Chapter M: Antoninus Caracalla. Macrinus. Elagabalus. Alexander Severus (10)

_Sidonius Apollinaris_ iii, 325.

_Sieges_, sample of them, i, 354.

_Sigambri_, i, 46, 152;
reduced by Drusus, 153;
by Tiberius, 154;
rising under Vespasian, 242;
call themselves Franks, 277.

_Signia_, colony of Tarquin the Proud, i, 197, 344.

_Sigonius_ has not the least idea of historical criticism, i, 3, 56;
arranges the Roman Fasti, 68;
his works on Roman antiquities recommended, 269, _note_.

_Sigovesus_, general of the Gauls, i, 368.

_Silanus_, defeated by the Cimbrians and Teutones, ii, 324.

_Dec. Silanus_, iii, 23.

_Sila_, forest, half of it yielded by the Bruttians to the Romans, i,
571;
of great value for ship-building, 571.

SILEX, basalt, i, 518.

_Silius Italicus_, has paraphrased Livy, i, 53.

_Silva Ciminia_, i, 362.

_Simonides_ sings the achievements of Gelon and Theron, ii, 3.

_Singara_, battle, iii, 306;
taken by Sapor, 309.

_Singeric_, iii, 335.

_Sirmium_, Probus wishes to drain the fens in the neighbourhood, iii,
289.

_Sisenna_, his work extended from the time of Jugurtha to the consulate
of Lepidus, i, 37; ii, 389.

_Sismondi_, i, 175.

_P. Sitius_, of Nuceria, an adventurer, iii, 67.

_Slaves_, who gained their freedom, stood to their late masters in the
relation of clients, i, 170;
punished with death if they presumed to take to themselves the honour
of military service, iii, 159;
admitted into the army by Augustus, 159;
Greek, had a good education in Roman houses, 183;
black, in the American colonies, their language, 232.

_Slave-trade_, its extension after the Punic wars, ii, 265.

_Slave-market_ at Delos, ii, 265.

_Slavonic_ nations, their advance from the East sets the Germans in
motion, iii, 242.

_Smyrna_, free, ii, 183;
earthquake, iii, 237.

_Soæmis_, daughter of Mæsa, iii, 259.

_Social war_, scantiness of our information, ii, 350;
its division, 355.

_Socii_ and Latini opposed to the agrarian law of Gracchus, ii, 282;
afterwards sacrificed by the oligarchs, 283;
conspiracy of the Socii, 291;
C. Gracchus’ intentions with regard to them, 299;
armed in the Roman manner, true legions, iii, 43.

_Solois_, Carthaginian, ii, 4.

_Solon_, introduces the Attic law of mortgage, i, 229;
his legislation contained regulations concerning matters of momentary
interest, i, 278;
two of his laws met with in the Pandects, which does not prove that
the Roman law had sprung from the Attic, 295.

_Sonnino_, division of the landed property there, ii, 274.

_Sophonis_, _Sophonisbe_, daughter of Hasdrubal, son of Gisgo, marries
Syphax, ii, 135;
takes away her own life, when Scipio demands her extradition, 137.

_Sora_, i, 456;
taken by the Samnites by treachery, 494;
conquered by the Romans, 497;
restored, 497;
retaken by the Samnites, 501;
reconquered by the Romans, 504.

_Soranus_, Bareas, iii, 191.

_Sosilus_, wrote a history of the second Punic war, staid in the camp
with Hannibal, spoken of with censure by Polybius, ii, 62.

_Southern_ people are able to stand heat and frost better than others,
ii, 330.

_Spain_, the royalist volunteers belonged to the very lowest of the
people, i, 513;
southern S., its natural advantages, ii, 59;
population of the country, 59;
southern peoples have quite a different character from those of the
north, 60;
have an alphabet of their own, 60;
saying of an Arab general concerning them, 60;
several towns were republics, 71;
not barbarians, 71;
overpowered by the Romans, 128;
_citerior_ and _ulterior_, provinces, 186;
the Roman armies become quite domesticated there, 201;
union is wanting, 223;
wars with the Romans, 257;
character of the Spaniards, 259;
southern S. takes up arms for the sons of Pompey, iii, 70;
the country on the side of the Mediterranean subject to the Romans,
the southern provinces to the Western Goths, 340.

_Spaniards_, probably stood in _catervas_ and fought with small swords
and _in cetris_, ii, 10;
vanity of the present Spaniards, 160.

_Sparta_, the obligation to military service lasted until the sixtieth
year, i, 180;
unsuccessful attack of Pyrrhus, 569;
stunted, owing to her not making the Lacedæmonians equal to the
Spartans, ii, 23;
compelled to adopt Achæan νόμιμα, 248;
population, 248;
severed from the Achæan alliance, 248;
defeated in the war with Achaia, 250;
remains a _libera civitas_, 256;
conf. Lacedæmon.

_Spartacus_, a Thracian, breaks out of a barracks at Capua, ii, 404;
escapes to Mount Vesuvius, 405;
war, 405.

_Spartianus_, cannot be relied on, iii, 252.

_Speech_, art of, vanished from Greece, had sought a new home among the
Asiatic peoples, ii, 152.

_Spendius_, a slave from Campania heading the insurrection of the
mercenaries against Carthage, ii, 45.

_Spina_ on the mouth of the Po, i, 142.

_Spoletum_, Roman colony, faithful to Rome in Hannibal’s war, ii, 93.

_Sponsio_, i, 317.

_Stabiæ_, taken by Papius Mutilus, ii, 355.

_Standing armies_, ii, 201.

_Statianus_, legate of M. Antony, iii, 108.

_Statius_, Cæcilius, his comic skill praised by Cicero, ii, 392.

_Statius Gellius_, Samnite general, taken prisoner, i, 504.

_Statius Murcus_, commander of the fleet of Brutus and Cassius, iii,
96;
joins Sextus Pompey, 105.

_Statius_, his Silvæ agreeable, his Thebais a cold poem, iii, 210;
does not win with the Thebais the Capitoline prize, 210;
his poem, the Leptitani, 251.

_Stilicho_ pushes on the Eastern Goths under Radagaise to the Apennines
not far from Fiesole, i, 414; iii, 331, 322;
was not of Roman extraction, 328;
marries Serena, 328;
defeats Alaric, 329;
conquers Alaric near Pollentia, 330;
murdered, 333.

_Stipendium_ introduced, i, 351;
monthly, 351.

_Stoic philosophy_ particularly welcome to the Romans, ii, 271;
did not raise up any heroes among the Greeks, iii, 68;
republicanism in Rome, 206;
importance in the time of the emperors, 239.

_Stonians_ stand their ground against the Gauls, i, 368.

_Stories_, the same told in different ways which are entirely opposed
to each other, i, 102.

_Strabo_, judicious and excellent, mistaken in thinking of the marshes
near Parma as those through which Hannibal passed, ii, 89;
eminent for his practical turn for history, iii, 227.

_Strabo_, see Seius.

_Strasburg_, the guilds the ruling power there, i, 168.

_Stratonicea_, ii, 219.

_Styria_, out of two thousand noble families scarcely a dozen remain,
i, 140.

_Sucro_ in Spain, ii, 130.

_Suessa Aurunca_, fortified, i, 497, 510.

_Suessula_, i, 453.

_Suetonius’_ life of Cæsar ἀκέφαλος, iii, 29;
the dedication also wanting, 29;
life of Horace, 134;
criticism of the purpose of his work, 164;
is a writer who has little of the antique about him, 178;
tainted with the profligacy of his time, 179;
had no insight into character, 194;
not able to do much without books, 204;
his book must have been a work of his youth, 205.

_Suetonius Paullinus_ crushes the rebellion in Britain, iii, 191.

_Sueves_ invade Gaul, iii, 42;
defeated near Besançon, 43, 46, 211;
cross the Rhine, 331;
evacuate Gaul, 332;
in Spain, 332;
defeated by Adolphus, 334.

