Chapter XXVIII: Appendix: VII (1)

SOME BIBLIOGRAPHICAL MATERIAL USED IN THIS BOOK

A great student was showing a friend over his library, and it happened to the friend to ask the obvious question that has occurred to nearly everyone in the same circumstances. The learned man in reply remarked wearily, that neither had he read all the books which adorned his shelves, nor yet were those all the books which he had read. I would say much the same of the lists which are given below. Many as are the works mentioned, those dealing with Air in any detail are very few.

A fuller bibliography of the people and places in the Central Sahara generally will be found in Gsell’s first volume of his _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_ and in Oric Bates’ _Eastern Libyans_.

MAPS

Carte de l’Air: Mission Cortier, Service Géographique des
Colonies. Two sheets. 1912. 1/500,000. With a table of astronomical
positions.

Territoires Militaires du Chad: Édition Meunier. 1921. 1/4,000,000.

Afrique Occidentale Française: Service Géographique des
Colonies. Sheet 3. 1/2,000,000.

Carte du Sahara: Delingette and others, Société d’Éditions
Géographiques, Maritimes et Coloniales. 1/4,000,000.

Afrique: Service Géographique de l’Armée. Sheet 19. 1896.
1/2,000,000 with neighbouring parts on other sheets.

Africa settentrionale (Edizione provvisoria). 1917. Ministero
delle Colonie. 1/4,000,000.

A geological map and diagrammatic section of Air, in Chudeau’s
thesis (see Bibliography).

Map of Air and neighbouring parts, compiled from data collected by
the author. _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXII., August 2, 1923. 1/2,000,000.

Original sketch maps and topographical data in the works of Barth,
Foureau-Lamy, Jean, Chudeau and Buchanan enumerated in the
Bibliography.

The Anglo-French frontier was delimited by the Mission Tilho. There
are various sheets covering the frontier from Lake Chad to the Niger,
on a scale of 1/500,000, but they do not extend far into Damergu.

General maps of the Sahara are not enumerated. They are many.

GENERAL BOOKS ABOUT THE CENTRAL SAHARA

Duveyrier, H.: _Exploration du Sahara. (Les Touareg du Nord.)_
Two volumes. Paris. 1864.

_Duveyrier_, H.: Biographical sketch by Manoir and Schirmer, 1905.

Carette: “Recherches sur l’Origine et les Migrations des
principales tribus de l’Afrique septentrionale.” In _Exploration
scientifique de l’Algérie_. Paris, 1853. Vol. III.

Schirmer, H.: _Le Sahara_. 1893.

Gautier, E. F.: _La Conquête du Sahara_. Paris, 1922.

Boissier, G.: _L’Afrique Romaine_. Paris, 1901.

Marmol-Caravajal: _History of Africa_. Three volumes. 1667.

Tissot, C. J.: _Géographie comparée de la province romaine de
l’Afrique_. Two volumes and atlas. 1884-8.

Bates, O.: _The Eastern Libyans_. London: Macmillan, 1914.

Gsell, S.: _Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord_. In course of
publication. Four volumes have appeared. Paris, 1921, etc.

Richardson, J.: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_. London,
1847. Two volumes.

Minutilli, F.: _La Tripolitania_. Rome, 1912.

de Agostini, E.: _Le Popolazioni della Tripolitania_. Tripoli, 1917.

Denham and Clapperton: _Travels and Discoveries in Central
Africa_. London: Murray, 1826. Two volumes.

Lyon, G. F.: _Travels in Northern Africa_. London: Murray, 1921.

Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_. London, 1923.

Hornemann: _Travels in the Interior of Africa_. Commentary by
Major Rennell. French edition. Dentu: Paris, 1803.

Rennell’s miscellaneous works and addresses to the African
Society, and his Commentary on Herodotus.

Largeau, V.: _Le Sahara_. Paris, 1877.

Desplagnes, L.: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_. Paris, 1907.

LINGUISTIC AND GRAMMATICAL

The contributions of Halévy, Letourneux, Hanoteau, etc. in
various periodicals.

Hanoteau, A.: _Grammaire de la Langue Tamachek_. Algiers, 1896.

Masquerey, E.: _Dictionnaire Français-Touareg_. Paris, 1898.

—— _Essai de Grammaire Touareg_. Paris, 1896.

de Foucauld, C.: _Dictionnaire abrégé Touareg-Français_. Two
volumes. Algiers, 1918, etc.

—— _Notes pour servir à un Essai de Grammaire Touaregue_. Algiers,
1920.

Freeman, H. Stanhope: _A Grammatical Sketch of the Temahuq Language_.
London: Harrison, 1862.

BOOKS DEALING WITH THE TUAREG AND THE ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE
SAHARA GENERALLY

Ripley, W.: _The Races of Europe_. 1900.

Sergi, G.: _The Mediterranean Race_. London, 1901.

—— _Arii ed Italici_. 1898.

—— _Africa, La stirpe camitica_. Turin, 1897.

Keane, A. H.: _Man, Past and Present_. Cambridge, 1920.

Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_. Edinburgh, 1923.

Duveyrier, H.: _Les Touareg du Nord_ (Volume I of the work
already cited).

Cortier, M.: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_. Paris, 1908.

Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_.

Aymard, Capt.: _Les Touareg_. Paris, 1911.

Foureau, F.: _Mission chez les Touareg_. 1895.

—— _Une Mission au Tadamayt_. 1890.

King, H.: _A Search for the Masked Tawareks_. London, 1908.

Rinn, L.: _Origines Berbères_. 1889.

Schirmer, H.: _De nomine et genere populorum qui Berberi . . .
dicuntur_. 1892.

Buchanan, A.: _Sahara_. Murray, 1926.

Stuhlmann, F.: _Die Mazighvölker_. Kolonial Institut. Band 27.

—— _Ein Ausflug im Aures_. Kolonial Institut. Band 10.

—— _Handwerk und Industrie in Ost-Afrika_. Kolonial Institut. Band 1.

Newberry, Percy: _Beni Hassan_. 1893.

Rosellini, I.: _I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia_. 1832-44.

Elliot Smith, G.: _The Ancient Egyptians_. 1923.

Maspero, G.: _L’Histoire ancienne des peuples de l’orient_. 1909.

Meyer, E.: _Geschichte des Altertums_.

Rodd, F.: A paper on the Origins of the Tuareg, _R.G.S. Journal_,
Vol. LXVII. No. 1. Jan. 1926.

CLASSICAL AND ARABIC AUTHORS

Pliny’s _Natural History_. Various editions.

Strabo’s _Geography_. Various editions.

Herodotus’ _Geography_. Various editions.

Hanno’s _Periplus_ (London, 1797), and _Geographi Græci Minores_
(Editio Mueller).

Sallustius: _De bello Jugurthino_. Various editions.

Ptolemy’s _Geography_ and _Marinus of Tyre_.

The Works of Diodorus Siculus.

Corippus: _Libri qui supersunt_. Berlin, 1879.

The Works of Aulus Gellius.

Silius Italicus: _Œuvres complètes_. 1850.

Leo Africanus: _History and Description of Africa_. Hakluyt
Society. London, 1896. Three volumes.

Ibn Batutah’s _Travels_. Translation of Defrémery and Sanguinetti.
Paris: Société Asiatique. 1893. Four volumes.

—— Lee’s edition in the Oriental Translations Fund, with references
to Kosegarten’s edition, 1929.

Ibn Khaldun’s _History of the Berbers_. Translation by Slane.
Algiers, 1852-4. Four books.

Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim’s _History of the Conquest of Egypt_.
In the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.

El Noweiri: Extracts in the above edition of Ibn Khaldun.

Abdallah abu Obeid Ibn Abd el Aziz el Bekri: _A Description of
North Africa_. Edition Slane. Algiers, 1913.

—— Wüstenfels _Das Geographische Wörterbuch des Abu Obeid el Bekri_.
1876.

Abu el Hassan Ali Mas’udi: _The Meadows of Gold_. Oriental
Translations Fund, 1841.

Sultan Bello’s History. See Denham and Clapperton’s journey.

WORKS DEALING MORE PARTICULARLY WITH AIR

Barth, H.: _Travels in Central Africa_. Five volumes. London,
1857. (For Air, see principally Vol. I. Historical and ethnological
references to the Tuareg are contained in all the volumes.)

Jean, C.: _Les Touareg du Sud-Est; L’Air_. Paris, 1909.

_Documents Scientifiques de la Mission Foureau-Lamy_. Paris.

Buchanan, A.: _Out of the World North of Nigeria_. London: Murray,
1921.

_Novitates Zoologicæ_, the Journal of the Tring Museum, Vol. XXVIII.
pp. 1-13, 75-77. 1921.

