Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

Chapter III: Part 3

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=*acordarse=, to remember =me acuerdo=, I remember =se acuerda=, he remembers =cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio =contestar a, responder a=, to answer =*decir=, to say =*devolver=, to return, give back =devuelto=, given back =devuelvo=, I return, give back =digo=, I say =dice=, he says =dije=, I said =dijo=, he said =disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased =flojedad=, slackness =*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) =mucho me gusta=, I am very glad =negativa=, refusal =notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes =*oir=, to hear =*perder=, to lose =perdiendo=, losing =*querer=, to want, to be willing to have =quiero=, I want, I am willing to have =quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have =responder=,[107] to answer =*seguir=, to continue =sorpresa=, surprise

[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"--otherwise regular.]

EXERCISE 1 (27).

Translate into English--

1. ?Quien respeta las leyes?

2. ?Cuales leyes?

3. Las de este pais. ?Que dice V.?

4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).

5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.

6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.

7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas!

8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas?

9 ?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres.

10. ?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)?

11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.

12. ?Cuya cartera es esta?

13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta.

14. ?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?

15. Es mio.

16. ?Que libro es este? Es el mio.

17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el amortizable.

18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.

19. iCual lo hallamos!

20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima!

EXERCISE 2 (28).

Translate into Spanish--

1. What reduction can you make?

2. Twopence a yard.

3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?

4. What orders did you give?

5. Whose goods are these?

6. What a surprise!

7. How much money did you receive?

8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?

9. Did you answer all his letters?

10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos responsables).

11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades).

12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal.

13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho _or_ infinito) but it is not my fault.

14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.

15. Has the steamer called at Malaga?

16. I believe she has (que si).

LESSON XV.
(Leccion decima quinta.)

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.)

Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody) *Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything) *Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons) Uno a otro (one another, each other) Uno u otro (one or the other, either) Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both) Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other) Ni uno (not a single one) Los otros, los demas (the others) Mismo (same, self) Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain) Cada (each) *Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one) Otro (other, another[108]) Todo (all, everything, every) Todos (everybody, all) Poco (little) Pocos (few) Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few) Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many) Varios (several) Cualquiera (_sing._), Cualesquiera (_pl._), (any, whichever) *Quienquiera (_sing._), quienesquiera (_pl._), (any, whoever, whomever) *Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever) Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same) Tal (_sing._), tales (_pl._ such a, such) *Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So) Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which) Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who) Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any) *Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody) *Quien ... quien, *cual ... cual (some ... some)

[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."]

_Cada_ is an adjective only, as--

Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike injures national industry.

_Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie_ are invariable, and the verb accompanying them is always singular, as--

Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen.

Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than money, honour.

?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than ingratitude?

Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible.

Further difference in meaning between _alguien_ and _alguno_--

_Alguien_ refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by _de_. _Alguno_ to persons or things, and may be followed by _de_,[109] as--

Alguien _or_ Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained.

Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and peaches, and I have some.

Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it.

The English "any," "anything," are translated by _alguno, alguna cosa (algo)_ when interrogative; _ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada)_ when negative; and _cualquiera, cualquiera cosa_ when affirmative, as--

?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any refreshments[110] or anything to eat?

No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands.

Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria Lawns are of lower quality.

_Alguno_ and _Ninguno_ are left understood oftener than in English, as--

?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any stock of the new issue?

El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice.

When _nadie_ and _ninguno_, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb _nunca_ (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he visto a nadie _or_ a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody.

[Footnote 109: Same difference between _nadie_ and _ninguno_.]

[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, as: ?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend me?).]

Verbs ending in _car_ or _gar_ change the _c_ and _g_ into =qu= and =gu= respectively before =e=, as--

[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will be omitted in future _when they are regular_. The derivative parts will also be omitted when they are _regularly formed from their primary parts_ according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the book.]

VOCABULARY.

=agricola=, agricultural =amontonar=, to pile up =apertura=, opening =bajar=, to lower, to go or come down =bonito=, pretty =comarca=, region, district (of a country) =detenidamente=, at length =duplicar=, to double, to duplicate =exigua=, slight, trifling =fabricas de algodon=, cotton mills =generos alimenticios=, food stuffs =*hacer caso=, to take notice =hilador=, spinner =impuesto=, tax =(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty =industria=, industry =legislatura=, parliamentary session =ligero=, light (_adj._), slight, small =limitacion=, curtailment =(la) luz=, light (_n._) =*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain =mejora=, improvement =ministerio=, ministry =obligaciones=, debentures =olvidar=, to forget =para que=, so that =patria=, country, fatherland =preferible=, preferable =*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule =subir=, to go or come up =tejedor=, weaver =timbre=, stamp =tomar la delantera a=, to take the start on. =trigo=, wheat =varios=, several =vinicola=, wine (_adj._)

EXERCISE 1 (29).