_Suffetes_, ii, 6;
heads of the state in peace, 168;
always called by the Greeks βασιλεῖς, 168, _note_.

_Sully_, i, 239, 398.

_Sulpicia_, iii, 138.

_Sulpician_ aims at the sovereignty, iii, 249.

_Sulpicius_, tribune, flies after the battle on the Alia to the Capitol
to defend it, i, 378.

_Sulpicius_, his fleet a curse for Greece, ii, 146;
does not succeed against Philip, 153;
his undertaking a complete failure, 153.

_P. Sulpicius_, tribune, brings forward a motion, that the command
against Mithridates should be transferred to Marius, ii, 365;
moreover, that the new citizens should be distributed in the old
tribes, 366;
Cicero’s opinion of him, 366; iii, 17;
outlawed, ii, 368;
killed, 368.

_Sulpicius Severus_, iii, 326.

_Sunnah_ corresponds in form to the _commentarii Pontificum_, i, 10.

SUPREMA TEMPESTAS, i, 270.

_Surnames_, taken from places, betoken a relation of patrons, i, 217.

_Susa_, iii, 264.

_Sussex_, iii, 45.

_Sutrium_ and _Nepete_, border fastnesses of Etruria against Rome, i,
392.

_Suwarow_, iii, 71.

_Swabia_ was not a German country, has become so only by the Alemanni,
iii, 152;
little war in the days of Nerva, 216.

_Swabians_, partly called Sueves, and partly Alemanni, dwell on the
Maine, iii, 277;
break through the _Limes_ and take possession of what is now Swabia,
280.

_Swinburne_ gives a satisfactory description of the ground of the
battle of Cannæ, ii, 100.

_Switzerland_, whenever danger threatened from abroad the
aristocratical cantons mild to their country districts, otherwise
harsh and cruel to them, i, 225;
growing prosperity at the time of the Thirty Years’ war, 459;
the office of Bailiff sold in the smaller cantons, ii, 7.

_Syagrius_, iii, 347.

_Sylburg’s_ edition of Dionysius excellent, i, 41;
not inferior to any philologer of the first renown, 41.

_Sylla_, L. Cornelius, promotes proletarians into the senate, i, 516;
treats with Bocchus about the delivering up of Jugurtha, ii, 321,
distinguishes himself in the Social War with the main army, 356;
consul, 359;
character, 359;
appointed general by the senate against Mithridates, 360;
marches against Rome, 367;
conquers near Chæronea, 375;
greatness of his character, 378;
his return to Italy, 378;
confirms all the rights of the new citizens, 379;
defeats Norbanus near the Mount Tifata, 380;
trace, 380;
conquers the younger Marius near Sacriportus, 381;
marches upon Rome, 381;
goes to Etruria, 382;
battle of the Colline gate, 382;
has eight thousand Samnites put to death, 383;
conduct towards Præneste, 383;
proscriptions, 383;
his fantastic activity, 385;
reorganizes the senate, 385;
regulates the consulate and tribunate, 387;
deprives the children of the proscribed of their rights as citizens,
387;
gives back the administration of justice to the senators, 388;
further changes, 388;
dictatorship, 390;
his disease, 390;
death, 391;
was not false, 407.

_Symmachus_, iii, 324.

_Symplegades_, according to one legend in the eastern, and according to
others in the western sea, i, 102.

_Sympolity_, synonymous to _connubium_ and _commercium_, i, 503.

_Syngraphæ_, i, 388.

_Syphax_, king of the Massæsylians, ii, 131;
makes overtures to the Romans, 131;
marries Sophonisbe, 135;
wishes to act as mediator between Rome and Carthage, 136;
defeated by Masinissa, led in the triumph of Scipio, dies at Alba,
136;
his statues common, 136.

_Syracuse_ besieged under Agathocles by the Carthaginians, ii, 4;
the cradle of mechanical art, 12;
falls off from Rome, 114;
proclaims the republic, 115;
revolution by the mercenaries, 116;
conquered, 117;
acknowledged by Timæus as the first of Greek towns, 118.

_Syria_ at war with Egypt, ii, 145;
wins the northern fortresses of Phœnicia, 145;
Roman province, iii, 11;
one of the finest and richest countries in the world, 12;
overrun by the Persians, 280.

_P. Syrus_, iii, 141.

T

TABELLIONES under the emperors, i, 515.

TABULÆ NOVÆ, cancelling of debts, i, 540.

_Tacitus_, his loving memory of his father-in-law, ii, 292;
the excellent _dialogus de Oratoribus_, iii, 130, 185;
has not described the time of Nerva, 214;
has written from the death of Augustus down to Trajan, 164;
the Annales were very likely twenty books, 164;
throws in the beginning of his _Historiæ_ some light on Galba, 194;
his opinion of Otho’s end, 198;
his Agricola one of the greatest masterpieces of biography, 211;
character of his writings, 224, 225;
first edition of Agricola, 224;
the _Historiæ_ comprised thirty books, 225;
his age did not acknowledge his eminence, 225.

_Tacitus_, princeps Senatus, emperor, iii, 287;
the statement of his advanced age deserves little credit, 288;
carries on the war against the Alans, 288;
dies, 288.

_Tactics_ of the Romans, great light thrown on it by Cæsar’s
commentaries and by Josephus, iii, 199.

_Tadjiks_, inhabitants of towns, iii, 264.

_Tænarus_, the gathering place of men without a home, i, 462; ii, 23.

_Talents_ in Appian are not Attic, but Egyptian, i. e., copper talents,
iii, 72.

_Talmud_, corresponds in form to the _Commentarii pontificum_, i, 10.

_Tamphilus_, see Bæbius.

_Tanaquil_, lives to see the death of Servius, must at that time have
been a hundred and fifteen years old, i, 81, 155;
every woman, who is stated to have been Etruscan, is called by the
Romans Tanaquil, 137.

_Tarchon_, i, 192.

_Tarentum_ waxes great by the immigration of the Greeks from the other
states, i, 459;
state of its affairs, 460;
constitution, 460;
the blame heaped upon it is unjust, 460;
calls in Archidamus of Sparta, 461;
then Alexander of Epirus, 461;
wool dying manufactories, 478;
its share in the second Samnite war, 497;
calls in Cleonymus against the Lucanians, 510;
very likely throughout the Samnite war hostile to Rome, 511;
treaty with Rome, 511, 544;
excites the people far and near against the Romans, 544, 548;
destroys the Roman ships, 549;
the citadel given up to Cineas, 556;
sold by Milo, 570;
garrison of the Romans there, ii, 50;
goes over to Hannibal, 110;
the citadel remains to the Romans, 110;
fallen into the hands of Hannibal owing to treachery, again betrayed
to the Romans, 120;
colony sent thither by C. Gracchus, 120;
loses all its rights, 186.

_Tarpeia_, a Sabine heroine, i, 29.

_Tarquinians_, after their expulsion reside at Laurentum, i, 136;
_gens Tarquinia_, 137;
treated at first with forbearance, then exiled, 204.

_Tarquinii_, an important town, its connexion with Corinth not to be
mistaken, i, 134;
its people carry on war against the Romans, 390;
threaten Rome, 408;
war of them, 413;
routed by C. Martius, 413.

_Tarquinius Priscus_, legends of him, i, 81, 185;
is a Latin, not an Etruscan, 136;
his wife in the old legend a Latin woman, Caia Cæcilia, 137;
in all likelihood belongs to the Luceres, 137;
his time seems to be parted from the former by a great gulf, 137;
_Cloaca maxima_, 138;
wishes to double the Romulean _Tribus_, 139.

