Chapter XXIII: Appendix: II

THE TRIBAL ORGANISATION OF THE TUAREG OF AIR

DIVISION I. The People of the King.

DIVISION II. The Itesan and Kel Geres.

DIVISION III. The Kel Owi.

DIVISION IV. The Tuareg of Damergu.

DIVISION V. Unidentified tribes, generic names, etc.

The work of Barth and Jean has been incorporated in these tables; further reference to these authors is therefore omitted. Alternative name forms from these and other sources are given in brackets below the spelling which has been adopted to conform as far as possible with the rules of the Royal Geographical Society’s Committee on names.

(N) and (S) respectively signify “noble” and “servile” tribes.

In many cases no territorial identification is given, as tribes have changed their areas very greatly since 1917-18, nor have they settled down permanently to occupy other ranges since then. When Northern Air was cleared by the French patrols, the tribes were moved south, and for the most part they are therefore now in the neighbourhood of Agades, or in the Azawagh or even further south. But they are arranged in a disorderly fashion and are always moving from place to place; any attempt to give their present areas would be fruitless, since they will probably prove to be only temporary. The process of returning north had already commenced in 1922 and has presumably continued since then. Such locations as are given in the tables refer to periods prior to 1917 unless the contrary is stated.

The left-hand column gives the name of the original tribal stock so far as it has been possible to trace one. The next column gives the names of the tribes and sub-tribes formed by the original group. It is often impossible to state for certain whether large tribes are still to be described as such, or whether they have become independent tribes with subsidiary clans. Thus the whole classification must be considered approximate. It is designed to carry one stage further the system commenced by Barth, and continued by Jean. Where these two authorities are stated to have made mistakes or to have been inaccurate, the brevity of such phrases, occasioned as it has been by the use of a tabular form of arrangement, does not denote more than an expression of different opinion. It is intended to convey no disparagement, but merely to obviate circumlocution. The remarks in the right-hand column are intended to be read in conjunction with the relevant parts of the text of this book to which they are supplementary.

DIVISION I. THE PEOPLE OF THE KING.

