Chapter XXX: Appendix: VII (3)

Richardson, J.: _Travels in the Great Desert of Sahara_ by, 151-2,
467; death of, 21; expeditions of, 8, 18, 20, 21, 23-4, 248, 461;
on houses of Ghat, 248

Ridge of Abadarjan, 70, 71, 78

“Rigm” (funerary monument), 260 _n._[227], 261-2, 263

Ring of stones marking graves, 259

Rings, agate, as neck ornaments, 283

Rings, arm, Tuareg, 91, 285-6, 289

Rio de Oro, raiding in, 187, 188

Ritchie, death of, 21

River of Agades, 33, 34, 69, 70, 71, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83,
115, 119, 121, 123, 127, 183, 189, 258, 456; plain of, 79, 82-3, 85-6

River beds of Central Sahara, 28-31

Rivoli, 91

Roads, caravan, _see_ Caravan roads; the “Garamantian way,”
318-20, 321, 324

Robe, T’ekhmedin’s, the fate of, 195

Robes, Tuareg, 163-4, 166-7, 195

Rock, People of the, 335

Rock drawings, 213, 216, 260, 263, 264, 318; of animals and birds,
264-5; of camels, 207, 265; of human figures, 265, 319; of men
with animal heads, 319; modern, 264, 265; of ox and cart, 265, 319,
321-2, 418; of shield with cruciform design, 276

Rock inscriptions, 213, 260, 264, 268-9, 271, 315, 360; funerary,
260, 263; profusion of, 263, 268

Rohlfs, F. G., expeditions of, 3, 19; _Kufra_ by, 6 _n._[4], 336

Roman remains discovered by Barth, 322

Romans, the: caravan roads garrisoned by, 208; penetration of the
Sahara by, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; Tuareg swords probably derived
from, 234

Romanus, 207

Roncière, Charles de la, 19 _n._[20],[21]

Roofs of Tuareg houses, 249, 250, 256

Rope-making, native, 224; in leather, 228

Rothschild, Lord, his museum at Tring, 27-8

Rottl (Arab weight), 222

Royal Geographical Society, author’s computations in charge of, 423

Rufai el Ghati, 192

Sabha Jail, 332 _n._[301]

Sacrifices of sheep, 95, 97, 274, 275

Sadaouet (Sidawet), Kel, 431

Saddle-sores on camels, 199, 201

Saddle-stone querns, 159-60, 309

Saddles, camel; Tebu, 277; Tuareg, 193, 223-4, 227, 230-31, 276-7,
289; with cross on pommel, 230, 276-7, 289

Sahara, the, 1-6; not once a sea-bed, 78 author’s companions cross,
418; British influence in, 21-2; climate of, 4; European affairs well
known in, 266; French occupation of, 25, 350; funerary monuments of,
260-62; Leo Africanus’ description of, 331-5; mountain groups of,
2; name of, 1; oases of, 2, 3, 5-6; population of, 113; races of, 2,
8; railway across, advocated, 38; rainfall in, 4, 124; rivers of,
3, 4; Roman penetration of, 322-3, 324, 325, 326-7; surface of,
2-6; “talhakim” prized in, 282; temperatures in, 4; transport
methods in, early, 207-8; warfare in, small numbers involved, 11

Sahara, Central, 2, 4, 8; British geographical work in, 20-21, 22-4

Sahara, Eastern, 2-3

Sahara, Western, 3-4

Saharan Alps, the, 35

Saharan and Equatorial zones, transitional area between, 41

Sahel Zone, the, 41

Sakafat, 437

Sale, 274 _n._[245]

Saleh, El Haj, 96, 290, 430

Salla Laja (Laya), the Feast of the Sheep, 95-7, 274

Salla Shawal, 274

Sallust, 206, 468

Salt: impregnation of soil with, 125; price of, 218

Salt caravans, 69, 84, 85, 114, 115, 133, 145, 195, 210, 217, 218-20,
335, 443, 452 _n._[450]; Amenokal’s revenue from, 110; French
escort for, 84, 218, 219; Minister accompanying, 106; raids on,
188, 218, 219, 450; route of, 32, 114, 145, 219, 264, 315, 320, 450

Salt mines: Bilma, _q.v._; captured by Moors, 411; Taodenit, 30,
411, 452 _n._[450]; Tegaza, 411, 452 _n._[450]

Salt, People of the, 441

Salt-pits, 125

Salt trade, 133, 218, 219-20, 414; struggles between Air and Bornu
for, 415

Saltpetre, uses of, 211

Sampfotchi hill, 418

Sand: effect on feet, 165; wind-borne, polishing of rocks by, 35,
79; wells silted up by, 66, 72, 74

Sand, People of the, 274

Sand-dune formations, 4, 58; characteristic form in Azawagh, 63-4,
70; crescentic type, 66-7; in Elakkos, 442, 446, 447; mobile, 66,
67; valleys formed between, 62

Sand-grouse, 81

Sandstone formations: Elakkos, 442; effects of erosion, 77, 79, 81

Sand viper, 227

Sandals, Tuareg, 164-6

Sanhaja, the, 274, 331, 332, 340, 343-4, 346, 348, 349, 401; in Air
at arrival of Tuareg, 364, 365, 368, 375, 405; Empire of, 343-4,
403, 404-5, 407; Itesan among, 377; Mesufa and Lemtuna

sections of, 151 _n._[141], 344, 349, 358, 364, 405; of North-west
Morocco, 364

Santambul (Constantinople), 101

Sariki n’Kaswa, 106

Sariki n’Turawa, the, 96, 106

Sattaf, 187

Say, 50

Schirmer, H.: _Le Sahara_ by, 5 _n._[2], 142 _n._[132], 327
_n._[293], 467; on the Ifoghas, 355 _n._[346]

Scorpion, 227

Script, Tuareg, _see_ T’ifinagh.

Seats, wooden, for women, 309

Sedentaries: factions among, 338; numbers of, 402

Sedentarism, encouraged by French, 131; nomadism and, difficulties
of co-ordinating, 131, 143

Seeds, very valuable in Air, 132, 133; used for food, 158, 160

Sef, King of Kanem, 372

Seliufet village, 23, 122, 248, 316

Seliufet, Kel, 129, 437

Selma I, King of Kanem, 372

Selma II, first black king of Bornu, 373, 374

Semitic influence in Africa, 342

Semitic languages, relationship of Temajegh to, 270

Sendal, the, 394, 396, 400; one of original five tribes in Air,
368, 378; their modern representatives, 395, 396, 400

Senegal, caravan route to, 7

Senegal River, 343

Senegalese troops, French, 84, 98, 118, 316; Camel Corps of, 189

Senhaji, Muhammad Nasr el, 408

Senussiya, the: their part in the revolt in Air, 12, 13, 51, 84,
93, 98; caravan route opened by, 7; in Equatorial Africa, operations
against French, 92; Kufra the centre of, 336; Tuareg relations with,
48-9, 290

Septimius Flaccus, 323, 326

Serfs, _see_ Imghad.