_Tarquinius Superbus_, stated by Piso to have been the grandson of
Tarquinius Priscus, i, 29;
at least fifty years of age when he kills Servius, 81;
forbids the plebeian Sacra, 173;
destroys the laws of Servius Tullius, 184, 194;
undertakes immense works, uses the plebeians as bondmen, 194;
subjects Latium, 195;
presides at the sacrifices of the _Feriæ Latinæ_, 197;
said to have founded colonies at Signia and Circeii, 197;
Gabii taken by stratagem, 197;
his statue remained on the Capitol, 199;
goes to Cære, Tarquinii, Veii, 208;
his death, 219.

_Sex. Tarquinius_, his outrage against Lucretia, i, 189.

_L. Tarquitius_, master of the horse of Cincinnatus, i, 282.

_Tarraco_, in the beginning of the second Punic war, in possession of
the Romans, ii, 69.

_T. Tatius_, dies in the fourth year of the town, i, 84, _note_;
gains, by means of treason, a settlement on the Tarpeian Hill, 118;
slain at the sacrifice in Laurentum, 118, 121;
his memory hated, 121;
called by Ennius a tyrant, 121;
refuses to the people of Lavinium to give up their kinsmen, 266.

_Taurasia_, battle, i, 567.

_Taurea_, see Jubellius.

_Taurinians_ were Ligurians, i, 370.

_Tauris_, capital of Armenia, iii, 296.

_Tauriscans_ are among the tribes in arms in the war of the Cisalpine
Gauls, otherwise only in Carniola, ii, 52;
their dwellings, iii, 3.

_Taurominium_, allied with Syracuse, i, 578;
opens its gates to the Romans, 581;
independent after the first Punic war, ii, 41.

_Taxes_ among the ancients were mostly on land, ii, 183;
made superfluous in Rome by the Macedonian booty after the defeat of
Perseus, 219; iii, 301.

_Taxiles_, general of Mithridates, ii, 375.

_Tectosages_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 81.

_Telamon_, near Populonia, battle of the Romans and the Cisalpine
Gauls, ii, 55.

_Tellenians_, i, 171.

_Tellus_ and _Tellumo_, deities of the earth, i, 169;
temple of Tellus on the Carinæ, 257.

_Telmissus_ comes to Eumenes, ii, 183.

_Temple_ of Penates, falsely called the temple of Romulus, at the foot
the Velia, i, 206;
that of Venus and of Roma is _summa Velia_, 206;
of Virtus and Honos, dedicated by Marcellus, thoroughly stripped in
the time of Livy, ii, 119;
the temple of Jerusalem plundered by Pompey, iii, 11;
of the temple of Apollo on the Palatine nothing is left, 149;
the temple of peace built by Vespasian, 207;
of Mars Ultor, all the columns of marble, 222;
the temples of Venus and Roma erected under Hadrian, 224.

_Tenchteri_, Cæsar’s conduct to them, iii, 44.

_Terentia_, Cicero’s wife, her influence over him, iii, 18.

_C. Terentilius Harsa_ appoints five men to draw up a law, declaring
the limits of consular authority, i, 277.

_P. Terentius Afer_ (Terence), ii, 392;
conf. Plautus.

_Terentius Culleo_, ii, 185.

_C. Terentius Varro_, consul, son of a butcher, ii, 97;
seems unjustly to have been condemned by historians, 98;
in the account of Appian, taken from Fabius Pictor, he is far from
being so blameable as Livy and Polybius want to make him out, 99.

_M. Terentius Varro_, descendant of C. Terentius Varro, dates the death
of Nævius later than others do, i, 18;
not a learned philologist in the modern sense of the term, 99;
has read an immense deal, but is confused, 103;
belongs to the aristocratical party, ii, 98; iii, 56;
does not at all write like one who lived in the same age with Cicero,
127;
by far less learned in Greek things than in Roman, 127.

_Terina_, i, 458.

_Termantia_, or Termessia, town of the Celtiberians, ii, 260.

_Terni_, origin of the cascade, i, 538;
conf. Amiternum.

_Terra di Lecce_ and _Terra di Otranto_, the Greek language extinct
there, i, 145.

_Terracina_, Tyrrhenian, called formerly Τραχεινή, i, 110;
afterwards Volscian, called Anxur, 223;
conf. Anxur.

_Tertullian_, a man of the highest talent, iii, 234;
his book against the theatre, 235;
should be read much more generally by philologists, 235.

_Tetricus_, C. Pesuvius, emperor in the West, iii, 283, 284;
goes over to Aurelian, 286.

_Teuta_, Queen of Illyria, ii, 47.

_Teutoburg Forest_, battle, iii, 157.

_Teutones_, of German stock, ii, 323;
may have been chased out of the East by the advance of the
Sarmatians, 323;
conquered by Marius, 329.

_Teutonic Knights_ at Königsberg, had a book with stories from the O.
T., and from the heroic age of Rome, i, 79.

_Thalna_, see Juventius.

_Thapsus_, peninsula with a fortified town, iii, 67.

_Tharyps_, king of the Molossians, i, 552.

_Thasus_, the Phœnician settlement there later than that of Cyprus, ii,
1.

_Theatres_, Greek, had most of them a view of the sea, i, 549;
in them the people used to assemble, 549;
of Marcellus, iii, 149.

_Thebes_, destroyed, ii, 255.

_Theocritus_, said to have been put to death by Hiero on account of a
Satire, i, 578;
his idyll Χάριτες, 578;
his shepherds are Siculian, not Greek, iii, 131.

_Theodora_, stepdaughter of Maximian, wife of Constantine, iii, 298.

_Theodoric_, king of the Western Goths, iii, 340;
his classical knowledge, 343.

_Theodorius_, emperor, colleague of Gratian, iii, 319;
native of Spain, 319;
character, 320;
conquers the Goths, 320;
defeats Maximus near Aquileia, 321;
against Eugenius, 321;
does penance, 322.

_Theodosius_, iii, 335.

_Theology_, of the Romans Etruscan, i, 148;
a knowledge of the imperial history indispensable for it, iii, 164.

_Theophilus_, his mistake, ii, 41.

_Theophrastus_, did not yet reckon by Olympiads, i, 149.

_Thera_, rises out of a clod of earth, i, 102.

_Thermantia_, Stilicho’s daughter, Honorius’ wife, iii, 332.

_Thermometer_, its height much less in old times than now, i, 357, and
_note_.

_Thermopylæ_, Ætolian, ii, 151;
battle, 173.

_Thesmophoriæ_, celebrated by women only, iii, 27.

_Thessalians_, are connected with the Pelasgians, i, 96.

_Thessalonica_, besieged by the Goths, iii, 284.

_Thessaly_, country of Cineas, has produced no other distinguished man,
i, 555;
well affected to Macedon, ii, 145;
part of it Ætolian, 151;
blended with Macedon, 151;
forms with Phthiotis the Thessalian republic, 163;
quite unable to take care of its own affairs, 171.

_Thirty Years’ War_, did nothing but destroy in literature, ii, 395;
in the latter years of it the French, Swedish, and imperial armies
were equally bad, iii, 201.

_Thrace_, the towns on the southern coast belonged to Egypt, ii, 145;
conquered by Philip, 148;
a kingdom, iii, 121.

_Thracians_, surprise the Roman army, ii, 204;
are not without Greek learning, 309;
speak Wallachian, iii, 267;
only the seaports and the larger inland towns, Greek, 267.

_Thrasea_, see Pætus.

_Thucydides_ mentions natural phenomena, ii, 92;
no other historian of the same spirit rose up after him, iii, 275.

_Thurii_, i, 459;
conquered by the Lucanians, 551;
by Rome, 551;
destroyed, ii, 406.

_Thurinians_, supported by the Romans against the Lucanians, i, 545;
erect a statue to Fabricius, 546;
the protection of Tarentum withdrawn from them, 551.

_Thysdrus_, provincial town in Africa, iii, 268;
insurrection against Maximian, 268.