------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
Kel FERWAN. |Kel FERWAN |From its present name the group was
|(N.). |originally in Iferuan (Ighazar) valley,
| |whence probably expelled to W. and S. by
| |Kel Owi. Original name unknown. Possibly
| |not originally of same stock as others
| |in division, and perhaps immigrant from
| |W. Tribes ranged over S.W. Air, N.W.
| |Damergu, and W. Tegama, but since 1917
| |nearly all the nobles have settled in
| |Katsina, leaving Imghad in old areas.
| |Great raiders westward. About 4320 souls
| |according to Jean.
| |
|IRAWATTAN (N.).|At T’intabisgi (S. Talak plain). The
| |only “I name” tribe recorded in the
| |group.
| |
|Kel AZEL (N.). |At T’intabisgi.
| |
|Kel TADELE. |Large tribe now partially independent of
| |Kel Ferwan group. Described by Jean as
| |servile and by others as noble;
| |explanation being probably that both
| |castes occur as sub-tribes. Apparently
| |originally an Ahaggar tribe which with
| |its Imghad came to Air; if this was due
| |to conquest by an Air tribe, the
| |confusion of status is comprehensible.
| |
| Kel TADELE {|
| (N.). {|Talak-Zurika area. They own Zelim and
| {|Tuaghet pools in Fadé, a part of which
| TEHAMMAM {|is also theirs. Their chief is Rabidin.
| (S.). {|
| |
|IMUZURAK (S.). |W. Tegama and S.W. Air. Some nobles of
| |this name in Damergu are wrongly
| |described by Jean as Imghad of the
| |Ikazkazan. The Imghad Imuzurak were
| |probably captured from the noble sept.
| |
|IMUZURAN (S.). |At T’intabisgi. The name is abusive,
| |meaning “Donkey droppings.” Reputed very
| |fair skinned.
| |
|IBERDIANEN (S.)|At Araten.
| |
| (Berdianen) |
| |
|JEKARKAREN |At Araten.
|(S.). |
| |
|IGEDEYENAN |At Azel.
|(S.). |
| |
| (Gedeyenan) |
| |
| (Iguendianna) |
| |
|ISAKARKARAN |At T’intabisgi. Both names are wrongly
|(S.). |given by Jean as separate units.
| |
| (Zakarkaran) |
| |
|IDELEYEN (S.). |At T’intabisgi.
| |
|IKAWKAN (S.). | Do.
| |
|EGHBAREN (S.). | Do.
| |
| |The last eight servile tribes represent
| |nuclei captured in the W. They are of
| |Tuareg, Arab and Moroccan origin, but
| |have been assimilated to the People
| |of the Veil.
| |
|IFOGHAS (S.). |Tafadek area. Said by Jean to be Imghad
| |of the Kel Ferwan and to have come from
| |the Kel Antassar stock (unidentified) S.
| |of Timbuctoo. They came to Air about
| |1860 and settled under the Amenokal;
| |they were allowed to retain noble
| |privileges. Their inclusion in the Kel
| |Ferwan group indicates that the latter
| |may be of W. origin.
| |
|(IFADEYEN) (?).|Believed to be noble. Included by Jean
| |among the Kel Ferwan Imghad, but for a
| |more probable attribution see Div. I.
| |Group 6.
| |
2. | |
| |
(Kel TADEK).| |No original name is traceable, but that
| |of “Tamgak” is suggested. They were
| |named from the Tidik (or Tadek) valley
| |N. of Tamgak and the Ighazar. One of the
| |oldest tribes in Air. They possessed the
| |country from Agalenge to Tezirzak in
| |Fadé and N. Air. They had the Kel Fares
| |to E. and Kel Tamat to W., and covered
| |area from Temed to just N. of Ighazar.
| |Now scattered all over Air. Their chief
| |is Ahodu of Auderas.
| |
|Kel TADEK (N.).|Tadek valley and Gissat. Now scattered
| |and in small numbers. Their original
| |name is unknown.
| |
|Kel UMUZUT |Agades area, and Damergu. Practically
|(N.). |separate from the other tribes in the
| |division.
| (Kalenuzuk) |
| |
|Kel TEFGUN |At Tefgun mosque, Ighazar. A small
|(N.). |personal tribe of Ahodu’s own family;
| |keepers of the mosque for at least five
| |generations.
| |
|Kel AGHIMMAT |Probably a sub-tribe of the Kel Tadek.
|(?). |
| |
| (Kelghimmat) |
| |
|Kel TAKERMUS |
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel GARET. |Garet plain, C. Air. Not to be confused
| |with the Kel Garet of the Kel Geres.
| Kel GARET |From a place S. of Agellal pronounced
| (N.). |“Anigara.”
| |
| Kel ANIOGARA |
| (?). |
| |
|Kel ANU |
|WISHERAN. |
| |
| Kel |At Anu Wisheran, C. Air. Very nomadic
| ANUWISHERAN |and ancient; now in Tegama.
| (N.). |
| |
|Kel EZELU (N.).|Ezelu valley, S. of above.
| |
|Kel GARET (S.).|A fortuitous collection of Imghad in the
| |Garet valley. The existence of two Kel
| |Garet may be compared with the two Kel
| |Garet in Div. II. Group 5, with whom
| |there may be some connection.
| |
|Kel IZIRZA |
|(N.). |
| |
|IZUMZUMATEN |
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel GIGA (S.). |At Agejir, S. Bagezan. Probably
| |assimilated to the Ittegen.
| |
|ITTEGEN (S.). |Large Imghad section of the Kel Tadek.
| |Their “I name” is the only one in the
| (Etteguen) |Kel Tadek group, and they are probably
| |dependent on some parent tribe, possibly
| |the Kel Giga. They have broken away to
| |form a new tribal group, the modern Kel
| |Bagezan (_q.v._ sub Kel Owi).
| |
|Kel AGGATA |Have recently joined the Kel Tadek
|(?N.). |(Groups 3 and 4).
| |
3 and 4. | |
| |
IMMIKITAN | |The alternative attribution of many
and | |tribes to these two groups makes it
IMEZEGZIL. | |difficult to distinguish them apart. The
| |reason for the confusion is that both
| |groups occur in areas predominantly Kel
| |Owi, where they form isolated islands of
| |extraneous people dependent upon the
| |Añastafidet. Both groups were probably