Sergi, G., 458, 460, 467

Sert, 325

Servile tribes, _see_ Imghad.

Sfax, 337

Sheath knives, Tuareg, 234

Sheep, Air, 202, 204, 205, 450; sacrifices of, 95, 97, 274, 275

“Sheikh el Arab,” 106

Shellagh, the, 458

“Sherrifa,” title of royal family of Air, 105

Shields, Tuareg, 234-5, 276, 444

Shillugh language, 270

Shingit, 408

Shott country, the, 9

Sidawet, 299, 431, 440; houses in, 254; position of, 425

Sidawet, Kel, 431, 440

Sidi, the guide, 68, 234 _n._[214], 266, 270, 298, 307, 309,
315, 418; description of Belkho by, 305, 306; on the House of the
Christians, 311-12; leaves the author in Kano, 419-20

Sidi Hamada, shrine of, 94-5; Feast of the Sheep at, 95-7

Sierra Leone, British penetration of, 36, 37

Siggedim, 334 _n._[308]

Sijilmasa, 110, 405, 452, 453

Silius Italicus, 152 _n._[144], 468

Silk not in great demand among Tuareg, 164

Silurian rocks, Air, 33, 34, 35

Silver, saddles ornamented with, 230-31

Silver bracelets, 283-4

Silver coins melted down, 229

Silver currency, 221

“Sinko” (five-franc piece), 221

Siwa, 3, 318, 337

Siwi dialect, 270

Skin, colour of, in Tuareg, 161-2, 173

Slave King of the Tuareg of Air, the, 96, 97, 100, 103, 104-5, 108,
367, 369

Slave markets, Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, 38

Slave trade, African, 38; British attempts to abolish, 20, 21, 22;
former Tuareg, 135

Slavery legally abolished in Air, 134 _n._[122]

Slaves, 103-4, 178; position of, 15 _n._[13], 103-4, 105, 134,
178; raised to status of Imghad, 135; slave mothers and status of
children, 150; stolen in raids, 190; veil not worn by, 15 _n._[13],
140

“Slaves, the Mecca of the,” 367

Sliding doors in Tuareg houses, 245-6

Smiths, Tuareg, 155, 228-9, 230; jewellery made by, 283-4

Smoking, not a Tuareg practice, 211

Snobbishness, Moslem form of, 339-40, 342

Snuff, taken by Tuareg, 211; used as remedy for camel disease, 200

“Sô people,” the, 407

Soap-stone, ornaments of, 282, 283

Social distinctions, Tuareg, present breakdown in, 142

Social effects of revolt of, 1917, 127-8, 338-9

“Sofo” tower, Agades, 94

Sokakna, the, Arab tribe, 354

Sokna, 9, 347

Sokoto, 21, 33, 38, 47, 48, 101, 106, 110, 415; British annexation
of, 37; Fulani Empire of, 37, 57, 363, 415; Itesan settle near, 109
_n._[100], 366, 373-4, 392, 393, 398, 432; Kel Geres settle near,
17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392, 415: route to, alternative,
114; slave market in, 38; stone buildings in, 89 _n._[78]; Tegama
expedition against, 53

Sokoto, Emir of, influence of, 109 _n._[100] _See also_ Bello.

Sokoto-Agades track, 85

Soleim Arabs invade Central Africa, 376

Solom Solom, 122, 365

Songhai Empire, the, 37, 47, 48, 117, 227, 291, 408, 409, 410,
411; Agades colonised by, 117, 410, 440; gold trade of, 411, 414;
Moors overthrow, 411, 412; Portuguese and, 409, 410

Songhai language, 117, 118

Sorbo Hausa, 50

Sores, camels’, 199, 201

Sottofé, Muhammad, Sultan, 369, 464

South, People of the, 441

Southern Air: Goberawa in, 379; graves in, 263; servile tribes
in, 394

Southern Algeria, native Camel Corps in, 189

Southland, the, 17, 36-79; Air and, political relations of, 105,
116; Barth’s expeditions in, 23-4, 36, 49, 59, 60-61; bush of,
42, 43, 44, 45, 58, 444, 446; houses and huts of, 184, 249, 250;
Itesan migration to, 109 _n._[100], 366, 373-4, 377, 392, 393, 398,
432; Kel Geres migration to, 17, 39, 65, 143, 366, 373, 390-91, 392,
415; music of, 17; Morocco and, trade between, 405; Tuareg of, 17-18;
Tuareg ascendancy in, 54-6; Tuareg migrations to, 17, 38-9, 51,
65, 143, 361, 366, 373-4, 377, 390-91, 392, 393, 398, 411, 415, 432

Southward trend of migration in N. Africa, 39

Soyuti, El, 291, 292

Spain, Arab conquest of, 346, 376, 405

Spear grass, 226

Spears, People of the, 432

Spears, Tuareg, 233-4, 236

Spirits, Tuareg belief in, and tales of, 278-81, 300, 306; amulets
against, 282

Spoons, Tuareg, 229, 276

Spouts on roofs of Sudanese houses, 89, 90

Stambul, delegation from Air to, 101, 102, 104, 396-7

Stambul, Sultan of, story of migration ordered by, 366-7, 380

Stars, Tuareg names for, 226 _n._[212]

Steppe, the Great, 334, 335

Steppe desert, 114, 115, 332, 333, 334, 447; and true desert, 2,
332, 333, 334

Sticks for holding bridles and ropes, 277

Stone, not used in building in Sudan and Northern Nigeria, 89;
used by Tuareg, 89

Stone arm rings, Tuareg, 91, 285-6

Stone flags, “Garamantian way” said to be paved with, 319

Stone houses, 155, 184, 213, 239, 250, 418

Stone ornaments, small, 283

Stone “talhakim,” mystery of origin of, 282-3

Stones: circles of, round huts, 262-3; coloured, to indicate tracks,
293; graves marked by, 259-60; hammered, not chiselled, 260, 264;
mounds of, as memorials, 292-3