_Tiberius_, Claudius Nero, a very able ruler, iii, 126;
compelled to marry Julia, 147;
proud of high birth, 147;
goes to Rhodes, 147;
adopted by Augustus, heir presumptive, 148;
looked upon with gloomy forebodings, 149;
campaign against the Dalmatians, 149;
suspected of having caused the death of Drusus, 153;
receives the command in Gaul, 153;
subdues the Sigambri, Bructeri and Cherusci, 154;
against Marbod, 155;
to Gaul, 159;
speaks the funeral oration of Augustus, 161;
was in danger of life even when still an infant, 165;
has the _quæstura Ostiensis_, 166;
goes to Armenia, 166;
character, 166;
a first-rate general, 166;
heir of two-thirds of Augustus’ property, 168;
dissimulation, 168;
his apparent refusal to undertake the government, 168;
did all for peace, 170;
hoards treasures, 173;
his dread of Livia, 174;
gives himself up to the most infamous lusts, 174;
Napoleon’s opinion of him, 174;
withdraws to Capreæ, 175;
declares against Sejanus, 176;
poisoned, 177;
knew Caligula as the monster he really was, 177.

_Tibullus_, his fortune had suffered in the stormy times in which he
was placed, iii, 137;
genuineness of his poems, 137.

_Tibur_ seems to have formed a distinct state, hostile to the Romans,
i, 413;
receives the full franchise by the Lex Julia, ii, 354;
declares for Marius, 370;
conf. Præneste, Tivoli.

_Tiburtines_, attached to the party of Cinna, iii, 107.

_Ticida_, iii, 129.

_Ticinus_, battle, probably near Pavia, ii, 83.

_Tifata_, Mount, battle, ii, 380.

_Tigellinus_, præfectus prætorio, iii, 192.

_Tigranes_, king of Armenia, iii, 2;
extent of his empire, 2;
buys the peace with Rome, 11.

_Tigranocerta_, iii, 7;
taken by Lucullus, 7.

_Tigurini_, in Helvetia, of Gallic stock, join the Cimbrians, ii, 324;
revenge of the Romans, iii, 41.

_Timæus_, source of Ennius, i, 24;
statement from him, 98;
is the first who reckons by Olympiads, 149;
his history of the Samnite wars merely an introduction to that of
Pyrrhus, 493;
his history of the war of Pyrrhus, 562; ii, 1;
lived in Athens, ii, 118.

_Timesicles_, see Misitheus.

_Timesitheus_, see Misitheus.

Τιμηταί of the Greek towns, i, 332.

_Timoleon_ checks the spread of the Carthaginians in Sicily, i, 457;
pacifies Sicily, 575; ii, 4.

_Tin_, of great value to the ancients for making copper fusible, ii,
58;
even now found principally in England and the East Indies, iii, 45;
very great quantities used in ancient times, 45;
channels of its trade, 45.

_Tin mines_ in Cornwall, iii, 45.

_Tiridates_ receives Armenia as a fief from Nero, iii, 191;
mention of him in the _Mirabilia Romæ_, 192.

_Tiridates_, prince of Armenia, iii, 313.

_Tities_, name of the Sabine tribe, i, 124.

_Titthi_, tribe of the Celtiberians, ii, 260.

_L. Titurius_, his legion annihilated by the Eburones, iii, 46.

_Titus_, son of Vespasian, remains behind in Judæa, iii, 201;
carries on the government, 207;
very unpopular before his father’s death, 207;
his generosity, 208;
præfectus prætorio, 208.

_Tivoli_ had in the 15th century fifty times more owners of the soil
than now, i, 228;
destroyed places in its neighbourhood, 409 and _note_;
constitution in modern times, ii, 398;
conf. Tibur.

_Toga_, its form, i, 267.

_Toichographies_ of the Greeks, i, 5.

_Tolistoboii_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 181.

_Lars Tolumnius_, king of Veii, i, 347.

_Tomi_ (Kustendji), lay outside the contiguous Roman empire, iii, 161.

_Tongres_, burnt to ashes, iii, 308.

_Town-house_ in America, i, 450.

_Trajan_, fond of transporting himself into the past, i, 403;
has written his memoirs, iii, 214;
adopted by Nerva, 215;
his descent, 216;
goes to Germany, 216;
comes to Rome only a year after his accession, 217;
his energy, 217;
gets the finances into excellent order, 217;
the first Dacian war, 218;
conquers, 218;
second war, 219;
successfully ended, 219;
war against the Parthians 219;
reduces Seleucia and Ctesiphon, 220;
makes peace, 220;
makes Arabia a Roman province, 220;
dies at Selinus, 221;
adopts Hadrian, 221;
his buildings, 221.

_Trajanopolis_, formerly Selinus, iii, 221.

_Trajan’s pillar_, iii, 212, 223.

TRANSITIO AD PLEBEM, i, 200; iii, 28.

_Trapani_, the Drepana of old, ii, 29.

_Trasimenus_, battle, ii, 91;
has great resemblance to the battle of Auerstedt, 91.

_Travertino_, is fire proof, i, 380.

_Treasury_ of Rome during the time of the Social War, ii, 296;
well filled at the death of Antoninus Pius, iii, 248.

_Trebia_, locality of the battle, ii, 84;
battle of Macdonald against Suwarow in 1799, 86.

_Trebonianus_, Gallus, emperor, iii, 278;
concludes a treaty with the Goths, 278;
falls, defeated by Æmilianus, 279.

_Trebonius_, a Lucanian name, iii, 37.

_C. Trebonius_, general of Cæsar, takes a part in the conspiracy
against him, iii, 79.

_Trent_, a Lombard colony, i, 103.

_Treves_, seat of the Gallic government, iii, 283;
_Porta nigra_, 283;
destroyed, 308.

TRIARII, i, 441.

_Triballians_, make their appearance in Thrace nine (twelve) years
after the taking of Rome, i, 365, 369.

_Tribuneship_, brought back by Sylla to what it was before the
Publilian law, ii, 387;
no one, after having been tribune, is to have any office, which led
to the senate, 387;
restored by Pompey, iii, 5.

TRIBUNI ÆRARII, iii, 4.

TRIBUNI CELERUM, not one but four of them, i, 199.

TRIBUNI MILITARES, their number, i, 192;
in the army, when complete, there are twenty-four of them, 488.

TRIBUNI PLEBIS, entered upon office on the tenth of December, i, 237;
institution of the office, 239;
elected by the whole of the community, 239;
inviolable, 340;
chosen _auxilii ferendi causa_, 340;
looked upon like the ambassador of a foreign state, to protect the
subjects of his sovereign, 241;
their houses open by day and night, not allowed to absent themselves
from the city, 241;
elected by the centuries, 242;
confirmed by the curies, 242;
their number at first two, afterwards five, 242;
were anything but mutinous, 256;
their character changes under Pontificius, 260;
no longer confirmed by the curies, 261;
impeach the consuls, probably before the curies, 265;
after that before the Plebes, 265;
their procedure in their motions before the people, 270;
receive by the Publilian rogations the initiative, 271;
their office not abolished under the first decemvirate, only under
the second, 298;
ten elected under the presidency of the _Pontifex Maximus_, 312;
after the downfall of the decemvirs they enter upon their office in
December, 312;
the protest of one might paralyze the influence of the whole body,
314;
representatives of their order, 314;
seem also to have taken auspices, 314;
patricians among them, 314, 326;
their college divided, 328;
their power limited by the _Lex Ælia_ and _Fusina_, ii, 226;
arrest consuls, 226;
change of the character of the tribuneship, 269;
can only check each other, 280;
belong to the first families, 281;
merely commissioned to bring motions before the people, 281;
enter upon office on the ninth of December, 284;
take part in the discussions of the senate, 284.

TRIBUNUS, head of a tribe, i, 174.

TRIBUNUS NOTARIORUM, cabinet councillor, iii, 321.