| |in occupation of N.E. Air when Kel Owi
| |arrived; latter proved unable to
| |eliminate them completely, and the
| |remnants consequently fell under their
| |influence and were thus variously
| |described as belonging to one or other
| |division. The two groups perhaps
| |represent a single stock with the
| |IMMIKITAN predominant, but in later
| |times certainly acquired, as here shown,
| |co-equal status. Immikitan are known to
| |have been among first Tuareg in Air.
| |
|IMMIKITAN. |
| |
| (Amakeetan) |
| |
| IMMIKITAN |Also called ELMIKI. Originally, after
| (N.). |immigration, in N. Central Air. Now
| |isolated nuclei of this division live
| |among people of Div. II. There are also
| |Immikitan in Div. IV. Jean has rightly
| |not accepted popular account that they
| |are Kel Owi owing to recent association.
| |
| Kel TEGIR |At Tegir near Assatartar.
| (N.). |
| |
| (Kel Teguer)|
| |
| Kel |A geographical synonym for the above.
| ASSATARTAR |
| (N.). |
| |
|Kel AGGATA. |
| |
| Kel AGGATA |Aggata area. This tribe did not move
| (N.). |south after the 1917 episode, and thus
| |became affiliated to Kel Tadek. Their
| |chief is El Haj Saleh at Agades.
| |
| Kel TADENAK |Placed by Barth at Tadenak, E. of
| (N.). |Agellal, and later by Jean at Intayet on
| |Anu Maqaran valley.
| |
| (IKARADAN) |Placed by Jean at Aggata, but the word
| (S.). |means Tebu in Air Temajegh; the nucleus
| |almost certainly consists of Tebu living
| |near their masters and not a separate
| |tribe.
| |
|Kel MAWEN (?). |Placed by Jean at N’Ouajour, which is
| |probably In Wadjud near Taruaji. No
| (Kel Maouen) |information.
| |
| (Kel Assarara)|Wrongly placed by Jean in this group
| |either on account of confusion with Kel
| |Assatartar or perhaps because Kel
| |Assarara inhabited Assarara area as
| |Immikitan before the arrival of the Kel
| |Owi (see above). The only Kel Assarara
| |to-day in existence are Kel Owi (_q.v._).
| |
| |
IMEZEGZIL. | |Originally N. of the Immikitan in the
| |Agwau-Afis-Faodet area before arrival of
| |Kel Owi. Jean thinks only two tribes can
| |be assigned to this group, the Kel
| |Faodet and Kel Tagunar, but others seem
| |to belong. The group is surrounded by
| |Kel Owi, who are especially strong in
| |the originally most important area of
| |the tribe, namely Agwau. They are now
| |all in the Agades area.
| |
|(IMEZEGZIL) |No independent Imezegzil survive, but
|(N.). |its existence is remembered in the Agwau
| |area. Remnants are probably represented
| |by the Kel Afis.
| |
|Kel AFIS. |
| |
| (Kel Afess) |
| |
| Kel AFIS |At Afis, N. Air. They are called the
| (N.). |“big men,” the Imezegzil. In the wider
| |geographical term, Kel Afis includes
| |some Kel Owi living in the village. Jean
| |rightly calls Kel Afis a separate tribe
| |which probably represents the oldest
| |part surviving to the Imezegzil.
| |
| AZANIERKEN |Imghad of the above, but living further
| (S.). |W. at Tanutmolet in Ighazar. Their “I
| |name” indicates antiquity, and the fact
| |that the Kel Afis possessed such an old
| |tribe indicates that the latter were the
| |parent stock of group.
| |
| Kel |
| TANUTMOLET |
| (S.). |
| |
| IZARZA. |A group of serfs living among Kel Owi at
| |this village, whose population has come
| |to be called Kel Tanutmolet, which is
| |also used as a variant for the
| |Azanierken. I have a note that these Kel
| |Tanutmolet serfs are also called Izarza,
| |which may be a corrupt form for
| |Azanierken. They are now only two or
| |three families.
| |
|Kel FAODET |At Faodet in the upper Ighazar.
|(N.). |
| |
|Kel TAGUNAR |At Tagunet in the upper Ighazar.
|(?). |
| |
5. | |
| |
IMAQOARAN. | |Originally in W. Central Air. Although
| |belonging to a category of the People of
| |the King, they were never much under his
| |authority.
| |
|IMAQOARAN (N.).|In the Agellal area. Very small, only
| |five families are said to survive. See
| (Immakkorhan) |Kel Wadigi.
| |
|(Kel AGELLAL) |Are probably in great part Imaqoaran,
| |especially when Kel Agellal is used in a
| |general or geographical sense (cf. Kel
| |Agellal, Div. III. Group 4).
| |
|Kel WADIGI. |
| |
| Kel WADIGI |In Wadigi valley, E. of Agellal. Small
| (N,). |unimportant group of recent origin,
| |consisting of Kel Agellal Imaqoaran, Kel
| |Agellal Ikazkazan, and people from
| |Ighazar.
| |
| Kel TEFIS |At Tefis.
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel AREITUN |Imghad of above in Areitun village, W.
| (S.). |of Anu Wisheran (not the Areitun N. of
| |Agellal).
| |
|Kel SIDAWET (N.|At Sidawet village. A sedentary group of
|and S.). |mixed parentage and doubtful origin.
| |Also ascribed to Izeyyakan, but on
| (Kel Sadaouet)|account of the established origin of the
| |Kel Agellal Imaqoaran and Kel Zilalet,
| |whose villages are in same area as
| |Sidawet, they are all probably of the
| |same parentage.
| |
|Kel ZILALET (N.|Zilalet village. Wrongly described as an
|and S.). |independent tribe by Jean.
| |
6. | |Both the last are mixed village groups
| |of people of all castes.
| |
IFADEYEN and| |No more information is available than
Kel FADÉ. | |that given in the preceding chapters
| |(see pp. 399 and 400).
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

