atilius, consul, goes to Africa, ii, 20;
battle of Adis, 21;
takes Tunis and encamps near the river Bagradas 21;
character, 21;
conquered by Xanthippus, 23;
legends concerning his death, 25;
seem to have been taken from Nævius, 26.

_Reichardt_, his map of Italy thoroughly bad, i, 77.

_Reimarus_, Herm. Sam. editor of Dio Cassius, i, 66; iii, 127.

_Reiske_, J. J., his qualities, i, 42;
his edition of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 42.

_Reiz_, F. W., i, 73.

_Remi_, the most distinguished people among the Belgians, iii, 44;
seem to have intrigued with the Romans, 44.

_Removal_, from the _tribus rusticæ_ to the _urbanæ_, a _nota
ignominiæ_, i, 174.

_Remuria_, a hill three miles south of Rome, i, 114;
town on that hill, 114;
Pelasgian, 116.

_Remus_, i, 113;
according to some on the Aventine, according to others on the
Remuria, 114;
his end, 115;
personification of the plebeians, 129.

_Reno_, river, iii, 91.

_Representation_, based on districts of towns, i, 157.

_Republic_, has the duty of providing for its members, ii, 295;
restored in Rome after Caligula’s death, iii, 180.

_Republics_, in confederate republics similarity of constitution has no
influence whatever on their mutual support, i, 237;
drawbacks, 259;
their forms sometimes a mere phantom, 279.

_Resolutions_ of the people were to be carried before sunset, i, 270.

_Responsa prudentum_, given in the name of the emperor acquire real
authority, iii, 231.

_Revenue_, tenths and fifths, i, 254.

_Rhætians_, of Etruscan race, i, 145, 370; iii, 151;
their abodes, 151;
stand their ground against the Gauls, i, 368.

_Rhegium_, i, 459;
occupied by a mutinous Campanian legion, 567, 572;
massacre, 573;
besieged by the Romans, 573;
conquered, 573.

_Rhetoricians_, Greek, their influence upon Roman literature, iii, 184,
227;
in the second century, 235.

_Rhianus_, in his poem on Messene, clashes with Pausanias and Tyrtæus,
i, 13.

_Rhine_, the population along its banks German, iii, 203.

_Rhodes_ free, friend of the Romans, ii, 145;
friend with Alexandria, 148;
defends Ptolemy Epiphanes, 148;
great and powerful, 151;
against Antiochus, 167;
their fleet defeated by the Syrians, 173;
has the best seamen of the age, 173;
its wealth, 183;
thoroughly respectable, 183;
tries to mediate between Rome and Perseus, 212;
peace with Rome, 219;
faithful to the Romans in the war of Mithridates, 364;
besieged by Mithridates, 364;
taken by Cassius, iii, 96;
earthquake, 237.

_Rhone_, has its mouth choked up with silt, iii, 327.

_Ricimer_, iii, 342;
a Sueve of royal race, 343;
treachery to Marjorian, 344;
conquers Rome, 346;
dies, 346.

_Rienzi_ is said to have read all the books of the ancients, i, 79.

_Right of community_, i, 165.

_Robespierre_, very likely had no purpose whatever, ii, 236.

_Roche Blanche_, ii, 78.

_Rollin’s_ Roman history, i, 72.

_Roma_, a small place on the Palatine, i, 110;
its name Greek, place of strength, 110;
Pelasgian, 116.

_Romances_ on Charlemagne, i, 87.

_Roman empire_, its extent at the end of the seventh century of the
town, iii, 1.

_Roman history_, existed from about the period of the secessio, i, 203;
its sources destroyed by the Gallic conquest, 202;
the same events very often recur again, 216;
becomes general history, ii, 251.

_Roman law_ distinctive with regard to the rights of persons and
things, i, 295.