_Tribes_, the names of the oldest Roman tribes Etruscan, i, 148;
of Servius Tullius, i, 173;
had common Sacra, 173;
names of the country tribes taken from heroes, 173;
plebeians only received into them, 174;
_tribus urbanæ_ were _minus honestæ_, especially the Esquilina, the
Crustumina standing higher, 336, 522;
there seems to have been discussion allowed in them, 184;
their privileges, 184;
an appeal to them granted by Servius Tullius, 184;
their number reduced from thirty to twenty by the peace of Porsena,
212;
tribus Crustumina added as the twenty-first, 212;
consist of two decuries, 239;
were allowed only to transact business on the Nundines, 269;
a curulian magistrate not allowed to be present at their assemblies,
269;
mode of voting, 260;
become a general national division, 304;
might assemble every day, 322;
decide on war, 415;
after the first Punic war there are thirty-five of them, ii, 185;
new tribes formed in the Social war, 357;
conjectures on their number, 357, _note_;
done away with, 374.

_Tribus Æmilia_, ii, 374.

_Tribus Pupinia_, i, 448.

_Tribus Quirina_, ii, 185.

_Tribus Sergia_, ii, 374.

_Tribus Tarquinia_, i, 204.

_Tribus Ufentina_, i, 466.

_Tribus Velina_, ii, 185.

_Tribute_ of the conquered countries to Rome, iii, 12.

_Trierarchies_ in Rome, i, 405.

_Trifanum_ on the Liris, battle, i, 444.

_Trinundinum_ or _Trinum nundinum_, i, 269, 270.

_Triremes_ of the Athenians had from two hundred to two hundred and
twenty men, partly rowers, partly marines, ii, 12;
of the Romans and Antiates, ii, 13.

_Triumph_ on the Alban mount, i, 411, _note_.

_Triumphal Fasti_, see Fasti.

_Triumphal arches_ at the entrances of the Forum Ulpium, iii, 224, on
that of Severus the falling of the art is to be seen, 224.

TRIUMVIRI, more correctly _tresviri_, i, 544.

TRIUMVIRI AGRORUM _dividendorum_, ii, 284;
were not _sacrosancti_, 284.

TRIUMVIRI CAPITALES were perhaps an offshoot of the ædilieian power, i,
406, 543;
their offices, 544.

TRIUMVIRI MONETALES, established after the _Lex Hortensia_, i, 406.

_Triumviri reipublicæ constituendæ_, i, 407; iii, 92.

_Trocmi_, tribe of the Galatians, ii, 181.

_Trogus Pompeius_, born near Massilia, used native chronicles, i, 364;
of Ligurian extraction, ii, 49.

_Trojans_ to be looked upon as Pelasgians, i, 96.

_Trojan_ immigration in Italy quite unauthenticated, i, 105;
mentioned by Nævius, 105.

_Tuarics_ have an alphabet quite distinct from the Arabic, ii, 310.

_Tubero_, Q. Ælius, writes the Roman annals anew, i, 35;
no longer knew the old style of language, nor did he see the
difference between the institutions of his own day and those of
primitive times, 35;
made use of documents, 35.

_Tuditanus_, consul, ii, 288.

TULLIA GENS, an Alban clan on the Cœlius, i, 156.

_Tullus_, see Attius, Hostilius.

_Tunes_, _Tunis_, its territory subject to Carthage, ii, 4;
the dialect probably still contains Punic and Latin elements, 5; iii,
234;
conquered by Regulus, ii, 21.

_Turditanians_, according to the ancients of different race from the
Cantabrians, according to Humboldt of the same, ii, 60.

_Turin_, battle, iii, 299.

_Turini_, ancient form for Tyrrheni, i, 102.

_Turnus_, synonymous with Turinus, Tyrrhenus, i, 109.

_Turnus Herdonius_, the tale of him has a highly poetical colouring, i,
195.

_Tuscanica signa_ prized at Rome, i, 153.

_Tuscany_, the grand duke Peter Leopold divided his subjects, and
thereby made them bad, i, 451.

_Tusci_, synonymous with Tyrrheni, i, 144.

_Tusculans_, become full citizens after the Latin war, i, 448;
put into the Tribus Pupinia, 448;
the most renowned Roman families were Tusculan, 448;
rising, 480.

_Tusculum_ remains faithful to Rome, i, 390;
the theatre there presupposes the performance of native and Greek
pieces, ii, 195.

_Twelve Tables_, the laws of the, introduce one uniform civil law for
patricians and plebeians, i, 228, 230;
their origin, 297;
the laws hostile to the liberty of the plebeians were on the two
last, 298;
constitution after them, 300, 303;
the laws were not entirely new, 301;
give unlimited right to dispose by will, 301;
forbid the enactment of any _privilegia_, 303.

_Tycha_, part of Syracuse, ii, 117.

_Tyndaris_, on the northern coast of Sicily, sea fight, ii, 16.

_Tyrants_, thirty, iii, 281.

_Tyre_, by its connexion with Persia becomes the port for the whole of
Asia, ii, 3.

_Tyrrhenians_, old name of the Pelasgian population of Latium, i, 98;
among the Greeks the Pelasgian inhabitants of the whole western coast
of Italy, 102;
go from Meonia to Italy, 102;
the name transferred by the Greeks to the Etruscans, 148;
dwelt, according to Thucydides, near Athos, and in Lemnos, according
to Herodotus, in Attica, near the Hymettus, 143;
the national hatred of the Greeks against them in Pindar to be
understood of the Etruscans, 151;
make their appearance before Cumæ, 214.

U

_Ulixes_, Latin form for Odysseus, ii, 194;
Siculian, 194, _note_.

_Ulm_, the guilds the ruling power there, i, 168.

_Ulphilas_, iii, 317.

_Ulpianus_, Domitius, chief of Septimius Severus, iii, 262;
of Tyrian origin, but not born in Tyre, 262;
murdered, 263;
a great jurist, 275;
excellent with regard to language, 275.

_Ulster_, it is problematical whether any Cymri had dwelt there, ii,
322.

_Umbrians_, belong to the same stock as the Opicans, i, 99;
their language has some resemblance to Latin, 142;
Umbria, a district in Tuscany, 146;
become tributary to the Gauls, 372;
connexion with the Romans, 509;
acknowledge Rome’s supremacy, 571;
under arms during the Social War, ii, 352, 358;
get the Roman franchise, 358.

_Umbro_, river in Tuscany, i, 146.

_Unction_ often applied as a remedy, iii, 252.

_Uri_, the _Beisassen_, a subjugated community, i, 167;
the canton oligarchical, 437.

_Usipetes_, Cæsar’s conduct against them, iii, 44.

_Utica_, older colony of Tyre than Carthage, ii, 1;
rises against Carthage, 45;
throws itself into the arms of Rome, 232;
saved by Cato, iii, 69.

V

_Vaccæans_, their subjection, ii, 202;
war against them, 231.

_Vadimo_, lake, i, 547.

_Valais_, iii, 43.

_Valckenaer_, iii, 235.

_Valencia_, province, Latinized, ii, 257.

_Valencia_, town, founded, ii, 260.

_Valenciennes_, excavations, iii, 203.

_Valens_, see Fabius.

_Valens_, brother and colleague of Valentinian the First, iii, 315;
cruel and cowardly, a fanatical Arian, 316;
battle of Adrianople, 319.

_Valentinian_, emperor, an Illyrian, iii, 315;
character, 315.

_Valentinian II._, son of Valentinian the First, iii, 316;
flies before Maximus to Thessalonica, 321;
murdered by Arbogastes, 321.

_Valentinian III._, Placidus, iii, 335;
emperor, 335;
conspires against Aëtius, 342;
murdered, 342.

_Valeriani_, ii, 377; iii, 5.