DIVISION II. THE ITESAN AND KEL GERES.

Note: All these tribes are in the Southland, and their present areas are not, therefore, specified.

------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
ITESAN. | |Probably one of the original tribes of
| |the Kel Innek who invaded Air from the
| |Chad direction. Being the preponderant
| |tribe in Air, the Itesan were driven
| |from the country by the Kel Owi when the
| |latter arrived. Though now in the
| |Southland, the Itesan still play a
| |prominent rôle in electing the Amenokal
| |of Air.
| |
|(Kel) |Named from a group of hills N. of
|T’SIDDERAK. |Auderas.
| |
|Kel TAGEI. |“The People of the Dûm Palm,” possibly a
| |totemic name or else derived from name
| (Kel Tagay) |of a valley so-called. There are many
| |such in Air, in particular one N. of
| (? also |Auderas is probably responsible for the
| Tagayes) |name. Not to be confused with the people
| |in Div. III. Group I.
| |
|Kel BAGEZAN. |Originally inhabiting the mountains so
| |called. Not to be confused with other
| (Kel Maghzen- |later Kel Bagezan.
| Kel Bagezan) |
| |
|Kel ALLAGHAN. |“The People of the Spears.”
| |
| (Alaren) |
| |
|(EMALLARHSEN). |Probably a misreading for “Im” or “In
| |Allaghan” (where the prefix takes the
| |place of “Kel”), and therefore identical
| |with above.
| |
|(ITZIARRAME). |Probably a corrupt name, perhaps a
| |mistake for the above.
| |
|(Kel) TELAMSE. |The second is probably the right form,
| |and is derived from the name of a
| (Kel |village and hills near Auderas.
| T’ilimsawin) |
| |
|Kel MAFINET. |Named after a valley tributary to the
| |Auderas valley.
| |
|Kel DUGA. |The second is probably the right form,
| |and is derived from Mount Dogam, N. of
| (Kel Dogam). |Auderas.
| |
|Kel UYE. |Kel Wadigi, from a valley E. of Agellal,
| |has been suggested as a more correct
| |version. In this case the tribe would
| |more probably belong to the Kel Agellal
| |of the Kel Unnar in Group 3, but the
| |derivation is doubtful.
| |
|Kel MANEN. |Given by Barth as a tribe of the Itesan.
| |
|IMANEN. |With the two following tribes they seem
| |to represent the oldest stock of people
| |who invaded Air from the E. These Imanen
| |are obviously of the same stock as the
| |Imanen of the Azger Lemta division of
| |Tuareg in the N.
| |
|Kel INNEK. |Are given by Barth as a part of the
| |Itesan. While the name may have survived
| |as a tribal name, it is more properly
| |applicable to all the people who came
| |from the E. when Air was invaded. The
| |existence of such a tribe name among the
| |Itesan, whose original name it may have
| |been, is, however, proof of the accuracy
| |of Bello’s statement.
| |
|IJANARNEN. |This tribe is given by Bello as one of
| |those who originally invaded Air from
| (Ijaranen) |the E. The occurrence of such a tribe in
| |the Itesan group, according to Barth,
| |substantiates the supposition made above
| |and in the body of the book.
| |
2. | |
| |
TETMOKARAK. | |
| |
|TETMOKARAK. |
| |
| (Tedmukkeren) |
| |
|Kel TEGHZEREN. |Kel Teghzeren may be a corruption of
| |“Kel Intirzawen” derived from the name
| |of the Asclepias Gigantica. The Kel
| |Teghzeren appear to be the principal
| |tribe of the Tetmokarak, and are
| |possibly the parent group.
| |
|Kel AZAR. |Perhaps derived from a place of that
| |name in the upper Anu Maqaran valley, C.
| |Air.
| |
|(Kel) UNGWA. |The origin of the name is doubtful, for
| |“ungwa” seems in Kanuri to mean
| (Oung Oua) |“village.” The name may be a form of Kel
| |Unnar (see below), another Kel Geres
| (Kel Ungwar) |group.
| |
|TASHEL. |
| |
| (Taschell) |
| |
| (Tashil) |
| |
|ISHERIFAN. |Of which the Isherifan in Damergu were
| |probably a part.
| |
|Kel ATAN. |
| |
|TEGAMA. |See also the People of Tegama in the
| |Damergu group. The two septs are
| |probably of the same stock; they are
| |more fully discussed in the body of the
| |book.
| |
|KERFEITEI. |The second version is perhaps more
| |correct.
| (? Kel Feitei)|
| |
|(Kel) IGHELAF. |From a group of wells in E. Damergu.
| |
| (Ighlab) |
| |
|ESCHERHA. |
| |
|INARDAF |
| |
|ZERUMINI. |
| |
3. | |
| |
Kel UNNAR. | |The Kel Ungwa may be the same people,
| |but there is no information.
| |
|Kel UNNAR. |
| |
|TARENKAT. |
| |
|ALWALITAN. |A patronymic, from the common personal
| |name among the Tuareg, Al Wali.
| |
|GURFAUTAN. |Probably also a patronymic.
| |
|Kel AGELLAL. |From Agellal in C. Air, and not to be
| |confused with the present Kel Agellal
| (Kel Aghellal)|(Div. I. Group 5).
| |
|Kel TAIAGAIA. |?, unless a corruption in the
| |manuscripts of European authors of Kel
| |Agellal.
| |
4. | |
| |
Kel ANIGARA.| |
| |
|(Kel) ANIGARA. |There are two places called Anigara
| |(Aniogara) near Agellal, and this group
| |might be named from either of them. The
| |present Kel Aniogara are a sub-tribe of
| |the Kel Garet (in Div. I. Group 2).
| |
|TAFARZAS. |No information.
| |
|ZURBATAN. | Do.
| |
|IZENAN. | Do.
| |
|TANZAR. | Do.
| |
5. | |
| |
Kel GARET. | |Doubtless originally from the Garet Mts.
| |and plain in C. Air, and not to be
| |confused with the Kel Garet of Div. I.,
| |of whom, however, these people may have
| |been a part which moved S. when the
| |Itesan also went.
| |
|Kel GARET. |The people originally inhabiting the
| |plain of that name.
| |
|Kel GARET |_I.e._ the “Kel Garet of the Mountain,”
|N’DUTSI. |who lived in the mountains in the same
| |area.
| |
|AIAWAN. |No information.
| |
|TIAKKAR. | Do.
| |
|IRKAIRAWAN. | Do.
| |
TADADAWA, | |These are grouped together, largely
Kel TAMEI. | |perhaps because not enough is known to
| |separate their various tribes. Their
| |tribes are given without comment, as
| |there is little available on record.
| |
|TADADAWA. |? the Tadara of Barth.
| |
|Kel TAMEL. |
| |
|Kel AMARKOS. |
| |
|Kel INTADEINI. |Probably from a place Intadeini on the
| |Anu Maqaran, C. Air.
| |
|Kel UFUGUM. |
| |
|TEGIBBUT. |
| |
| (Tgibbu) |
| |
|IBURUBAN. |
| |
| (Iabrubat) |
| |
|TOIYAMAMA. |
| |
|IRMAKARAZA. |Perhaps connected with the name Anu
| |Maqaran.
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