_Romans_ by no means barbarians previous to the time when they learned
from the Greeks, i, 15;
unite with the Sabines, 118, 122;
pay tithe to the Etruscans, 212;
their laws not borrowed from those of Athens, 295;
their hypocrisy, 424;
their practice in sieges still in its very infancy, 473;
fight with the pilum and the sword, 507;
tactics, 530;
treat their allies with more honour than other peoples, 572;
never served in foreign armies, 577;
their perseverance, ii, 11;
build a fleet after the model of a Carthaginian quinquereme, 13, 38;
their fleet destroyed in the Mediterranean by storm, 25, 27;
always learn from their enemy, 30, _note_;
lose a large merchant fleet, 34;
embassy to the Achaians and Ætolians, 48;
to Athens, 48;
to Corinth, 48;
get a part in the Isthmian games, 48;
receive from the Athenians isopolity and admission to the Eleusinian
mysteries, 49;
awful liars when they want to lay the blame upon their enemies, 65;
show themselves unskilful at the beginning of every great war, 74;
in many respects slaves established usage, 82;
example of their discipline, 84;
their system of tactics the worst when the troops were not well
trained, the best with practised soldiers, 88;
would not ostensibly deviate from their principles, 118;
their religion was not mythology, but theology, 194;
universally hated, 204;
their policy truly Macchiavellian, 207;
their laws did not apply to the allies, 282;
their art of war in Cæsar’s time, 326;
conduct the Social war with troops of all nations, 353;
murdered in Asia Minor, 363.

_Rome_, sister town to Antium and Ardea, i, 116, 223;
the commemoration of the foundation of the city held in April, 117;
formerly supposed to have been an Etruscan colony, 148;
was under the last kings the capital of a mighty empire, 152;
consisted originally very likely of three tribes, of a hundred clans
each, 161;
all the primary agencies in nature and in the world of intellect
designated as male and female, 169;
the liberties of the old town extended about one German mile on the
road leading to Alba, 170;
the oldest town consists of about a thousand households, 175;
the boundary in the second period of the Volscian war on the other
side of Tusculum, 275;
census at the period of the Gallic calamity, 375;
conquest by the Gauls, and fire of the town, 380;
the summer in Rome pestilential, 380;
pays its ransom to the Gauls probably from the treasure on the
Capitol, 382;
advantages of its situation, 386;
tradition of the weakened state of Rome, 309;
census after the first Punic war, dispute about it between Hume and
Wallace, ii, 53;
difficulty of besieging Rome, 94;
unhealthy air, 94;
after the war of Hannibal freedmen received as citizens, 187;
standing army, 188;
language in Rome at the end of the Republic, iii, 106;
division in fourteen regions, 123;
fire under Nero, 190;
under Titus, 209;
literary opposition to Carthage, 234;
the thousandth anniversary of the city, 271;
a great number of Christians among the middle classes, 273;
fortified by Aurelian, the walls in a very bad state under Honorius,
330;
besieged by Alaric, 333;
laid in ashes, 334;
conquered by Genseric, 342;
taken by Ricimer, 345.

_Romulus_, his wondrous birth an historical impossibility, i, 81;
the same his removal from the earth during an eclipse of the sun, 81;
belongs, as son of Mars, to the cycle of the gods, 85;
a personification of Rome, 85;
legends, 111.

_Romulus Augustulus_, emperor, iii, 346.

_Rorarii_, i, 441.

_Rostra_ stood between the comitium and the forum, i, 270;
_vetera_ and _nova_, iii, 162.

_Royal races_, of the Greek are dissolved into γένη ἀρχικὰ, i, 204.

_Royalist party_ in Rome continued long time after the expulsion of the
Tarquinii, i, 225.

_Royal dignity_, its abolition decreed by a _Lex curiata_, i, 201.

_Rubicon_, very likely in the neighbourhood of Cesena, iii, 53.

_Q. Rubrius_, tribune, ii, 285;
very likely triumvir for the establishing of colonies, 301.

_Rufinus_, P. Cornelius, covetous, removed from the senate, i, 548.

_Rufinus_, præfectus prætorio, favourite of Theodosius, iii, 322;
receives the government of the East, 328;
murdered, 328.

_Rufus_, see Cælius.

_Rullus_, Servilius, moves for establishing a colony in Capua, iii, 34.

_P. Rupilius_, consul, puts an end to the servile war in Sicily, ii,
265.

_Russia_ and Persia make war against each other for a couple of months
every year on the frontiers of Georgia, i, 350.

_Rusticus_, Arulenus, writes the life of Pætus Thrasea, iii, 218.

_Rusticus_, see Fabius.