_Valerianus_ defeats Æmilianus, emperor, iii, 279;
censor, 279;
his history very obscure, 279;
war with the Persians, capitulates and becomes a prisoner, 280;
dies in captivity, 281.

_Valerian laws_ restore those of Servius, i, 207.

_Valerius_, see Messalla.

_Valerius_ and _Horatius_, consuls after the downfall of the decemvirs,
i, 342;
conquer the Sabines, 342.

_L. Valerius_, _duumvir navalis_, sent with his squadron to Tarentum,
i, 549;
killed, 549.

_M. Valerius_, dictator, i, 235.

_Valerius_, Volesus, and the several contemporary Valerii, i, 200,
_note_, 218;
belong to the Tities, 200.

_Valerius Antias_, the most untrue of all the Roman historians, i, 32;
does not belong to the gens of the patrician Valerii, 32;
Livy has repeatedly taken from him, 33, 117.

_M. Valerius Corvus_, character, i, 425, 481;
conquers near the Mount Gaurus, 427;
a second time, 429;
puts down the insurrection near Lautulæ, 431;
lives to an advanced age, 547;
six times consul, ii, 333.

_Q. Valerius Falto_, prætor, conquers near the Ægatian isles, ii, 38.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, friend of Cato, ii, 173, 192.

_L. Valerius Flaccus_, head of the democracy, ii, 369;
gets the command against Mithridates, 375;
murdered by his quæstor or legatus Fimbria, 376.

_Valerius Flaccus_, prætor, iii, 23;
Cicero’s oration for him, 37.

_Valerius Maximus_, one of the most wretched of writers, i, 66;
during the middle ages the mirror of virtue, 79;
no historical authority, 466.

_Valerius Poplicola_, præfectus urbi, i, 202;
generally mentioned as the successor of Collatinus, 205;
the accounts of him are fabulous, 206;
said to have been chosen into the senate, 334.

_L. Valerius Potitus_, requires the decemvirs to resign their power, i,
308.

_C. Valerius Triarius_, iii, 8.

_Valesius_, Hadrian, iii, 276.

_Valgius_, iii, 129, 141.

_Valla_, Laurentius, his grave discovered by Niebuhr, i, 3;
startled at the contradictions of ancient history, 3, 56.

_Vandals_, fearing rebellions, pull down the walls of the conquered
towns, ii, 20;
make their appearance, iii, 284;
threaten Rome, 287;
cross the Rhine, 332;
evacuate Gaul, 332;
in Spain, 332;
conquered by Adolphus, 334;
invited to Africa by Boniface, 337;
truce and peace, 337;
pillage Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the coast of Italy, 338.

_Q. Vargunteius_, has reviewed, not divided the books of Ennius, i, 24.

_Q. Varius_, tribune, his law, ii, 349.

_Varius_, ranked by the ancients among the greatest of that age, iii,
138;
his tragedy of Thyestes, 138;
composed very likely after Alexandrinian tragedy, 138.

_Varro_, see Terentius.

_Varro Atacinus_, translator of Apollonius Rhodius, iii, 129.

_Varus_, general of Pompey in Africa, iii, 56.

_Varus_, Martius, iii, 241.

_Varus Quinctilius_, iii, 156.

_Vases_, Etruscan, near Tarquinii, perfectly similar to the oldest
Greek ones, i, 134;
Arretinian, 134.

_Vatinius_, Cicero’s charge and defence, iii, 20;
causes, as tribune of the people, Cisalpine Gaul to be given to Cæsar
for five years, 34.

_Vaudoncourt_, general, asserts, that the Italian, Spanish, and African
nations, fought in phalanx, i, 476;
his notions with regard to the battle on the Trebia inconceivable,
ii, 84.

_Vegetation_ in southern countries always springing up about walls, i,
382.

_Veientine_ war of Tarquin mythical, i, 208.

_Veii_, extent of the town, i, 261;
war with Rome, 261;
conquer the stronghold of the Fabii at the Cremera, 264;
attack against Rome, 264;
truce, 265;
last war with Rome, 352;
parallel to that of Troy, 354;
conquered, 359;
occupied by patricians, and partly also by plebeians, 360;
the Etruscans try to reconquer it, but are repulsed by the Romans
under Cædicius, 381;
proposition to inhabit Veii instead of Rome, 386;
destroyed by the orders of the senate, 387;
restored as military colony under Augustus, 387.

_Velabrum_, i, 189;
lay low on marshy ground, 518.

_Velia summa, infima_, i, 206.

_Velinus_, lake, its draining, i, 538.

_Velitræ_, originally Latin, i, 445;
afterwards a Volscian town, 344, 345;
Roman colony, 345;
separated from Rome, 390;
fate after the Latin war, 450.

_Velleius Paterculus_, writes as far as 783, independent of Livy, i,
57;
character, 58; ii, 357;
hits off many characters with masterly touches, iii, 146;
has much of the mannerism of the French writers of the eighteenth
century, 165.

_Venafrum_, got Roman franchise perhaps by the Lex Julia, ii, 354.

_Venantius Fortunatus_, iii, 154.

_Vendeans_ in the year 1793, i, 526.

_Veneti_, near the mouth of the Loire, conquered by Cæsar, iii, 45.

_Venetians_, friends to the Romans, ii, 56;
their chief town Patavium, 56;
different from the Tuscans, probably of Liburno-Pelasgian descent,
56;
their residences, 56;
dependent, 58.

_Venice_, position of the nobili, i, 131, 512;
in the concilio grande every one was equal to his neighbour, 174;
wishes for peace after the battle of Ghiera d’Adda, 475;
the places were sold, ii, 7;
fought in its most brilliant times only with small ships, 18;
senate, iii, 288;
foundation, 341.

_Vennonius_, an annalist, i, 28.

_Venusia_, colony, i, 534, 560; ii, 106; iii, 133;
probably besieged by Pyrrhus, i, 564;
takes part in the Social war, ii, 352, 355;
military colony, iii, 133.

VER SACRUM, i, 104.

_Vercelli_, battle, iii, 332.

_Vercingetorix_, insurrection against the Romans, iii, 46;
gives himself up to the Romans, 48.

_Verrius Flaccus_, i, 130, 136; iii, 323.

_Verses_, old German, their construction, i, 90;
Arabic, 90;
Persian, 90;
Spanish _coblas de art mayor_, 90.

VERSURAM FACERE, to add the interest to the principal, i, 388.

_Verulæ_, Hernican town, i, 247.

_Verus_, Ælius, adopted by Hadrian, iii, 231.

_Verus_, L., adopted by T. Antonius, iii, 237;
wallowed in luxury, 240;
sent against Parthia, 240.

_Vescia_, Ausonian town, very likely the present S. Agata di Goti, i,
443.

_Veseris_, battle, i, 439, 443.

_Vespasian_ from Nursia, ii, 397; iii, 199;
has the golden house of Nero destroyed, iii, 190;
in Syria against Vitellius, 198;
_instaurator reipublicæ_, 199;
of low birth, 199;
a distinguished officer, 200;
comes late to Rome, 201;
character, 204;
avarice, 206;
his saying concerning the wants of the Roman state, 206;
his buildings, 207;
dies, 207.

_Vesta_, see Vulcanus.

_Vestales_, their number reduced to six by Tarquin the Proud, i, 130.

_Vestinians_ of Sabine stock, i, 120, 419;
friends to the Samnites, 476;
fall off from Rome in the Social War, ii, 352;
make peace with Rome, 356.

_Vesuvius_, quite burnt out at the time of Spartacus, ii, 405;
quiet since the time of the Greek settlements, begins to throw up
fire under Titus, iii, 209.

_Veterans_, of Scipio’s army, rewarded by a special grant of land, ii,
187, 273;
veterans form settlements where they have been encamped, iii, 152;
colonies of them founded by Cæsar, 74.

_Vetranio_, iii, 306.

_Vetrius Messius_, i, 344.