Strabo, 207 _n._[193], 468

Stuhlmann, F., 468; on MZGh root in “Berber” names, 458, 460

Sub-tribes: “Kel names” of, 128-9; lists of, 427-41

Succession and inheritance, matriarchal tradition in, 151-3, 168

Suckling of children, protracted, 178-9

Sudan, the, 1 _n._[1], 37; Air and, political relations with, 105,
116; Barth’s expedition in, 23, 37; British share in opening up,
20; European penetration of, 20, 36-9; Fulani rise to power in,
415; funerary monuments in, 261; horse saddles of, 231; houses of,
87, 88, 90; Ibn Batutah in, 452, 456; Islam in, 291; Lemta area
extends to, 345, 357, 358, 370, 445; Mediterranean civilisation in,
37; salt trade with, 414; Sanhaja power in, 405; syphilis thought
to originate in, 179; taboos originating in, 294; “talhakim”
prized in, 282; Tuareg driven from, 358; Tuareg evacuated to,
360-61; wheeled vehicles in, 322

Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian, 1 _n._[1]

Sudan, Nilotic, 1 _n._[1]; Fulani settlement in, 58; Semitic
influence in, 342

Sudan, Western: French expedition from, 25; added to empire of Melle,
407; Moorish conquest of, 411

Sudan Empires, the, 37; history of, 405, 406, 407-15; _see_ Melle
_and_ Songhai.

Sudanese buildings, 249

Sudanese historian on migrations from Red Sea, 342

Sudanese pottery, 161, 317; clay amphoræ, 317

Suk, El, country, Tuareg migration to, 394

Suk, Kel el, 355, 377, 394

Suleiman, Mansa, 408

Suliman, El Haj, library of, 302

Sultan of Agades, _see_ Amenokal.

Sun, halo round, an evil omen, 296

Sun worship, Libyan, 276, 278, 295; trace of, among Tuareg, 295

Sunni Ali, 291, 409

Sunni Muhammad Dau, 409

Sunsets, magnificent, Air, 123, 181; superstition regarding, 296

Superstitions of Tuareg, 275, 293; concerning weather, 295-6

Susubaki, 412

“Switzerland of the Sahara,” the, 317

Sword dance, Tuareg, 272

Swords, Tuareg, cross-hilted, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289

Symbolism in Tuareg rock drawings, 264, 265

Synesius, 356

Syphilis, 179-80

Syria, Ibn Khaldun on inhabitants of, 339

Syrtis, Great, 325, 337, 365; people of, 457

Syrtis, Little, 337

Tabello, 86, 209, 210, 243, 244, 298, 320; houses at, 241, 244-8,
249, 250, 251, 252; Itesan settlements at, abandoned, 244, 389;
salt caravan assembles at, 85, 218, 219, 243

Taberghit valley, 58, 61, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 74

Tablet ornaments, 283

Tabonie, 323

Taboos, food, totemic, 294-5

Tabudium, 323

Taburgula, 362

Tabzagur, position of, 424

Tadadawa, Kel, 381, 434

Tadek valley, 395, 396, 428

Tadek, Kel, 26, 80, 143, 149, 150, 170, 185, 239, 298, 318, 428-9;
antiquity of, 149, 366, 428; represent original invaders of Air,
395, 396, 400; expelled by Kel Owi, 389; mother of, legend of, 384;
tribes and sub-tribes of, 428-9, 430, 440

Tadele, Kel, 427

Tademari, 47, 48, 51

Tademekka, 169, 254, 441; Aulimmiden occupy, 345, 348, 358, 387, 414

Tademekka, city of, 405, 408; foundation of, 399

Tademekkat, the, 355, 356, 357, 377; driven out by Aulimmiden, 345,
348, 358, 387, 414

Tadenak, Kel, 430

Tadent, 101

Tadesa, 239

Tadsa, Tuareg defeat near, 412

Tafadek, 428; position of, 424

Tafarzas, the, 434

Tafasas, Kel, 439

Tafassasset, the, 30, 31

Tafassasset-T’immersoi basin, 71

Taferaut, Kel, 438

Tafidet, Child of, 144; _see_ Añastafidet.

Tafidet range, 157, 306, 308, 313, 436; valley, 32 _n._[37]

Tafidet, Kel, 134, 148, 307, 370, 436, 437, 443-4; “agoalla”
of, 147; and appointment of Añastafidet, 145, 306; place in Kel
Owi Confederation, 134, 306, 443-4; mother of, legend of, 384;
origin of, 148, 303, 306

Tafilelt area, Morocco, capital of, 452 _n._[449]

Tagay (Tagei), Kel, 432

Tagedufat, 80, 120; valley, 32-3, 63-4, 66, 67-8, 71, 74, 76;
well, 74

Tagei, Kel (Ikazkazan), 210, 307, 438; (Imaslagha), 435; (Itesan),
397, 398, 432

Tagermat, Kel, 436

“Taghalam,” the, 219, 220

Tagharit valley, 131 _n._[120]; lions in, 119, 120, 214 _n._[206]

Taghazit, 23, 33

Taghist plateau, 156, 292

Taghmeurt range, 157, 308, 435, 436

Taghmeurt, Kel, 435, 436

Taghmeurt n’Afara, 313, 315, 318, 319

Tagidda n’Adrar, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424

Tagidda n’Tagei, 454, 455, 456

Tagidda n’T’isemt, 454, 455, 456; position of, 424

Tagiddas, the: and Ibn Batutah’s “Tekadda,” 454-6; people
of, 441

“Tagilmus” (the Veil), 15 _n._[15], 140, 287-90

Tagilmus, Kel, 15, 460

Taginna, the, 434 _n._

Tagirit, 397

Tagmart (Taghmeurt), Kel, 435

Tagunar, Kel, 430, 431

Tagunet, 431

Tagurast, 91

Tahanazeta, 102

Tahua, 42, 188, 394

Taiagaia, Kel, 433

Taitoq, the, 17, 350, 351, 354; dialect of, 266-7

Takadda (Nakda), 452

Takarkari, the, 406

“Takatkat,” 164

Takazanzat (Takazuzat), rock of, 240

Takermus, Kel, 429

“Takirbai,” 164

Takrizat, 437

Takrizat, Kel, 209, 290, 437; a holy tribe, 290, 291

“Takuba” (sword), 233

Talak plain, 31, 114, 131, 209, 214, 308, 351, 394, 438, 441;
tomb of Awa in, 281