_Rusticus_, Junius, tutor of M. Antoninus, iii, 239.

_Rutilius_, i, 36.

_F. Rutilius_, legate of Metellus in Africa, ii, 321;
an honest man, but condemned by the evidence of false witnesses, 341.

_P. Rutilius Lupus_, general against Pompædius Silo, killed in battle,
ii, 356.

_Rutilus_, see Marcius.

_Ryckius_, Theodore, treatise on Æneas, i, 94.

S

_Sabellus_ and _Sabinus_, synonymous, except that according to usage
the name of Sabellians is given to the whole nation, and that of
Sabines to a small district, i, 341;
Sabines in the last half of the third century often seen as enemies
of the Romans, 342;
victory of Valerius and Horatius, 342;
isopolity established between them, 342;
emigration towards the South leaves off, 343;
take no active share in the contest of the Romans and Latines, 438;
isopolity, 572;
great part of them receive the full right of citizenship, ii, 185.

_Sabines_, call themselves aborigines, push on the Opicans, i, 98;
come according to Cato from Amiternum, 99;
unite with the Romans, 118, 122;
become one of the greatest peoples of Italy, 120;
very likely they came only at a later period into the country
afterwards occupied by them, 121;
leagued with Rome under Servius Tullius, 186;
allied with Rome under Sp. Cassius, 248;
war against them, 323;
declare for the Samnites, 534;
conquered, 535.

_Sabines_, rape of the S., poetical, i, 81.

_Sabine_ chapels on the Quirinal, i, 122.

_Sabine town_ on the Quirinal and Capitolinus, i, 121.

_Sabine_ element in the Roman worship, i, 122.

_Sabinus_, T. Flavius, brother of Vespasian, præfect of Rome, iii, 200.

_Sacchetti_, Francesco, novel, i, 67.

SACRA FAMILIARUM, unknown to the Romans, i, 161.

SACRA GENTILITIA, i, 161;
could only be offered in Rome, 263.

SACRAMENTUM, i, 317.

_Sacranians_, name of the conquering people at the popular migration in
Latium, i, 103;
the name explained, 103;
unite with the Siculians under the name of _Prisci Latini_, 104.

_Sacriportus_, battle, ii, 381.

_Sacrovir_, Julius, rising against Tiberius, iii, 202.

_Sæcula_ of the Etruscans, two sorts of them, i, 83;
astronomical ones of a hundred and ten years, 83;
nearly correspond to a hundred thirty years of ten months, 84;
physical sæculum, 84.

_Sagax_, his continuation of Eutropius, i, 66.

_Saguntum_, Livy fancies that it lay East of the Ebro, ii, 69;
Polybius knows nothing of the fact that it was to remain independent,
69;
its siege did not happen in the year 534, but in 533, 71;
was perhaps not purely Iberian, but Tyrrhenian, 71;
the derivation from Zacynthus probably originated only from its name,
71;
conquered, destroyed by the inhabitants themselves, 72.

_Sailors_, levied from the _capite censi_, ii, 33.

_Salapia_, an Apulian town, taken by Hannibal, recovered by the Romans,
ii, 120.

_Salarian gate_, iii, 334.

_Salassians_ may have been a Gallic people, i, 365;
Ligurians, 370; ii, 81; iii, 151.

_Salernum_, it is doubtful whether it was Roman after the second
Samnite war, i, 504.

_Salii_, brotherhoods on the Quirinal, i, 131.

_Salinator_, Julius, ii, 399, _note_.

_Sallentines_, war against the Romans, i, 511;
allied with the Romans against Cleonymus, 511;
acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;
fall off after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;
conf. Messapians.

_Sallust_, writes detached parts of Roman history, i, 36;
the histories begin from the time after Sylla’s death, 37;
had an uncommon acquaintance with the old constitution, 224;
his war of Jugurtha, ii, 307;
reproached with malignity, but he is not sinning against truth, 313;
_historiæ_, 391;
the number of the books of the histories uncertain, 397;
probably went down from the war of Lepidus to the end of the war of
Pompey in Asia, 397;
the _historiæ_ were his last, Catiline the first, of his works, 397;
has written the history of Catiline with great truthfulness, iii, 12;
ill-treated by the soldiers 66;
his style, 127;
considerably younger than Cicero, 127.

