Chapter II: Appendix: Page

I. A LIST OF THE ASTRONOMICALLY DETERMINED POINTS IN AIR 422

II. THE TRIBAL ORGANISATION OF THE TUAREG OF AIR 426

III. ELAKKOS AND TERMIT 442

IV. IBN BATUTAH’S JOURNEY 452

V. ON THE ROOT “MZGH” IN VARIOUS LIBYAN NAMES 457

VI. THE KINGS OF THE TUAREG OF AIR 463

VII. SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOK 466

INDEX 469

PLATES

PLATE _Facing page_

1. AGELLAL VILLAGE AND MOUNTAINS _Frontispiece_

2. ELATTU 14

3. DESERT AND HILLS FROM TERMIT PEAK 32

4. DIOM IN ELAKKOS 42

PUNCH AND JUDY SHOW 42

5. GAMRAM 49

6. RIVER OF AGADES: CLIFFS AT AKARAQ 76

SHRINE AT AKARAQ 76

7. RIVER OF AGADES LOOKING SOUTH FROM TEBEHIC IN THE
EGHALGAWEN MASSIF 79

EGHALGAWEN MASSIF FROM AZAWAGH 79

8. TIN WANA POOL 83

ROCK OF THE TWO SLAVES, AT THE JUNCTION OF THE TIN WANA
AND EGHALGAWEN VALLEYS 83

9. AGADES 86

10. GATHERING AT SIDI HAMADA 95

PRAYERS AT SIDI HAMADA 95

11. PRAYERS AT SIDI HAMADA 97

12. OMAR: AMENOKAL OF AIR 108

13. AUDERAS VALLEY LOOKING WEST 120

AUDERAS VALLEY: AERWAN TIDRAK 120

14. MT. TODRA FROM AUDERAS 126

15. GRAIN POTS, IFERUAN 133

GARDEN WELLS 133

16. AUDERAS: HUTS 154

AUDERAS: TENT-HUT AND SHELTER 154

17. THE AUTHOR DRESSING A WOUND AT AUDERAS 163

18. TEKHMEDIN AND THE AUTHOR 178

19. BAGEZAN MOUNTAINS AND TOWAR VILLAGE 182

20. HUTS AT TOWAR SHOWING METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 184

TIMIA HUTS 184

21. CAMEL BRANDS 195

22. SHIELD ORNAMENTATION AND UTENSILS 209

23. TIMIA GORGE 216

TIMIA GORGE: BASALT AND GRANITE FORMATIONS 216

24. TUAREG PERSONAL EQUIPMENT 227

25. TUAREG CAMEL EQUIPMENT 230

26. TUAREG WEAPONS 236

27. HOUSE TYPES 240

28. HOUSE TYPES 241

29. TIMIA: “A” AND “B” TYPE HOUSES AND HUT CIRCLES 244

TABELLO: INTERIOR OF “A” TYPE HOUSE 244

30. HOUSE INTERIORS 248

31. MOSQUES 256

32. MOSQUES 257

33. TIFINAGH ALPHABET 267

34. ROCK INSCRIPTIONS IN TIFINAGH 269

35. MT. ABATTUL AND VILLAGE 275

36. THE CROSS IN ORNAMENT 277

37. TUAREG PERSONAL ORNAMENTS 285

38. MT. ARWA 295

39. MT. AGGATA 300

40. ROCK DRAWINGS 305

41. ROCK DRAWINGS 306

42. ORNAMENTED BAGGAGE RESTS 310

43. T’INTELLUST 312

44. BARTH’S CAMP AT T’INTELLUST 313

BARTH’S CAMP AT T’INTELLUST (ANOTHER VIEW) 313

45. ASSARARA 326

46. FUGDA, CHIEF OF TIMIA, AND HIS WAKIL 352

ATAGOOM 352

47. SIDI 366

48. EGHALGAWEN POOL 400

TIZRAET POOL 400

49. EGHALGAWEN VALLEY AND THE LAST HILLS OF AIR 414

50. MT. BILA AT SUNSET 419

_Additional { TYPICAL TEBU 442
Plate_ {
{ TERMIT PEAK AND WELL 442

MAPS AND DIAGRAMS

PAGE

MAP SHOWING THE TRADE ROADS OF NORTH AFRICA 5

DIAGRAMMATIC MAP SHOWING THE DRAINAGE OF THE CENTRAL SAHARA 29

MAP OF DAMERGU AND NEIGHBOURING PARTS: 1/2,000,000 _facing p._ 36

SKETCH MAP OF AIR AND THE DIVISIONS OF THE SOUTHLAND 40

DIAGRAM SHOWING TRIBAL DESCENT AMONG THE TUAREG 130

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE GOVERNMENT OF THE AIR TUAREG 144

MAP SHOWING LEO’S SAHARAN AREAS 331

DIAGRAM SHOWING IBN KHALDUN’S BERBER TRIBES 341

DIAGRAM SHOWING THE MIGRATIONS OF THE AIR TUAREG 388

GENEALOGY OF CERTAIN KINGS OF AIR 465

MAP OF AIR AND ADJACENT PARTS: 1/2,000,000 _At end_

* * * * *

NOTE

The general map at the end of the volume was prepared by the Royal Geographical Society from data collected by the author supplementing existing maps published in France and described in the text of the book. The two drawings (Plates 38 and 39) were executed in England by T. A. Emmet from sketches made in Air. Plates Nos. 2, 15 (lower), 34 are from photographs taken by Angus Buchanan. All the other maps, diagrams, pictures, and photographs were prepared by the author from material collected in 1922.

NOTE

The name “Air” is a dissyllable word: the vowels are pronounced as in Italian according to the general system of transliteration, which follows, wherever possible, the rules laid down by the Committee of the Royal Geographical Society on the Spelling of Proper Names. In the Tuareg form of Berber, _t_ before _i_ or similar vowel, especially in the feminine possessive particle “tin,” very often assumes a sound varying between a hard explosive _tch_ and a soft liquid dental, such as is found in the English word “tune.” This modification of the sound _t_ is written _t’_, wherever it is by usage sufficiently pronounced to be noticeable. The pronunciation of Tuareg words follows the Air dialect, which often differs from the northern speech. Letters are only accented where it is important to avoid mispronunciation, as in Fadé and Emilía: a final _e_, as in Assode, which is a trisyllable, should always be pronounced even if not accented.

The nasal _n_ occurring in such words as Añastafidet is written _ñ_.

The _gh_ (or Arabic غ, _ghen_) sound is, as in other Berber languages, very common in the speech of the Tuareg. The letter is so strongly _grasseyé_ as to be indistinguishable, in many cases, from _r_. The French with greater logic write this sound _r_ or _r’_. Doubtless many names which have been spelled with _r_ in the succeeding pages should more correctly have been spelled with _gh_: such mistakes are due to the difficulties both of distinguishing the sound in speech, and of transcribing French transliterations.

No attempt has been made to indicate the occurrence of the third _g_ which exists in the Tuareg alphabet, in addition to the hard _g_ and the soft _g_ (written _j_).

The Arabic letter ع (_’ain_) does not exist in the speech of the Tuareg; where they use an Arabic word containing this letter, they substitute for it the sound _gh_.

No signs have been used to distinguish between the hard and soft varieties of the letters _d_, _t_ and _z_. The “kef” (Iek) and “qaf” (Iaq) sounds are written _k_ and _q_.

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