Talak, Kel, 441

Talat Mellen, 308

“Talha” acacia, 226

“Talhakim,” the (ornament), 282-3, 284

“Talimt,” 226 _n._[212]

Talras, 68, 450

Tamadalt Tan Ataram, position of, 425

Tamanet, 242, 243

Tamanghasset, 12

“Tamat” acacia, 226, 227

Tamat, Kel, 52, 60, 307, 428, 437, 438

Tamatut well, 60; destroyed, 60, 451

Tamel, Kel, 434

Tamenzaret, wells of, 215, 418

Tamet Tedderet, position of, 425

Tamgak, 311, 389, 428, 437; mother of Kel Owi settles in, 386;
“Wild Men” of, 306-7, 437

Tamgak mountains, 157, 311, 314 _n._[275], 315, 316, 317, 321, 396

Tamgak, Kel, 306, 394, 400, 437; one of the original five tribes,
368, 378, 379; modern representatives of, 395, 396, 400, 437

Tamizgidda, Kel, 53, 439

Tamkak, the, 368; _see_ Tamgak, Kel.

Tanamari, 51

“Tanghot” (spirit), 281

Tanut (in Damergu), 47, 48, 52, 69, 81, 119 _n._[107], 418, 451;
position of, 424

Tanut (near Marandet), 119, 121

Tanut Unghaidan, 122

Tanutmolet, 316, 430; houses in, 248

Tanutmolet, Kel, 430-31

Tanzar, the, 434

Taodenit, 219; salt deposits of, 30, 411, 452 _n._[450]

“Tara,” camel disease, 201

Tara Bere, 91

Taranet, Kel, 439

Tarantulas, 227

Tarat Mellet, the, 394

“Tarei tan Kel Owi,” 61, 308, 314

Tarenkat, 433

Targa, the, 19, 445; Ibn Khaldun on, 343; Leo Africanus describes
Air and Ahaggar as inhabited by, 19, 331, 332, 333, 334, 337-8,
359; and the name “Tuareg,” 273, 338, 348-9, 461

Tariq, 376

“Tariqa,” Senussi, 290

“Tarki” (Tarqi) and the word “Tuareg,” 257, 274, 460, 461

Tarrajerat, 80

Taruaji, 418

Taruaji mountains, 78, 84, 86, 126, 127, 156, 183

“Tasalgi” (north), 244, 247

Tasawa, 305, 411

Tasawat, 244; mosque of, 255-6

Tasessat, 239

Tashel (Taschell, Tashil), the, 433

Tashkeur (Teshkar) well, 446 _n._[446]

Tasr, wells of, 446-7

Tassili, Azger, 260, 261

Tatenei, Kel, 381

Tateus well, 66, 74

Tattus, Kel, 438

Tautek, 405

Tawarek, the, 118, 257, 273, 460; Arab etymology of, 257; _see_
Tuareg.

Tazizilet, 69, 71, 219

Tebehic, 80, 82; position of, 424; spirits of, 279

Tebernit valley, 243; water holes, 242

Tebu, the, 16, 109, 218, 318, 358, 403, 413, 443, 446; Berdeoa,
people of, identified with, 335-6; Bornu dynasty of, 372, 374;
boundary between Tuareg and, 358, 443; camel saddles of, 277; camels
of, 196; Dunama II’s war with, 374; Ikaradan, Temajegh name for,
117, 335, 430, 441; Itesan driven out by, 389, 413; language of,
118, 155; origin of, 335-6; raids by, 59, 69, 188, 190, 296, 320,
327, 350, 389, 444, 450; throwing irons used by, 235; treachery of,
98, 236; Tuareg driven from south by, 358; Tuareg feud with, 98,
190, 442, 443; women of, wives of kings of Kanem, 373, 374

Technique of raids, 11, 189-93, 236, 237

Tecoum, the, 441

Teda, the, 335, 373 _n._[387]

Teda Inisilman, 155

Tedamansii, the, 336

Tedekel, Kel, 437

“Tedi” or “teddi” (measure of length), 222

Tedmukkeren (Tetmokarak), the, 433

“Tefakint,” 221

Tefgun, mosque of, 27, 149, 317, 428

Tefgun, Kel, 428

T’efira, 127 _n._[115]

Tefis, 248, 431; mosque of, 256, 258, 418

Tefis, Kel, 431

Tegama (Southern Air), 23, 32, 53, 64, 65, 188, 209, 303; Barth in,
23, 53, 118; camels of, 196, 197, 210; servile tribes of, 127, 128,
394; villages of, 127-8

Tegama valley, 58

Tegama, Kel, 53-4, 64-5, 118, 127, 128, 394, 433, 443; defeated by
Kel Geres, 391; women of, 118

Tegama, Sultan, 98-9, 109, 465

Tegaza, 404 _n._[419], 452; Moors capture, 411; salt mines of, 332,
411, 452 _n._[450]

Tegbeshi, 184

“Tegehe” (descendants), 350 _n._[336]

Tegehe Mellen, the, 350

Tegehe n’Aggali, the, 350, 352

Tegehe n’Efis, 351

Tegehe n’es Sidi, the, 350, 351

Tegehe n’Essakal, 351, 352

Tegemi (Tégémui), 68

Teget (Tagei), Kel, 435

Teghazar valley, 84, 86, 241

Teghzeren, Kel, 433

Tegibbut, the, 434

Tegidda valley, 215, 299

Teginjir, 33; plain, 241, 242; position of, 425; spring, 241

Tegir, 430

Tegir, Kel, 430

Teguer, Kel, 430

Tehammam, the, 427

Tehenu, the, 337, 462 _n._[481]

Tehert, 337

Tekadda, 406, 408

Ibn Batutah’s, 452-3, 454, 455, 456; copper mines of, 452-3,
454; identification of, attempted, 454, 455; Sultan of, 151, 152,
406, 454, 455

“Tekerkeri, the,” 406

T’ekhmedin, the guide, 185-7, 195, 225, 239

Tekursat valley, the, 60, 61

Telamse, Kel, 432

Telezu valley, 239, 240, 243

Telia, position of, 425

Telizzarhen, 265; rock drawings of, 319

Tellia valley, 243

Teloas-Tabello, position of, 424

Telwa river, 122-3, 127; valley, 84, 115, 122-3, 125, 414, 441

Temagheri, the, 372, 373

Temahu, the, 376, 462

Temajegh, 12, 15, 118, 154, 266, 269, 270-71, 462; camel names in,
197; Christianity, words associated with, in, 277-8; dictionaries of,
12, 467; etymology of, 15 _n._[14], 373, 462; “Kel” names in,
129; Latin, traces of, in, 75 _n._[70], 278; origin of, 267-8, 270;
Quran translated into, 269; written, _see_ T’ifinagh.