_Sallustius_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 314.

_Salluvians_ or _Salyans_, war against the Ligurians, ii, 307;
conf. Salyans.

_Salonius_, i, 434.

_Salvian_, iii, 326;
socialist views, 326;
description of Carthage, 338.

_Salvius_, see Otho.

_Salyans_, war against them, ii, 200;
see Salluvians.

_Samaritans_, iii, 230.

_Sambre_, battle, iii, 44.

_Samnites_, do not oppress the old Oscan people, but combine into one
whole with them, i, 153;
make conquests on the upper Liris, 410;
league with Rome, 412;
form a confederation of four peoples, Pentrians, Caudinians,
Hirpinians, and Frentanians, 419;
conquer Cumæ, 420;
constitution, 421;
their spread on the Liris was the cause which in 412 first engaged
the Romans and Samnites in a war together, 422;
attack the Sidicinians at Teanum, 423;
peace, 436;
allied with Rome in the battle of Veseris, 438;
embassy to Alexander the Great, 469;
friendly with the Greeks, 472;
division of the second Samnite war, 474;
had dependencies, 476;
defeated by Fabius in the neighbourhood of Subiaco, 481;
seek for peace, 485;
conquered by Fabius, 485;
again for peace, 485;
looked upon by the Greeks as a Spartan colony, 489, _note_;
ornament of their arms, 501;
very likely had subsidies from Tarentum, 502;
held Lucania in check, 502;
lead a guerilla war, 503;
the second war ended by the battle of Bovianum, 504;
peace, 505;
carry the war into Etruria, 526;
end of the war, 534;
peace, 534;
embassy to Pyrrhus in Epirus, 557;
their country laid waste, 560;
conquered by Sp. Carvilius and L. Papirius, 569;
peace, 569;
in the service of Agathocles, 577;
fall off from Rome after the battle of Cannæ, ii, 107;
revolt in the Social war, 352;
the Oscan the prevailing language among them, 353;
end of the war, they receive the right of citizenship, 374;
all but exterminated by Sylla, 385, 394.

_Samnite people_ sprang from Sabine stock, i, 120;
tradition of the founding of their country, 121.

_Samos_ belonging to Egypt, ii, 145.

_Samothrace_, metropolis of Ilium, i, 96;
their mysteries a gathering point of many men, 96;
their worship akin to that of the Penates at Lavinium, ii, 214.

_Sanchoniathon_, his fragments genuine, ii, 1.

_Sancus_, Semo, his temple, i, 137.

_Sandwich-islanders_, their poetical traditions, i, 12, _note_.

_Sannio_, Pulcinella, earliest mention of this mask, ii, 352.

_Santafedists_ in Naples were Lazzaroni, i, 513.

_Sapor_, king of Persia, iii, 279, 305, 307, 309.

_Saracens_, etymology, iii, 281;
the name occurs long before Mohammed, 281.

_Saragossa_, founded, iii, 150.

_Sardinia_, subject to the rule of the Carthaginians, except the
highlands, ii, 5;
the way of living of the inhabitants the same to this day, 5;
on the coast the Punic language and manners spread, 16;
attack of the Romans, 16;
submits to the Romans, 46;
given up by the Carthaginians to the Romans, 46;
refuse obedience, 52.

_Sarmates_, i, 370;
break through the Roman frontier, iii, 242;
uncertain whether they dwelt on the middle, or the lower Danube, 268;
war of Maximin against them, 268;
that of Probus, 288;
their abodes, 300;
Constantine’s wars, 300.

_Sarmatian peoples_, great move among them on the Dniepr, ii, 204;
driven back over the Danube, iii, 151.

_Sarsinates_, acknowledge the supremacy of Rome, i, 571.

_Sarti_, i, 240.

_Saticula_, in the neighbourhood of Capua besieged by the Romans, i,
494;
fortified, 497.

_Satricum_, i, 494.

_Saturn_, with him the first step of civilization begins, i, 110;
Saturnus and Ops, deities of the generating powers, 169.

_Saturnia_, Siculian town on the Capitoline, i, 121.