VIA APPIA, i, 518;
paved with basalt as far as Brundusium, iii, 222;
see Appian road.

VIA SETINA, i, 518.

_Vibenna_, see Cæles.

_Vibius Virrius_, head of the Carthaginian party in Capua resolves to
die, ii, 113.

VICI, a certain number assigned to each region, i, 172; iii, 123.

_Victor_, the _Origo gentis Romanæ_, a forgery of modern times, i, 34;
iii, 323.

_Victoriensis_, Neu Wied, iii, 283.

_Victories_, invented after defeats, i, 222.

_Victorinus_, M. Piavvonius, emperor, iii, 282.

_Victorinus_, Marius, rhetorician, iii, 324.

VICUS, _septem viarum_, i, 188;
_sceleratus_, 194.

VIDEANT _consules, ne quid detrimenti capiat res publica_, i, 277; ii,
304, and _note_.

_Vienna_, siege by Soliman, ii, 280.

_Vienne_, capital of the Allobroges, ii, 78.

VIGILES, iii, 123.

_Villani_, Giovanni, i, 120;
Matteo, iii, 292.

VILLE, original meaning, i, 167.

_Villius_, consul, only a short time against Philip, ii, 154;
stationed at Antigonea, 154.

_Viminalis_, first brought within the precincts of the city by the wall
of Servius Tullius, i, 190.

VINCULA PETRI, iii, 114.

VINCULUM FIDEI, i, 230.

_Vindelicians_, are of Liburnian stock, i, 370; iii, 151.

_Vindex_, Julius, an Aquitanian of rank, insurrection under Nero, iii,
192;
had the rank of a Roman senator, 193;
slain, 193;
a Gallic national feeling manifested in his rebellion, 202.

VINDICIÆ _contra libertatem, secundum libertatem_, i, 309.

_Vinius_, favourite of Galba, iii, 196.

_Virgil_, changes the old legend of the settlement of Æneas in Latium,
i, 116;
_Gensque virum truncis et duro robore creti_, i, 110;
_recens horrebat regia culmo_, 120;
his life in danger, iii, 101;
his fourth eclogue, 103;
may be called the contemporary of Asinius, 130;
never has any obsolete phrases but in the Æneid, 131;
opinion of him, 131;
lyric poetry his true calling, 132;
wishes to burn the Iliad, 133;
deserves the reproach of flattery far more than Horace, 134;
follows in the track of the poets of Alexandria and Pergamus, 139;
Virgilian school in the middle ages, 186.

_Virgin_, her image washed in the river Almo, iii, 115.

_Virginia_, daughter of the centurion L. Virginius, i, 309;
crime of Ap. Claudius against her, 309.

_Virginius_, father of Virginia, not Aulus, as Livy has it, i, 309.

_T. Virginius Rufus_, commander of the German troops, iii, 193;
truce with Vindex, 193;
refuses to be emperor, 193;
declares himself for Galba, 194.

_Viriathus_, ii, 224, 257;
his peace with the Romans, 258;
murdered, 259.

_Viridomarus_, Gallic chief slain by M. Claudius Marcellus, ii, 56.

_Visigoths_, iii, 317;
their national civilization, 317;
received into the Roman empire, insurrection at Marcianopolis, 318;
overrun Mœsia and Thrace, 318;
besiege Adrianople, 319;
disarmed by Theodosius, 320;
defeated in Greece by Stilicho, 329;
conf. Alaric and Adolphus.

_Vitellius_, proclaimed emperor by the troops on the German frontier,
iii, 196;
his character, 196;
his father, 196;
marches against Italy, 197;
battle near Bedriacum, 197;
takes possession of Rome, 198;
murdered, 201.

_Vitruvius Vaccus_, i, 466.

_Vituli_ or _Vitelli_, name of the Pelasgians in Italy, i, 79.

_Vodostor_, Carthaginian commander, ii, 37.

_Volaterra_, destroyed, ii, 383.

_Volcano_, on Ischia, an eruption, i, 536.

_Volnius_ i, 148.

_Vologæsus_, iii, 391.

_Volones_, ii, 110.

_Volscians_, are Opicans, i, 98, 223;
periods of the wars against them, 246;
advance against Rome from the sea-side, 275;
very likely those of Ecetræ had a friendly alliance with Rome, 285;
get isopolity, 285, 292;
the Volscians of Ecetræ crushed by Postumius Tubertus, 344;
split into several states, 410;
their land Roman, 504;
peace, ii, 147.

_Volscius_, who informs against Cæso Quinctius, banished by
Cincinnatus, i, 284;
his surname of Fictor, 284.

_Voltumna_, temple, i, 151;
festivals of the Etruscans there, 350.

_Volumnius_, consul, carries on the war in Samnium, i, 525;
goes to Etruria, where Ap. Claudius wants not to admit him, 527.

_Voss_, J. II., the truth of his remarks on Tibullus not admitted owing
to party spirit, iii, 137.

_Vossius_, Ger. John, i, 38;
misled by Pighius, 69.

_Vulcanus_ and _Vesta_, deities of fire, i, 169.

_Vulsinii_, the insurrection there betokens the condition of a
vanquished people, i, 152;
war with Rome, 361, 390, 509.

_Vulturnum_, another name for Capua, i, 343.

W

_Walch’s_ emendations on Livy, i, 57.

_Wall_ of Servius Tullus, i, 190;
that which is called after Trajan, probably built by Augustus, iii,
61.

_Wallace_, ii, 53.

_Wallachia_, language of the country, iii, 219.

_Wallia_, iii, 345.

_Walpole_, i, 464.

_Warnefrid_, Paul, Eutropius continued by him, i, 66.

_War_, a different notion of waging war has come into vogue since the
end of the seventeenth century, ii, 119.

_War_, declaration of war by the Fetiales, its formula in Livy, i, 104.

_War_, art of war was of a far higher order in the Seven-Years’ war
than it is now, ii, 17.

_Wars_ in the French revolution conducted with sluggishness and want of
design on the part of the enemy, ii, 82.

_Waterloo_, battle, i, 560.

_Wattignies_, battle, turning point of the modern history of warfare,
ii, 14.

_Well_, on the Capitol, i, 378.

_Wendes_, in Germany, have most of them adopted the German language
without colonization, i, 367.

_Western Asia_, ruled over by Syrian kings, ii, 145.

_Western Goths_, see Visigoths.

_Westerwald_, iii, 46.

_Wieland_, his commentary on Horace, iii, 134.

_Will_, double form of it, i, 301;
_in procinctu_, 301;
auguries requisite for it, 302;
the free disposition of property gave rise to the most shameful
abuse, 303.

WINKELMANN, i, 73;
led astray by Dempster, 141;
belongs from his style to the period before Lessing, iii, 127.

_Winter_, severe, in Rome, i, 357.

_Wittekind_, of Corvey, in his time all memory of the Roman wars
entirely vanished, iii, 150.

_Wolf_, F. A., i, 73, 251.

X

_Xanthippus_, not a Spartan, but a Neodamode, ii, 22;
becomes general of the Carthaginians, 23;
defeats Regulus, 24;
leaves Carthage, 24.

_Xanthus_, in Lycia, iii, 96.

_Xanthus_, of Lydia, his work unjustly suspected of not being genuine,
i, 143.

_Xenagoras_, i, 223.

_Xiphilinus_, extracts from Dio Cassius, i, 64.

Y

_Year_, the oldest year of the Romans had ten months, i, 84, 387;
that of the Etruscans likewise, 387.

_Yellow fever_, in Cadix in 1800, i, 276.

_Yemen_, etymology, iii, 281.

Z

_Zama_, battle, ii, 140.

_Zanclæans_, their curse on Messana, i, 577.

_Zarmizegethusa_, capital of Dacia, Roman colony under the name of
Colonia Ulpia, iii, 219.

