Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

Chapter II: Part 2

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Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter. Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third. La mitad: The half. La tercera parte: The 3rd part. La cuarta parte: The 4th part. La duodecima parte: The 12th part.

[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as veinte--un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in _ce_ the _c_ is changed into _z_ as, doce--un dozavo (1/12th).]

Collective Numbers.

Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66] Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66] Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66] Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66] Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]

[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de libros: (about 30 books).]

[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense.

N.B.--The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent.]

VOCABULARY.

=actual=, present =al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =arroz=, rice =articulo=, article =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =blanquear=, to bleach =ya caigo=, I understand, I see =colocar=, to place =*conseguir=, to get =consignacion=, consignment =contenido=, contents =decadencia=, decadence =delegado=, delegate =demasiado=, too, too much =dificil=, difficult =driles labrados=, figured drills =driles lisos=, plain drills =entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign =escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select =extrano=, strange, queer, funny =el germen=, the germ =grueso=, thick, stout =hallar=, to find =ilustrado=, enlightened =incluyendo=, enclosing =limitar=, to limit =mientrastanto=, meanwhile =*obtener=, to get =peso=, weight =poder=, power =podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could =proximo=, next =rebaja=, abatement =rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate =reduccion=, abatement, reduction =reunion=, meeting =*salir=, to come, to go, out =*salir en=, to come to =solo= (_adj._), alone =solo, solamente= (_adv._), only =sujeto a=, subject to =sumar=, to add =tocino=, bacon =tomar=, to take =varios=, several =verificarse=, to take place[68] =*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69]

[Footnote 68: Lit.: _to verify itself_.]

[Footnote 69: Lit.: _to see oneself obliged_.]

EXERCISE 1 (13).

Translate into English--

1. ?Cual envio han recibido Vs.?

2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavia.

3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obreros.

4. ?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino?

5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos (say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.

6. ?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?

7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.

8. iQue fraccion tan extrana!

9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo.

10. iAh, ya caigo!

11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que se verifico despues.

12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional.

13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el.

14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua (effects) sus pagos.

15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.

[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is _reflexive_ or _passive_: se da, _it gives itself_ or _it is given_; se observan, _they observe themselves_ or _are observed_.]

EXERCISE 2 (14).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this undertaking. It is too difficult.

2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), 2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at 2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias).

3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.

4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per cent.

5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).

6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados).

7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their declarations.

8. He ordered the wrong article (un ... por otro).

9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) article.

10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves).

11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken note of its contents.

12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que Vs. necesitan).

[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the 2nd Person.]

LESSON VIII.
(Leccion octava.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names--
Nominative case for the Subject pronouns
Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns
Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.--These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible, as--

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths. (El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs the letters. (Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But--

Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: _I_ have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not _you_.

=Object Pronouns=.

These are divided into two classes--1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a preposition--

Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us)
Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you)
El (him, it, _m._) Ellos-as (them)
Ella (her, it, _f._) Ello (_neuter_) (it, referring
to a whole statement)
V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)

EXAMPLES--

Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me. Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him. Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you. V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. =Conjunctive=, viz., _direct_ or _indirect object_ of verb (without a preposition).

El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us)
El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you)
El lo _or_ le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them,
him, it, _m._) _m._)
El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them,
or it, _f._) _f._)

[Footnote 73: N.B.--In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. differs.]

EXAMPLES of _Indirect Object_--

El me da he gives me (to me) El te da he gives thee (to thee) El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it) El nos da he gives us (to us) El os da he gives you (to you) El les da he gives them (to them, _m._ and _f._)

The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as--

a mi me _or_ to me direct and indirect object a ti thee _or_ to thee " " " " a el him _or_ to him, " " " " it _(m.) or_ " " " " to it _(m.)_ " " " " a ella her _or_ to her, " " " " it _(f.) or_ " " " " to it _(f.)_ " " " " a nosotros-as us _or_ to us " " " " a vosotros-as you _or_ to you " " " " a ellos them _or_ " " " " to them _(m.)_ " " " " a ellas them _or_ " " " " to them _(f.)_ " " " "

We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb--one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.

The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as--

El me ama a mi: He loves _me_.

El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V. generos de fantasia: He sells to _us_ printed cloth and to _you_ fancies.

Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see _him_ and not _her_.

Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.