_Saturnian verse_, i, 90;
examples of it in Charisius, 90, and _note_;
worked up in Plautus to a high degree of beauty, 90.

_Saturnian year_, consisted of thirty common years, i, 106;
hundred Saturnians a grand year, 106.

_Saturninus_, L. Antonius, rising against Domitian in Germania
Superior, iii, 213.

_Saturninus_, L. Apuleius, character, ii, 335;
deposed from the quæstorship, 335;
becomes a tribune of the people, 335;
behaves in the most savage manner, 335;
his legislation, 336;
flatters Marius, 336;
demands that the senate should swear to his _Lex agraria_, 337;
killed, 340;
his laws seem to have been repealed, 340.

_Saturninus_, Sentius, against Marbod, iii, 155.

_Savigny_, i, 73, _note_, 120;
on land-tax, iii, 229, 301.

_Saxo Grammaticus_, tries to change the Danish Saga into history, i,
13.

_Saxons_, according to Wittikind, come out of Britain into Germany,
according to the usual account from Germany to Britain, i, 102.

_Scævola_, interpreted, the left handed, means in the family of the
Scævola, amulet, i, 211.

_Scævola_, see Mucius.

_Scaliger_, Joseph, receives without any hesitation the details of
ancient history, i, 2, 38, 170;
great philologist, iii, 235.

_Scansion_, by long and short syllables is Greek, ii, 197.

_Scarphea_, defeat of the Achæans, ii, 253.

_Scaurus_, historian, i, 36.

_Scaurus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Scaurus_, M. Æmilius, ambassador to Jugurtha, his character, ii, 312;
Cicero holds him in great respect, 313;
becomes quæsitor in Africa, 316;
Cicero’s apostrophe to him, iii, 19.

_Schärtlin_ von Burtenbach, ii, 394.

_Schilhas_, ii, 5.

_Schiller_, the great characters in Mary Stuart reviled, i, 461;
struggles with the form, iii, 140.

_Schlegel_, Friedrich, iii, 339.

_Scholiast_ to the Ibis of Ovid, i, 578.

_Schoolmen_, iii, 348.

_Schools_, grammatical, existed in Rome until beyond the seventh
century, in Ravenna even down to the eleventh, i, 53.

_Schottus_, Andreas, finished the annals of Pighius, i, 69.

_Schrader_, i, 387.

_Von Schütz_ Major-General, a distinguished general, ii, 85.

_Schubert_, misled by Pighius, i, 69.

_Schulting_, i, 387.

_Schwytz_ had its government and its territory not according to its
subdivision, i, 157;
the country people divided into four quarters, afterwards into six,
173, _note_.

_Scepticism_ of the seventeenth century, i, 71.

SCINDERE VESTEM, i, 268.

_Cn. Scipio_, killed in Spain, ii, 121.

_Scipio_, L. Cornelius, brother of Africanus, consul, ii, 176;
most insignificant, 177;
conquers near Magnesia, 178;
impeached, 184;
found guilty, 185.

_Scipio_, L. Cornelius, consul, democrat, ii, 378.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, father of Africanus, consul, puts in at
Marseilles, ii, 76;
arrives at the Po whilst Hannibal was descending the Alps, 82;
battle on the Ticinus, 83;
wounded, 83;
joined by Sempronius, 83;
slain owing to the faithlessness of the Celtiberians, 121.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, Africanus, is the first to get a surname from a
place which he had conquered, i, 217;
not fully equal to Hannibal as a general, ii, 62;
his letter to Philip of Macedon on his achievements, 62, 199;
forgets himself after the victory, 66;
well acquainted with Greek literature, 66;
is said to have rescued his father from the battle on the Ticinus,
83;
offers to go to Spain, 122;
compels the young Romans after the rout of Cannæ to take an oath not
to go away, 122;
surnamed the Great, 122;
his character, 122;
takes Carthago nova, 123;
puts down an insurrection in his camp, 130;
goes over to Africa to visit Syphax, 131;
consul, 132;
is to be made consul and dictator for life, 133, and _note_;
receives Sicily as a province, 133;
supported by the Etruscan and Umbrian states, by the Sabines,
Picentines, and Marsians, and others, 133;
stays in Sicily, 134;
crosses over to Africa, 135;
gains, with the assistance of Masinissa, an advantage over the
Carthaginians, 136;
attacks the camp of Hasdrubal and Syphax, 136;
conditions on which he first proposes to conclude the peace with
Carthage, 138;
battle of Zama, 140;
opposes the demand for the extradition of Hannibal, 168;
sent to treat with Antiochus, 170;
conversation with Hannibal, 170;
legate of his brother, 177;
censor, 177;
sick in Elæa, 177;
his son taken prisoner, 177;
the year of his death uncertain, 184;
charges against him, 184;
goes to Liternum, 185;
his death, 193;
goes as Roman commissioner to Carthage, 229.