Tembellaga, 58

Temed, 321, 428

“Temeder” (part of the Veil), 287

Temperatures in the Sahara, 4, 298

Tents, Tuareg, 89, 212

“Terga,” 273, 461; _see_ Targa.

Tergulawen, 50, 61, 62, 67, 69, 114, 242, 390; road, 70; well, 59,
60, 74, 80

Terjeman, quarter of Agades, 91, 118

Terminal points of trans-desert traffic, 110, 111

Termit, 32, 46, 58, 67, 68, 81, 218, 320, 448-50; author’s march
to, 46, 81, 444, 446-51; drainage of, 450; mountains of, 448,
449-50; position of, 424; rocks of, oddly shaped, 450; wells of,
443, 447, 448-9, 451

Territories du Niger, 41-2, 43, 189, 416

Tesabba valley, 210

Teshkar, 446, 447, 451; position of, 424

Teskokrit, 69, 72

Tessawa, 42, 43, 46, 47; position of, 424

Tessuma valley, 243

Tetmokarak, the, 65, 381, 433

Teworshekaken valleys, 61

Tezirzak, 428

Tezogiri valley, 78

Tgibbu (Tegibbut), the, 434

Thorns in vegetation of Air, 199, 226

Throwing-iron, used by Tebu, 235

Thuben, 323

Thugga inscription, 267

Thukdha (Nakda), 452

Thunderbolt, an evil omen, 296

Thunderstorms, violent, 82-3, 451

Tiakkar, the, 434

T’iaman, 143

Tibawi (Tebu), 335

Tibesti, 7, 92, 98, 218, 334, 335, 403, 444; identified with
Agisymba Regio, 325, 326, 327; camels of, 195; camels commandeered
for expeditions to, 205; drainage system of, 3; mountains of, 2, 4,
32; raiding in, 187, 193, 276, 444; rainfall of, 4; rock drawing in,
276; unknown area of, 32; Turkish penetration of, 327

Tidikelt, 111

Tidrak hills, 156, 181

Tifaut, 405

T’ifinagh (Tuareg script), 15-16, 263, 264, 266-9, 271, 276, 289;
name of Air in, 454; alphabet of, 266-7; Arabic letters in, 271;
Ifadeyen familiarity with, 268, 400; inscriptions in, 81, 264,
268, 269, 286; origin of, 267-8; Quran in, 269; taught by women,
173-4, 268

T’igefen, 450

Tiggedi cliff, 65, 70, 71, 76-7, 454 _n._[456]; defeat of Kel Tegama
at, 391

“Tiggeur” acacia, 226

T’ighummar valley, 215

Tikammar cheese, 157, 158

Tildhin, the, 412

Tilemsan, 291

Tilho, Colonel, 30; Anglo-French frontier delimitation by, 41;
maps of, 33 _n._[38], 41, 466; observations made by, 422, 424

T’ilimsawin hills, 156

T’ilimsawin, Kel, 432

T’ilisdak valley, 127, 435

Tilkatine, the, 434 _n._

Tilutan, 404

Timbuctoo, 7, 23, 30, 110, 344, 354, 405; earliest accounts of,
19; camels of, 196; foundation of, 407; Melle conquest and loss of,
407, 408; mithkal of, 222; Moorish garrison in, 411; “People of
the West” in, 441; salt caravan from, 188, 219, 452 _n._[451];
Songhai conquest of, 409; Tuareg of, 18; Tuareg conquest and loss
of, 408, 409

Timbuctoo-Cairo pilgrim road, 114, 318

Timbulaga, 70

T’imia, 33, 186, 204, 216-17, 241, 290, 299, 308, 311, 385, 439;
houses in, 248, 250; hut circles at, 262; Kel Owi invasion of,
389; massif of, 33, 216, 242; measures used in, 221; mosque of,
385; rock drawing at, 194 _n._[178]; women of, 173

T’imia, Kel, 298, 439; mixed, 440

T’imilen mountains, 299

T’imilen valley, 243, 299

T’immersoi, 31, 32, 33, 78

“Timmi” (oath of friendship), 237

T’imuru peak, 300

T’in Awak mountain, 300

T’in Dawin, 78; position of, 424

T’in Shaman, 116, 364-5, 367; French post at, 86, 99, 365;
position of, 424

T’in Taboraq, 82, 84, 85; position of, 424

T’in Tarabin valley, 9, 30

T’in Wafara, 437

T’in Wana, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 213; fossil trees at, 81-2, 259
_n._[226]; pool of, 81; position of, 424; rock inscriptions at, 81

T’in Wansa, 309; houses in, 248

T’in Yerutan, 404

T’inalkum, Kel, 355, 383 _n._[400]

T’inien, 214; position of, 424

T’inien mountains, 125, 156

T’intabisgi, 427, 428

Tintagete, Kel, 435

T’intaghoda, 26, 122, 308, 316, 390, 436, 437; Barth’s expedition
attacked at, 23, 290, 312; capital of Northern Air, 316; houses of,
248, 316; mosque of, 257, 258, 316

T’intaghoda, Kel, 129, 312, 437; a holy tribe, 291, 306, 437

T’intellust, 308, 309, 311, 319, 320, 321, 436; Barth’s
headquarters at, 23, 122, 308, 312-13

T’intellust, Kel, 435

Tinteyyat, 435

Tinylcum, the, 383

Tinylkum, Barth’s, 355

Tirekka, 405

“Tirik” (riding saddle), 230-31

T’iriken peak, 299-300

Tirza, 180 _n._[172]

Tisak n’Talle, 91

T’Isemt, Kel, 441

Tishorén (Tuareg), 460

Tiski, the Children of, 342-3, 349

Tissot, C. J.: _Géographie comparée_, 207 _n._[190]

Tit, Ahaggar Tuareg defeated at, 10, 11, 328

T’iugas and her six daughters, story of, 384

T’iwilmas, 314, 316

T’iyut valley, 23, 31 _n._[36], 367

Tizraet, the pool of, 418

Tobacco chewed by Tuareg, 211

Tobacco snuff as remedy for camel disease, 200

Todra, Mount, 84, 123, 127, 131, 156, 181, 183, 184, 213, 214, 215,
216, 239

Toga, North African robes said to be descended from, 285

Toiyamama, the, 434

Tokede valley, 239, 240, 243

Toledo swords owned by Tuareg, 233

Tomb of Awa, 281

Tombs (_see_ Graves), Air, 259-63; possibly made in floor of hut, 263

Tools, Tuareg, 229

Toreha, 180 _n._[172]

Toshit N’Yussuf, 438

Totemism, survival of, among Tuareg, 294-5, 394 _n._[408]

_Tournées d’apprivoisement_, 11

Towar, 183, 184-5, 186, 195, 238, 239, 240, 243, 283, 440; houses
in, 248, 252

Towar river, 183

Towar, Kel, 184, 439; mixed, 184, 440

Tower of Agades, 94; _see_ Minaret.