De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella. Give _him_ the money and _her_ the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay _him_ more than _me_), "me pagaran" is understood after _que_.]

VOCABULARY.

=acero=, steel =antes=, before--in point of time =asunto= (_not_ =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compania anonima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjuncion=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emision=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =mas adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posicion=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sirvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]

EXERCISE 1 (15).

Translate into English--

1. ?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3. ?Donde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5. ?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7. ?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante?

8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian a sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11. ?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco?

12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animacion.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).

16. ?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra dividendo este ano.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: _Or_ se representa.]

EXERCISE 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir ...).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz.

12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida _or_ buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.

LESSON IX.
(Leccion novena.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (_contd._).

Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.

Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as--

El los compro: He bought them.

Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.

Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.

Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.

Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.

El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.

EXCEPTIONS--

1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun _may_ follow the verb, _except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood_, as--

Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.

N.B.--Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.

2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun _must_ follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as--

Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta: The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.

Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto: By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.

Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.

Hagannos Vs. esta bonificacion: Make us this allowance.

Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account.

Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.

[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as--

Hablale tu: Speak to him.
No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.]

If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as--

Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.

If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as--

Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him. V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her. Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice. Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you.

[Footnote 79: Combinations of _me_ and _te_ are _very rare_, and then _te_ precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as--

El te da a mi: He gives thee to me.
El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.]

[Footnote 80: _A el, a ella, a V._, etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]

VOCABULARY.

=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =arancel=, custom-house tariff =aviso=, advice, notice =confianza=, trust, confidence =constantemente=, constantly =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =correo=, post, post office =*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave =*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal =de moda=, fashionable =devolver=, to give or send back =efectuar=, to effect =favorable=, favourable =fijar=, to fix =holgazan, haragan=, lazy =honrar=, to honour =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =largo=, long =noticia, noticias=, news =*poner en condiciones=, to enable =por=, _or_ =de, su cuenta=, on his account =el sobre=, the envelope =tomar nota=, to take note, to notice =venta=, sale

EXERCISE 1 (17).

Translate into English--

1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.

2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien.

3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.

4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres.

5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente.

6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.

7. Os fija sus limites.

8. Les da su cotizacion.

9. Creernos.

10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).

11. Venderles a credito.

12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction).

13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.

14. El me lo escribio.

15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.

16. El nos lo explico.

17. Yo os lo enviare.

18. Se lo escribiremos a el.

19. Se lo explicaremos a ella.

20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos.

21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas.

22. ?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi?

23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)

24. Yo mismo lo mande.

25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.

26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.

27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el.

28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella.

EXERCISE 2 (18).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff?

2. Yes, I saw (vi) it.

3. It is more favourable to us than the old.

4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).

5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has read it (despues que lo haya leido).

6. Did you give (dio V.) it (_m._) to me or to him?

7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him.

8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).

9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.

10. I shall take it (_f._) with me.[81]

11. Take it with thee.[81]

12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.

13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post.

14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.

15. We have taken notice of it.

16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.

17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his account.

18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our market to-day.

19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.

20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice (debe habersele pasado por alto).

21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).

22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).

[Footnote 81: See next note.]

LESSON X.
(Leccion decima.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.

They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as--

Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.

myself me mi
thyself te ti

EXCEPTION-- 3rd person for both genders & numbers: se si

EXAMPLES--

El se ama: He loves himself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.

Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business.

Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and others too.

_Mismo-a,-os,-as_, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, as--

Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself. (more emphatic).

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to herself (still more emphatic).

[Footnote 82: After _con_ (with) _si_ becomes Sigo; same change with _mi_ and _ti_: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]

The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be used to form the passive voice, as--

Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed.

Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]: The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.

[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]

=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the English "one," "people," "they" (_indefinite_), as the French "on" and the German "man," as---

Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, _or_ it is said, that there will be a rise in the market.

Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, _or_ it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.

En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth _or_ The fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age.

[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the pronoun.]

[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]

As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by "se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical examples, as--

Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (_not_ han) plegado como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded them as Irish Linens.

A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as---

Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself. Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves. Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me). Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them. Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him. Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them for L1,000.

[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the termination _ron_ of the 3rd pers. pl. into _se, ses, se, semos, seis sen_, in all the three conjugations.]

VOCABULARY.