_Scipio_, P. Cornelius, Paulli F., ii, 236;
is not called Æmilianus, 237, _note_;
character, 237;
consul, 239;
destroys Carthage, 243;
against Numantia, 262;
his cruelty, 263;
declares against Tib. Gracchus, 289;
his death, 290.

_Scipio_, Q. Cornelius, Pompey’s father-in-law, iii, 66.

_Scipio Nasica_, has written the history of the war of Perseus, ii,
199;
son-in-law of Scipio Africanus, 213;
did not wish Carthage to be destroyed, 231;
is son of him who was called “the Best,” 231;
conquers Andriscus, 246.

_P. Scipio Nasica_, grandson of “the Best,” heads the coalition against
Tib. Gracchus, ii, 279;
encourages consul Mucius Scævola to take strong measures, 286.

_Scipio Serapio_, origin of his surname, ii, 336.

_Scipiones_, P. and Cn., _duo fulmina belli_, ii, 35, 121;
sent to Spain, 120;
establish themselves in Tarragona, 120.

_Scirians_, i, 371.

_Scordiscans_, overrun Greece, ii, 308;
their dwellings, iii, 3.

_Scotland_, sailed round by Agricola, iii, 211.

_Scribæ_, their class, i, 515;
do the work of the officials, 515;
minutes of the prætors kept by them, 515;
did services for the bankers, 515.

_Scribonia_, wife of Augustus, mother of Julia, iii, 143.

_Scriptores historiæ Augustæ_, iii, 236;
their incapacity, 245, 250;
it is impossible to separate the several vitæ, 245.

_Sculptures_, on the arch of Antonine far inferior to those of the time
of Trajan, 224.

SCUTA introduced, i, 352.

_Scutari_, (now Scodra,) residence of Genthius, ii, 211.

_Scyros_, Athenian, ii, 164.

_Scythed chariots_, an Asiatic invention, found among the Celts,
especially in Britain, ii, 179.

_Scythians_, i, 369.

_Sebastian_ of _Portugal_, one of them very likely the true king, ii,
245

_Sebastian_, Julian’s general, iii, 313.

Σεβαστός, translation of Augustus, iii, 117.

_Secessio_ of the Plebes, i, 236;
said to have lasted four months, but cannot have lasted longer than a
fortnight, 238;
its result by no means a decisive victory of the plebeians, 243;
under the rule of the decemvirs, according to some on the _Mons
Sacer_, according to others on the Aventine, 311.

_Secretaries_, imperial, the statutes detestably drawn up by them, iii,
276.

_Sedulius_, Cælius, iii, 326.

_Segestæans_, Pelasgian or Doric people at the foot of Mount Eryx in
Western Sicily, i, 575;
betake themselves to the Carthaginians as their refuge, 575;
boast of Troian descent, ii, 15;
relieved by the Romans, 15.

_Segida_ a town of the Celtiberians, ii, 222.

_Segur_, Marshal, his regulation, that only nobles were to hold
commissions, i, 543.

_Seius Strabo_, of Vulsinii, father of Sejanus, iii, 174.

_Sejanus_, Ælius, friend of Tiberius, iii, 174;
præfectus prætorio, 174;
his character, 174;
aims at supreme power and wishes to root out the whole of the
emperor’s family, 175;
his downfall, 176.

_Selden_, i, 164, _note_.

_Seleucia_, reduced by Trajan, iii, 220;
conquered by Avidius Cassius, 241.

_Seleucidæ_, poor in great men, Seleucus himself hardly deserves to be
so called, ii, 165.