Rodd, F.: A paper (with map) on Air, _R.G.S. Journal_, Vol. LXIII.
2, August, 1923.

von Bary, E.: his Diary edited by Schirmer. Paris (Fischbacher),
1898.

Chudeau, R., and Gautier, E. F.: _Missions au Sahara et au Soudan_.
Two volumes (especially Vol. II.). Paris, 1908.

Palmer, H. R.: “Some Asben Records.” (The Agades Chronicle),
_Journal of the African Society_, No. XXXVI. Vol. IX., 1910.

INDEX

“A” names, tribal, 128

“A type” of Tuareg houses, 244-6, 247, 248, 249, 253, 255, 258,
260, 302, 316; ornamentation of, 246, 247, 248

“A’ada” (right of passage), 237

Abadarjan, Ridge of, 70, 71, 78

Abalkoran, the, 379

“Abandoned of God,” the, 274

Abarakan, 216, 217, 238, 241, 243, 299; position of, 425

Abattul, 213, 214, 388; Itesan defeated at, 391; mosque of, 213,
214, 291

Abattul, Mount, 156, 213

Abd el Jelil (Selma I), 372, 373

Abd el Qader, Sultan, 93, 99, 100, 108-9, 117, 379, 467

Abd el Rahman, 290

Abdallah, King of Bornu, 374

Abdallah, Abu, 405

Abdallah ibn Yasin, 405

Abderrahman Ibn Abd el Hakim, 468

Abdominal strain of camel riding, 180, 194

Abdulkerim, 122, 436

Abellama, 60, 69, 70, 75; position of, 424

Aberkan, Kel, 437

“Abesagh” acacia, 226

Abeshan, Sultan, 103

Abirkom, Kel, 437

“Abisgi” bush, 82, 449; leaf as condiment, 160

Ablutions, Tuareg remiss in, 273, 274

“Aborak” tree, 226; articles made from wood of, 229

Abscess, native treatment of, 82

Absen (Air), 17, 28

Absenawa (people of Air), 17

Abu Abdallah, 405

Abu Bakr Dau, 409

Abu Muhammad, 176

Abyssinia, Semitic influence in, 342

Acacia, People of the, 307, 437

Acacia trees, 58, 67, 86, 211, 226, 447, 449; eaten by camels, 199;
a defence from insects, 121; thorns of, 165, 166, 199

Adalet, Al, Sultan of Agades, 409-10

Adamber, the, 437

Adar, Kel Geres move to, 390, 391

Adaudu, 242, 243

Addal, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363

Addax antelopes, 446

Aderbissinat, 69-70; fort, 70; well, 75

Adermellen well, 451

Adesnu, spirits of, 279

“Adghar,” 18 _n._[18], 254

Adghar n’Ifoghas, 18 _n._[18], 209, 260, 399

Adil, Sultan, 409-10, 464

Adjeur, _see_ Azger.

Adoral valley, 242

Adrar Ahnet, tribes of, 351

Adultery not common among Tuareg, 177

Adze, Tuareg, 229

Aerwan wan Tidrak, 156 _n._[150]

Æthiopia; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[144]; Romans in, 323

Afaguruel (Ifagarwal), the, 437

Afasas, 241, 250, 436; valley, 210 _n._[200], 243, 439

Afasas-Tebernit groups, houses in, 248, 250, 251

Afasto, position of, 425

Afaza grass, 158, 160, 212

Afis, 315, 430; inscription on grave at, 260; position of, 425

Afis mountains, 308, 314, 315

Afis, Kel, 430

Africa, partition of, 20, 22, 25; problem of introduction of camel
into, 206-8

Africa, North, _see_ North Africa.

“Africa Minor,” 1

“Ag Ali” (son of Ali), 350 _n._[338]

Ag Malwal, 408

Ag Mastan, 169, 353

Aga (salt), 125, 441

Agadem, 333-4, 450; road to, 32; well, 58

Agades, 19, 84, 298, 303, 405, 413, 426, 440; Air administered from,
115-16, 383; decline of, 411, 414; foundation of, 102, 364, 365,
409; population of, 113, 402; position of, 424, 425; prosperity of,
former, 411; quarters of, 91; races and languages of, 117, 118;
revolt of 1917 and, 84, 85, 86, 98, 189-90; sanitary system of, 91;
site of, peculiar, 110, 112-16, 364; Songhai colonisation of, 410,
440; Songhai element in people of, 117; Sudanese in aspect, 87, 90

Amenokal of, _see_ Amenokal; Añastafidet’s residence
at, 92, 100, 145; Barth’s journey to, 23; battle at, 392;
blacksmith-jewellers of, 229-30; earth from, daubed on women’s
faces, 173; exchange rates at, 221, 414; French occupation of, 27,
52; French post at, 86, 91, 118, 218; gaol of, 107; Hole of Bayazid
at, 281; Holy Men of, 290; House of Kaossen at, 92-3; houses of,
87, 90, 91, 92, 246; King of, _see_ Amenokal; Kings of, list of,
463-5; leather-working at, 164, 165, 174, 227, 228; markets at,
91; merchants of, 410; minaret of, 87, 93-4, 302; measures of, 221;
mithkal of, 221-2; Mosque, Great, of, 86, 87, 93-4, 257, 258; pots
made near, 160, 161; prostitution in, 177; sandals made in, 164,
165; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal; tribal history kept at, 362;
weights of, 221-2; wells at, 90; wireless station at, 188; women
of, 118

Agades Chronicle, the, 53, 93 _n._[81], 100 _n._[86], 102, 103, 303,
362, 363, 369, 379, 387, 388, 396 _n._[411], 414, 415; list of kings
of Air compiled from, 463-5; on selection of first Amenokal, 397-8

Agades Cross, the, 44, 277, 283, 284

Agades, Kel, 117, 130, 440

Agades, River of, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83,
115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6

Agades-Tabello road, 85-6

Agades-Taberghit road, 62

Agades-Tanut road, 69-70

Agades-Termit road made practicable, 451

Agajida, 290

Agalak mountains, 216, 299, 301

Agalak well, 300

Agalak, Kel, 436

Agalenge, 428

Agamgam, 315, 318, 319, 320, 321; pool, 219

Agaragar, 239, 264, 315

Agate, ornaments made of, 282, 283

Agdalar, the, 368

Agejir, 239, 240, 241, 429; houses in, 248, 252; mosque of, 255

Agellal, 26, 290, 299, 302, 418, 431, 437, 440; houses in, 248,
254; position of, 425

Agellal, Kel: of the Kel Unnar, 380, 381, 432, 433; Ikazkazan, 437;
Imaqoaran, 431; present, mixed, 440

Agerzan valley, 243

Agewas, 320

Aggata mountain, 33, 216, 299, 300; spirit drums of, 279, 300

Aggata well, 299, 300, 430; position of, 425

Aggata, Kel, 290, 429, 430, 440, 441

“Agha” (salt), 125, 441

Aghalwen, 412

“Aghelam,” 219

Aghelashem wells, 9

“Aghil” (measure of length), 222

Aghil, Kel, 441

Aghimmat, Kel, 429

Aghmat well, 66, 74

“Agilman” (pool) of Taghazit, 23

Agisymba Regio, attempt to identify with Air, 318, 322, 324, 326;
derivation and application of name, 364

“Agoalla,” 147

Agoalla Kel Tagei, 397

Agoalla Mafinet, 397

Agoalla T’Sidderak, 397

Agoras, the, of Assode, 301, 304, 308, 309

Agram (Fashi), 413

Agriculture: in Air, 131-4, 135; despised by noble Tuareg, 127,
134, 174, 360

Agumbulum, the, 369, 397

“Agwalla,” 147

Agwau, 262, 314, 315, 319, 430, 435; valley, 314

Agwau, Kel, 304, 314, 435

Ahaggar, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 18, 334, forms of the name, 128

Amenokal of, 169, 352-3; camels of, 196; De Foucauld in, 11-12, 13;
Hawara occupy, 359; Ibn Batutah in, 453, 454, 455, 456; language of,
12, 387; mountains, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 332

Ahaggar, Kel, 17, 139; _see_ Ahaggaren.