=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present =a menudo=, often =acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself =admitir=, to acknowledge =aparecer=, to appear =aplicarse=, to apply oneself =ayuda=, help =boletin=, form, slip, price list =caucho seco=, dry rubber =cebada y avena=, barley and oats =cifras=, figures =la compra=, the purchase =*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on =la costumbre=, custom =cualquiera=, any (_affirm._) =cuidadosamente=, carefully =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dirigirse=, to address oneself =escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another =escuchar=, to listen to =exacto=, exact, accurate =firmeza=, firmness =industria azucarera=, sugar industry =los informes=, information =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =llamarse=, to be called =el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. =*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) =partida=, lot (of goods) =perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) =*reconocer=, to acknowledge =recursos=, means = respetar=, to respect =seccion=, section =tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself =tejidos=, textiles, cloths =ultimamente=, lately =unicamente=, solely, only

EXERCISE 1 (19).

Translate into English--

1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre aparece en el boletin adjunto.

2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados.

3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo.

4. Te has dedicado al comercio.

5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo).

6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente.

7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros.

8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."

9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances.

10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing machines) se mueven por motor electrico.

11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente.

12. ?Se envian las maquinas en secciones?

13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.

14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ?piensa V. que influiran en los precios?

15. Asi se cree.

16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los consumidores (consumers).

17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).

[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]

EXERCISE 2 (20).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.

2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to their advice (consejo).

3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.

4. He found himself a loser (a perder).

5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in bankruptcy).

6. They wrote to each other often.

7. He respects himself.

8. He himself respects old customs.

9. We acknowledge we are wrong.

10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).

11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help you may render (preste) to our friend.

12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.

13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.

14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was little doing (poco se hizo).

15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in the securities.

16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were maintained (se mantuvieron).

LESSON XI.
(Leccion decima primera.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A Possessive Adjective _accompanies a noun_; a Possessive pronoun _stands for a noun_.

The =Possessive Adjectives= are--

EXAMPLES--

Mi embarque: My shipment. Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement. Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity. Tu beneficio: Thy benefit. Sus fondos: His funds, capital.

_De el, de ella, de ellos, de V._, etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]

In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su ... de el," "su ... de V.," etc., we may say "el ... de el," "el ... de V.," etc.

[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself--your grace).]

The =Possessive Pronouns= are--

El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine). El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine). El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours, _polite_). El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours). El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours _familiar_).

The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.

EXAMPLES--

Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than mine.

V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.

Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]

[Footnote 89: If the intention is only _to distinguish_ between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, _aquellas_ son las de V. (these are my shares, _those_ are yours).]

=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, _following the noun_, as--

Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want _my_ portmanteau, not your friend's.

"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition _de_.

The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes "property in general," as--

Lo mio (mine--that which is mine). Lo nuestro (ours--that which belongs to us). Lo suyo _or_ lo propio (one's own property). Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).

In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as--

Amigo mio: My friend. Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).

But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).

[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]

[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after _si_ (if), by the Present Indicative.]

VOCABULARY.

=*atenerse a= to adhere to =*adherir a= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse a=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido a=, owing to =direccion=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =peticion=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relacion=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=a= _or_ =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams

EXERCISE 1 (21).

Translate into English--

1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido.

2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.

3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.

4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.

5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.

6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve (shortly).

7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.

8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.

9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.

10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.

11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de el.

EXERCISE 2 (22).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.

2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.

3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.

4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.

5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.

6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con _or_ de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).

7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.

[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que _estrechan_ sus manos).]

LESSON XII.
(Leccion decima segunda.)

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A demonstrative adjective _accompanies_ a noun and a demonstrative pronoun _stands for_ a noun.

The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are--

[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]

The difference between _Ese_ and _Aquel_ is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use _ese_ for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."

The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of--

Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used--

1. In reference to a whole sentence, as--

El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.

2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as--

?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)

_Este, ese, aquel_, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; _Este_ is also used for "the latter" and _Aquel_ for "the former."[96]

Instead of _ese_, etc., _aquel_, etc., before _que_ and _de_, the definite article is generally used, as--

El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.

La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.

El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.

Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).

Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.

[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]

[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]

[Footnote 96: Esto es--namely, that is ...]

[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.

A preposition may precede _que_, as--

?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.

?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want? That to which I referred yesterday.

?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these? They are those with which I wrote.