Translate into English--

1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente.

2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio.

3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran (will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira detenidamente.

4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala.

5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera.

6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso.

7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca.

8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio.

9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los riesgos.

10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas.

EXERCISE 2 (30).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase.

2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America).

3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices.

4. Each week shows an improvement.

5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes).

6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements.

7. We accept these bills but refuse the others.

8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme.

9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se perdiera nada).

10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.

11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.

12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.

13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton Mills.

14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight (exigua).

15. Foreign Bourses.--Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) improvement was noticeable (se observo).

LESSON XVI.
(Leccion decima sexta.)

THE VERB.

The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can be construed.

Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.

The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.

_Haber_ is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities--

1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb _hacer_ which is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, as--

Dos anos ha (_or_ ha dos anos) _or_ hace dos anos la exportacion de los Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.

Ha dos anos (_or_ hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two years.

?Cuanto tiempo ha (_or_ hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long have you been studying Spanish?

[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]

2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), as--

Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.

Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many spices last year also.

Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.

(N.B.--Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)

In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two men are there." In Spanish, however, _haber_ is used impersonally and both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un hombre," "Hay dos hombres."

It will be noticed that _Haber_ used for "there to be" makes _Hay_ instead of _Ha_ for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain unchanged: _habia, hubo, habra, habria_, etc.

_Hay que_ followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary to ..., as--

Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, etc., must be very careful.

_Tener_ is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead of _haber_, as--

Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.

Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.

?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?

Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar Mill for our Factory in Havana.

In all the preceding examples _tener_ used instead of _haber_ introduces an additional idea of "=possession=".

"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that the receiver holds it now.

[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and number with the _direct object_.]

Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as--

?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.

Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.

Colloquially the people will use _tener_ for _haber_ without any allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.

VOCABULARY.

=anteayer=, the day before yesterday =apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (_a._) =apresurarse=, to hasten (_n._) =apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders =arbol de eje=, axle shaft =camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce =cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft =compania de ferrocarril=, railway company =con manchas=, (designs)--spot =con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot =contestar=, to answer, to reply =cuadritos=, (designs) checks =cuenta simulada=, pro forma account =culpa=, blame, fault =dano=, damage, injury, breakdown =de buena tinta=, from a good source =derecho=, right =duda=, doubt =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =existencias=, stocks of goods =expedidor=, sender =fecha de=, dated =listados=, (designs) striped =a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped =malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent =mundial=, world (_adj._) =proximamente=, about, approximately =pues=, well =redactar=, to write out =repentinamente=, suddenly =representacion exclusiva=, sole agency =responsabilidad=, responsibility =retardar=, to delay, to be delayed =*romperse=, to break (_n._) =roto=, broken =todavia=, yet =vivir=, to live, to reside =ya=, already

EXERCISE 1 (31).

Translate into English--

1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.

2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.

3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.

4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.

5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.

6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.

7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.

8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.

9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.

10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.

11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas.

12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.

EXERCISE 2 (32).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?

2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.

3. How long have you been living in England?

4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel sin precedente).

5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.

6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.

7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works (la fabrica).

8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter (esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the loss.

9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility--there is no doubt about (de) that.

10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?

11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que....)

12. They have been for 15 years.

13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up (mejorando).

LESSON XVII.
(Leccion decima septima.)

"SER" AND "ESTAR."

=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.

=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as

Estoy escribiendo (I am writing). Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).

The difficulty in the employment of _ser_ and _estar_ is, by some, unduly magnified. Others give the following rule--

_Ser_ denotes a permanent state. _Estar_ "temporary"

This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the following two examples will show--

El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years.

Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains are perpetually covered with snow.

The following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between _ser_ and _estar_ and to apply them correctly.

_Ser_ is used--

1. To form the Passive Voice, as--

El cartero trajo las cartas--_Active_: The postman brought the letters.

La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero--_Passive[115]_: The letter was brought by the postman.

[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]

[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the _action_ of sweeping, viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido--no voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote _state_ or _condition_.]

2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as--

La nieve es blanca: Snow is white. El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.

[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por dos anos, entonces _es soldado_: John has enlisted for two years, then he is a soldier.]

_Estar_ is used to denote--

1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as--

Estoy aqui I am here. Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.

2. A condition, as--

Estoy candado: I am tired. Esta enfermo: He is ill.

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.

_Ser_ must be used--

1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as--

Soy negociante: I am a merchant.

Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange broker.

Son buenos valores: They are good securities.

2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as--

Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these makers.

3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as--

Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal proceedings.

4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]

[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," but they are spoken of as such.]

_Estar_ must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] as--

Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts. Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.

[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a quality.]