NOTE.—Barth also gives the following unidentified names of Kel Geres tribes: _Kel n’Sattafan_ (the Black People), which is also the name of the family of the Amenokal according to Bello: this tribe, if it is a tribe at all, may be attributed to the Itesan group; _Tilkatine_; _Taginna_; _Riaina_, and _Alhassan_.

The caste of these tribes is not specified, but all the principal units, at any rate, may be assumed noble. The tribes have simply been enumerated here for purposes of record and comparison. They are not adduced as ethnological material comparable with that provided by the lists of tribes in Divisions I. and III.

DIVISION III. THE PEOPLE OF THE AÑASTAFIDET OR KEL OWI

------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
Group. |Tribes and sub-| Notes.
| tribes. |
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------
1. | |
| |
IMASLAGHA. | |The Kel Azañieres, and therefore the
| |Imaslagha, with the Izeyyakan and
| |Igururan, are said to be the oldest of
| |the Kel Owi division.
| |
|IMASLAGHA. |
| |
| Kel |
| AZAÑIERES. |
| |
| Kel |In the Azañieres mountains.
| Azañieres |
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel |West of the southern Kel Nugguru in the
| Intirzawen |Intirzawen and T’ilisdak valley, S. of
| (S.). |Auderas.
| |
| Kel TAGHMEURT|In the Taghmeurt Mts. It has certain
| (N.). |unspecified servile tribes.
| |
| (Tagmart) |
| |
| Kel ASSARARA.|In the Assarara and Agwau area, N.E.
| |Air, at the places mentioned. Their
| |chief in Barth’s day was Annur,
| |paramount chief of Air.
| |
| Kel Assarara|}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel Agwau |}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel Igululof|}
| (N.). |}
| |}
| Kel |} Along the great valley of N.E. Air.
| Oborassan |}
| (S.). |}
| |}
| Kel Anu |}
| Samed (S.). |}
| |}
| Kel |}
| T’intellust |}
| (S.). |}
| |
| |The last is wrongly placed by Jean in
| |Group 2 with the Kel Tafidet.
| |
|IGURURAN |Apparently now extinct in name.
|(Igururan) |
|(N.). |
| |
| Kel FARES |At Fares N. of Agwau; now near Agades.
| (N.). |Their position is confirmed by Barth,
| |but the place is called Tinteyyat. Their
| |original name was probably Igururan, but
| |since the extinction of the parent stock
| |they rank as connected with the
| |Imaslagha group. The “I name” Igururan
| |may have been a group name in the first
| |place.
| |
|Kel ZEGEDAN. |Name recorded by Barth but not now
| |traceable. May be connected with Kel
| |Bagezan, whose position might be
| |described as 1½ days from T’intellust.
| |
|IZEYYAKAN (N.).|By some described as People of the King,
| |but placed by Jean, probably rightly, in
| |this group. Formerly a noble portion of
| |the inhabitants of Auderas.
| |
|IMARSUTAN (N.).|The same considerations as above apply.
| |Wrongly placed at Auderas. Said to have
| |come from unidentified place called
| |Arsu.
| |
| IMARSUTAN |A comparatively modern tribe said to
| (N.). |have been formed from remnants of the
| |old tribe.
| |
| Kel TAGEI |Perhaps a totemic name, but readily
| (S.). |derived from any place abounding in “dûm
| |palms.” Perhaps but not necessarily a
| (Kel Teget) |conquered part of Itesan Kel Tagei (cf.
| |Div. II Group 1).
| (? Kel |
| Tintagete) |
| |
|Kel ERARAR. |Name means “People of the Plain,” and
| |probably refers to plain N. of
| |T’intellust, near which Barth also
| |places them. Name may therefore be
| |generic and applicable to various
| |sections in group.
| |
2. | |
| |
IGERMADEN. | |The name is radically connected with
| |Jerma or Garama in the Fezzan.
| |
|IGERMADEN. |
| |
| IGERMADEN |At Ajiru, E. of Bagezan. The people of
| (N.). |Belkho, paramount chief of Air after
| |Annur.
| |
| Kel AJIRU |Perhaps an alternative name for above,
| (N.). |for the sedentary element among them.
| |
| Kel |The name of the inhabitants of
| ASSATARTAR |Assatartar other than the Immikitan
| (N.). |element there (see Div. I Groups 3 and
| |4).
| |
| (IMMIKITAN |Of Assatartar; have become to be
| (N.)). |considered connected with Igermaden
| |owing to propinquity and gradual
| |absorption.
| |
| (Kel TAGERMAT|Perhaps a confusion for Kel Taghmeurt in
| (N.)). |Group 1; placed by Barth at unidentified
| |place, Azuraiden, E.N.E. of T’intellust,
| |corresponding roughly with Taghmeurt
| |mountains.
| |
|IGADEMAWEN. |Wrongly placed by Jean in Imaslagha
| |group.
| (Ikademawen) |
| |
| IGADEMAWEN |Afasas and Beughqot areas E. of Bagezan.
| (N.). |The name suggests analogies to Kel Mawen
| |of Immikitan in Div. I. Groups 3 and 4.
| (Kel Mawen?)|Perhaps a part of group was here
| |absorbed as in case of Kel Assartartar.
| |
| Kel NABARO |Nabaro villages near Tabello, E. of
| (?). |Bagezan.
| |
| Kel TAFIDET |Also given, but wrongly I think, as an
| (N.). |independent tribe in this group. Lived
| |in the Tafidet Mts. with unspecified
| Kel Tafidet.|servile tribes.
| |
| Kel |Anfissac well E. of T’imia massif.
| Anfissac. |
| |
| Kel |A part of the same tribe which is also
| INTIRZAWEN |servile to Kel Azañieres in Group 1.
| (S.). |
| |
|Kel AGALAK (?).|Placed by Jean in this group. The name
| |is well known but tribe was not
| |identified by me.
| |
| |Jean also places some Ifadeyen, some
| |Ikazkazan of Garazu in Damergu, and some
| |people with generic name of Kel Ighazar
| |in this group; but he is, I think,
| |mistaken in doing so.
| |
3. | |
| |
IMASRODANG. | |In the Ighazar, whence they have
| |acquired the generic name of Kel
Kel | |Ighazar. The latter are placed by Jean
IGHAZAR. | |in Group 2, but they are certainly a
| |separate stock, namely, the Imasrodang,
| |who are co-equal with Igermaden.