_Seleucus Callinicus_, suffers shipwreck, ii, 25;
alliance with Rome, 50;
war against Ptolemy Euergetes, 182.

_Seleucus_, brother of Antiochus, ii, 166.

_Selinuntians_, an Ionic people, i, 575.

_Selinus_, in Cilicia, afterwards Trajanopolis, iii, 221.

_Selinus_, in Sicily, destroyed by the Carthaginians, ii, 4.

_Semo_, see Sancus.

_Sempronius_, see Gracchus.

_Ti. Sempronius Longus_, consul at the outbreak of the second Punic
war, ii, 73;
sent to Africa, 74;
lands at Malta, 83;
returns, 83;
dismisses his soldiers with orders to meet him again near Ariminum,
they march to the Trebia and join Scipio, 84.

_Ti. Sempronius Tuditanus_, concludes peace for the Romans with Philip,
ii, 147.

_Sena Gallica_, battle, ii, 126.

_Senarius_, may be Greek, iii, 198.

_Senate_, of one hundred persons, i, 118;
the senate of the third estate was not consulted until the other two
had voted, 163;
had no authority by itself to declare war, 232;
nothing could be taken to the Plebes direct from the senate, 269;
sets up a bust to the wisest Greek, 296;
becomes, towards the middle of the fourth century, an assembly chosen
by the people, 335;
its power increases, as that of the curies loses, 416;
changed into a sort of elective council, its vacancies supplied from
the quæstors, ii, 43;
conduct towards Scipio, 130;
had an unbounded power over the finances, 296;
reorganized by Sylla, 386;
enlarged, 389;
never to be looked upon as a representative body, 389;
its number increased by J. Cæsar, iii, 74, and _note_;
purified by Augustus, 119;
had its regular sittings three times a month, and holidays in the
months of September and October, 119;
is the supreme court to judge political crimes, 120;
only a condemning machine in the hand of the tyrant, 173;
was under Hadrian only a set of presumptuous people, 231;
the senatorial dignity hereditary, 231.

_Senators_, are judges in all the causes which do not concern quiritary
property, ii, 197;
their census, iii, 4;
no senator should be a general, which must have been different from
what is generally believed, 289.

_Senatus consultum de Bachanalibus_, ii, 197, _note_.

_Seneca_, M., his Suasoria, iii, 59;
Suasoria and Controversies, 185;
writes his Controversies when upwards of eighty, 185.

_Seneca_, L. Annæus, the philosopher, his historical work probably one
of the best, iii, 165;
humbles himself before Polybus, 183;
_Ludus de morte Claudii_, 184;
remarkable character, 185;
Dio Cassius’ opinion of him, 186;
the similarity of his style to that of Rousseau and Buffon, 186;
man of the world, Nero’s tutor, 189;
enemy of Agrippina, 189;
composes Nero’s speech after the murder of his mother, 190;
executed, 191.

_Seneca_, tragedies, iii, 139.

_Senecio_, Herennius, writes the life of Helvidius Priscus, iii, 213.

_Seniores_, limited to the defence of the walls only, i, 180;
had as many votes as the juniores, 181.

_Senonians_, make their appearance in Gaul, i, 376;
their territory, ii, 50.

_Sentinum_, battle, i, 529.

_Septimius_, see Severus.

_L. Septimius_, gives the advice to murder Pompey, iii, 63.

_Septimuleius_, from Anagnia fills the head of C. Gracchus with molten
lead, ii, 306.

_Sequani_ rise in Gaul, iii, 42.

_Serena_, niece of Theodosius, married to Stilicho, iii, 328;
condemned to death, 330.

_Serpent_ in the camp of Regulus, very likely borrowed from the Bellum
Punicum of Nævius, ii, 21.

_Serranus_, Attilius, dictator, the same story told of him as of
Cincinnatus, i, 282.

_De Serre_, friend of Niebuhr’s, i, 471.

_Q. Sertorius_, character, ii, 371;
induces Cinna to put a stop to the slaughter, 374;
breaks the armistice with Sylla, 380;
from Nursia, 397;
goes to Spain, 398;
takes to flight, 399;
places himself at the head of the Spaniards, 400;
his fanciful belief, 400;
war against Metellus, 400;
relieves _Caligurris_, 403;
sells the hostages, 403;
murdered, 404.