Verbs ending in _cer_, _cir_, _ger_ and _gir_ change the _c_ into =z= and the _g_ into =j= before _a_ or _o_ as--

Verbs ending in _guir_ and _quir_ change the _gu_ into =g= and the _qu_ into =c= before _a_ or _o_, as--

[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in _quir_.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=, to have just =accesorio=, accessory =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =antiguo=, old, ancient =averia=, particular, particular average =balance=, balance, balance sheet =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =biela=, connecting rod =caldera=, boiler =cilindros=, cylinders =citar=, to quote, to mention a passage =*convenir=, to agree, to suit =cotizar=, to quote prices =cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account =dejar=, to leave, to let =disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal =durar=, to last =el engranaje=, the gearing =entregar=, to deliver =equipo=, equipment =es decir, o sea= viz., namely =a saber= viz., namely =franco de porte=, carriage paid =grifo=, cock (machinery) =hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date =huelga=, strike =imprevisto=, unforseen =a la izquierda=, to the left =llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be =*mantenerse=, to be maintained =maquina=, machine, engine =mercerizar=, to mercerize =para con=, towards =transporte seguido=, carriage forward =porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward =presentar=, to present =proveer=, to provide =provisto (proveido)=, provided =semejante=, similar =*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel =sin embargo=, however =soportes, coginetes=, bearings =tornillos=, screws =transporte pagado=, carriage paid =tubos=, tubes =valvula=, valve =el volante=, the fly-wheel =y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)

EXERCISE 1 (33).

Translate into English--

1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas.

2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.

3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas y tornillos.

4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?

5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.

6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial.

7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.

8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.

9. Soy feliz de saberlo.

10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices.

11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a 5-3/16 d. por yarda.

12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!

EXERCISE 2 (34).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.

2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.

3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.

4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.

5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.

6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.

7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).

8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).

9. The goods are at your disposal.

10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).

11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.

12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.

13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.

14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) carriage forward.

15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.

[Footnote 120: Or: _=que nada mas=_.]

LESSON XVIII.
(Leccion decima octava.)

TRANSITIVE VERBS.

A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.

=Transitive Verbs= are divided into--

=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as--

Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.

=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as--

Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.

The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb _ser_ as above, or by using the =active voice= with the pronoun _se_, as--

Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.

Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as--

Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.

Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as--

Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.

Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.

"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as--

Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).

The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by _a_, as--

Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William. Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.

[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]

[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as: Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]

A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] as--

Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.

[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the word).]

But _a_ should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as--

Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.

Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez to our manufacturer.

A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as--

Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.

Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.

Verbs whose root ends in _ll_ or _n_ take =e= and =o= instead of _ie_ and _io_, as--

[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]

Verbs in whose conjugations _i_ should come =unstressed= between two vowels change the unstressed _i_ into =y=, as--

+----------------------------------+ | =Creer= (to believe). | +----------------------------------+ |_Pres. Part._, Creyendo. | |_Past Def._, Creyo ... creyeron.| +----------------------------------+

But the _Imperf. Indic._: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creian.

Verbs ending in _zar_ change the _z_ into =c= before =e= (because, with very few exceptions, _z_ is not used in modern Spanish before _e_ or _i_), as--

+---------------------------------------------------------+ | =Gozar= (to enjoy). | +---------------------------------------------------------+ |_Pres. Subj._, Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.| |_Past. Def._, Goce ... | +---------------------------------------------------------+

VOCABULARY.

=abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =adjunto=, herewith =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =arpillera=, bagging =asegurar=, to insure =atribuir=, to attribute =el billar=, billiards =bola=, ball =calzado=, footwear =camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads =carne seca=, jerked beef =chalecos=, vests =consignacion=, consignment =correas=, belts, belting (machinery) =corresponsal=, correspondent =egoista=, selfish =encaminar=, to forward =entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) =fresno=, ash =garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas =a grande velocidad=, by passenger train =guisantes=, green peas =habas=, broad beans =haya=, beech =hortalizas=, green vegetables =instruir=, to instruct =judias=, French beans =laton=, brass =la leche=, the milk =loza=, crockery =a pequena velocidad=, by slow train =pino=, pine =plomo=, lead =porcelana=, china =productos quimicos=, chemicals =roble, encina=, oak =rotura=, breakage =semestre=, half-year =suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out =tacos=, billiard-cues =el viaje=, the journey =zinc=, zinc

EXERCISE 1 (35).

Translate into English--

1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible.

2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).

3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.

4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.

5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley.

6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro.

7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.

8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas.

9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas.

10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo Domingo y la Habana.

11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.

12. He visitado a Espana.

[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally _hervir_. Bullir is given as an example of the conjugation.]

EXERCISE 2 (36).

Translate into Spanish--

1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and oak.

2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our disposal.

3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.

4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.

5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas en latas).

6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.

7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.

8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters.

9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average (franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of 4%.