| |
| |The headman of the group is Abdulkerim,
| |now living at Azzal near Agades, but
| |formerly settled at T’intaghoda.
| |
| Kel |At T’intaghoda. Reputed to be Holy Men.
| T’INTAGHODA |
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel TAMGAK or|Some serfs and some free wild men living
| IMEDIDERAN. |in Tamgak, historically belonging to,
| |but never subjected by, Kel T’intaghoda.
| |Their status is undefined, for their
| |inherent nobility is recognised.
| |
|Kel ELAR (N.). |}
| |}
|Kel IBERKOM |}
|(N.). |}
| |} All at various points in the Ighazar
| (Kel Abirkom) |} between Iferuan and Iberkom.
| |}
| (Kel Aberkan) |}
| |}
|Kel SELIUFET |}
|(N.). |}
| |
|Kel IFERUAN |Not to be confused with Kel Ferwan in
|(N.). |Div. I.
| |
|Kel TEDEKEL |Now believed to be extinct. Originally
|(?). |also in Ighazar, but said to have become
| |merged with other clans.
| (Kel Fedekel) |
| |
| (Fedala) |
| |
4. | |
| |
IKAZKAZAN. | |The tribe as such of this name has
| |disappeared in the various large groups
| |into which it has become divided. It is
| |considered the junior group of the Kel
| |Owi Confederation, the others being
| |called from their chief constituent
| |parts the Kel Tafidet and Kel Azañieres.
| |The use of these territorial names
| |corresponds in the Ikazkazan to the use
| |of the names of the big subgroups, the
| |Kel Tamat, Kel Ulli, etc.
| |
|Kel TAMAT. |A sub-group named from the Tamat acacia
| |tree. It is the great northern sub-group
| |of the Ikazkazan, corresponding with the
| |Kel Ulli in the south. It would include
| |all the northern Ikazkazan had some
| |tribes not broken off to virtual
| |independent status.
| |
| Kel TAMAT |In part near Agellal, where it has
| (N.). |contributed to form Kel Agellal. Also at
| |Ben Guten in W. Air. There is also a
| |section in Damergu under the Kel Ulli
| |grouping.
| |
| Kel TUBUZZAT |W. Air. In some respects almost
| (N.). |independent.
| |
| Kel AGELLAL |Agellal village. The local tribe of this
| (N.). |name is composed of Kel Tamat, or Kel
| |Tubuzzat and of certain People of the
| |King (see Div. I. Group 5).
| |
| (Kel Wadigi) |Formed of certain composite Kel Agellal
| |and other People of the King (see Div.
| |I. Group 5).
| |
| IBANDERAN (? |Sakafat in W. Air, and also in S.W. Air.
| S.) |
| |
| Kel LAZARET. |As above.
| |
| (Kel Azaret)|
| |
| IGERZAWEN. | Do.
| |
| ALBURDATAN |At Auderas.
| (S.). |
| |
| IFAGARWAL (? |At Issakanan in S.W. Air.
| S.). |
| |
| (Afaguruel) |
| |
| ADAMBER. |At T’in Wafara, which is unidentified.
| |
| AZENATA. |No information.
| |
|Kel TAKRIZAT |At Takrizat in N. Air. Having
|(N.). |unspecified servile tribes, including
| |perhaps some of the above.
| |
|Kel TAGEI (N.).|Distinct from Kel Tagei (S.) in Group 1.
| |Possibly, but not necessarily, connected
| |with Itesan Kel Tagei (cf. Div. II.
| |Group 1), W. Air.
| |
|Kel GHARUS. |
| |
| Kel GHARUS |Gharus valley, Lower Ighazar. Very
| (N.). |nomadic and perhaps the largest tribe in
| |Air.
| |
| AHAGGAREN |Talak plain. Serfs of Kel Gharus but,
| (S.). |having had a noble origin in the north
| |in Ahaggar, are considered quasi-noble
| |in status.
| |
|Kel TATTUS. |Unidentified.
| |
|Kel ULLI. |Meaning the “People of the Goats.”
| |Collective name for all the Ikazkazan in
| |S. Air and Damergu.
| |
| Kel ULLI. |Tegama and Damergu.
| |
| IMUZURAK |Probably a part of older Imuzurak (N.)
| (S.). |in Div. IV.
| |
| (ISHERIFAN |Holy Men. Gamram area (cf. Div. II.
| (N.)). |Group 2 and Division IV.).
| |
| IFADALEN |Damergu.
| (N.). |
| |
| Kel TAMAT | Do. (Cf. above.)
| (N.). |
| |
| |The Kel Ulli group, though nominally
| |Ikazkazan and probably including other
| |tribes than those given above, seem to
| |have absorbed a number of early Tuareg
| |in Damergu. Their presence in this group
| |has led to the suspicion that the
| |latter, instead of being absorbed by an
| |extraneous group of Tuareg, namely, the
| |Kel Owi, really represent the true
| |Ikazkazan stock, which was not in truth
| |a Kel Owi family or clan at all, but a
| |mass of people who joined forces with
| |the latter at an early period of their
| |sojourn in Air.
| |
5. | |
| |
Independent | |Among the Kel Owi there are a number of
tribes. | |independent tribes of servile status.
| |Their existence is not paralleled in the
| |other divisions. They owe allegiance,
| |not to any particular noble tribe, but
| |directly to the Añastafidet. They are
| |consequently more emancipated than most
| |Imghad, a phenomenon which confirms the
| |greater cultural development of the Kel
| |Owi.
| |
|Kel NUGGURU |Divided into two parts. That of the
|(S.). |north called the Toshit (part) N’Yussuf
| |in the Assada valley is actually under
| |Ahodu of Auderas. The southern part
| |between Bagezan and Taruaji Mts. is
| |under Khodi, who claims to be headman of
| |Auderas.
| |
| Kel Idakka. |A part of, or synonymous with, one of
| |above.
| |
| Kel Taferaut.| Do.
| |
|Kel BAGEZAN |In Bagezan under Mineru or El Minir. A
|(S.). |recent composite tribe, not to be
| |confused with Kel Bagezan in Div. I.
| Kel Bazezan. |Group 1. Made up of Ittegen of Kel Tadek
| |(Div. I. Group 2) and several other
| Ittegen. |elements.
| |
| Kel TOWAR. |A sedentary group, principally of serfs,
| |at Towar, S. Bagezan.
| |
|Kel T’IMIA |Nobles of various, but all Kel Owi,
|(N.). |tribal origins living at T’imia village
| |under Fugda.
| |
|Kel TARANET. |Unidentified.
| |
|Kel TAFASAS. |Unidentified, unless the inhabitants of
| |the villages along the Afasas valley, E.
| |of Bagezan.
------------+---------------+----------------------------------------