_Servile war_ in Italy, ii, 404.

_Servile war_ in Sicily, ii, 264.

_Servilia_, Cato’s half-sister, iii, 77.

_Servilius_, consul, i, 233.

_Servilius_, consul, brings reinforcements to Flaminius, ii, 93.

_Servilius Ahala_, stabs P. Mælius, i, 338;
impeached as a murderer, 338.

_Servilius Cæpio_, stepfather of Cato the younger, iii, 76.

_P. Servilius Isauricus_, iii, 3.

_Servilius Nonianus_, historian, iii, 165.

_Servilius_, see Cæpio, Glaucia, Rullus.

_Servius_, appears not to have read Nævius’ history on the Punic war,
i, 17; iii, 332.

_Servius_, a standing prenomen in the gens Sulpicia, iii, 193;
becomes almost a nomen, so that another prenomen is put before it,
193.

_Servius Tullius_, legends of him, i, 85, 155;
in the Tuscan annals called Mastarna, 88;
son of a man of rank at Corniculum, 155;
all the political law traced back to him, 156;
before him the country district was not yet united with the state,
171;
divides the town into four, and the country into twenty-six regions,
172;
intends to resign the throne and to have two consuls elected, 185;
war against the people of Cære, and of Tarquinii, 185;
his reign probably very short, 185;
alliance with the Latins, 186;
his great rampart, 190;
his legislation bears the impress of a Latin stamp, 191;
has to be carried through almost by force, 193;
attempts to murder him, 193;
murdered, 193.

_Sesterces_, done away with, iii, 302.

_Setia_, i, 344.

_Settlers_ and cultivators of the soil alone had a vote in the plebeian
tribes, i, 174.

_Seven-Years’-War_, compared to the second Punic war, ii, 61.

_Severus_, see Alexander.

_Severus_, Cæsar in the West, iii, 297;
Augustus, 298.

_Severus_, Cornelius, fragments of his, iii, 140.

_Severus_, Libius, emperor, iii, 344.

_Severus_, Septimius, general on the Illyrian frontier, iii, 246;
proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian and German legions, 250;
enters Rome, 251;
from Leptis, thoroughly Punic, 251;
a good writer both in Greek and Latin, 251;
writes his memoirs, 251;
leans to foreign religions, astrology, and soothsaying, 251;
gives protection to Christianity, 252;
his cruelty, 252;
war with Pescennius Niger, 252;
gains over Albinus, 253;
wars against the Parthians, 253;
in Britain, 254;
causes himself to be adopted as the son of M. Aurelius, 254;
his measures but little known, 255;
fine busts and statues from his age, 275.

_Sextilis_, month, receives the name of August, iii, 114.

_L. Sextius Lateranus_, tribune, i, 396;
first plebeian consul, 407.

_Sextus Empiricus_, iii, 237.

_Shaftesbury_, ii, 314.

_Shakespeare_, connects awful natural phenomena with frightful moral
ones, ii, 92.

_Shaw_, fixes with admirable precision the point where Scipio landed,
ii, 135.

_Sibylline books_, after the destruction in Sylla’s time, made up again
by collations, i, 7.

_L. Siccius_, the story of his assassination seems to be a poetical
figment, i, 309.

_Sicelus_ comes from Roma on the south to the Pelasgians, i, 116.

_Sicily_, its language was Greek and Arabic, which afterwards utterly
disappears, i, 145;
rent in factions owing to the death of Agathocles, 566;
natural features of the island, ii, 8;
mountains in the South of Italy belong geologically to Sicily, 8;
laid waste by the first Punic war, 40;
modern Sicilians, next to the Portuguese, rank lowest among the
nations of Europe, 40;
fates of the island, 40;
Roman province, 40;
condition after the Punic war, 264.

_Siculians_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, Sicily, and Epirus, i,
97.

_Siculio_, part of the town of Tibur, i, 100.

_Sicyon_, Ætolian, ii, 151.

_Sidicines_ of Teanum, sprung from the same stock as the Volscians, not
limited perhaps to that town, i, 423;
league against the Samnites, 436;
war of the Romans, 455.