Ahaggaren (Imghad of Kel Gharus), 308, 438

Ahaggaren (Tuareg of Ahaggar), 109, 148, 209, 345, 350, 384
_n._[402], 402; works on, 8-9, 20

Originally Auriga, 270, 348, 349, 352; Azger and, their origin
and connection, 349-53; caravan roads controlled by, 353; dialect
of, 270; French occupation resisted by, 10, 13, 328, 350, 352-3;
polytheistic traces among, 275; as raiders, 182, 350, 354; tribal
divisions of, 350-51

Ahamellen, Kel, 351, 352, 353, 355, 359, 370

Ahawagh, 347

“Ahel” and “Kel,” 129

Ahir (Air), 454

Ahitagel, 352

Ahmadu, of the Kel Tagei, 197, 210, 211

Ahmadu ag Musa, 210

Ahmed Rufaiyi, Sultan, 99

Ahnet mountains, 17, 260, 351, 352, 354

Ahnet, Kel, 351, 354

Ahodu, chief of the Kel Tadek, 26-7, 127, 149, 154, 155, 161, 172,
180, 181, 182, 215, 266, 269, 270, 278, 298, 305, 419, 428, 438,
440; disputed headship of Auderas, 142-3; female descent exemplified
in family of, 149, 150, 151; French assisted by, 26-7, 142, 290;
on the Kel Owi, 149, 387, 389; on Queen Kahena, 170, 265; raiding
reminiscences of, 191-3; his son, 150, 151, 165; his sword, 233;
tribal history in possession of family of, 361-2; on the Veil, 289;
his wife, 150, 161, 172, 284

Aiawan, the, 434

Ain Irhayen, position of, 424

Air, 5, 6, 18-19, 112, 115, 334; as a geographical term, 28;
attempted identification with Agisymba Regio, 318, 322, 324, 325;
origin of name of, 28; original inhabitants of, 138, 363-4, 365-6;
not penetrated by Romans, Arabs or Turks, 327

Air, accounts of, 18-19, 452-3, 456; agriculture in, 5, 131-4;
Askia’s conquest of, 409-10, 411; astronomically determined points
in, 422-5; Azger and, women sent to ensure friendship between, 384;
Bornu and, war between, 406-7, 412; boundaries of, 28-33; camels of,
195, 196-7; caste system of, 136, 137-8, _see_ Nobles and serfs;
civilisation of, pre-Tuareg, 365; climate of, 28, 123; cotton of,
132; Damergu economically part of, 47; disease in, 178, 179-80;
dialect of, 270, 347, 349; distribution of, 394; drainage system of,
23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242; economics of, 133-4,
218-20; European penetration of, 8-14, 19-27; evacuation of, 1918,
113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426; exploration of, 23-4, 24-5, 27;
fair tribes of, 162; fauna and flora of, 27-8, 119, 120; French
occupation and annexation of, 26, 27, 50, 52, 99, 114 _n._[104],
361, 420; revolt against, _see below_ revolt in, 1917; geology
of, 27, 31, 33-5, 76, 78, 79, 183, 215, 216, 241-2; Goberawa in,
364, 365-6, 379, 403; graves and tombs of, 259-63; history of,
17, 360-416; Holy Men of, 290, 293; holy tribes of, 290-91, 306;
houses and huts of, 89, 90, 244-55; infant mortality high in, 178;
Lemta invasion of, 356, 358, 359; Libyan influence in, 403; lions
in, 119, 120; live-stock of, 202, 204-5, 361; mosques of, 255-8;
mountains of, 2, 4, 5, 16, 23, 27, 83-4, 156-7, 332, 334; negroid
original inhabitants of, 363-4, 365-6; oases of, 32; population of,
402; raids from, 190-91; raids on, 113-14, 188, 189, 350; rains in,
79, 120-21, 123-4; revolt in, 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86,
93, 98, 121-2, 127-8, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420; roads of, 32, 37, 38,
353-4; rock drawings and inscriptions in, 207, 213, 216, 260, 263-5,
269, 271, 276, 315, 318, 319, 321-2, 360; rocks of, 72, 76, 78, 126;
Roman campaigns near, 322, 323, 324, 325-6; Sanhaja in, 364, 365,
368, 375, 405; scale of life in, former, 411; Senussiya in, 290;
spirits of, 278-81; tribal names in, 128, 129; tribal warfare in,
101; Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal.

Tuareg of, _see_ Tuareg of Air; invasion of Air by, 359, 366-93,
394, 395, 396, 397, 403, 404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375,
381, 403, 404; their vicissitudes in, 401-16; Tuareg symbol for
name of, 454

Air, Central, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains
in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126

Air, Eastern, Kel Owi in, 394

Air, North-eastern: houses of, 252, 254; unnamed valley of, 304

Air, Northern, 298-329; ancient monuments in, 263; evacuation of,
1918, 309; houses of, 252, 309-11, 316; Kel Owi tribes of, 303-8,
394; palm groves of, 317; roads traversing, 318-22; salt caravan
route from, 315

Air, Southern: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes in,
394; _see_ Tegama.

’Aisha-Kel Eghrarmar, 412

Ajaraneen, the, 368

Ajiru, 24, 129 _n._[117], 146, 243, 305, 436

Ajiru, Kel, 436

Akaraq, 71, 77, 79, 82, 183, 189, 418; valley, 77-8, 258, 263

Akasani, Sultan, 102

“Akel,” meaning of, 134 _n._[123], 136, 367 _n._[370]

Akil, 408, 409

Akir (Air), 28

Akri, 47

Akritan hills, 47

Alagwas, Alakkos, Alakwas (Elakkos), 357, 445

Alali, Bir, 51, 52, 92

Alamt (Lemta) Tuareg, 376

Alaren (Allaghan), Kel, 432

Alarsas, 121

Albes, well of, 243

Alburdatan, the, 437

Alfalehle plant, 10

Alfalehle river, 30-31

Algeria, 41; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones, 328; French
expedition from, 25, 26-7; French occupation of, 22; funerary
monuments in, 261; rock drawings in, 318

Algeria, Southern, 332, 334; French operations in, 11; native Camel
Corps in, 189

Algeria-Ahaggar caravan road, 353

Algiers, 418

“Alguechet,” 6 _n._[5]

Alhassan, the, 434 _n._

Ali, King of Bornu, 410

Ali ben el Haj Omar ben Idris, King of Bornu, 413, 414

Ali ibn Tama el Ghati, 96, 154-5, 191, 192, 193, 280, 282

Ali Killun, 408

Aliso, El Haj, Sultan, 102, 463

“Alkarhat,” game of, 281

“Allagh” (spear), 234

Allaghan, Kel, 432

“Allelthrap” (ghosts), 281

Alliances, tribal, 147-8

Alluvial soil, Air, 31; plain of River of Agades, 79, 121

Almoravids, the, 405, 420

Almoubari, Sultan, 102 _n._[91], 391

Alms-houses, 255

Almubari (El Mubaraki), 102 _n._[91], 391

Alphabet, Tuareg, 266, 267-8

Alwali, 96, 209-10, 211

Alwalitan, the, 433

“Alwat” plant, 77, 210, 211

Amadu, 154, 180, 315, 418

Amahar (form of Imajegh), 457-8

Amakeetan (Immikitan), the, 368, 370, 429

“Amán” (peace), 237

Amarkos, Kel, 434

Amati, Sultan, 102, 463

Amazigh (form of Imajegh), 457

Amazigh, the, 458

Amazons, suggested explanation of story of, 152, 170, 288

Ameluli, 91

Amenokal, the (Sultan of Agades), 54, 96, 97-100, 134, 144, 304,
387, 409; deputation sent to Constantinople for the first, 101,
102, 104-5, 396-7; list of his successors, 463-5

election of, 99, 103, 104, 107, 108, 109, 391, 393, 432; family
of, foreign appearance of, 117; family name of, 434 _n._; female
descent of, 151; first, possibly a Byzantine prince, 102, 104;
legend of Imanen women sent to, 384; installation of, 99-100,
101-2, 383, 384, 391, 393, 396-7, 432; Itesan and election of,
100, 103, 109, 379, 391, 393, 397, 432; judicial functions of, 107,
110, 141, 390; Kel Geres and election of, 100, 146, 384, 391, 392,
393, 397; Kel Owi and election of, 100, 108, 383, 396-7; officials
and courtiers of, 106-7; palace of, 97, 100; People of, 374, 384,
_see_ People of the King; position of, 101, 104-5, 107-8, 109-10,
116, 141, 144, 145, 146; precarious tenure of office, 99, 368, 392;
revenue of, 110; second, Agades mosque presented to, 257, 258

Amenokal of Ahaggar, the, 169

Amenokal, Kel, _see_ People of the King.