Tracks, marked by coloured stones, 293

Trade roads, 5, 23, 37, 38; map of, 5; railway’s effect on, 38;
_see_ Caravan roads.

Traghen, 112

Transliteration, difficulties of, 271, 350 _n._[338]

Transport enterprises, Kel Owi monopoly of, 390

Trans-Saharan caravan roads, 308-9, 318

Trans-Saharan railway, suggestion of, 38

Travelling bags, leather, Tuareg, 228

Treachery, Tuareg averse to, 236, 237

Treaty between Tuareg and original inhabitants of Air, tradition
of, 367-8

Trees, fossil, 81-2, 259 _n._[226]

Triangular ornaments (“talhakim”), 282-3

Tribal allegiance derived through mother, 149-51

Tribal alliances, 147-8

Tribal chiefs: and the Amenokal, 108, 144; authority of, passing
to village headmen, 127-8, 131; functions of, 110, 147; measures
kept by, 220; selection of, 108

Tribal classification, importance attached by Tuareg to, 143-5

Tribal councils, women in, 168, 169

Tribal feuds set aside in trade centres, 111

Tribal groupings, 147-8

Tribal histories, 360, 361-2

Tribal marks on camels, 201-2

Tribal names, Tuareg, 128-31

Tribal organisation of Tuareg of Air, 393, 400, 426-41

Tribal warfare, 390, 391, 392, 402-3; before appointment of common
ruler, 101

Tribes, colour differences in, 161, 162; holy, 290-91, 306, 355,
357, 437, 438, 439, 440; of mixed caste, 355; noble and servile,
_see_ Imajeghan, Imghad, _and_ Noble and servile tribes.

Tripoli, 110; caravan road, 23, 48, 61, 242; Col. Hamer Warrington
Consul at, 21; embassy from Bornu to, 410

Tripolitania, 41, 187, 208, 358, 457; former British paramountcy in,
20, 21, 22; anti-French and -British activities in, 84; Hawara in,
345; Islam, spread of, in, 257; Italian occupation of, Tuareg and,
8; rock drawings in, 318; Southern, Roman occupation of, 323

Trotting on camels thought unwise, 193

Trousers, Tuareg, 164, 289

Tsabba valley, 210

T’Sidderak hills, 214

T’Sidderak, Agoalla of, 397

T’Sidderak, Kel, 381, 432

Tuaghet pool, 427

Tuareg of Ahaggar, _see_ Ahaggaren.

Tuareg of Air: not a tribe but a people, 14, 461; racial purity of,
16, 137, 161, 162, 163

their arrival in Air, 359, 366-93, 394, 395, 396, 397, 403,
404, 405-6; its date, 364, 371, 373, 375, 381, 403, 404; their
vicissitudes, 401-16; future of, 420, 421

accounts of, 8-9, 10, 14, 18-20, 24, 25, 28

adultery not common among, 177

agriculture despised by, 127, 134, 174, 360

amulets worn by, 282, 284

ancestry of, 7-8, 254, 345-6, 353, 359, 366, 367, 368, 369, 385-7,
403, 462; Bello on, 368, 369, 371; Ibn Khaldun on, 343-4, 345, 346,
347, 348, 353, 379; Leo Africanus on, 330-31, 332, 334-5, 337-8,
343, 344, 345, 348, 349

animism of, 295

architecture of, 184, 241, 244-59, 377, 378

art of, 246, 263-5

belts worn by, 180, 194, 236, 237

Berbers and, 7, 16, 338, 371, 372, 458, 461

“Black” and “White,” 139-40

blue-eyed, 16

calm manner of, 420

caravan trade of, 7, 38, 48, 50, 142, 145, 146; _see_ Salt
caravans.

caste system of, 103-4, 108, 136, 137-8; _see_ Imajeghan _and_
Imghad.

cattle trade of, 133-4, 190, 202-5

characteristics lost by, 40-41

children of, 148-9, 174, 177-9, 181, 268, 400

chivalry of, 168, 236-7

Christianity, former, of, 275-8, 284-5, 289, 293-4

circumcision practised by, 179

civilisation of, present, decline from earlier, 7, 255, 265,
268, 378

civilising rôle of, 37, 393, 401

cleanliness of, 163, 273, 274

colouring of, 161-2, 173, 367, 460

courage of, 11, 169-70, 236, 237, 354

dancing of, 44, 272

disease among, 178, 179-80

divorce among, 176-7

dress of, 14, 15, 95-6, 163-7, 177, 265, 289

education among, 174, 177-8, 268, 400

Europeans and, 8, 23, 24, 154, 290

evacuation of, by French, 113, 121-2, 302, 309, 360-61, 426

family system of, 103-4, 147, 148-53, 373, 398

female descent among, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398

festivals of, 181, 274-5

food of, 157-60, 174, 211, 212

French and: hostilities between, 9-11, 13, 26, 51, 52, 114
_n._[104], 236, 328; migration of some tribes from, 51, 350, 352;
pacific attitude of others, 26-7, 51, 52, 414 _n._[429]; revolt
against, in 1917, 39, 59, 60, 69, 70, 84-5, 86, 93, 98, 121-2,
127-8, 169, 185, 205, 302, 309, 420

furniture of, 229-30

geographical knowledge of, 265-6

government of, 144-8

graves and tombs of, 181, 229, 259-63

greetings used between, 419

historical knowledge of, 265, 360, 361-2

honour, sense of, among, 296

hospitality of, 210, 237

houses of, various types, 89, 90, 92, 181, 184, 239, 240-41,
244-55, 256, 302, 309, 310-11, 314, 315-16, 377-8, 381, 389, 393

huts of, 184, 253, 254, 262-3

industries of, 131, 164-6, 174, 227-30, 231, 277, 310

judicial system of, 107, 110

Kings of, _see_ Amenokal; list of, 463-5

language of, 15; _see_ Temajegh.