DIVISION IV. THE TUAREG OF DAMERGU

A. People of the King.

B. People of the Añastafidet.

---------------+-----------------------------------------
Tribe and sub- | Notes.
tribe. |
---------------+-----------------------------------------
A. People of |The oldest tribes in Damergu, as might
the King. |be expected, are all of the People of
|the King. They do not belong to any of
|the Air tribes of this category; like
|most of the latter, they probably
|represent the oldest stock of Tuareg in
|these regions.
|
|It has not been possible to identify the
|names of the stock or stocks to which
|the tribes belonged, so no larger
|grouping has been attempted.
|
IFOGHAS (N.). |The Ifoghas certainly represent a stock
|as well as a tribe, but it has not been
|ascertained whether among the Damergu
|Ifoghas several tribal divisions are
|recognised, nor whether the under-
|mentioned tribes were originally of the
|Ifoghas group. Though very poor and
|fallen on evil days, they are considered
|Holy Men, and would be more readily
|recognised as noble were their state of
|destitution less severe. They are the
|Ifuraces of the classics and have
|related groups in other parts of the
|Sahara.
|
Kel TAMIZGIDDA |Meaning the People of the Mosque, Holy
(N.). |Men. Farak area. (See further note
|below.)
(Misgiddan) |
|
(? Mosgu) |
|
ISHERIFAN (N.).|In Damergu since the earliest time. The
|name is equivalent to “Ashraf,” or
|Descendants of the Prophet. Gamram area.
|(See further note below.)
|
“MALLAMEI.” |A name given by Jean. It appears to be a
|Hausa equivalent of one of the above
|names, indicating that the tribe is
|holy.
|
|The last three names (probably only two
|names are really involved) are not
|really proper names. They are
|descriptive names connected with the
|attribution of sanctity to the men of
|these clans. In view of the well-known
|application of such a description to the
|Ifoghas wherever this tribe appears, it
|is quite justifiable to suppose that
|these clans, which incidentally are
|known to have inhabited Damergu from
|remote times, are really tribes of the
|Ifoghas stock.
|
IZAGARAN. |
|
(Izagharan) (?|In Damergu from earliest times.
N). |
|
IZARZARAN (? |Name recorded by Jean.
N.). |
|
IGDALEN (N.). |A stock known to have entered these
|parts with the very first Tuareg to
|arrive. Subdivisions of this stock are
|not known unless some of the other
|Damergu tribes and Air clans previously
|mentioned must so be classed.
|
|S. of Agades, W. Tegama and N. Damergu.
|Holy Men. Very fair. Said not to carry
|arms.
|
(Kel Tadek). |A semi-independent tribe of the Kel
Kel UMUZUT |Tadek stock (see Div. I. No. 2). N.
(N.). |Damergu.
|
IFADEYEN (N.). |Now live in Azawagh and Damergu (see
|Div. I. No. 6).
|
B. People of |
the |
Añastafidet. |
|
IKAZKAZAN. Kel |Including various unspecified sub-tribes
ULLI. |(N.) and (S.).
|
IFADALEN (S.). |Wrongly placed by Jean as an independent
|tribe in Damergu. They are Holy Men and
|probably were of the same stock as
|tribes in category A (above), but at one
|time were subjected by the Ikazkazan.
|
|The Isherifan are wrongly given by Jean
|as a People of the Añastafidet, probably
|on the grounds that they were at one
|time conquered by Belkho, chief of the
|Igermaden (see Div. III. No. 2).
|
|The Ikazkazan and Immikitan of Elakkos
|are specifically referred to at length
|in the text of the book.
---------------+-----------------------------------------