_Zeno_, iii, 68;
by far inferior to Plato and Aristotle, 239.

_Zenobia_, widow of Odenathus, iii, 282;
war with Aurelian, 286;
must have had bad infantry, 286;
taken prisoner, 286.

_Zeuxis_, ambassador of Antiochus to Scipio, ii, 179.

_Zonaras_, follows in the track of Dio Cassius, i, 20;
his extract from it has a slight admixture from Plutarch, 64;
character of his work, 64;
statements of his of a marked character are taken from Fabius, ii,
62.

_Zorndorf_, battle, 531.

_Zurich_, the guilds the ruling power there in the fourteenth century,
i, 168.

-----

Footnote 1:

Ad Cornelianam p. 78. Ps. Asconius ad Cic. Divin. Verr: p. 103. Or.
and in other places, see Orellii Onom. Ind. Leg. p. 142.—German
Edition.

Footnote 2:

Ch. viii. 3.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 3:

1749.

Footnote 4:

There is a story that Cicero, when going to Rhodes, consulted the
Delphian oracle concerning his life, and that the Pythia replied, that
he ought not to trouble himself about the opinion of others but always
to follow his own. If this be an invention, it was devised by a man of
profound penetration; if the Pythia said it, it is one of those cases
in which one feels tempted to believe in her inspiration.

Footnote 5:

Lydus de Magistr. II, 6.—Germ. Edit.

Footnote 6:

Lucan, Pharsal. I, 125.

Footnote 7:

It is remarkable, that of Cæsar not one witty saying indeed is
recorded, whilst of Cicero an immense number are known, all of which
have a particular stamp, so that their genuineness is not to be
doubted.

Footnote 8:

This unaccountable expression is found in the MSS., and therefore I
did not choose to suppress it. Milo was, as is well known, from
Lanuvium, and had been adopted into the family of the Annii; but in
fact he was sprung from the _gens Papia_. The epithet _Syllanian_
seems to refer to his marriage with Fausta, the daughter of the
dictator Sylla.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 9:

Servius on Virg. Æn. XI, 743.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 10:

This view is contradicted by Bunsen in his Description of the City of
Rome,—Vol. III, 2d div., p. 110.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 11:

320 against 22. App. B. C. II, 30.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 12:

_V. Id. Sextil._ consequently on August 9th, according to the
_Kalendar. Amiternin._ in Foggini p. 112. 153. Not having access to
the book itself, I have borrowed the quotation from _Fischer’s
Römische Zeittafeln_, p. 278. Orelli (_Inscript._ II, p. 397) agrees
with it.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 13:

Licinus was a barber, an upstart who had amassed an immense fortune,
and had caused himself to be splendidly buried.

Footnote 14:

When Dio Cassius, XLIII, 47, says, ὥστε καὶ ἐννακοσίους τὸ κεφάλαιον
αὐτῶν γενέσθαι, he does not mean by it a regularly fixed amount, but
an accidental maximum.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 15:

The same friendly affection Cicero had shown also to Virgil, of whom
he is said to have used the expression, _Magnæ spes altera Romæ_:
Virgil, at the death of Cicero, was twenty-six years old. (Donat. vit.
Virgil. XI.)

Footnote 16:

The other prætorships were unimportant, their occupants being mere
chairmen of the courts of justice.

Footnote 17:

Against Demosthenes also similar calumnies were uttered, and the lines
(Plut. Demosth. c. 30),

Εἴπερ ἴσην ῥώμην γνώμη, Δημόσθενες, εἶχες,
Οὔποτ’ ἂν Ἑλλήνων ἦρξεν Ἄρης Μακεδών,

have been misrepresented, as having reference to it.

Footnote 18:

Posthumous Works, XIII, 68., “How little even the better men among
them (the Romans) understood what government means, may be seen from
the most absurd deed, which was ever done, even from the murder of
Cæsar.”

Footnote 19:

Plut. Brut., c. 40.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 20:

See vol. I., p. 406.

Footnote 21:

According to Cic. Brut. c. 64. and 94. Hortensius had made his first
speech in the consulship of L. Crassus, and Q. Scævola (657 according
to Cato), ten years before the birth of Brutus, who was therefore born
in 667, and as he died in 710, must have been in his forty-fourth
year. The other statement is that of Velleius Paterculus.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 22:

The ode

_O sæpe mecum tempus in ultimum
Deducte_
II, 7.

is to be dated either from the time when Domitius Ahenobarbus united
with Asinius Pollio (712), or more likely somewhat later, when Sextus
Pompey made peace with the triumvirs, 713, Horace being then
twenty-five years old. The punctuation in the edition of Lambinus is
incorrect in the passage

_Cum fracta virtus et minaces
Turpe solum tetigere mento._

There ought to be a comma after _minaces_, and a note of admiration
after _turpe_, which is not an adjective but an adverb, according to
the Horatian usage. The passage refers to those who in their flight
stumble and fall.

Footnote 23:

De Orat. III, 12, 45.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 24:

I.,—7.

Footnote 25:

In several manuscripts, there is here only a very short reference to
the Fasti Prænestini; but as these do not contain the month of August,
I conjecture that the _Kalendarium Amiterninum_ is meant (Orellii II,
p. 397), where it is stated, _Feriæ ex S. C. Q(uod) E(o) D(ie) Cæsar
Divi F. Rempublic(am) tristissim ... periculo liberat_.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 26:

Lammas day.

Footnote 27:

Gell. XIV, 7, 8.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 28:

For details on the subject, see Strabo XVII, towards the end; Dio
Cassius, LIII, 12.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 29:

Conf. Plin. H. N. III, 4, 5.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 30:

Here there seems to be some mistake. The passage of Quintilian, X, 1,
115, runs as follows, _Inveni qui Calvum præferrent omnibus, inveni
qui Ciceroni crederent, eum nimia contra se calumnia verum sanguinem
perdidisse: sed est et sancta et gravis oratio et custodita et
frequenter vehemens quoque_. On the other hand, in the _Dial. de
Orat._ c. 18. _Sunt enim (antiqui) horridi et impoliti et rudes, et
informes et quos utinam nulla parte imitatus esset Calvus vester, aut
Cælius, aut ipse Cicero!_ And _Legistis utique et Calvi et Bruti ad
Ciceronem missas epistolas, ex quibus facile est deprehendere, Calvum
quidem Ciceroni visum exsanguem et attritum—rursumque Ciceronem e
Calvo quidem male audivisse tanquam solutum et enervem_. In those
writings of Cicero which are still extant, there occur two larger
passages, _Brut._ c. 82, _Epist. ad Famil._ XV, 21, 5, where Calvus
indeed is judged with great leniency, but is certainly not spoken of
with unqualified praise.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 31:

Should Seneca perhaps be meant here? conf. Gell. XII, 2.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 32:

Weichert Poet. Lat. Rel. p. 361, not. 20.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 33:

Plin. Ep. I, 18.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 34:

Dio Cass. LXI, 20, LXIII, 8; but indeed in quite a different
meaning—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 35:

According to vol. I. p. 45. to his seventy-ninth.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 36:

Pro Cluentio, c. 56.

Footnote 37:

Humboldt, in Adelung’s Mithridates, vol. IV. p. 351, &c.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 38:

I. 15.

Footnote 39:

Here ended the winter lectures on Roman history, April 1st 1829. Those
which follow on the history of the emperors, were delivered in the
following summer one hour every week; which accounts sufficiently for
their greater conciseness—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 40:

Goethe’s Faust, Hayward’s Translation.—TRANSL.

Footnote 41:

Basiliscus?—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 42:

This name is supplied by conjecture. N. very likely had said of the
sun and the moon: one MS. has “of Apollo and ...” (here follows an
illegible name). The emendation is correct beyond a doubt, according
to Descript. of Rome III, 1, 104.—Germ. Ed.

Footnote 43: