Chapter XXIX: Appendix: VII (2)

Farak, 50, 51, 52, 54, 59, 60, 62, 439; disasters at, 59; hill
north of, 60; water supply at, 59

Fardi, Wadi, 3

Fareg, Wadi, 3

Fares, 304, 314, 316, 319

Fares, Kel, 149, 304, 428, 435

Fasher, El, 51

Fashi, 32, 68, 160, 191, 218, 219, 220, 315, 413, 414, 443, 450

Fashi road, 320

Fatimite era, the, 346

Fatness of Tuareg women, 118, 172, 406; a sign of affluence, 172

Fauna of Air, 27-8

Feast of the Sheep, Sidi Hamada, 95-7

Feast of the Veil, 289

Feasts, religious, 274-5

Fedala, the, 437

Fedekel, Kel, 437

Feet, insensitive skin of Tuaregs’, 165

Feitei, Kel, 433

Female descent, rule of, among Tuareg, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398;
of kings of Kanem, 373

_Femmes douairières_, Tuareg, 169

Ferwan, Kel, 102, 104, 119, 129, 150, 415, 441; described as heathen,
258, 386; Imghad of, 139, 398; numbers of, 427; origin of, 395,
396, 398-9, 427; among original invaders of Air, 395, 396, 398,
399, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of, 427-8; women of, status of, 174

Festivals, Tuareg, 181, 274-5

Fevers, value of quinine against, 178

Fez, 343, 452, 453

Fezzan, the, 8, 9, 20, 112, 145, 334, 335; Ahaggaren and Azger
migrate into, 350; Arab conquest of, 325, 376; Azger of, 350, 354;
British geographical work in, 8, 20; cattle trade between Air and,
203; date palms of, 317; exploration of, 8, 9, 20, 248; French and
British factions in, 22; anti-French and -British activities in,
during war, 84, 92; Hawara of, 347, 379; houses of, 248, 254, 255;
conquered by Kanem, 112, 374, 406; Kel Innek of, 400; Lemta Tuareg
of, 376, 403, 445; oases of, 6; Okba’s invasion of, 376; Oraghen
of, 347; racial mixture in, 16; raiders of, 12, 13, 187, 188, 350;
road from Air to, 318-21; Roman occupation of, 322, 323, 324, 326,
403, 445; wheat exported from Air to, 133

Fezzan, Eastern, the, 112, 335; story of compulsory migration from,
366, 375

Fezzan, Southern, mountains of, 2, 3, 4

Fezzan mountains, unknown area between Air and, 32

Fezzanian branch of Tuareg, 254

Fida, Abul, 374 _n._[389]

Fire-making, nomads’ method of, 212

Firing, camel diseases treated by, 201

Fish, taboo on, 294

Flagged road (the “Garamantian way”), its existence discussed,
318-20

Flammand: _Les Pierres Ecrites_, 264 _n._[232]

Flat arm-rings, 286

Flatters, Colonel, 26; French expedition under, 9-10, 236

Flies, a pest, during rains in Air, 120-21, 125, 126

Flora of Air, 27

Flour, millet, preparation of, 159-60

Flowers rare in Air, 226

Fonfoni, wells filled in at, 451

Food, Tuareg, 157-60, 174, 211, 212

Food taboos, totemic, 294-5

Footgear, Tuareg, 164-6

Foreign Affairs, Tuareg Minister for, 106, 145

Foreign origin and servile status, 354

Foreign races, administration of, by empire of Melle, 407-8

Fort Laperrine, 12

Fort Motylinski, 12, 13

Fort Pradie, 51, 92

Fortified settlements, buildings of type of, 389

Fossil trees, specimens of, 81-2, 259

Foucauld, Charles de, 11-12, 13-14; on derivation and use of the
word Imajegh, 457, 458, 459; Tuareg dictionary by, 12 _n._[9], 269,
271, 454 _n._[456], 467; on Tuareg religion, 275

Foureau, F., 36, 299, 467

Foureau-Lamy Expedition, 26-7, 36, 50, 51, 60, 86, 99, 114 _n._[104],
143, 290, 316, 414 _n._[429], 416; observations taken from, 422,
424-5

Franks, emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]

Freeman, H. Stanhope, 267, 467

French, the: African exploration and expansion by, 9-14, 25-7, 37;
penetration of Tuareg country by, 9-14, 26-7, 350, 352; occupation
and annexation of Air by, 26, 27, 50-52, 99, 114 _n._[104]

books destroyed by action of, 361, 385; Camel Corps of, 10, 11,
68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198, 218, 219, 446, 450-51; colonial policy
of, 42, 360-61, 416; evacuation policy of, 360-61, 385; forts of,
12, 13, 86, 91, 118, 218, 316, 317, 320; maps of Air by, 27, 65,
68, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156 _n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214
_n._[206], 215 _n._[207], 218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273],
314, 422, 424-5, 454 _n._[456], 466; mosque desecrated by, 385;
Nigeria indirectly defended by, 85; sedentarism encouraged by, 131;
seeds supplied by, 132; slavery abolished by, 134 _n._[122]

Tuareg and, hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114
_n._[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352;
pacific counsels of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; the 1917
revolt against, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2, 127-8,
169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420

French works on Air and the Tuareg, 14, 466, 467, 468. _See under
names of authors mentioned on these pages_.

Frobenius, 264 _n._[232]

Fugda, 217, 250, 439

Fulani, the, of Damergu, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; Agades Cross among,
284; Hausa and, feud between, 42-3; houses of, 89; language of,
118, 155; musical instruments of, 44; a noble race, 56-7; in Punch
and Judy show, 56; tradition of return to the East among, 58

Fulani, Bororoji, 57-8

Fulani, Rahazawa, 57

Fulani Empire of Sokoto, the, 37, 57, 363, 415

Funerals, Tuareg, 181-2

Funerary inscriptions, absence of, 260, 263

Funerary monuments, North African, 260-62

“Fura,” 157, 305

Furniture, 309; household, Tuareg, 229-30

Gabes, 337

Gadé, Mount, 77 _n._[73], 79, 85

_Gado_, the, 100

Gagho (Gao), 345

Gago (Gao), 332 _n._[303], 404 _n._[417], 445, 452

Gall, 52

Game: Auderas, 184, 213; Elakkos, 446; Damergu, 43; Termit, 449,
450; T’in Wana, 81

Gamram, 47, 49-50, 52, 60, 334 _n._[309], 412, 413, 438, 439;
its amenities, 49; Belkho’s attack on, 75; extract from diary
written at, 420-21

Gangara, 44, 46, 48, 57, 97; position of, 424

Ganziga, the, 331, 332, 334

Gao, 110, 318, 332, 369, 374 _n._[389], 404, 405, 445; Agades as
entrepôt for, 411; Aulimmiden capture, 414; centre of gold trade,
411; decline of, 411; history of, 407, 408, 409; Ibn Batutah in,
345, 452, 456; Moors occupy, 411

Gao, King of, tribute from Air to, 410

Gaogao, (Gao), 345, 452

Garama, 112, 306, 323, 326, 436; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20,
321, 324

Garamantes, the, 16, 318, 321, 322, 323, 326, 354, 356; ox-drawn
chariots of, 203, 208, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; suggested descendants
of, 335-6

Garari, 44

Garazu, Ikazkazan of, 436, 443-4

Gardens, cultivation of, Air, 131, 132; carried on by negro slaves,
135

Garet valley, 418, 429, 434

Garet, Kel, (of Kel Geres), 380, 381, 434

Garet, Kel, (of Kel Tadek), 429

Garet n’Dutsi, Kel, 434

Gautier, E. F., 261-2, 468; _La Conquête du Sahara_, 10 _n._[8],
467; _Le Sahara_, 5 _n._[2], 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[33]

Gawgawa, 345

Gazelle, 43, 81, 184, 204, 213, 446, 449, 450

Gedala, the, 343

Gedeyenan, the, 428

Geographical tribal names, 128, 129, 130

Geography, Tuareg knowledge of, 265-6

Geography of the Sahara, 2-5

Geres, Kel, 17, 53; Air invaded by, 256, 378, 380-82, 405-6; leave
Air for Southland, 65, 143, 366, 390-91, 392, 415; and Amenokal’s
installation, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392, 393, 397; Aulimmiden defeat,
391, 415; camels, white, of, 196; a Hawara people, 65, 82, 348
_n._[335], 387; houses of, 251, 253, 254; Islam introduced by, 256,
258; Itesan and, connection between, 370, 373, 378, 380, 392, 393,
397, 398; Kel Owi defeat and displace, 373-4, 383, 388, 389, 390,
391, 392, 415; tribal record of, 362; tribes of, 65, 381, 422-3;
wars of, 388, 390, 391-2, 415; women as heads of villages of, 169

Gergesenes, Libyans related to, 339

Gerigeri, 455

“Germa,” root of many place names, 306

German intrigues in North Africa during the War, 12-13, 93

Gezula, the, 343, 349

Gh sound, difficulty of transliterating, 271, 350 _n._[338]

Ghadames, 7, 8, 9, 21, 110, 323, 335, 336 _n._[314]; population of,
113; divination by women of, 281

Ghadamsi dialect, 267, 270

Ghamarama, 412

Ghana, kingdom of, 404, 405, 409

Gharama, Bir, 9-10, 236

Gharnathi, El, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus.

Gharus, 438

Gharus, Kel, 139, 143, 150, 308, 438

Gharus n’Zurru, 69, 74

Ghat, 7, 9, 20, 23, 24, 114, 145, 185, 335, 390; difficulty of
transcribing the word, 271; caravan road to, 30, 318; caravan roads
from, controlled by Azger, 354; cattle trade with, 203; development
of, 111-12, 113; Holy Men of, 280; houses of, 248; Oraghen in, 347;
population of, 113; race of, original, 155; raiders from, 12, 13;
religion of, recent conversion to Islam, 257-8; Romans in, 322,
323, 326; spirits at, 280

Tuareg of, female succession among, 151-2; Lemta, 403

Ghati camels, 195-6; brands of, 201-2

Ghela, Kel, 351, 373

Gheshwa, Mount, 33; volcanic cone, 241, 242

Ghodala, El (Guddala), 413; ruling family of, 103

Ghosts, Tuareg belief in, 278-9, 281

Ghudet, 320, 321

“Ghussub” water, 19, 157, 305

Gibbon quoted, 328

Gidjigawa, 51

Giga, Kel, 80, 429

Ginea, Mount, 47, 51

Giraffes, 43, 264, 446

Girls, Tuareg, freedom of, 173, 174-5

Gissat hills, 214, 428

Glyphs, rock, _see_ Rock drawings.

Goats, Air, 203, 204, 205

Goats, People of the (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438

Goatskins, 223, 224; decorated, 227, 228; for water, 232

Gober, Kingdom of, 363, 367, 368, 403, 405; Air receives tribute
from, 383; Air at war with, 392; chiefs of, Copts, 294; Kel Geres
migrate to, 390, 391, 392; Songhai occupy, 409

Goberawa, the, 363, 403; in Air, 363, 364, 365, 368; driven from Air,
379, 381, 405; the Itesan and, 379

God, Tuareg words for, 278

Goethe, 91

“Gogdem,” 333-4

Gogo (Gao), 345, 374 _n._[389]

Gold Coast, British penetration of, 36

Gold currency, disappearance of, 221

Gold trade in Sudan, 411, 414

Gorset, Mount, 211

Gourara, 332, 334

Gourds, 132; rare in Air, 161

Government of the Air Tuareg, 144-8; of the tribal units, 147-8

Grain: from Damergu exported, 47; dishes made from, 157-8; of
Elakkos, 444; grinding of, 159-160; measures of, 220-21; former
reserves of, 48

Grain pits, Assode, 302

Granary of Air, Damergu as, 47

Granite formations, Air, 78, 119, 125

“Grape design” on Tuareg pottery, 161

Grasses, seeds of, ground and eaten, 158

Graves, Tuareg, 181, 259-63; peculiar form for a smith, 229

Great Bear, Tuareg name for, 226 _n._[212]

Great Bend, the, 30

Great South Road, the, 80; _see_ Kel Owi road and Tarei tan Kel Owi.

Green leather and silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31

Grimaldi race, survivors of, 364 _n._[362]

Gsell: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_, 173 _n._[168], 207
_n._[194], 208, 466, 467

Guddala, El, 413, 464; ruling family of, 103

Guenziga, the, 349

Guides, 72, 81, 125, 149, 185-7, 225-6, 320, 447; _see_ Efale,
Ishnegga, Kelama, Sattaf, Sidi, T’ekhmedin.

Guinea coast, Portuguese factory on, 409

Guinea corn, 47, 131, 133; cakes of, 157

Guinea-fowl, 43, 125, 126

Guinea-worm, 180

Gulbi n’Kaba, the, 33, 43, 44, 46, 71

Gulbi n’Maradi, the, 33

Guliski, 50, 60, 451; position of, 424; rainstorm at, 83

Guma, Muhammad, Sultan, 392, 465

“Gumrek,” 334 _n._[309]

Gundai hills, 308, 309, 313

Gure, 42, 43, 44, 442

Gurfautan, the, 433

Gurzil (the sun-god), 295

Haardt, 271

“Hád” plant, 70

“Hadanarang” (Ihadanaren), the, 128

Hadeija, 21, 41

Haggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128, 454; Ibn Khaldun’s etymology
of, 345, 346, 347, 353

“Hair,” _see_ Air.

Hair of Tuareg, 161; of children, 177; untidiness in, an abomination,
117

Haj Road, the, 20, 318

Hakar (Ahaggar), Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456

Hakluyt Society reprint of Leo Africanus, editors of, 331

Halévy, J., on Libyan script, 267

Halo, solar, an evil omen, 296

Ham, 339

Hamed el Rufai, Sultan, 99

Hammad, Muhammad, Sultan, 103, 109, 392, 464, 465

Hammada el Homra, the, 322, 324

Hamid ibn Yesel, 337

Handful as unit of capacity, 220-21

Hannekar, 59, 60, 72, 74, 81, 418; track to Agades, 62

Hanoteau, A.: grammar of Temajegh by, 266, 269, 271, 467; on MZGh
root, 458-9

Harris Papyrus, the, 6

Hassan ibn Muhammad el Wezaz el Fazi, 330; _see_ Leo Africanus

Hassanein Bey, 3, 336

Hatita camel mark, 202

Hats, Kano conical, 166

Haunted places, Air, 278-9

Hausa, the term, 16 _n._[17]; called “black,” 162; commercial
genius of the people, 38; feud with Fulani, 42-3; houses of, 89;
not pure negroes, 363

Hausa language, 16, 17, 40-41, 118, 154

Hausaland, 218; conquered by Bornu, 412; Fulani ascendancy in, 56,
57, 415; Goberawa withdraw into, 379; Songhai occupation of, 409

“Hawar, people of,” 325

Hawara, the, 65, 270, 274, 325 _n._[290], 341, 359, 385 _n._[405];
ancestors of the Ahaggaren tribes, 270, 345, 349, 359, 387;
“Arabisation” of, 346-7; Auriga the same as, 341, 343, 346, 347,
349, 387; home of, 345; Ibn Khaldun on, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347,
353, 379; Kel Geres descended from, 65, 82, 348 _n._[334], 387;
division of Libyan family, 341, 343, 346, 347; Lemta people and,
345, 346, 348, 353; not all Tuareg, 346-7

Hawarid origin of the Lemta, 345-6, 353, 359

Hawk’s head as amulet, 282

Head-cloths, Arab use of, 286

Head-piece, camel’s, 276

Head-ropes, camel’s, 193, 224, 228

Head-stones on graves, 260

Headmen, village, 127-8, 131, 339

Heaven, Tuareg belief in, 278

Height of Tuareg, 163

Hell, Tuareg belief in, 278

Henna, use of, 173

Herding, live-stock, 135-6

Hereditary principle rare among Tuareg, 151

Hernia frequent among Tuareg, 180

Herodotus, 7, 176, 206, 208, 281, 282, 295, 324, 365, 369, 457, 468

Heskura, the, 343, 349

“Hill of the Christians,” the, 313

Hillali, Abu Zeid el, invasion of North and Central Africa by,
376, 404

Himyarite tribes, 341; invasion of, 342

Himyer, 341, 371

Historical works, native, 360, 361-2

History, Tuareg knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2

Hobble ropes, 224

Hoggar, French form of Ahaggar, 128

Hole of Bayazid, the, legend of, 281

Holy Books, niches in houses for, 247

Holy Men, 289, 290, 293, 316, 355, 357, 405; amulets manufactured
by, 282; children named by, 181; divination by, 281; as exorcisers,
280; raids on Aulimmiden forbidden by, 190

Holy tribes, 290-91, 306, 355, 357, 437, 438, 439, 440

Hornemann, F. C., expedition of, 8, 19-20, 336; on date of arrival
of Kel Owi in Air, 383, 386; on the Tegama, 53; on Tuareg ascendancy
in Gober, 392; work by, 19 _n._[22], 336, 467

Horses, Air, 202

Hospitality, Tuareg laws of, 210, 237

House of the Christians, 312-13

House-flies, country infested by, during rains, 120, 121, 125

Household duties, Tuareg, 174

Household slaves, 134, 136

Houses: Central African, 87, 89; Northern Nigerian, 87-8, 89;
Sudanese, 87, 88, 90; Tuareg, various types of, 89, 90, 92, 181,
184, 239, 240-41, 244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16;
attributed to the Itesan, 239, 244-6, 251, 252, 253, 254, 377-8,
381, 389, 393; fortified type, 389

Huart, C.: _Arabic Literature_, 292 _n._[256]

Human figure, rock drawings of, 265

Hume, King of Kanem, 372; _see_ Beni Hume.

Huts, Tuareg, 184, 253, 254; stone circles round, 262-3; on raised
plinths, 262-3

“I names,” tribal, 128, 130, 139, 303-4, 306, 352, 400, 430;
lost, 395

Iabrubat (Iburuban), the, 434

Ialla (God), 278

Ibandeghan, the, 52

Ibanderan, the, 437

Iberdianen, the, 428

Iberkom, 316

Iberkom, Kel, 437

Iberkoran (Aulimmiden), the, 379

Ibn Abd el Hakim, 325 _n._[289]

Ibn Assafarani, 369

Ibn Batutah, 18, 19, 452, 468; account of Air by, 18, 19, 452-3,
456; Agades not mentioned by, 116; his journey, 114, 406, 452-6;
on female descent, 103, 151; on the Mesufa, 175-6, 364, 405

Ibn Ghania, 343, 407

Ibn Khaldun, Abu Zeid Abd el Rahman, 151 _n._[141], 293,
294 _n._[258], 295, 325 _n._[289], 330, 337-43, 371, 377, 468;
classification of the Libyans by, 338-43; on the divisions of the
Muleththemin, 349, 379; on the origin of the Tuareg, 343-4, 345,
346, 347, 348, 353, 379

Ibogelan, the, 351

Ibrahim, Sultan, 464

Ibrahim Dan Sugi, 99

Ibram, Chief of the Tegama, 53

Iburuban, the, 434

Ibuzahil, 102, 104

Ice in the Sahara, 4

Idakka, Kel, 438

Ideleyen, the, 428

Idemkiun, the, 441

Idenan, the, founders of Timbuctoo, 407

Idikel, position of, 424

I’dinet n’sheggarnén, Barth’s term for Tuareg, 460

Ido well, 450

Idris, King of Bornu, 410

Idris Alawoma (Ansami), King of Bornu, 412, 413, 414

Idrisi, El, 337, 369, 374 _n._[389]

“Iet,” Tuareg letter, 276

Ifadalen, the, 397, 400, 438; Damergu, 440

Ifadeyen, the, 60, 65, 74, 80, 82, 191, 209, 395, 428, 431, 436;
of Damergu, 440; literacy of, 268, 400; nomadism of, 400; origin of,
399-400; wells attributed to, 74

Ifagarwal, the, 437

“Ifarghan, village of,” 156 _n._[150]

Iferuan, 26, 114, 115, 122, 129, 189, 218, 246, 290, 302, 308, 311,
315, 317, 418; French fort at, 316; houses at, 248; Kel Ferwan
move from, 389; Kel Ferwan named after, 395, 427; position of,
424 _n._[435], 425; rains in, 123, 124; roads meeting at, 318, 319;
valley, 258

Iferuan, Kel (not Kel Ferwan), 437

Iferuan-Ghat track, 185

Ifli, Wadi, 452 _n._[449]

Ifoghas, the, 52-3, 54, 254, 327, 394, 428, 441; of the Azger,
18 _n._[18]; of Damergu, 18 _n._[18], 80, 439; a holy tribe, 355,
357, 439; probably Lemta, 355-6, 357, 358

Ifoghas n’Adghar, 18, 52, 398-9

Ifoghas of the Mountain (Ifoghas n’Adghar), 18, 52, 398-9

Ifrikiya, 325, 341; defended by Queen Kahena against Arabs, 170,
265; the Hawara in, 345

Ifrikos, 341, 371

Ifuraces, the, 327, 356, 357, 358, 439

“Ifurfurzan,” colour of camels, 196

Igademawen, the, 243, 306, 436

Igdalen, the, 162, 355, 380, 394, 395, 400, 441; of Damergu, 440;
a holy tribe, 290; Imghad among, 394; their migration into Air,
373, 378, 380, 394, 395

Igedeyenan, the, 428

Igermaden, the, 146, 243, 303, 306, 436; chief of, _see_ Belkho;
massacre of, 191; tribes and sub-tribes of, 436

Igerzawen, the, 437

Ighaghar basin, 9, 10, 28

Ighaghrar valley, 156 _n._[152], 214

Ighazar basin, the, 23, 26, 34, 241 _n._[217], 264, 308, 315, 316,
395, 437; evacuated during revolt, 122; Kel Owi occupy, 308, 389,
427; measures used in, 221; palm trees of, 316, 317; villages of,
316, 318; wheat cultivation in, 133

Ighazar, Kel, 122, 436-7, 441

Ighazar n’Agades, 78

Ighelablaban, 239

Ighelaf wells, 451

Ighelaf, Kel, 60, 433

“Ighillan” (measure of length), 222

Ighlab (Ighelaf), Kel, 433

Ighzan, 33

Igidi, desert of, 332, 333-4

Igidi, the, 358

Iguendianna, the, 428

Igululof, 309-11; houses in, 248

Igululof, Kel, 304, 435

Igururan, the, 304, 435

Ihadanaren, the, 128, 354

Ihagarnen, the, 162 _n._[156]

“Ihaggar” (Ahaggar), 128

Ihaggaren, the, 162 _n._[156]

Ihehawen, the, a holy tribe, 355

Ihrayen spring, 62, 70, 71

Ihrsan, the spirits of, 279

Ijanarnen, the, 395, 433

Ijaranen, the, 378, 394, 395, 400, 403, 433

Ikadeen, the, 351

Ikademawen (Igademawen), the, 436

Ikaradan, the, 117, 430, 441

Ikawkan, the, 428

Ikazkazan, the, 128, 145, 169, 290, 303, 307-8, 318, 437-8;
in Damergu, 52, 303, 436, 440; in Elakkos, 303, 307, 308, 443-4;
Imghad of, called heathen, 273; tribes and sub-tribes of, 52, 129,
307-8, 437-8, 441

Ikelan, the, 134, 135, 136, 155

Ikerremoïn, the, 351

Ilaguantan, the, 357, 358

Ilagwas (Elakkos), 445

Ilagwas, the, 370

Ilasgwas, the, Elakkos Tuareg identified with, 445

Ilemtin, the, 355-6, 358

Ilettan, 404

“Illeli,” 459

Imajegh: the MZGh root of the word, 457-62; a caste appellation,
458, 459, 460

Imajeghan (nobles, _q.v._), 15, 170, 171, 354-5; Ahaggaren,
350-51, 352; Azger, 348, 354-5; dark colouring of, 162; diminishing
numbers of, 150; marriage tribute payable to, 141; among Kel Owi,
144 _n._[134]; relations of Imghad and, 137, 138, 139, 140-43

Imajeghan n’Arab, the, 459

Imam, the, Agades, 96, 97

Imanen, the, 354, 355, 400, 432; affinity with the Itesan, 384-5

Imanen Kings of Azger, 348, 352, 353

Imanen women, legendary mothers of Kel Owi tribes, 384, 392

Imanghassaten, the, 354

Imaqoaran, the, 52, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 431

Imarsutan, the, 52, 304, 435; Kel Tagei of, 398, 435

Imaslagha, the, 134, 303, 304, 314; tribes and sub-tribes of, 134,
303-4, 435-6

Imasrodang, the, 129, 303, 306, 436; tribes and sub-tribes of, 129,
306, 436-7, 440, 441

“Imawal” (part of the Veil), 287, 288

Imazir (form of Imajegh), 457

Imettrilalen, the, 354

Imezegzil, the, 303, 384, 395, 400; tribes and sub-tribes of,
429, 430

Imghad (serfs), 15, 105, 128, 137-8, 142, 351; Barth’s error
regarding, 461 _n._[475]; categories of, 138-9; concubinage and,
138-9; dark colouring of, 162, 366; Imajeghan and, relations between,
137, 138, 139, 140-43; among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; lists showing
tribes of, 427-31, 435-40; negroid inhabitants of Air as, 138,
365-6; nobles, conquered, as, 138, 394, 460; origins of, 137-8,
139, 365-6, 394, 460; prosperity of, 137, 142; racial types in,
137, 138; slaves rise to be, 135; status of, 105, 140-43, 150;
veils, distinguishing, worn by some, 139-40

Imi n’Aghil, 247

Imi n’Ataram, 247

Imi n’Innek, 247

Imi n’Tasalgi, 247

Immakkorhan (Imaqoaran), the, 431

Immedideran, the, 307, 437; founders of Timbuctoo, 407

Immidir, Wadi, 31

Immikitan, the, 243, 303, 304, 371, 429, 443; of Assatartar,
436; of Elakkos, 370, 440, 443; name used for Tuareg, 396; one of
original five tribes, 370, 378, 394, 395-6, 397, 400, 429, 443;
tribes and sub-tribes of, 429-30

Imohagh (form of Imajegh), 457

Imohaq (form of Imajegh), 457

Imóshag (form of Imajegh), 457, 459

Imuzurak, the (Ikazkazan), 438

Imuzurak, the (Kel Ferwan), 50, 52, 428; hostilities with French,
51, 52

Imuzuran, the, 428

In Abbagarit, position of, 425

In Allaram, position of, 425

In Asamed, 26, 30, 31, 33, 54, 59, 61, 62, 123; filled in, 60

In Azawa, 260, 317, 318, 354, 455, 456

In Bodinam, 240

In Gall, 114, 189, 317, 318, 402, 441, 456; position of, 424

In Gall, Kel, 441

In Gezzam, position of, 425

In Kakkan, position of, 425

In Salah, 30, 111

In Wadjud, 430

Inafagak valley, 61

Inardaf, the, 433

Independent tribes, Kel Owi, 438-9

Indigo cloth, Tuareg dress made of, 163, 164, 177; the Veil made of,
140, 287

Indigo plant, 132

Indigo-stained skin as protection from sun, 163

Industries, Tuareg, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310; in
women’s hands, 174, 227

Inemba Kel Emoghi, the, 350

Inemba Kel Tahat, the, 351

Infant mortality high among Tuareg, 178

Infanticide, 175

Inheritance and succession, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3; of
women’s property, 168

Inisilman (Holy Men), 54, 154, 290, 291; Azger tribes of, 355;
_see_ Holy Men and Holy tribes.

Innek, Kel, 129, 369; first Tuareg to enter Air, 254, 369, 370,
375, 397, 398, 400; sub-tribe of the Itesan, 370, 398, 432

Innek, Kel (unlocated), 441

Inscriptions: on arm rings, 286; on graves, 260; on rocks, 213,
260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360

Insect pests during rains in Air, 120-21, 125-6

Installation of Amenokal, 99-100, 103, 108, 109, 379, 383, 391,
393, 397, 432

Intadeini, 434

Intadeini, Kel, 434

Intayet, 430

Inter-breeding in camels, result of, 196-7

Intirza, Kel, 307

Intirzawen, Kel (Tetmokarak), 433; (Kel Owi), 435, 436

Inwatza, 418

Inzerak, 214, 215

Ir n’Allem, 122, 365

Iralghawen (Eghalgawen), 347

Irawattan, the, 427

Irawellan (outdoor slaves), 134, 135, 155; numbers of, 402

Iraz, Sultan, 406 _n._[422]

Irejanaten, the, 151

Ireshshumen, the, 351

Irkairawan, the, 434

Irmakaraza, the, 434

“Irolangh,” 134

Iron in well, alleged effect of, 453

Iron-working, Tuareg, 229

_Irratemat_ (sandals), 165 _n._[159]

Irrigation, Air, 131, 132, 133, 239

Isabel (Izubahil), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104

Isagelmas valley, 80, 82

Isakarkaran, the, 428

Ischia, lava flows on, 242

Ishaban, Kel, 355

Isherifan, the (of Gamram), 50, 52, 60, 439; a holy tribe, 290,
438; Belkho’s defeat of, 50, 75, 440

Isherifan, the (Tetmokarak), 433

Ishnegga, the guide, 72, 81

Islam: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of, 291-2;
matriarchate modified by, 152; new spirit in, 12, 13; Tuareg
conversion to, and lax practice of, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5;
women’s position under, 152, 168, 170, 174

Issala, wells of, 9

Istambul (Constantinople), 101, 266

Italian occupation of Tripolitania, and Tuareg movements, 8

Itesan, the, 109, 214, 253, 394, 406; original invaders of Air,
244, 253, 254, 370, 373-4, 378, 379, 380, 381, 395, 400, 432; leave
Air for Southland, 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398, 432; and the
election of the Amenokal, 100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432;
the Goberawa and, 379; houses attributed to, 239, 244-6, 251, 252,
253, 254, 377-8, 381, 389, 393; “Kel” names among, origin of,
378, 380, 381, 398; connection between the Kel Geres and, 370, 373,
378, 380, 392, 393, 397, 398; migration westward of, 251, 252, 377,
389, 398, 413; among the Sanhaja, 377; tribes and sub-tribes of,
380-81, 398, 432-3; wells attributed to, 300, 377, 378

Ittegen, the (Kel Tadek), 429; (independent), 438

Itziarrame, the, 432

Iuraghen, the, 347

Iwarwaren, the, 162

Izagaran (Izagharan), the, 52, 397, 400, 440

Izagarnen (“the red ones”), name for Tuareg, 162 _n._[156]

Izagheran, the, 52

Izar, Sultan, 406

Izarza, the, 430-31

Izarzaran, the, Damergu, 440

Izenan, the, 434

Izeyyakan, the, 303, 431, 435

“Izghan,” 117

Izirza, Kel, 429

Izubahil (Isabel), wife of first Sultan of Agades, 102, 104

Izumzumaten, the, 429

Jackals, 125

Jado oasis, 320, 321, 326, 334

Jaghbub, 3

Jajiduna, 47, 48; French fort at, 51

Jalo, 3

Janet, 12, 53, 185

Jauf, 347 _n._[333]

Jawan, 325

Jean, Lieut. C., 27, 238, 387; _Les Touareg du Sud-Est_ by, 14,
28, 50 _n._[50], 94 _n._[82], 101 _n._[88], 102 _n._[89],[91],
107 _n._[98], 120 _n._[110], 174 _n._[169], 274 _n._[245], 281
_n._[251], 390 _n._[407], 468; Agades occupied by, 52; on Assode,
301; astronomical observations made by, 422, 424, 425; on Bornu wars
with Air, 413; on Egyptian influence in Air, 363 _n._[360]; on French
colonial policy, 416; on the houses of Bagezan, 240-41; live-stock
census by, 204; on Kel Geres invasion and evacuation of Air, 380,
391; on date of arrival of Kel Owi in Air, 257 _n._[225], 382, 386;
on date of mosques of Air, 256, 257; on polygamy in Air, 170-71;
on population of Air, 402; on tribal origins and organisation,
383-4, 387, 393, 395, 426, 427, 428-31, 435-6, 439-41, 443-41;
tribes sending delegation to Constantinople, list given by, 397;
on Tuareg invasion of Air, and its date, 256, 362, 371, 382, 386,
404; on Tuareg of Damergu and Elakkos, 415 _n._[432], 443, 444

Jedala (Jadala), the, 331, 343, 348, 349

Jekarkaren, the, 428

Jenne, 409, 411

“Jenun” (Jinn), 278 _n._[249], 280

Jerboa considered unclean, 294

Jerma, 112, 306, 321, 323, 325, 436

Jewellers, Agades, 229

Jews, “Berber” tribes as, 294; massacre of, in Tuat, 291, 292

Jinns: amulets against, 282; Tuareg tales of, 278-81

Joalland, Lieut., 50

Jodar, Basha, 411

John, Byzantine general, 327

John (Yunis), first Sultan of Agades, 102, 103, 104, 463

Jokto, the, 412-13

Juba, 206

Judaism in North Africa, 294

Justice, system of, Agades, 107, 110

Kadhi, the, Agades, 96, 107; house of, 92

Kaffardá valley, 63

Kahena, Queen, 170, 265, 294

Kahir (Air), 406, 454

Kahor (Air), 453, 454, 455

Kaimakam, 25

Kalama, 226

Kalenuzuk, the, 428

Kallilua, 46, 48

Kanem, 369; chronicle of, 372-3, 374; Bornu dynasty expelled from,
374, 375; Fezzan overrun from, 112, 374, 406; Kanuri seize power
in, 369, 370, 371-2, 374, 407; Tuareg as rulers of, 371, 372-3,
374, 375; Tuareg expelled by Kanuri from, 371-2, 374, 375; Tuareg
invade Air from, 369-70, 372, 375

Kanem, Empire of, 374, 410

Kano, 38, 44, 106, 110, 291, 335, 413, 418, 419; Agades deserted for,
411; annexation of, 137; Bornu conquers, 412; cloth of, 164, 166;
country round, 41; Fulani in, 57; houses of, 87, 90; industries of,
164, 166; Kel Owi attack on, 415; modern prosperity of, 418, 419;
railway from Lagos to, 38; Senussi “zawia” at, 48; slave market
in, 38; Songhai attack on, 410; Tuareg migrate to, 38, 39, 361, 411

Kano, Emirate of, 37

Kanuri, the, 16, 49, 117, 218, 441; Agades Cross among, 284; as
“Barbars” or “Beriberi,” 371; Bornu Tuareg overthrown by,
335, 371-2, 374, 375, 403, 404; in Damergu, 42, 43, 47, 55, 56;
Daura conquered by, 363; in Elakkos, 443, 446; Goberawa conquer,
363; hair dress of, 44; settlement and rise to power in Kanem, 369,
370, 371-2, 374, 407; Kawar conquered by, 335; language of, 16,
118, 373 _n._[386]; Tuareg migrations caused by, 335, 358, 369-70,
372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444; their name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]

Kaossen, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 99, 185, 385, 420; the House of,
Agades, 92

Karawa, 46

“Karengia” grass, 58-9, 62; _see_ Burr grass.

Karnuka, 155

Karruwe (weight), 222

Kashwar n’Tawa, 68

Kaswa n’Rakumi, 91

Katanga, 91

Katchena, Kel, 40, 117

Katsina, 38, 110, 291, 413; Agades deserted for, 411; annexation
of, 37; El Baghdadi preaches in, 291, 292; Fulani in, 57; Itesan
attack, 391; slave market in, 38; Songhai occupation of, 409, 410;
Tuareg migrate to, 39, 361, 411, 427

Katsina, Emir of, 39

Kaukau, 345

Kawa, 414-15

Kawar, 31, 32, 98, 218, 334, 335, 369; caravan road by, 7, 8, 37,
318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450; Kanuri conquer, 335,
406; Okba’s campaign in, 325, 326 _n._[292]; pastureless, 219;
raids on, 182, 188, 191, 350

Kawar road, 318, 320, 325, 358, 369, 403, 443, 446, 450

Kawkaw (Gao), 452

Kawkaw (Kuka), 445

Keane: on the Berdeoa and the Garamantes, 335-6

Kebbi, 413

“Kel” names, tribal, 128-30, 139, 303-4, 370; among the Itesan,
derivation of, 378, 380, 381

Kel Aberkan, _etc._, _see under_ Aberkan, Kel, _etc._

Kel Owi road, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390. _See also_ “Tarei
tan Kel Owi.”

Kelama, 187

Kelghimmat, the, 429

Kerfeitei, the, 433

Kerker, Sultan of, Ibn Batutah’s, 406, 453, 454-5, 456

Keta valley, 61, 64

Ketama, the, 340, 341, 343, 349, 351

Khalif (Commander of the Faithful), deputation from Air to, 101,
102, 104, 105

“Khans,” 255

Kharejite schism, the, 346

Khodi, 142-3, 185, 438

Khoms, 21

Kidal, 52

Kidigi, 60

Kindin, Kanuri name for Tuareg, 412 _n._[426]

King, _see_ Amenokal.

Kings of Agades, list of, 463-5

“Kipti” (Copts) in Air, 294, 363

“Knights-Errant of the Desert Roads,” the, 168

Knives, Tuareg, 234, 236

“Kohl” (antimony), use of, 173

Kokoi Geregeri (chief minister), 106, 406

“Kolouvey” (Kel Owi), the, 20

Korunka, 180 _n._[172]

Kosegarten, J. G. L., version of Ibn Batutah by, 452, 453, 468

Kufara (heathen), 273

Kufra, 3, 6, 98, 335, 336; a Senussi centre, 336

Kugha, 404 _n._[417]

Kuka, 21, 332 _n._[303], 345, 415, 445

Kukia, Libyan dynasty of, 404

Kunta, the, 355

“Kus-kus,” 133, 157-8

Kuttus, 42

Laghuat, 111

Lagos, 38, 419; railway to Kano from, 38

Laguatan, the, 357

Lake, Gamram, 49; rumoured, in Bagezan, 238

Lake Chad, _see_ Chad, Lake, _and_ Chad area.

Lamini, Sultan, 413

Lamy, Commandant, 26, 36; _see_ Foureau-Lamy Expedition.

Land settled on chief women, 169

Language, Tuareg (_see_ Temajegh), 15, 339; words associated with
Christianity in, 277

Laperrine, 11, 12

Laperrine, Fort, 12

Laterite rock, disintegrating, 449, 450

Latif, Sheikh el, 192

Latitudes and longitudes of points in Air, 422-5

Lava flows, Air, 216, 241-2

Lazaret, Kel, 437

Leather and metal decoration, 277, 310

Leather pouches, amulets in, 282, 284

Leather-working industry, 174, 277-8; in women’s hands, 174;
decorated luggage rests, 277; riding saddles, 230-31, 377

Lebetae, 337

Lebu, the, 337

Lee, S., translation of Ibn Batutah, 452-3, 468

Legends, Tuareg, 279, 280, 281

Lemta, the, 254, 331; Ahaggaren and, 345; Aulimmiden as part of,
341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; Azger Tuareg as, 331, 335, 341,
348, 350, 351, 352, 355, 357, 358, 432; area occupied by, 331, 334,
335, 341, 344, 345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 370, 445; Barth’s error
regarding, 344-5, 358; Bornu Tuareg as, 376; Hawarid origin of, 345,
346, 353; Ibn Khaldun on, 340, 343, 345, 346, 353; Ifoghas as, 355,
356, 357, 358; Ilemtin represent, 355, 358; Lemtuna and, confusion
between, 344-5, 358; Leo Africanus on, 331, 334, 335, 344, 345,
349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; as a Libyan people, 331,
334, 335, 340, 341, 343; migration of, south and west, 341, 345,
356, 357, 358-9, 376-7, 378, 379, 445; original stock of first and
last migrants into Air, 254, 345, 349, 356, 359, 370, 403; Tuareg
invasion of Air involved by migration of, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445

Lemtuna, the, 331, 343, 344, 349, 358, 404; confused with Lemta,
344-5, 358

Length, measure of Air, 222

Lenz, O.: on the two families of the “Berbers,” 458

Leo Africanus, 6 _n._[5], 110 _n._[101], 330, 347 _n._[333], 363
_n._[361], 468; account of Agades by, 19, 410; account of Air by,
18, 19, 359; on the Amenokal, 97 _n._[83], 99, 108, 110 _n._[101];
Kel Owi not mentioned by, 383, 386; on the Lemta, 331, 334, 335,
344, 345, 349, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 370, 445; on the divisions
of the Muleththemin, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348,
349; on areas and tribes of the Sahara, 330-35, 336-7, 343, 344,
345, 355, 356, 357, 358, 359, 364

Leptis Magna, 207, 208

“Leuata,” the, 337

Leucæthiopians, the, 173 _n._[168], 307

Levata, the, 337, 340, 357

Library, Assode, remains of, 302

Libya, areas and peoples of, Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7;
_see_ Libyans.

Libyan, origin of word, 337

Libyan desert, the, 3, 334, 335, 336, 337; story of compulsory
migration from, 366; Tuareg possibly originally inhabitants of,
366, 376

Libyan dynasty, Kukia, 404

Libyan influence in Air and the Southland, 403, 405, 406

Libyan names, the MZGh root in, and its significance, 339, 356,
457-62

Libyans, the, 16, 164 _n._[158], 262; areas and peoples of, 330-35,
336-7, 338-43, 356; belts worn by, 194, 265; term used for Berbers,
7, 371, 372 _n._[382]; classification of, by Ibn Khaldun, 338-43;
descent from Prophet claimed by, 339-40, 342; dogs ceremonially eaten
by, 295; Eastern origin of, legendary, 340; facial characteristics
of, 187; Leo Africanus on, 330-35, 336-7; marriage customs of, 176;
migration of, legendary, 366-7; nationalism among, 12-13; origin of,
mixed, 340, 458, 462; sun worship among, 12-13; Tuareg relationship
with, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462; women, status of, among,
151, 152

Libyans, Eastern, work on, _see_ Bates.

Libyans, Meshwesh, 151, 337, 356, 457, 461, 462

Lime trees, 160, 239

Lion claws as amulets, 282

Lions still seen in Air, 119-20

Literature, Tuareg, 173, 263; historical works, 360, 361-2

_Litham_ (the Veil), 329, 330

Live-stock industry, Air, 133-4, 190, 202-5; evacuation policy and,
361; herding carried on by slaves, 135-6

Lizards, taboo on, 294

Load ropes, 224

Loading and unloading camels, 198, 223, 224-5

Lollius, L., 207

Louata, the, 340, 357

Love affairs, Tuareg, 174-5, 176

Lugard, Sir F., 37, 42

Luggage rests, decorated, 230, 310

Lyon, G. F., work by, 21, 467

Lyon expedition, the, 8

Ma el Fares, 325-6

Macae, the, 457, 461, 462

MacGuire, Corporal, 21

Macii, the, 460

Madghis, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341

Mafaras, 326

Mafinet hills, 156; valley, 131 _n._[120]

Mafinet, Kel, 381, 432; Agoalla of, 397

“Magadeza,” the, 106-7

Magazawa Hausa women, 44

Maghili, El, 291, 292, 293

Maghrabi camels, 196

Maghreb, the, 339

Maghzen (Bagezan), Kel, 381, 432

Magic square, rock drawing of, 321

Magnesia, battle of, 206

Maisumo valley, 69; well, 74, 76

“Makam el Sheikh ben Abd el Kerim,” 292

Maket n’Ikelan, 138; tradition of, 367-8, 373, 381, 383, 392,
414 _n._[429]

Malabar Indians, laws of inheritance among, 151

Malam Chidam, 46

Malaria, 178, 179, 181, 186

Maliki sect, people of Air belong to, 291, 292

Mallamei, the, 439

Manding origin of leather industry, 227

Manen, Kel, 400, 432

Manga, 21

Mange in camels, 201

Manna, Leo Africanus on, 19

Mansa Magha, 408

Mansa (Kunkur) Musa, 407, 408

Mansur, El, 337

Manumission of slaves, 135, 137, 138, 140, 141

Manuscripts found at Assode, 302

Maouen (Mawen), Kel, 430

Maps, Tuareg comprehension of, 266

Maps of Air, 466-7; _see_ Cortier.

Maqrizi, El, 372 _n._[383], 374 _n._[389]

Maradi, 42, 411

Marandet, 77, 119, 121; position of, 424; urn cemetery at, 121,
161, 263

Marcellinus, Ammianus, 207 _n._[191]

Mari, Mount, 242, 308, 390

Mari well, 242

Mari Jatah I, 407

Mari Jatah, Vizier, 408

Maria Teresa dollars, 221, 222

Marinus of Tyre, 323 _n._[283]

Markets, development of, along caravan roads, 110

Marmol, 116

Marriage, Tuareg system, 170-71, 174, 175, 196-7; festivals,
181; late in life, 173, 289; not arranged, 174; by purchase, 181;
wife’s intimate male friends, 175-6

Marriage portions, 177; Imghad, part payable to Imajeghan, 141

Masalet, 69, 81, 114

Masa’udi, El, 337, 345, 371, 468

Maspero, G., 286, 468

Masquerey, E., dictionary and grammar of Temajegh by, 222 _n._[211],
266, 271, 459, 467

“Masri” blades, 233

Masson, Captain, 10

“Master of the Interior of the Palace,” 106

Matali, chief of the Ifadeyen, 399

Maternus, Julius, in the Fezzan, 323, 326

Matriarchate, the, 151-3

Matriarchy among Tuareg, 103, 148-53, 170, 171; and monogamy, 171

Mats, 158, 174, 212, 227

Mauretania, 332, 377, 379, 404 _n._[419]

Mawen, Kel, 430, 436

Maxitani, the, 457, 460

Maxyes, the, 356, 457

Mazaces, the, 457, 461

Mazi, the, 460

Mazia, 46, 48

Mazices, the, 356, 358, 457, 461

Mazigh, common ancestor of Libyans, 339, 341, 458

Mazigh, the, 458

Mazil, the, Arab tribe, 354

Measures and weights, Air, 220-22

Meat, little eaten by Tuareg, 158-9

“Mecca of the Slaves, The,” 367; _see_ Maket n’Ikelan

Medicine, native, 82, 180, 201

Medina date palms, 317

Medinet el ’Amira, 452 _n._[449]

Mediterranean, the: civilisation brought southwards from, 37, 393,
401; known to Tuareg, 266

Mela, 282

Melle, Empire of, 37, 47, 48, 407-8, 409; administration of foreign
races by, 407-8; revolts in, 411; Songhai overthrow, 409

Melle, Vizier of, 408

Melons, 132

“Men with Eyes in their Stomachs,” possibly Tuareg, 376

Menzaffer valley, 59

“Merabtin,” the, 405

“Meratha” (Imghad), 140

Mermeru, 91

Mesche mountain, 327

Meshagra, the, Arab tribe, 354-5

Meshwesh, the, 337, 457, 461; probable ancestors of Tuareg, 356,
462; succession in female line among, 151

Mesi (God), 278

Mesufa, the, 151, 153, 344, 364, 405, 408; status of women of, 175-6

Meteorological record kept by author, 423

Migration from Red Sea, reference to, 342

Migrations, tribal, _see under names of tribes_.

Migrations, Tuareg: into Air, 52, 53, 113, 254, 256, 359, 364, 365-6,
366-93, 403, 404; date of, 256, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404;
caused by Kanuri, 335, 358, 369-70, 372, 375, 404, 414, 415, 444;
Lemta movement and, 358-9, 377, 379, 403, 445; stages of, 52, 53,
254, 359, 366-93, 394, 403; into the Southland, 17, 38, 39, 51,
65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432

Mikitan, Osman, 52, 99, 108, 465

Milen, 60, 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 418; well of, 72-4, 75, 76

Milk, camel’s, 211; offering of, Bororoji custom, 58

Millet cultivation, 47, 64, 131, 133, 444, 445; dishes made from,
157; flour, preparation of, 159-60; stores for, in villages, 42

Millet mortar used as drum, 272

Mimosa, 226

Minaret, Agades, 86, 87, 93-4, 302; Assode, 301, 302

Mineral springs, 127, 241

Minéru, 239, 438

Minir, El, 239, 438

Minister for Foreign Affairs, Agades, 106, 116

Mintaka, El, 154, 155, 181, 280, 302

Minutilli, 336 _n._[316]

Mirages, Northern Air, 300

Misgiddan (Tamisgidda), the, 439

Misurata, 21

“Mithkal,” 221-2

Mithridates, 206

Mixed caste, Azger tribes of, 355-6

Mizda-Murzuk road, 322, 323 _n._[285]

Mokhammed, 96

Monarchy, democratic Tuareg system of, 107-8

Mongolian traits in Southland women, 44

Monkeys, 213, 239

Monogamy, 293; more frequent in Air than polygamy, 170, 171

Moorish tribes, raids by, 188

Moors conquer Western Sudan, 411

Moroccan road, the, 7

Morocco, 358; “Berbers” of, 458; Ibn Batutah in, 411; Negroland
conquered by, 411; Okba’s expedition in, 326 _n._[292]; Sanhaja
trade with, 405; Tuareg invasion of, 411

Morocco, Southern, 332, 334

Mosgu (Kel Tamisgidda), the, 439

Mosi added to Songhai empire, 409

Mosi, King of, 408

Moslem attitude to women, 152, 168, 170, 174

Moslem faith: introduction of, into Air, 256-8; Maliki sect of,
291-2; new spirit in, 12, 13; polygamy permitted by, 170; a form
of snobbishness induced by, 339-40, 342; Tuareg adoption of, 256,
257-8, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5. _See also_ Islam.

Moslem graves, 259

Mosque, People of the, 439

Mosques, Tuareg, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2; Agades, 86, 87, 93-4; Assode,
301-2; records kept in, 360, 361; T’intaghoda, 257, 258, 316

Mosquitoes, Air, prevalent during rains, 120, 121

Motor road between Lake Chad and Niger, 42

Motylinski, Temajegh dictionary by, 12, 454 _n._[456], 459

Motylinski, Fort, 12, 13

Mounds of stones as memorials, 292-3

Mountain groups of the Sahara, 2, 5

Mountain sheep of Air, 450

Mountains in the desert, beauty of, 448

“Msid Sidi el Baghdadi,” 292

Mubaraki, Muhammad, 102 _n._[91], 391, 413, 464

Mud construction, 41, 43, 48, 249-50, 252; Sudan and Northern
Nigeria, 88, 89, 90

“Muda,” grain measure, 221

Muhammad (of Towar), 185

Muhammad, King of Bornu, 410

Muhammad, the Prophet, Moslem desire to claim descent from,
339-40, 342

Mulai Ahmed, Sultan of Morocco, 411

Mulai Hamed el Mansur, Sultan of Morocco, 411

Muleththemin, the (Arab name for Tuareg), 14-15, 274, 287, 294,
364; Ibn Khaldun on origin of, 340-49, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on
the divisions of, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349

Munio, 412

Murmur, 21

Murzuk, 7, 8, 9, 20, 21, 191, 325, 353; capital of Fezzan, 323;
the “Garamantian way” from, 318, 319 _n._[278], 324; population
of, 113; rains in, 124; road to Lake Chad by, 7, 8, 32, 320; Roman
remains on road to, 322; as trade centre, 112, 113

Musa, camel-man, 169, 170

Musa, chief of the Imuzuraq, 51

Musa, Haj, 290

Musa, Mansa Kunkur, 407, 408

Musa ag Mastan, Amenokal of Ahaggar, 169, 352-3

Muscles of Tuareg not conspicuous, 163, 187

Music, Tuareg, 272

Musical instruments, Tuareg, 272

Mzab, 332, 334

MZGh root of North African names, 339, 356; its significance, 457-62

Nabaro, 436

Nabaro, Kel, 436

Nabarro, 218 _n._[208]

Nachtigal: population of Murzuk, 113

Nakda, 452; copper mines of, 452-3; Sultan of, 453

Names, tribal: North African, MZGh root of, 339, 356, 457-62;
Tuareg, 128-31

Naresht, son of Tifaut, 405

Nasamones, the, 282, 365, 369

Nationalism in North Africa, 12-13

“Natron” encrustations seen by Barth, 127 _n._[115]

Natrun, Wadi, 3

Nature, animistic view of, among Tuareg, 295

Neck ornaments, 283

Necklaces, women’s, 283

Needlework, skill of Tuareg men in, 174

Negro music, influence of, 272

Negroes: eunuchs purchased, 179; matriarchate among, 152-3; as
slaves, 135; Tuareg contempt for, 173

Negroid inhabitants of Air, pre-Tuareg, 363-4, 365-6, 403, 405;
type of Air Imghad, 138

Negroland, 101, 371; historians of, 365; Ibn Batutah’s journey
through, 406, 452; Roman expedition to, 326

Negroland, Western, 404; occupied by Songhai, 409

“Neutral vowel” in Tuareg tribal names, 128

New Year, feast of the, 275

News, communication of, in Africa, 266

N’Gurutawa, 21

Niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309

Niger, the, 3-4, 30, 332; diversion of Upper into Lower, theory
of, 30; drainage basin of, 3-4; Romans said to have reached, 322;
Tuareg communities on, 377, 384 _n._[402]

“Niger,” Pliny’s, 28-9

Niger Empires, the, 37, 47, 407-12; _see_ Melle _and_ Songhai.

Niger, Territoires du, 41-2, 43, 416; raids in, 189

Niger-Tchad, Colonie du, 41 _n._[46]

Nigeria, 17, 18, 24, 219, 335; author returns through, 418-19;
Anglo-French boundary, 41; British penetration of, 20, 21, 36-7;
French indirectly defend, 85; horses of, 202; Mediterranean
civilisation brought to, 393, 401; railway development in, 38;
rains in, 123; totemism in, 294

Tuareg in, 38-41, 361; civilisation brought to, by, 393, 401;
transport work in, by, 38, 298

Nigeria, Northern, 37; author’s journey begins and ends in,
417-18; British annexation of, 37; houses of, 87-8

Nigerian Emirates, the, 26, 37; British annexation of, 37; _see_
Kano, Katsina, _and_ Sokoto.

Nile, the, 266

Nile valley, Libyan invasions of, 340

Nilotic Sudan, the, 1 _n._[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic
influence in, 342

No, Quarter of, Ghat, 258

Nobility of origin, Tuareg adherence to, 137; records kept to
establish, 360, 362

Noble and servile tribes (_see_ Imghad _and_ Imajeghan), 15; lists
showing, 427-31, 435-40

Noble women, high standing of, 150, 151, 168, 169, 171, 172, 174

Nobles: British described as, 459; conquered, as Imghad, 138,
394, 460

Tuareg (Imajeghan), 137, 217; appearance of, 217; female descent of,
150-51; Holy Men treated as, 355; Imghad and, relationship between,
136, 137, 138, 140-43; northern, black veil worn by, 139; original
pure race represented by, 137

Nomadic Tuareg, described by Ibn Batutah, 406

Nomadism and sedentarism, difficulties of co-ordinating, 131

Nomads, 16, 209, 212, 406; ability to dispense with water, 208,
209-10; Ifadeyen famous as, 400

North and west, confusion of terms, 244, 247

North Africa: the term, 1

Arab conquest of, 346, 375-6, 404, 462; Arab countries, traditional
connection with, 340; Bishoprics of, 293; British part in
exploration of, 20-21; camels, problem of introduction into, 206-8,
267; caravan roads (_q.v._) of, 5, 6-7; caravan roads and sites of
cities of, 110, 111, 112, 114; Central Empires, intrigues of, in,
12-13, 93; fossil camel skeletons found in, 267; French expansion
in, 20, 22; funerary monuments in, 260-62; history of, its sources,
330; Islam, spread of, in, 256, 257-8, 325; migration from,
compulsory, legend of, 366, 375, 380; migrations into, 39, 340,
341; negroid peoples once farther north in, 342; partition of, 20,
22; Persian invasion of, 375; population of, its superficial unity,
338; rock drawing in, 264; tribal names of, and MZGh root, 339,
356, 457-62; Tuareg in, in early times, 403

North-eastern Air; houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304

Northern Air, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of,
1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8,
394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan
route from, 315

Nose-piece, camel’s, 231

Nose-ring, camel’s, 231

N’Ouajour, 430

Noweiri, El, 326 _n._[292], 468

N’Sattafan, Kel, 434 _n._

Nubian cemeteries, 260

Nugguru, Kel, 127, 139, 142, 185, 215, 435, 438, 440, 441

Oases, 2, 3; accidental discoveries of, 336; of Air, 32; Egyptian,
334, 337; origin of the word, 6; Saharan, 3, 5-6

Oborassan, 313, 314

Oborassan, Kel, 435

Ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Oghum, Rocks of, 68

Ogive niches in Tuareg houses, 246, 247-8, 252, 254, 255, 256, 309

Okba ibn Nafé, campaigns of, 325, 326 _n._[292], 376

Okluf, 126, 127

“Old Well,” the, 418

Ollelua, 46

Omar, Sultan, 84, 96, 97-8, 100, 104, 109, 117, 195, 465; horses of,
202; refuses to attack French, 290

Optatus, 328

Oraghen, the, 347

Orfella, 110

Orientation: of Moslem graves, 259, 260; of Tuareg houses, 244,
246-7, 248, 251, 252, 253, 254

Ornament of the Nobles, the, 284

Ornamental work, Tuareg, 230-31, 277, 310

Ornaments, Tuareg, 282-6

Orosius, 356

Oryx, white, 444, 446

Oryx hide shields, 235, 444

Osman Mikitan, Sultan, 52, 99, 108, 465

Ostrich feathers, on camel’s nose-piece, 231

Ostriches, 43, 121, 264, 446

Othman dan Fodio, 363, 415

Oudney, Dr. W. (with Denham and Clapperton), 8, 20; death of, 21

Oung Oua (Ungwa), Kel, 433

Outdoor slaves, 134, 135-6, 155, 402

Outhouses, Tuareg, 250

Over-population of Mediterranean lands, and compulsory migration,
story of, 366, 375, 380

Overweg (with Barth and Richardson), 18, 20, 21, 23-4; death of, 21

Owari, 239

Owi, Kel, 20, 23, 53, 54, 107, 134-5, 143, 144, 184, 217, 239; their
arrival in Air, 382-93, 414, 415; cause of migration of, 386-7; date
of arrival of, 135, 149, 257, 258, 366, 367, 382-3, 386, 387, 388,
391; and the Amenokal, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; the Añastafidet of,
92, 96, 100, 107, 139, 144-6, 148; arrogance of, 383; Assode the
capital of, 301, 303; Auraghen and, 387; caravan road controlled
by, 61, 74-5, 308, 319, 320, 383, 390; claims and pretensions of,
unjustified, 384-5, 386, 392-3, 414 _n._[429]; commercial ability of,
390; country of, 243, 244, 299, 394; in Damergu, 415; dialect of,
270, 387; disease among, 180; disparaged by other tribes, 135, 149,
295; attitude towards French of, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; in Gober,
tradition of arrival of, 367-8; houses of, 252, 253, 254; Ifadeyen
and, 399; Immikitan and, 429; Itesan driven out by, 366, 373-4, 391,
392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres displaced by, 373-4, 383, 388, 389,
390, 391, 392, 415; measures of, 221; and mosque of T’intaghoda,
257; mothers of, legend of, 384-5, 386; origin of, 148, 380, 385-7;
sun as mother of, 295; tribal organisation of, 303-8, 430, 435-9;
women of, noble, 150

Ox, rock drawing of, 265

Ox and cart, drawing of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418

Ox-drawn chariots of the Garamantes, 318, 320, 321-2, 324; rock
drawing suggestive of, 265, 319, 321-2, 418

Oxen: as pack animals, 203, 208; harnessed to carts, 203, 208, 215;
_see_ Ox-drawn chariots.