Libyans and, 7, 262, 341, 342, 356, 366, 462

literature of, 173, 263, 269, 360, 361-2

live stock of, 133-4, 190, 202, 203, 204-5

love affairs among, 174-5, 176

marriage system of, 170-71, 173, 174, 175-7, 181, 289

matriarchal system among, 103-4, 148-53, 170, 171

medicine among, 82, 180-81, 201

migrations of, _see_ Migrations.

ministers and officials of, 106-7

monarchy, democratic, of, 107-8, 145

monogamy usual among, 170, 171

mosques of, 86, 87, 93, 94, 255-8, 301-2, 360, 361

music of, 272

name of, 14, 15, 118, 257, 273-4, 412 _n._[426], 454, 459-60,
461; derivation of, 348-9

noble and servile, 15, 103-4, 110, 128, 137, 140-43, 217; _see_
Imajeghan _and_ Imghad.

nomadism of, 16, 208, 209, 212, 400, 406

numbers of, 402

origin of, _see above under_ ancestry of.

ornaments of, 282-6

patience of, 296, 420

physical type of, 161-3, 172, 177, 187, 217

poetry of, 169, 173, 263, 265, 271, 272

population of, 402

pottery of, 160-61, 317

prostitution among, 177

proverbs of, 176, 182, 237, 420, 421

raiding by, 51, 59, 187, 188, 189, 190-94

“red” colouring of, 162, 173, 367, 460

religion of, 273-8, 290, 291-4; earlier, possibly Christianity,
275-8, 293-4; traces of Christian influence, 275-6, 277, 278,
284-5, 289, 293-4; their conversion to Islam, and their lax
practice, 273, 274, 290, 291, 293, 324-5

revolt of, 1917, _see above under_ French.

script of, 15-16; _see_ T’ifinagh.

shields of, 234-5, 276, 444

slave trading, former, by, 135

slaves of, 15 _n._[13], 103-4, 105, 134, 135, 140, 150, 178

snuff taken by, 211, 220

Sultan of, _see_ Amenokal.

superstitions of, 275, 278-81, 293, 295-6

taboos among, 294-5

tobacco chewed by, 211

tools of, 229

totemism among, 294-5, 394 _n._[408]

trade of, 38, 48, 50, 133, 414

tribal names of, 128-31

tribes and sub-tribes of, 143-5, 393, 400, 426-41

unselfishness of, 95, 177, 178

vanity of, 95

Veil worn by, 14-15, 139-40, 163, 284-90, 328-9

warfare, methods of, 236-7; tribal, 101, 390, 391, 392, 402-3

weapons of, 233-6, 276; allegiance to _armes blanches_, 55, 235-6,
328; arm daggers, 234; knives, 234, 236; spears, 233-4, 236;
swords, 96, 233, 234, 236, 276, 289

weights and measures of, 220-22

women of, _see_ Women, Tuareg.

Tuareg, Azger, Damergu, Elakkos, Fezzan, _etc._, _see under those
heads_.

Tuat, 9, 260, 291, 292, 332, 334; earliest account of, 19; Ibn
Batutah’s journey to, 453, 455, 456; Jews massacred in, 291

Tuat road, 318, 353, 453

Tuat-Tidikelt area, 111

Tuberculosis case at Auderas, 180

Tubuzzat, Kel, 437

“Tufakoret” (solar halo), 296

Tuggurt, 9, 111

Tukda (Nakda), 452

Tumayu, 372

Tummo, 320

Tumuli, funerary, 260-61

Tunfafia, 180 _n._[172]

Tunisia, 325, 341, 457; Christianity in, 294; the Circumcelliones
in, 328; spread of Islam in, 257

Tunsi, El, 192

Turayet, 51, 418; graves in, 263; valley, 84, 183

Turdja, 180 _n._[172]

Turha, 180 _n._[172]

Turks: their part in the 1917 revolt, 93, 98; penetration of
Tibesti by, 327

Ufa Atikin, position of, 425

Ufugum, Kel, 434

Ula, 191

Ulcer, nasal, caused by sand, 180

Ulli, Kel, 52, 129, 307, 437, 438, 441; Damergu, 440

’Umbellu, the ’alim, 217, 270, 290, 385, 389

Umuzut, Kel, 428; Damergu, 440

Unankara valley, 308, 390

Uncle, maternal, descent traced through, 151

Ungwa, Kel, 433

Unnar, Kel, 381, 432, 433

Uraren, position of, 425

Urn burial, 161, 263; pre-Tuareg example of, 121

Urufan, 44; position of, 424

Ushr, 180 _n._[172]

Utzila, the, 343

Uye, Kel, 432

Valleys, of Air, 34-5, 83-4; of Azawagh, 61-2, 63, 66-7, 71, 76

Vassalage and Imghadage compared, 38, 140, 141

Vegetables, cultivation of, 131-2, 133

Vegetation, desert, 64, 70, 226; hardiness of, 67; rain and, 124;
Elakkos and Termit, 445, 446, 449

Veil, People of the, _see_ Tuareg.

Veil, the, 14-15, 41, 284, 286-90, 328; appearance of Tuareg without,
187; colour of, 117, 139-40; how put on, 287-8; Southerners adopt
practice of wearing, 41; theories concerning, 288-90; not worn by
women and slaves, 15, 140, 288

Venereal disease, 179-80

Vespasian, 322

Vesuvius, 242

Vicissitudes of Tuareg in Air, 401-16

Village organisations, effect of 1917 revolt on, 127-8, 338-9

Villagers, nomads’ lot envied by, 212

Villages, Central and North African type, 42, 43, 48, 87-90, 91;
Damergu, 48; Elakkos, 442, 443, 446; Tuareg, no factions in, 338

Viper, Sand, 227

Vizir, the, Agades, 106, 116

Vogel, Dr., 21

Volcanic origin of Saharan mountains, 2; phenomena in geology of Air,
33, 79, 81, 183, 215, 216

Volcano, Gheshwa, 241-2

Von Bary, Erwin, _see_ Bary.