_Esta_ translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."

_Esa_ translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."

As--

El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.

Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.

VOCABULARY.

=a ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca a motor= motor-boat =barca automovil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =dias de estadia=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =esta visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbon=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilacion=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn

[Footnote 98: Neighbour, _person living near_: vecino.]

EXERCISE 1 (23).

Translate into English--

1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos.

2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market).

3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada.

4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a 100.

5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103.

6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.

7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente.

8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare.

9. Eso me conviene.

EXERCISE 2 (24).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.

2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.

3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco).

4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of L1,000.

5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.

6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aqui) to make considerable purchases.

7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.

8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.

LESSON XIII.
(Leccion decima tercera.)

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

_Quien_ is used for persons only. _El cual_ and _que_ are used for persons and things.

EXAMPLES--

El agente a quien (_or_ al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.

?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer? Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?

Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.

El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

_Que_ is used very often instead of _quien_ and _el cual. Que_ is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and _Quien_ or _El cual_ only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as--

?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana? Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?

He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.

[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]

After _ser_ and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by _quien_, as--

Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.

After a preposition translate "whom" by _quien_ (pl., _quienes_)[100], and "which" by _el cual (la cual_, etc.).

[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]

EXCEPTION--

After _a, con, de, en_, we can also translate "which" equally well by _que_, or _el que, la que, los que, las que_.[101]

[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]

"Which" relating to a whole sentence is _lo cual_ or _lo que_ (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).

Instead of _cuyo_ we may use _de quien, del cual, de que, del que_, as--

El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, _or_ del que ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.

El comerciante al hijo de quien, _or_ del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.

"He who" is translated by _aquel que, el que_,[102] also _quien_.

"She who" is translated by _aquella que, la[102] que_, also _quien_.

"Those who" is translated by _aquellos que, los[102] que_, also _quienes_.

[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]

=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as--

El hombre a quien, _or_ que vi: The man I saw.

Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).

Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (_or_ de la cual, _or_ de la que no hay otra mejor)".

VOCABULARY.

=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =ensenar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadisticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mencion=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periodico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeno=, to be earnest, anxious about anything

EXERCISE 1 (25).

Translate into English--

1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito.

2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla.

3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra.

4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas.

5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (_or_ el cual) parece hombre muy simpatico.

6. El corredor, quien (_or_ el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana.

7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).

8. El hombre a quien (_or_ al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.

9. El negociante de quien (_or_ del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo (most upright).

10. El asunto a que me referia (_or_ de que trataba).

11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (_or_ con la que) puede escribir V.

12. La mina en que (_or_ en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.

13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.

14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden.

15. ?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (_or_ al hijo de quien) V. conoce?

EXERCISE 2 (26).

Translate into Spanish--

1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.

2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (_subj._)) have not experienced how (cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude.

3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.

4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.

5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.

6. The little (pequena) house I paid for.

7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.

8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.

9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.

10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.

11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.

12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido _or_ un conocimiento).

LESSON XIV.
(Leccion decima cuarta.)

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent--

?Quien,-es? (who, whom?) ?Cual,-es? (which?) ?Que? (what?) ?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?) ?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?) ?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)

[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.]

_Cual_ when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. _Quien_, interrogative, is never an adjective.

EXAMPLES--

?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me?

?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer?

?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? _or_ Whose ?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this? ?De quien es este lapiz?

?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?

?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?

?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me?

_Cual_ (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as--

?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?

_Que_ is used in exclamatory sentences--"what a", as--

iQue lastima! What a pity! iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104]

[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" translates the English "how":--iQue bonito! how nice!]

An emphatic _tan_ or _mas_ may be inserted, thus--

iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man!

_Cual_ is used in exclamatory clauses instead of _como_ (how), as--

iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (_or_ to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! iCual la vi! How (_or_ in what a state) did I see her!

_Cuanto_ is also used in exclamations, as--

iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!

_Cual_ without article and without accent is used for "as," as--

Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.

Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."

_Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form)_.

_Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense._

_Imperative Mood_. (This mood is used to command or beg.)

[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.

The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final _r_ into _d_--no exception.

The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the _3rd pers. sing. of the Pres. Indicative_, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]

[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.

N.B.--In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as--

=Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
No hableis (do not (you) speak).]

VOCABULARY.

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Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)Chapter II: Part 2

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