Pack-saddles, camel, 223-4

Paint, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Paleolithic camel skeletons discovered, 207

Palicanus, L. Lollius, 207

Palm frond mats, 227; rope, 224; sandals, 165

Palm groves, 316, 317

Palm trees not destroyed in warfare, 236

Palmer, H. R., 362, 373 _n._[386], 463, 468

Paper currency disliked by Tuareg, 221

Partition of Africa, 20, 22, 25

Pasture wells, Azawagh, 74, 75, 80; rights over, 75

Patience, Tuareg, philosophic, 296, 420

Patination of rocks of Air, 35; of rock drawings, 321

Patriarchal government: Arab, 339; of Tuareg tribal units, 147

“Penistasche,” the, 164 _n._[156]

People of the Acacia (Kel Tamat), 307, 437

People of the Añastafidet, 374, 394; in Damergu, 440; estimated
numbers of, 402; tribes and sub-tribes of, 435-9

People of the Asclepias (Kel Intirzawen), 307, 433

People of the Deep Well (Kel Gharus), 308

People of the Dûm Palm (Kel Tagei), 307, 398 _n._[413], 432, 435

People of the East (Kel Innek), 129, 369, 441

People of the Goats (Kel Ulli), 52, 129, 307-8, 438

People of the King, 143, 144, 146, 148, 149, 304, 306, 366, 392,
393; represent earliest arrivals in Air, 373, 374, 377, 378-9;
geographical area of, 394; Immikitan possibly original stock of,
396; interest attaching to, 393; Kel Owi and, 146, 148, 149, 303,
366, 380, 392; numbers of, estimated, 402; origin of, legendary,
384, 386; tribes, sub-tribes, and organisation of, 395, 398, 400,
427-31; in Damergu, 437-40

People of the Mosque (Kel Tamisgidda), 439

People of the Rock (Tebu), 335

People of the Salt (Kel T’Isemt), 441

People of the Sand (suggested meaning of Tuareg), 274

People of the South (Kel Aghil), 441

People of the Spears (Kel Allaghan), 432

People of the Veil, _see_ Tuareg.

People of the West (Kel Ataram), 129, 441

Peroz, Colonel, 50

Perry: _Children of the Sun_, 152 _n._[146]

Persian invasion of North Africa, 375

Petroglyphs, _see_ Rock drawings _and_ Rock inscriptions.

Philistines, Libyans related to, 339

Phœnician script and Libyan, 267

Photographs of unveiled Tuareg not permitted, 288

Physical characteristics of Tuareg, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217;
deformation not practised, 179

“Pi” dogs, 205

Piebald camels, 196

Pigeons, 125

Pigs, taboo on eating of, 294, 295

Pilgrim road, Timbuctoo-Cairo, 20, 114, 318

Pilgrimage, Muhammad Askia’s, 409, 411

Pitchers, 160-61

Plaque, men’s ornament, 285

Pleiades, Tuareg name for, 226 _n._[212]

Pleistocene period, discovery of camel-skeletons of, 207

Pliny, 207, 324, 468; quoted, 322-3

Plough seen by Barth, 133

Plutarch, 206

Poetry, Tuareg appreciation of, 263, 265, 271, 272; women authors
of, 169, 173, 271, 272

Poison, use of, by Tuareg, 10

Poisoned arrows used by bush folk, 45

Poisonous plants, deaths of camels due to, 200

Police, Agades, 106

Polygamy infrequent in Air, 170-71

Polytheism, traces of, among Ahaggaren, 275

Pomel, 264 _n._[232]

Pommel of Tuareg saddle, ornamental cross on, 230, 276-7, 289

Pompey, 207

Pools, 213, 215, 442, 445, 449

Population: of Air, 402; variation of, in desert cities, 113

Portfolios, leather, 228

“Ports,” trans-desert traffic, 110, 111

Portuguese and Songhai rulers, 409, 410

Possession, case of, Auderas, 279-80

Pottery, Tuareg, 160-61, 317

Pouches, leather, 228

Pradie, Fort, 51, 92

Prayer enclosures, 292-3

Pre-Moslem, funerary remains, 260-63; place of worship, 258-9, 263

Precipitation of rain, North Africa, 123, 124

Prime Minister, Tuareg, also Minister for Foreign Affairs, 106;
title of, 106, 406

Property, women’s ownership of, 168-9, 177, 293

Prophet, the, Moslem desire to claim descent from, 339-40, 342

Prophet’s Birthday, the, feast of, 275

Prosody, Tuareg, 271

Prostitution among Tuareg, 177

Proverbs, Tuareg, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421

Pseudo-Ashraf, the, 339-40

Ptolemy, 323 _n._[283],[287], 336 _n._[314], 356, 468; on the Kel
Tegama, 53, 65

Pumpkins, 132; spirits in form of, 280

Punch and Judy show, Tuareg ascendancy symbolised in, 55-6

“Pura” water, 19, 157

Qadria sect, 302

Qibla, the, 95, 97, 255, 258, 259, 292

Querns, Tuareg, 159-60, 309

Quinine, value of, in fever cases, 178, 186, 187

Quran, the, 265, 280, 281, 296; in Tuareg language, 269; verse of,
as amulet, 282

R and Gh sounds, confusion between, 271

Rabah, 26

Rabidin, 427

Racks in houses, 309

Rahazawa Fulani, 57

“Rahla” (riding saddle), 230-31

Raiding, 11, 12, 13-14, 113, 187-93, 350, 407, 444; Ahodu’s
reminiscences of, 191-3; the Amenokal and, 109-10; Camel Corps
organised to suppress, 11, 51, 188, 189, 218, 219; cessation of,
187, 193; in Damergu, 50, 51, 59; fear of, still prevalent, 311,
315; legend of raiders swallowed up, 281; regarded as a sport,
187, 193, 328, 443; technique of, 11, 187-93, 236, 237; weather
conditions supposed to foretell, 295-6; wells filled in to prevent,
59, 60, 451; by women, 169-70

Railway development, its effect on camel-borne trade, 38

Rainbow, superstition regarding, 296

Rainfall in the Sahara, 4, 28; ancient, 28; geological effects of,
79; during storms, 83

Rain-water pools, Azawagh, 62, 67-8

Rains, the: in Air, 121, 123-4, 220; in Elakkos, 445; discomforts
of travel during, 120-21, 123, 124, 125; raids begun after, 188

Ramadhan, Tuareg observance of, 274

Rapsa (Ghat), 322, 323, 326

Rats eaten by Tuareg, 294

Rattray: _Ashanti_, 152 _n._[146]

Rebu, the, 337

“Red,” Tuareg spoken of as, 162, 173, 367, 460

Red agate “talhakim,” 282

Red mud, cities and houses constructed of, 41, 43, 48, 88, 90,
452 _n._[452]

Red ochre, Tuareg women’s faces daubed with, 173

Red Rock Desert, pass over, 323

Red rocks, Air, 35

Red Sea, migrations of tribes from, into North Africa, 340, 341, 342

“Reg,” 274 _n._[243]

Reindeer Age, cave paintings of, 264

Rela, Kel, 351 _n._[339]

Religion of Tuareg, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly
Christianity, 275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6,
277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their
lax practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5

Rennell, Major, 383, 386; commentary on Hornemann by, 336, 383,
386, 467; map by, 336; works by, 336, 383, 386, 467

Revenue, the Amenokal’s, 110

Revolt against French in Air, 1917, 39, 69, 70, 84-5, 98, 309, 394,
420, 421; Agades besieged during, 70, 85, 86, 98; camel requisitions
a cause of, 205; evacuation of Air during, 113, 121-2, 302, 309,
360-61, 426; Kaossen’s leadership of, 69, 84, 86, 92-3, 185, 385,
420; Nigeria indirectly defended during, 85; opening tragedy of,
84; social effects of, 127-8, 338-9; Tegama’s part in, 98-9;
T’ekhmedin’s part in, 98-9; wells filled in during, 59, 60, 451

Rhymes, Tuareg, 271

Rhyndacus, 206

Riaina, the, 434 _n._