Voulet, Captain, French expedition under, 25-6, 51

Wad Righ, 9

Wadai, 7, 334

Wadan, 325, 332 _n._[301]

Wadi el Shati, 354

Wadigi valley, 431

Wadigi, Kel, 431, 432, 437

Wahat, El, 6

“Wakili,” the Sultan’s, 106

Walad Delim, the, 344, 345 _n._[328], 358

Walata, 153, 175, 332, 404 _n._[419], 405

War of Famine, the, 414

Warfare, desert: raids distinct from, 190; small numbers involved
in, 11; Tuareg methods of, 236-7

Wargla, 9, 110, 335

Warrington, Colonel Hamer, 21

Warrington, Henry, 21

Water, native powers of abstinence from, 189, 208, 209, 210

“Water of the Horse,” 325-6

Water-skins, 232

Watering points: for salt caravans, 219; technique of raids and,
11, 188, 189; _see_ Wells.

Wati, Kel, 412-13

Wau el Harir, 336

Wau el Kebir, 6

Wau el Namus, 6

Wau el Seghir, 6

Wawat People of the West, 6

Weather superstitions, Tuareg, 295-6

Weathering, uneven in action, 321

Webster, G. W., 362 _n._[356]

Weights and measures, Air, 220-22

Welimmid (Aulimmiden), the, 357

Well, iron in, Ibn Batutah on, 453

Well, People of the Deep, 308

Wells, 7, 74-6, 80, 300; filled in during revolt, 59, 60, 451;
not poisoned in warfare, 236; silted up, 66, 72, 74

of Azawagh, 74-6, 80; of Elakkos, 445-6, 447; irrigation, 132-3;
attributed to the Itesan, 377, 378, 393; of Northern Air, 300;
origin and guardianship of, 74-5, 377, 378, 393

West, People of the, 129, 441

West and north, confusion of terms for, 244, 247

Western Negroland: Sanhaja dominant in, 404-5; occupied by Songhai,
409

Western Sahara, 3-4; caravan route to, 7; Sanhaja rulers of, 404, 405

Western Sudan, French expedition from, 25

Wheat: cultivation of, 131, 133; “kus-kus” made of, 157-8;
considered a luxury, 160

Wheeled transport, ancient use of, in Air, discussed, 318-19, 320,
321-2, 324

“White” and “Black” Tuareg, 139-40

White camels, 196

“White Nobles,” Tuareg term for British, 459

“White People,” the (Arab traders), 106, 404

“White People,” the (Kel Ahamellan), 352

Wild donkeys, 204

“Wild Men of Air,” the, 306-7

Wireless stations: Agades, 86; raiders handicapped by, 188

“Witnesses, The,” 260

Wives of Tuareg: male friends allowed to, 175-6; monogamy usual in
Air, 170, 171; purchase of, 177

Wolof language, 118

Women: Bardamah, 406, 452; Bororoji, 57; Hausa and Kanuri, 44;
Kel Owi, 180; Tegama, 54

Tuareg: general status of, 167-71, 272, 293; claimed as tribal
ancestresses or leaders, 398; in childbirth, 179; courage of,
169-70; descent traced through, 103-4, 148-53, 373, 398; divination
by, 281-2; dress of, 167, 172; eat with men, 174; education given
by, 173-4, 268, 400; faces of, painted, 173; fatness of, 118, 172,
406; forwardness of, 54, 118; household duties of, 174; industries
in hands of, 174, 227; male friends of, 175-6; marriage system,
170-71, 174, 175-6, 181, 196-7; noble, high standing of, 150, 151,
168, 169, 171, 172, 174; old, handsomeness of, 173; ornaments of,
283; as poets, 169, 173, 271, 272; property owned by, 168-9, 177,
293; in public life, 168, 169; salons held by, 272; spirits
supposed to attack, 279-81; veil not worn by, 15, 288; young, 172,
173, 174-5

World, roundness of, known to Tuareg, 266

Wounds, Tuareg treatment of, 201

Yellow ochre used as cosmetic, 173

Yemen, the, 341; early invasion from, 371

Yes, Quarter of, Ghat, 258

Yiti, Kel, 412

Youngest member of party made cook, 159

Youths, Tuareg, dress of, 289

Yunis, Sultan, 102, 103, 104, 463

Yusif (ben el Haj Ahmed ibn el Haj Abeshan), Sultan, 102 _n._[91],
103, 413, 464

Za Alayamin (el Yemani), Libyan dynasty of, 404

Za Yasebi, 408

Zakarkaran, the, 428

Zamfarawa, the, 391

Zanhaga, desert of, 332

Zanziga, the, 332, 333, 334, 343, 348

Zaria, type of houses of, 87

Zawzawa, 46, 145

Zegawa, the 343

Zegedan, Kel, 435

Zelim massif. 33; pool of, 317, 427

Zella, 374 _n._[389]

Zenega, the, 331

Zerumini, the, 433

Zibduwa, 412

Zilalet, 299, 431, 440; position of, 425

Zilalet, Kel, 384, 431, 440

Zinder, 42, 43-4, 49, 50, 51, 85, 189, 418; French garrison at,
85; Senussi “zawia” at, 49

Zinder-Chad, territory of, 50

Zinder-Fashi-Kawar road, 32

Zipta mountain, 327

Zuila (Cillala), 112, 323, 347

Zu’lhajja, 274

Zungu, 46

Zurbatan, the, 434

Zurika, position of, 425

_Published by permission of the Royal Geographical Society._]

Transcriber's note:

pg 76 Changed: _Crucifera thebaica_ to: _Cucifera_

pg 184, footnote 176, Changed: Plate 21 to: Plate 20

pg 220 Changed: gives undulys hort weight to: unduly short

pg 221 Changed: especially in measurng the to: measuring

pg 224 Changed: at one end pased over to: passed

pg 323 Changed: justify a futher advance to: further

pg 350, footnote 338, Changed all instances of: ʿ to: ’

pg 423 Changed: author’s meterological record to: meteorological

pg 435 Changed: abounding in in “dûm palms.” to: abounding in
“dûm palms.”

pg 442 Changed: in an expense of yellow sea to: expanse

pg 451 Changed: Bultum Babá to: Bullum

pg 457 Changed: authors have asumed that to: assumed

pg 460 Changed: del settrentrionale d’Africa to: settentrionale

pg 468 Changed: Oriental Translations Fund, 1941 to: 1841

pg 470 Changed: Agheláshem wells to: Aghelashem

pg 473 Changed: Aulimmiden, the, [. . .] inheritance system disliked
by, 153 to: 152

pg 487 Changed: Songhai atack on to: attack

Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.

Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.