DIVISION V

Various unlocated and unidentified tribes; generic tribal names; more important village groups of mixed origins owing to breakdown of tribal organisation under sedentary conditions.

Kel AGELLAL. See Div. I. Group 5 and Div. III. Group
4. Originally an Imaqoaran area, but
these, with Ikazkazan of various tribes
and people from Ighazar, formed the
present Kel Agellal. Principally noble,
but also some Imghad. Agellal village.

Kel ZILALET. See Div. I. Group 5. Zilalet village.

Kel SIDAWET. Do. Sidawet village.

Kel AUDERAS. Principally Kel Aggata (_q.v._ Div. I.
Groups 2 and 4) and Kel NUGGURU (_q.v._
Div. III. Group 5). All Imghad except
three or four families of Kel Aggata and
Ahodu’s own dependents from Kel Tadek
who came when he was given the
chieftainship of the village by the
French at the time of the Foureau-Lamy
expedition. Auderas village.

Kel T’IMIA. All noble Kel Owi, but derived from many
different tribes. Present inhabitants
occupied village after the Kel T’imia of
the Kel Geres went out. T’imia valley.
See Div. III. Group 5.

Kel TOWAR. Mixed Imghad of Kel Owi with one or two
nobles from Kel Bagezan and Imasrodang.
Towar village.

Kel AGADES. Not a strict term: only used in a
geographical sense. The real inhabitants
of Agades are called Emagadezi (_vide_
Chap. III). Songhai colony left in the
sixteenth century, and people from all
other tribes make up population, which
is principally Imghad. Since 1917, when
they lost their camels, many of the
Tuareg from N. Air settled in Agades, or
in the neighbourhood.

Kel IN GALL. Population composed of Songhai, Igdalen
and some Aulimmiden in addition to Kel
Ferwan and Ikazkazan. There are probably
some Ifoghas both here and also at the
three Tagiddas. In Gall area.

IKARADAN. The Temajegh name for the Tebu, of which
there are probably several groups in Air
captured on raids; notably one group, a
part of the Kel Aggata.

IZERAN. Given by Barth as a tribal name, but as
the word (in the correct form, Izghan)
means “Kanuri” in Temajegh, the same
considerations apply as in the case of
the Ikaradan. Many Kanuri groups are
known to have been captured on raids.

Kel IGHAZAR. A generic term for all the tribes living
in the Ighazar. They are principally
Imasrodang Kel Owi.

Kel AGHIL. Given by Barth as Kel Aril. A generic
term meaning the “People of the South,”
and applied especially to the Kel Geres.

Kel ATARAM. Meaning the “People of the West,”
applied especially to the Tuareg and
Moors of Timbuctoo, and the Aulimmiden
and Tuareg of the Mountain, in the
Western Desert.

Kel INNEK. Given by Barth as a tribal name. But it
means the “People of the East,” and is
similar to the above names.

Kel T’ISEMT. (Kel Tecoum) Meaning the “People of the
Salt.” According to Jean it is applied
to a tribe in the Telwa valley, but
appears to be in the nature of a
nickname given to people who made the
collecting of Agha a trade. It is given
to the southern Kel Nugguru generally
(_q.v._ Div. III. Group 5) and to the
people of the Tagiddas and the Ifoghas
of Damergu. The People of the Tagiddas
in any case are probably of the Ifoghas,
so that Kel T’isemt may have been the
name of a large division of the latter
on the analogy of the “Kel Ulli”
division of the Ikazkazan.

IDEMKIUN. Seems to be the tribal name of which
Tademekka is the feminine form.
According to Cortier (Appendix to _D’une
Rive à l’Autre du Sahara_) this tribe
survives in Air, but I have been unable
to trace the name. They are probably a
part of the Tuareg who settled in Air
and further west during the very first
migrations which took place.

Kel TALAK. A generic name for all the tribes which
roam about the Talak plain.