Amezegzil, the, 430

“Amghid” (singular of “Imghad”), 140 Amidera valley, 84

Amin, Muhammad el, Sultan, 413, 464

“Amitral” (measure of length), 222

Amjid, wells of, 10

Ammianus, 356

Amon, Egyptian deity, 295

Amosciarg (form of Imajegh), 460

Amóshagh (form of Imajegh), 459-60, 462

Amulet cases, leather, 228

Amulets, Tuareg, 282, 284

“Amunan,” 459

“Amzad” (mandoline), 272

Anai (S.W. of Murzuk), 318, 319, 320, 321, 324

Anai (Kawar), 318

Añastafidet, the, 96, 107, 144, 239, 290, 301, 302, 303, 374;
origin of authority of, 384, 386; election of, 145; freed slaves of,
139; house of, 92, 100, 145, 301; position and duties of, 107, 145-6

Añastafidet, people of the, 374, 384, 386, 394, 429; numbers of,
402; tribes and subtribes of, 435-9, 440

Anfissak valley, 242; well, 242, 436

Anfissak, Kel, 243, 436

Angels, Tuareg belief in, 278

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, 1 _n._[1]

Anglo-French boundary, Northern Nigeria, 41

Anglo-German Convention, 1890, 25

Anigara, 433

Anigara, Kel, 380, 381, 433

Animals, domestic, Air, 202-6; rock drawings of, 264-5

Animistic view of nature, Tuareg, 295

Aniogara, Kel, 429, 433

Ankh, the Agades Cross and the, 285

Annur, chief of the Kel Owi, 23, 24, 108, 134, 135, 146, 304-5,
308, 312, 313, 435

Ansaman (T’in Shaman), 364-5

Ansatfen, family of, 368, 369

Ant-bear secured by Buchanan, 121

Antassar, Kel, 428

Antelopes, 446, 449, 450

Antimony, women’s eyes darkened with, 173

Anu Areran, position of, 424

Anu Maqaran, 215, 216, 238, 243, 299, 418, 434; rock drawing, 321-2

Anu n’Ageruf, position of, 425

Anu n’Banka, 62, 66, 74

Anu Samed valley, 311; houses in, 248

Anu Samed, Kel, 435

Anu Wisheran, 248, 418, 429

Anu Wisheran, Kel, 429

Aouror well, 74, 75

Aowjal, _see_ Aujila, 368, 369

“Ara” (salt), 125, 127 _n._[115]

Ara valley, 183, 184, 216, 240

Arab authors: the Veil first mentioned by, 328-9; works by, 468

Arab country, meaning of term in Air, 385 _n._[405]

Arab element among Imghad, 138, 139

Arab geographers and historians, 61, 468; _see_ Bekri, Ibn Khaldun,
etc.

Arab merchants, Agades, 96, 106; caravan raided by Ahodu, 192-3

Arab raiders, 12, 13, 14, 188

Arabia, 266; question of introduction of camels from, 207; invasions
from, 371

Arabian origin of Tuareg, Bello on, 368, 369, 371

Arabic: Temajegh and, 271; used by Tuareg, 268, 269

Arabs: Air not invaded by, 324; head-cloths worn by, 286; Kaossen
believed killed by, 98; North Africa conquered by, 293-4, 346, 356,
371, 375-6, 404; patriarchal system of, 339; raids by, 12, 13, 14,
188; robes of, 285 _n._[253]; Southland invaded by, 325, 326, 376,
403, 444; Spain conquered by, 376

Tuareg (Muleththemin, _q.v._) and, 14-15, 273, 274, 287, 294,
364; Arab influence on, 324-5; Arab opinion of, 454; connection
with Arabs claimed in order to establish descent from the Prophet,
339, 342; Arab tribes assimilated by, 347 _n._[329], 354; Arabs
considered newcomers by, 170; Arabs called “white” by, 162;
upper-class Arabs considered nobles by, 459

Arakieta, 238, 243

“Araruf,” 200

Araten valley, 78, 428

Archean rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35, 78

Architecture, Tuareg, 184, 241, 244-59; ascribed to the Itesan,
253, 377, 378

“Areg,” 274 _n._[243]

Areitun, 431

Areitun, Kel, 431

“Argem” (funerary monuments), 260-62, 263

Arguin, 332 _n._[301]

Arharkhar valley, 156 _n._[152]

Aril, Kel, 441

Arki, King of Kanem, 372

Arm daggers, Tuareg, 234

Arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289

Armes blanches, Tuareg allegiance to, 55, 235-6, 328

Ar’rerf Ahnet, the, 351

Arrow-heads, conventionalised, as ornaments, 283

Arrows, poisoned, used by bush folk, 45

Arsu, 304

Art, Tuareg, 246, 263-5

Arwa, Mount, 216, 300, 321

Arwa Mellen, 215, 299, 418

“Aryan,” the word, 339

Arzuges, the, 356, 358

Asaki, the, 291

Asawa, 347

Asben (Air), 17, 28, 313 _n._[274], 363-4, 369, 403; derivation
of, 363-4

Asben horses, 202

Asbenawa (people of Air), 17, 202, 313

Asbytæ, 364 _n._[362]

Asclepias, use of juice of, 180

Asclepias, People of the, 307, 433

Ashanti, matriarchal survivals in, 152, 171; religious feasts, 274

Ashegur well, 32, 219, 315, 318, 320, 321, 414

Ashraf (descendants of the Prophet), 339-40, 439

Asiu, 23, 30, 31, 354, 367, 455, 456

Askar, _see_ Azger.

Askia, Ishak, 411

Askia Ismael, 291

Askia, Muhammad el Haj, 291, 409-10; conquests of, 116, 117, 409-10;
pilgrimage of, 409, 411

Asnagho, peak, 300

Assa, 125

Assada valley, 34, 214-15, 218, 298, 418

Assadoragan, 309

Assarara, 247, 314, 315, 435

Assarara mountains, 314

Assarara, Kel, 134, 303, 304, 314, 430, 435

Assatartar, 308, 314, 436

Assatartar, Kel (Igermaden), 436

Assatartar, Kel (Immikitan), 430

Assawas swamp, 31, 78

Assingerma, 241 _n._[217]

Assode, 145, 233, 299, 300-303, 314, 413, 454 _n._[458]; first real
capital of Air, 303; houses of, 248, 254, 302; mosque of, 255, 257,
301-2; position of, 425

Astacures, the, 356, 358

Astronomically determined points in Air, list of, 422-5

Atagoom, 185, 239; amulets worn by, 282; cases of possession in
family of, 279-80

Atan, Kel, 433

Atara, the, 155

“Ataram” (west), varying sense of, 244, 247

Ataram, Kel, 129, 441

Atkaki, 239

Atlas languages, 270

Atlas mountains, 2; MZGh names in, 461, 462

Atrebisa, 412

Attafriya, Muhammad, Sultan, 391, 464

Audaghost, Libyan kings of, 404, 405

Auderas, 26, 33, 155-7, 161, 214, 241, 253, 404 _n._[418]; author’s
stay at, 123, 127, 154-5, 157, 158-62, 171-2, 178, 275, 279-80, 418,
423, 424 _n._[436]; basin of, 34, 131, 156, 213; cemetery at, 181;
headship of, disputed, 142-3; houses of, 213, 248; Itesan “Kel
names” derived from, 380, 381; Kel Ataram of, 129 _n._[117];
lion killed near, 119-20; measures of, 221; plough seen at, 133;
position of, 424, 425; possession, case of, at, 279-80; rainy season
at, 123-4; village organisation in, 131, 142-3

Auderas, Kel, 440

Augela (Aujila), 336

Augila, people of, 282

Aujila, 318, 334, 336; story of compulsory migration from, 366,
368, 369; trade with Kawar, 369, 370

Aulimmiden, the, 18, 101, 109, 408, 441; the Abalkoran and, 379;
Amenokal and, 144; El Baghdadi attacked by, 292; horses of, 202;
Ibn Batutah’s possible reference to, 455; Ilemtin a form of the
name, 355; Kel Geres defeated by, 391, 415; identical with the Lemta,
341, 345, 355, 356, 357-8, 379, 445; matriarchal inheritance system
disliked by, 152 _n._[149]; origin of, 341, 377, 379; position of,
explained, 357-8; raids on, 139, 190; Tademekka occupied by, 345,
348, 357, 387, 414

Aulus Gellius, 468

Auraghen, the, 347, 348, 352, 354, 355; noble in Azger, servile in
Southland, 348; noble Kel Owi once belonged to, 387

Auraghiye dialect, 270, 347, 349, 387 Aureran well, 215, 299;
position of, 425

Aures, people of, 294

Aures, Queen of the (Kahena), 170, 265, 294

Auriga, the, 270, 340, 341, 343, 346, 347, 348, 349, 352;
Auriga-Hawara represented by Ahaggaren, 353, 355, 387

Ausa, 415

Austria, “talhakim” made in, 282

Austuriani (or Ausuriani), the, 356, 357, 358

Autochthonous significance of MZGh root, 461

Awa, tomb of, 281

Awelimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357

Axe, Tuareg, 229

“Azalai,” the, 219

Azamkoram mountains, 418

Azañieres mountains, 157, 308, 314 _n._[276]

Azañieres, Kel, 145, 147, 148, 243, 303, 304, 435, 436, 437;
legend of the mother of, 384

Azañierken, the, 430, 431

Azanzara valley, 84

Azar valley, 243

Azar, Kel, 433

Azaret, Kel, 437

Azawad, 61

Azawagh (Asawa), 347

Azawagh, the, 32, 49, 54, 61, 62-3, 80, 114, 115, 242, 309, 347
_n._[333], 426; cold encountered in, 63, 167, 418; deserted sites
in, 64; millet cultivation in, 74; Ifadeyen move into, 209, 399;
population decreasing in, 64; Sanhaja in, 364; Tegama of, 54; valleys
of, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76; wells of, 74-5; wind prevalent in, 63

Azawagh, Kel, 64, 65, 80; name disappears, 65

Azawak, 31

Azbin (Air), 17

Azel, 428

Azel, Kel, 427

Azelik valley, 71

Azenata, the, 437

Azger country, the, 9, 18, 335, 353, 355, 356; Aulimmiden return to,
387; Auraghen noble in, 348; Ifoghas of, 54

Azger Tassili, the, 260, 261

Azger Tuareg, 17, 148, 331, 335, 347, 402; Ahaggaren and, origin and
connection of, 348, 349-53, 359, 402; Ausuriani identified with,
356, 358; camel brands of, 201-2; caravan roads controlled by,
353; courage of, 354; divination by women of, 281; European contact
with, 8, 9; fort built to watch, 12; French penetration and, 12, 18,
350, 354; Imanen of, 348 _n._[385], 432; Imanen kings of, 352, 353;
inheritance, system of, 153; Kaossen sheltered by, 92; Kel Ahamellen
break from, 352, 359; old Lemta stock represented by, 341, 348,
350, 355-9, 432; migrations of, 18, 350; purity of stock of, 18,
354; raids by, 350, 354; tribes of, noble and mixed caste, 354-5;
warlikeness of, 353, 354; women sent by, to first Sultan of Air, 384

Azger-Auraghen, the, 348, 387

Azjer Tuareg, _see_ Azger, 17

Azuraiden, 436

Azzal, 121, 122, 436

“B type” of Tuareg houses, 246-8, 249 _n._[221], 250, 252, 254,
309, 310-11, 314, 315, 316

“Bab Ras el Hammada,” 323

Babies, Tuareg method of carrying, 179

Bacos valley, 216

Badge of office, Añastafidet’s, 145

Bagai, 328

Bagezan horses, 202

Bagezan mountains, 23, 33, 34, 84, 85, 123, 126, 127, 156, 183,
216, 238-40, 299, 319, 384, 385, 389; an unknown area, 238; houses
of, 239, 240-41; limes found in, 160, 239; lions in, 120; name of,
connected with Agisymba, 324; Tuareg stronghold against Bornuwi, 414

Bagezan, Kel; Itesan sub-tribe, 381, 385, 432; Kel Owi group, 184,
385, 429, 435; present, composite, 239, 240, 438-9

Baghdadi, El, 213, 214, 215, 291, 292, 293

Baghzen, Kel, 129

Bagirmi, 26

Bahr Bela Ma, 3

Bairam, feast of, 274

Bakeir, Muhammad el, Sultan, 363, 465

Bakiri, Sultan, 99; _see_ Bekri.

Bandages, abdominal, worn by Tuareg riders, 180, 194

Bangles, women’s, 283-4

“Barbars,” the term, 371, 372

Barca, 334; food taboos in, 295; the Hawara in, 345

Bardai, 327, 335, 336

Bardamah, the, 406; women of, 452

Bardetus mountain, 327

Barkasho, 169-70

Barth, Dr. Heinrich, 8, 9, 21, 22-3, 28, 31 _n._[36], 36, 49, 118,
127 _n._[115], 128, 132, 180 _n._[172], 214, 243, 299, 362, 392;
_Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa_ by, 14, 23, 106 _n._[96],
277 _n._[247], 410 _n._[423], 412 _n._[425], 452 _n._[450], 455
_n._[459], 460, 461, 468; expeditions of, 8, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23-4,
36, 59, 60, 61, 215; attempts on his life, 290, 304, 312

account of Air by, 18, 28; origin of name of, 28, 454; Tuareg
invasion of, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386, 387, 391

on Abd el Qader, 108, 117; on site of Afasas, 241; his journey to
Agades, 23, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75], 122; at Agades, 86, 87, 90,
91, 92, 93, 99, 117, 118; on date of foundation of Agades, 116;
on the Amenokal and Añastafidet, 100, 105, 108, 145 _n._[135],
146; Annur and, 304-5, 312, 313; on Assode, 301; at Auderas, 133,
156 _n._[150]; in the Azawagh, 49, 63, 67, 70, 71, 78, 80 _n._[75];
on Bardamah women, 406; on El Maghili, 291-2; on Elakkos, 444;
on exchange rates, 222; on Gamram, 49, 334 _n._[309]; on Ibn
Batutah’s journey, 406, 454, 455; Kanem and Bornu chronicle
collected by, 372-3; lion’s prints seen by, 120; on population
of Murzuk, 113; on the MZGh root in North African names, 460-61,
462; as an ox-rider, 203; rock drawings discovered by, 265, 319;
Roman remains discovered by, 322; on site of T’in Shaman, 364;
at T’intellust, 308, 312-13; his quarters there still known as
the House of the Christians, 312-13

on the Tuareg: etymology of word, 273-4; absence of national name,
459-60; Air invaded by, 359, 368, 370-71, 382-3, 386-7; date of
invasion, 382-3, 386, 391, 404; the Aulimmiden, origin of, 341,
357-8, 377; the Auraghen (Oraghen), 347-8, 387; Azger tribes, 355;
Damergu tribes, 53, 54; Elakkos tribes, 444; female descent system,
152-3; Imghad and slaves, mistakes regarding, 134-5, 142 _n._[133];
the Kel Fadé, 399; the Kel Owi, their arrival in Air, 382-3,
386, 387, 391; their earlier habitat, 387; their language, 270;
the Kel Wati, 412; Lemta migrations, mistakes regarding, 344-5,
359; tribal names, 129, 130; tribal organisation, 380 _n._[396],
393, 426, 427; women, fatness of, 118, 172

Bary, Erwin von, 24-5, 146, 241, 321, 355 _n._[344], 468; Air
explored by, 24-5; boundary fixed by, 31; detained at Ajiru, 24,
243-4; on disease among Tuareg, 179, 180; on the Imajeghan, 139
_n._[128]; on laws of succession among Kel Owi, 151; on lions in
Air, 120; on rains in Air, 123 _n._[114]; on social distinctions
lost among Kel Owi, 144 _n._[134]; prevented from entering Sudan,
24, 244; on tribal names, 129 _n._[117]

Basalt boulders, 210, 215, 216, 217

Basalt flows, Air, 33, 34, 119, 126, 183, 216

Basin formations, 3, 32, 43

Basket, grain measures in, 221

Basset, 206

Bates, Oric: _Eastern Libyans_ by, 6 _n._[3], 145 _n._[136],
166 _n._[160], 176, 267 _n._[236], 294 _n._[259], 336 _n._[314],
364 _n._[362], 466, 467; references to, on: the Ausuriani, 356;
cross symbol among Tuareg, 276, 278; cross-belts, Libyan, 194;
eating of dogs, 295; female descent, 151; funerary monuments, 260,
262; Imghad and Imajeghan, 137; Lebu and word Libyan, 337; MZGh
root of Libyan names, 457 _n._[461], 461; the “penistasche,”
164 _n._[158]; religious beliefs, 275; sun worship, 276, 278, 295

Battles, Saharan, small numbers involved, 11

Bayazid, the Hole of, 281

Bazin, R.: _Life of Charles de Foucauld_, 12 _n._[9], 271 _n._[240],
467

Beds, nomads’, 212

Beduaram, 21

Bekri, El, Sultan, 99, 293, 325, 336 _n._[316], 345, 372, 404
_n._[417], 465, 468

“Bela,” 134

Belkho, paramount chief of Air, 24, 146, 191, 243, 244, 305-6, 436;
defeat of the Isherifan by, 50, 75, 440

Bello, Emir of Sokoto, 362, 372; on “Barbar” invasion of Air,
371; on Goberawa Copts, 294, 363; on rise of Kanuri in Kanem,
369-70, 374; on Sultan of Agades, 99, 108

on Tuareg invasion of Air, 364, 368, 369-70; the original
five tribes, 368, 369, 394, 397, 400, 432, 433; their modern
representatives, 394-5, 397, 400

Bells, camel, the Prophet’s ban on, 293

Belly of the Desert, the, 30, 347 _n._[333]

Belts, Libyan, 194, 265; Tuareg, 180, 194

Ben Guten, the, 131 _n._[120], 437

Ben Hazera, 282 _n._[252]

Ben Mubarak, Muhammad, 413

Benghazi, 110

Beni Abbes, 333, 344

Beni Dugu dynasty, 372, 375

Beni Ghalgha, 372-3

Beni Hume dynasty, 372, 373, 374, 378

Beni Itisan, 377

Beni Khattab, 347; conquest of Zuila by, 112

Benue, the, 30

Beranes Libyans, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346

Berber, linguistic sense of word, 339

Berber languages, 270, 271; camel names in, 206; MZGh root in, 458

“Berbers”: confused use of term, 371-2; applied to Libyans and
Tuareg, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461; Jewish tribes of, 294

Berbers of North Africa, 16; arrival in N. Africa, 262; Arab invasion
resisted by, 170; former Christianity of, suggested, 273; funerary
monuments of, 261; Ibn Batutah on, 453; Ibn Khaldun’s _History_
of, 295, 330, 338; matriarchal inheritance system of, 152-3;
MZGh root, significance of, among, 458; origins of, 7; robes of,
285 _n._[253]; sun worship by, 295; Tuareg and, 7, 16, 371, 372,
458, 461; element of, in Tuareg Imghad, 138

Berdeoa, country of the, 334, 335-6

Berdianen, the, 428

“Beriberi,” applied to Kanuri, 371, 373 _n._[386]

Bettina plant, the, 10 _n._[7]

Beughqot, 242, 390; valley, 71, 209, 210 _n._[200], 218, 238, 243,
244, 390, 436

Beurmann, 9

Bianu, feast of, 274-5

Bibliographical material, list of, 466-8

Bight of Benin, 22, 30

Bila, Mount, 157, 214, 215, 216, 299, 418

Bilalen, 143

Bilasicat valley, 243

Bilet, 157

Bilma, 21, 305, 413; French fort at, 320; wireless station at, 188

salt caravan, 69, 85, 114, 115, 195, 210, 217, 218-20, 443;
Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; number of camels in, 218; French
escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on,
218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450

salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20; struggles between Air and Bornu for,
407, 415

war of, 407, 415

Bir Alali, 51, 52, 92

Bir Gharama, disaster to French at, 9-10, 236

Birds, taboo on, 294

Birjintoro, 46

Births, among Tuareg, 179, 181

Bishoprics, North African, 293

Bissuel: _Les Touareg de l’Ouest_, 10 _n._[7], 351, 467

“Black” and “White” Tuareg, 139-40

Blacksmith, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230, 283-4

Blanket carried by some Tuareg, 166

Bleeding, remedy for donkey disease, 203

Blemmyes, the, 376

“Blood in the head,” camel and donkey disease, 200-201, 203

“Blue,” negroes spoken of as, 162

Blue-eyed Tuareg, 161

Boghel valley, 122

Bomba, Gulf of, 260

Books, Tuareg, 269; lost during revolt, 360, 361-2; fragments of,
discovered, 385

Booz, 320, 321

Borgu, 336

Borku, 336

Bornu, 26, 191, 192, 336, 369; on early maps, 336, 410

Beni Hume dynasty in, 372, 373, 374, 378; Bulala conquest of, 374;
Christian influence in, 294; history of, chronicle of, 372-3, 374

Empire of, 37, 47, 374, 406, 410, 412; decline of, 407; war with
Air, 407, 415, 443

Kanuri in, 335, 371, 403, 407

Tuareg arrival in, problem of, 375-6; their ascendancy in, 372-4,
375, 376, 403-4, 406; expulsion of, from, 335, 358, 372, 374, 375,
403-4; migration into Air from, 370, 371, 372, 375, 376-7, 403-4;
Tuareg besiege, 413

Bornu Chronicle, 372-3, 374, 413

Bornuwi, 44

Bororoji Fulani, 57-8

Borrow pits, Sudanese, 90

Boucle du Niger, La, 30

Boulders, basalt, 34, 183, 210

Boule, M.: _Fossil Man_, 339 _n._[322], 467

Boundaries of Air, 28-33

Bourgou, 336

Bouthel, Sergeant, 50-51

Bows and arrows used by Kanuri, 55; not used by Tuareg, 235, 236

Boys, Tuareg, circumcision of, 179; dress of, 177; upbringing
of, 177-8

Bracelets, women’s, 283-4

Brahim, Sultan, 52, 99, 108

Brands, tribal, on camels, 201-2

Branes, Libyan family of, 338, 339, 340, 341

Brass, decorative work in, 310

Braun, 320

Bridle, camel, 193, 231

Bridle stand, 309

Brigands, 122

British described as White Nobles, 459

British part in exploration of Central Sahara, 20, 313; in
penetration of West Africa and Sudan, 36-7

British tendency to belaud obscure races, 401

Broking centres for desert traffic, 110, 111

Buchanan, Captain Angus, 20, 68, 110, 120, 121, 155, 164, 238, 299;
fauna of Air collected by, 27; _Out of the World North of Nigeria_,
27 _n._[31], 70 _n._[67], 468

Buda, 453

Buddei valley, 127 _n._[115]

Buddei-Telwa drainage system, 183

“Bugadie,” 134

Building methods: Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 88-9; Tuareg, 89,
90, 248-50, 251-2

Bulala, the, conquest of Bornu by, 374

Bulls, 203

Bullum Babá well, 446, 451

Bullum village group, 443, 446

Bundai hills, 308 _n._[272]

Burials, Tuareg, 181-2

Burin, 9

Burr grass, 45, 58-9, 62, 164, 165, 226, 227; seeds ground and eaten,
158, 160, 211

Bush, Central African, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Damergu,
58-9, 446; Elakkos, 446, 447, 451; the Southland, 42, 43

Bush folk, poisoned arrows used by, 45

Bushman drawings, 264

Bustard, 43, 265

Butter, Tuareg, 158

“Buzu,” 134, 135-6, 159

Byzantine origin of first Sultan of Air discussed, 102, 104

Byzantines: emigration from North Africa, 376 _n._[390]; encounters
with Tuareg, 327

“C type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251-2

Ca’da Mosto, 404 _n._[417]

Cæsar, camels captured by, 206

Caillé, 19

Cairns, memorial, 292-3

Cairo, 20; Arab rottl in, 222

Cairo-Timbuctoo road, 318

Calabashes, rare in Air, 161; as grain measures, 221; as drums, 272

Camel bells, the Prophet’s ban on, 293

Camel Corps, French, 10, 11, 68, 84, 188, 189, 193, 198; camels
stolen from, 188; rate of travel of, 193

Camel skeletons, palæolithic, 207

Camel-borne trade, decline of, 38

Camel-riding, abdominal strain of, 180, 194; position for, 232

Camels, 38, 95, 194-5, 354; their arrival in Africa, problem of,
206-8; breeds of, 195-7; delicacy of, 198; diseases of, 72, 199-201;
equipment of, Tuareg, 193-4, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; fodder of,
62, 64, 199; herding of, 135-6, 141-2; a popular investment, 134;
loading and unloading, 198, 223, 224-5; numbers of, 204-5, 361;
prices of, 204; raids for, 188, 190, 191; rock drawings of, 265;
saddles of, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7; salt needed by, 125; with
salt caravans, 218, 219, 220; sores of, 72, 199, 201; technique of
travel with, 193, 198-9; Temajegh names for, 197; thirst of, 72,
198-9, 445-6; tribal marks on, 201-2; rarely trotted, 193

Canaan, 339

Caravan roads, 5, 6-7, 30, 32, 43-4, 48, 62, 114, 145, 219, 242,
264, 308-9, 315, 320, 325, 443, 450; abandoned owing to destruction
of wells, 60-61; closed during war, 361; controlled by Azger and
Ahaggaren, 353-4; controlled by Kel Owi, 390, _see_ Kel Owi road;
evacuation policy and, 361; the “Garamantian way,” 318-20;
junction at Iferuan, 318; Roman garrisons on, 208; and sites of
cities, 110, 111, 112, 114

Caravan trade: Añastafidet’s position and, 145; breakdown of,
during war, 142, 146

Caravan wells, 74-5, 80; rights over, 75

Caravans: large, formed for safety’s sake, 11; camels for,
supplied by Arabs, 354; raids on, 50, 51, 52, 59, 80, 191-3, 218,
219, 450; salt, _see_ under Bilma.

Cardinal points, Temajegh names for, 244

Carpentry, 228

Carthaginians, camels not used by, 206

Casamicciola, 242

Caste, mixed, of some Azger tribes, 355

Caste system, Air, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; _see_ Noble and servile
tribes.

Cattle, Air, 133-4, 202, 203, 204, 205; horns of, anointed by
Bororoji, 58

Cats, Air, 203

Cave paintings, European, 264

Cemeteries, Nubian, 260; Tuareg, 181, 216, 259-63; urn cemetery,
Marandet, 121, 161, 263

Central Africa: Arab influence in, 325; Arab invasion of, 376;
bush of, discomforts of travel in, 45-6; Empires of, 47 (_see_
Bornu, Melle, Sokoto, Songhai); French scheme for occupation of,
25-7; history of, in relation to that of Air, 358, 401, 403-16;
huts of, 87, 89; Mediterranean civilisation brought to, 401; trend
of migration towards, 39, 342

Central Air, 299, 418; belonged to People of the King, 394; rains
in, 123; tribal names derived from, 378, 380, 398; view over, 126

Central Empires, unrest in North Africa fomented by, 12-13, 93

Central Sahara, 2; bibliography of, 467; British part in exploration
of, 20-24; caravan road, 318; drainage system of, 4, 28-34; allocated
to French, 20, 22; guides of, 185, 186; mountain groups of, 2;
rains in, 28; Roman penetration of, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326-7

Central Sudan, caravan route to, 7

Centre Peak, Termit, 448, 450

“Cercles,” 41

Chad, Lake, 3, 21, 23, 266; caravan road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333,
334, 335, 369; diversion of water from, 30; French expeditions to,
25-6, 50-51; Lemta extend to, 345; track from Termit to, 450

Chad area: Arab invasion of, 444; early home of the Lemta, 376;
Tuareg migration into Air from, 376-7, 378, 379, 396, 403, 432, 445

Chad road, 7, 8, 320, 325, 326, 333, 334, 335, 369

Chanoine, Lieut., 26

Chariots, discussion of ancient use of, in Air, 318-19, 320,
321-2, 324

Cheese, Tuareg, 157, 158

Chemical incrustation, line of valley marked by, 68

Chickens, 206

“Chief of the Market Place,” 106

“Chief of the White People,” 106

Childbirth among Tuareg, 179

Children, Tuareg, 174, 177-9; belong to the mother, 148-9; education
of, 268, 400; naming of, 181; suckled late, 178-9

Chosroes, invasion of North Africa by, 375

Christianity: question of its existence in Air, 256-7, 363; former
Berber religion, 273, 274; among the Tegama, 53, 54; possibly
former religion of Tuareg, 275-8, 293-4; traces of its influence
among Tuareg, 275-6, 277, 278, 284-5, 289, 293-4

Christians, House of the, 312-13

Chudeau, R., 27, 32, 257, 468; on Assode, 301 _n._[266]; _Le Sahara
Soudanais_, 27 _n._[30], 31 _n._[34], 34-5, 41 _n._[45], 94 _n._[82],
102 _n._[89],[91], 205, 402 _n._[416]

“Cidamus, the people of,” 336 _n._[314]

Cillaba (Cilliba), 323

Cillala (Zuila), 112

Cinerite, Auderas basin, 34, 183

Circumcelliones, the, 12, 328

Circumcision, practised by Tuareg, 179

Cities, North African, caravan roads and sites of, 110, 111, 112, 114

Cities of the Desert, 110-13, 114

Citroën Motor Expedition, 271 _n._[239]

Clapperton, Captain H., 8, 20, 21; death of, 21; _Travels and
Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99 _n._[85],
362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374 _n._[387],
413, 467

Classical authors, references in, possibly indicate early Tuareg,
376; bibliography of, 468

Clay amphoræ, grain stored in, 317

Climate, of Air, 28, 123; of the Sahara, 4-5

Cloth, native, 164, 166, 167, 194

Cochia, 404 _n._[417]

Coins, Air, 221-2

Cold weather, encountered in Azawagh, 63, 167, 418; scantiness of
Tuareg dress for, 166-7

Colocynth, use of juice of, 180

Colour, used on houses of Agades, 92; not used in Tuareg dress,
95, 96

Colouring of Tuareg, 161-2, 173, 367, 460

Concubinage in Air, 170, 171; the caste system and, 136; impossible
for noble women, 160, 171

Congo, French expedition from, 25, 26

Congress of Berlin, 25

Constantinople, delegation from Air seeks a Sultan from, 101, 102,
104, 396-7; list of tribes sending the delegation, 397

Cooley, _Negroland of the Arabs_, 116 _n._[106]

Copper mines, Tekadda, 452-3, 454

Coptic Christianity, influence of, in Air, 294, 363

Corippus, 207, 295, 327 _n._[294], 357, 445, 468

Cornelius Balbus, 322, 323

Cornish, V., 66 _n._[63]

Cortier: _D’une Rive à l’autre du Sahara_, 209 _n._[198],
277 _n._[247], 441, 467; history of Ifoghas n’Adghar, 398-9;
Geographical Mission, maps of Air, 27, 71, 131 _n._[120], 156
_n._[152], 183, 210 _n._[200], 214 _n._[206], 215 _n._[207],
218 _n._[208], 238, 241, 311 _n._[273], 314, 422, 424-5, 454
_n._[456], 466

Cosmetics used by Tuareg women, 173

Cotton cultivation, Air, 132, 227

Cottonest, Lieut., 10

Counting, Tuareg method of, 191

Courage of Tuareg, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354; of Tuareg women, 169-70

Cow-camels, 197, 201

Cowrie-shell currency discarded, 221

Cows, scarce in Air, 203

Crescentic type of sand dunes, 66-7, 68

Criminals, gaol for, Agades, 107

Cross, Tuareg use of, as ornament, 235, 276-7, 278, 289, 293; the
Agades Cross, 44, 277, 283, 284; cross-hilted swords, 233, 234,
276, 289; on pommel of saddle, 230, 276-7, 289; on shields, 235

Crows, camels attacked by, 199

Cruciform design, Tuareg use of, _see_ Cross.

Crusaders, the, 233, 276

Cubes on women’s bracelets, 284

Currency, Air, 221-2

Currie, Sir J., 132 _n._[121]

“Cursed,” the (Muhammad Askia), 410

Curzon, Lord, 279

Cydamus, 323

Cyrenaica: camels introduced into, 207; the Lebu in, 337; raids into,
in classical times, 356; steppes and desert of, 335

“D type” Tuareg houses, 250, 251

Dabaga, 122, 125

Daggers, Tuareg, 234

Dala, King of Bornu, 374

Damagarim, 42, 43, 44, 48, 150, 218, 320, 361, 443, 446; date of
Tuareg occupation of, 415 _n._[432]

Dambansa, 46

Dambida, 46

Damergu, 23, 32, 41, 43, 44-62, 209, 309; an appanage of Air,
47; Agades Cross in, 284; Barth in, 23; bush of, 45-6, 58-9, 446;
cattle supplied from, 203; cultivation in, 47, 48, 132, 133, 217;
drainage system of, 46; French entry into, and events leading to
occupation of Air, 50-52; Fulani of, 16, 54, 55, 56-8, 203; geology
of, 46; granary of Air, 47; hills of, 46-7; measures of, 221; negroid
inhabitants of, 415; oryx hide shields from, 235; oxen used in, 203;
population of, 48, 64; raiders in, 50, 51, 188, 189; rains in, 124;
revolt, 1917, in, 85; Sanhaja in, 364, 405; villages of, 48

Tuareg of, 47-8, 52-3, 303, 400, 446; evacuated from Air to,
360-61; their predominance in, 54-5; their migration into, 377,
396, 404, 415; Sendal possibly ancestors of, 396; Sultans of, 47-8;
tribes and sub-tribes of, 18 _n._[18], 400, 426, 427, 428, 433,
436, 437, 438, 439-40

Dan Gudde, King of Gober, 392

Dan Kaba, 55; position of, 424

Dancing, Tuareg, 44, 272

Danda, ruler of the Imuzuraq, 50, 51

Dani, Muhammad, Sultan, 392

D’Anville, 336

Darfur, Tuareg in, 51

Date-palms: cultivation of, 131, 155, 216, 217, 239, 317; disputed
ownership of, 298; scarcity of, 224

Dates, 160; date of ripening, 157; preserved, 160; trade in, 218, 220

Daud, King of Kanem, 407

Daura, 41; people of, 363

Daza, the, 336

De la Roncière, Charles, 19 _n._[19],[20]

Deformation of body not practised among Tuareg, 179

Dehkar, mentioned by Ibn Batutah, 453

Demmili, 47, 48

Denham, D., Oudney, and Clapperton expedition, 8, 20, 21; _Travels
and Discoveries in Central Africa_ (Denham and Clapperton), 99
_n._[85], 362, 363 _n._[359], 368 _n._[372], 371 _n._[380], 374
_n._[387], 413, 467

Depopulation of Air, results of, 361

Descent, Tuareg system of, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

Desert between Air and Southland, 456

Desert, steppe and true, 2, 332, 333, 334

Desert vegetation, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124;
Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449

Desert warfare: small numbers involved in, 11; tactics of, 236-7

Desiccation, of the Sahara, 4; of upper reaches of Niger, 30

Desplagnes: _Le Plateau Central Nigérien_, 261, 467

Devil, the, Tuareg belief in, 278

Dianous, Captain, 10

Dibbela well, 21

Dickson, 9

“Diffa” (reception), 272

Diodorus Siculus, 152, 468

Diom-Talras track, 451

Dirki, 413

Disease in Air, 178, 179-80

Diseases of camels, 199-201

Distance, no measure of, Air, 222

Distances covered by raiders, 188, 189-90

Divination, methods of, 281-2

Divorce among Tuareg, 176-7

Doctor, author as, 171-2, 178, 180, 186

Dogam village, 184

Dogam, Kel, 381, 432

Dogam, Mount, 33, 131, 156, 183, 213, 214, 215, 216, 432

Dogs: Air, 203, 205-6; eaten by Eastern Libyans, 295

Domestic animals, Air, 202-6

Donatist heresy, the, 328

Donkeys: Air, 202, 203-4; wild, 204

Doors of Tuareg houses, 245-6, 247, 277, 309

Drainage system of Air, 23, 28-31, 71, 76, 122-3, 183, 214-15, 242;
of Sahara, 3-4, 9, 28-33

Draughts, game of, 281

Drawings, rock, 263-5, 269, 315, 318, 319; of camel, 265; of ox-drawn
vehicles, 321-2; of shield with cruciform design, 276

Dress, Tuareg, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289; simplicity of,
164; of women, 172

Drought, former administrative measures against, 47, 48

Drugs, Tuareg, 180

Drum as badge of office, 145

Drums, spirit, legends of, 278, 279, 300

Drums, Tuareg, 272

Dryness of air in the Sahara, 4

Dual administration of empire of Melle, 407-8

Dubreuil, 271 _n._[239]

Duga, Kel, 432

Dûm Palm, People of the, 307, 398 _n._[413], 432, 435

Dûm palms, 87, 122, 125, 131, 156, 158, 226; rope made of fronds
of, 224; sandals made of fronds of, 165; wood used in building,
88, 93, 245, 249

Duguwa dynasty, the, 372, 373, 375

Dunama I, 373

Dunama II, 374, 406

Dunes, sand, 4, 58, 62, 63-4, 66-7, 70, 442, 446, 447

Duveyrier, H., 8-9, 266, 271, 322; explorations and work of,
8-9; _Les Touareg du Nord_ by, 9, 28-9, 54 _n._[54], 169, 180,
282 _n._[252], 467; on Ahaggaren and Azger, 350-52, 353, 354, 355
_n._[346], 356; on Bir Gharama disaster, 10; on dogs of Air, 206;
on food taboos, 206; on the “Garamantian way,” 203, 318-19,
320, 321, 324; on derivation of Imajegh, 457; on marriage system of
Tuareg, 171; on origin of Oraghen, 347, 348; on religion of Tuareg,
274, 275; on shields of Tuareg, 234 _n._[215]; on T’ifinagh
alphabet, 266

Dzianara, the, 397

“E type” of Tuareg houses, 250

“Early Period” rock drawings, 264

Earthenware, Tuareg, 160-61

Eastern Air, Kel Owi in, 394

Eastern Desert, roads across, 320

Eastern origin of camel, theory of, 207, 208

Eastern origin of the Libyans, probability of, 340

Eastern Sahara, 2-3; drainage system, 3

Ebesan, El Haj, 102-3

Economic issues between Kel Owi and Kel Geres, 390

Economics of Air, 133-4, 218-20

Education, Tuareg, 174, 177-8, 268, 400

Efaken, Mount, 156, 213

Efale, the guide, 125, 149, 187, 225, 320

Egeruen, position of, 424

Eghalgawen, 68, 69, 347, 412, 418, 451; position of, 424; valley,
76, 77 _n._[72]; watering points, 76, 80, 114

Eghalgawen-T’in Wana massif, 71, 77, 78; fossil trees in,
259 _n._[226]

Eghbaren, the, 428

Egypt: Arab conquest of, 404; invasions of, by Libyans and Sea
People, 337, 340; matriarchate in, 152 _n._[145]; raids into,
in classical times, 356; weights in, 222

Egyptian Coptic church, influence of, in Air, 294, 363

Egyptian oases, the, 334, 337

Egyptian paintings, of Libyans, 194, 265; figures like Tuareg on, 462

Egyptian records, possible references to Tuareg in, 376, 462

El Golea, 9

El Suk, 394

El Suk, Kel, 355, 377

Elakkos, 42, 49, 51, 81, 357, 358, 442-8; as battle-ground, 396,
442-3; bush of, 49, 58, 446, 447, 451; Camel Patrol of, 450; grain
of, 444, 445; name of, its origin, 357, 445; oryx hide shields of,
235, 444; plain of, 442; rains in, 445; wells of, 445-6, 447

Tuareg of, 51, 303, 307, 308, 370, 396, 400, 440; their migration
into, 376, 377, 404, 415 _n._[432]; their predominance in, 443,
444, 445

Elakwas (Elakkos), 357

Elar, Kel, 129, 437

Elattu, 96

Elazzas, hut foundations at, 262-3; valley, 216

Elijah, the cave of, 321 _n._[280]

Elijinen, the, Tuareg tales of, 278-81; amulets against, 282

Elmiki (Immikitan), the, 429

Elmina, Portuguese factory at, 409

Elnoulli, 241

“Em” names, tribal, 130

Emagadezi people, the, 107, 117, 130, 410, 440

Emallarhsen, the, 432

Emilía, 243

Emirates of Nigeria, 37, 38, 41; French administration of, 42;
_see_ Daura, Hadeija, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto.

Emululi, 239, 241

En Nitra, the, 350

“Enad” (smith), 155, 228-9, 230

Enclosures: funerary monuments, 260-62, 263; places of worship,
258-9, 292-3; round Tuareg houses, 250, 251, 262-3

“English Hill,” the, 313

English tendency to extol obscure races, 401

Ennedi, 92

Entrepôts of the desert, 110, 111

Envelopes, leather, 228

Equatorial Africa, 2, 21; Arab pressure in, 376; French, annexed,
26; operations against French in, 92; rainfall belt of, 4; Tuareg
migration to, 375

Erarar, Kel, 436

Erarar n’Dendemu, 156, 214, 292, 293

Erdi, 335

Erosion in valleys of Air, 34; of sandstone formations, 77, 79, 81

“Ers” (eresan), 213

“Ers, Rodd’s,” 243

Esbet, 364 _n._[362]

Escherha, the, 433

Etaras valley, 183, 243

Ethical standards, Tuareg, pre-Moslem source of, 296

Ethnology of Air, 28

Eti, Kel, 412

Etteguen, the, 429

Eunuchs, negro, 179

European affairs, knowledge of, in Sahara, 266

European penetration, of the Sudan, 36-7, 38, 41-2; of Tuareg
country, 8-14, 19-27

European salt competing with Bilma product, 219

Europeans, Tuareg hostility to, 23, 24, 154; Holy Men and, 290

Evacuation of Air during revolt, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426

Exchange, rates of, 221, 222

Exorcism of spirits, 280

Exploration of Tuareg country, 8-14, 19-27

Eye troubles common in Air, 179

Eyes, Tuareg, colour of, 161

Ezelu valley, 429

Ezelu, Kel, 429

Faces of Tuareg: man’s, seen without veil, 187; women’s, daubed
with earth or ochre, 173

Factions in Libyan villages, 338-9

Fadé, 23, 317, 319, 320, 321, 399, 400, 427

Fadé, Kel, 169, 318, 399, 400, 431

Fadeangh, Barth’s name for Fadé, 23 _n._[25]

Fagoshia, position of, 424

Fairness of skin among Tuareg, 161-2; a social distinction, 162, 173

Faji, Tuareg village, 39

Faken, Mount, 213

Falezlez, Wadi, 30-31

Fall, 51

Family system, Tuareg: authority of heads of families, 147; female
descent, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

Famine, the War of, 414

Faodet, 253, 254, 315-16; position of, 425

Faodet, Kel, 430, 431