10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches.

11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by passenger train, the remainder of the articles.

LESSON XIX.
(Leccion decima nona.)

INTRANSITIVE VERBS.

Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."

The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of the same person= all through, as--

=Quejarse= (to complain).

_Pres. Indic._, Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.

_Fut. Indic._, Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.

These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself, as--

Yo me amo: I love myself.

Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=.

=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds--

1. Those which are always pronominal, as--

[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference between Transitive and Intransitive.]

2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified or more or less modified, as--

3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as--

Estar, estarse (to be) Quedar, quedarse (to remain) Casar (_con_), casarse (_con_), (to marry) Pensar, pensarse (to think) Yo pienso, _or_ me pienso que si (I think so) Me escapo de la memoria _or_ (it escaped my memory). Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).

In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can teach.

=Irregular Verbs=.

We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary Tenses from which they are derived[127]--

[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the end.]

[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]

VOCABULARY.

=agitarse=, to agitate (_n._) =algo=, something, anything (_interrog._) =amenaza=, threat =anticipacion=, anticipation =anticipar=, to anticipate =anticipo=, advance =arduo=, arduous, difficult =baja=, decline =bajo cubierta=, underdeck =botones=, buttons =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =camaradas=, comrades =cepillo=, brush =cinta=, ribbon =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short =damascos=, damasks =definitivo=, definite =descuidar=, to neglect =ejecutar=, to execute =encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace =espantarse=, to be frightened =estiva=, stowage =*imponer=, to impose =impuesto=, imposed =lienzo adamascado=, diaper =pasas=, raisins =patronos=, masters, employers of workmen =prisa=, haste, hurry =*producir=, to produce =produje=, I produced =produjeron=, they produced =razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of =reglamento=, regulations =sobre cubierta=, on deck =sobre estadias=, demurrage =sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself =tonelada=, ton =*traer=, to bring, to carry =traje=, I brought, I carried =tranquilo=, quiet =uvas=, grapes =vista= (=a la=), at sight

EXERCISE 1 (37).

Translate into English--

1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.

2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.

3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.

4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.

5. ?Porque rie V.?

6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.

7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.

8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.

9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo.

10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).

11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.

12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.

EXERCISE 2 (38).

Translate into Spanish--

1. You have anticipated my wishes.

2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).

3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.

4. To pay in anticipation.

5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, _or_ agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.

6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.

7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.

8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).

9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).

10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.

11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.

12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.

13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.

14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)

15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.

LESSON XX.
(Leccion vigesima.)

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]

[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]

The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are--

Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains) Granizar (to hail) Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes) Lloviznar (to drizzle) Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows) Relampaguear (to lighten) Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders) Alborear (to dawn) Amanecer (to dawn) Anochecer (to grow dark)

The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is _ello_. Sometimes we find the words _Dios_ or _el dia_ expressed as subjects, as--

Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.

Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.

_Amanecer_ and _anochecer_ may be used as personal verbs, as--

Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.

Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.

Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as--

Bastar (to suffice). Convenir (to suit). Parecer (to appear). Faltar[130] (to be wanting). Hacer falta (to be wanted). Suceder[131] (to happen).

[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]

[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]

EXAMPLES--

Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.

No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.

No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.

Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.

Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.

In the sentences:

Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me. Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right. Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.

the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.

The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as--

(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.

Of _Haber_ and _Hacer_ as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson VIII and Lesson XVI.

We add here that _Hacer_ is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as--

Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.

_Valer_ used impersonally = "to be better," as--

Mas vale asi: It is better so.

Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.

[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in _o_ in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]

VOCABULARY.

=algo=, somewhat =asunto=, matter =calor=, heat =carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams =cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain =cheques=, cheques =circular=, to circulate, to go round =cobrar=, to collect (money) =comprometer=, to compromise =costa=, coast =cuesta=, slope =cuidar=, to take care =cuidarse=, to take care of oneself =decididamente=, decidedly =decidir=, to decide =despues=, afterwards =drogas=, drysalteries =durante=, during =faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted =el fin=, the end =fustanes=, fustians =gasa=, gauze =gastos=, expenditure =ingresos netos=, net revenue =jamon=, ham =letras=, bills of exchange =maiz=, maize =malbaratar=, to undersell =mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets =merceria=, haberdashery =paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll =puerto=, port, harbour =recursos=, means =*reducir=, to reduce =reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. =reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. =*seguir=, to follow, to continue =sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. =el temporal=, the storm =*valer mas=, to be preferable =vencer=, to fall due =vidriado=, glassware

EXERCISE 1 (39).

Translate into English--

1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.

2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo _or_ soplo (blew) viento fuerte.

3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.

4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia (the livelong day).

5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones.

6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.

7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos.

8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a comprometer su credito.

9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) este puerto.

10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.

11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible (which preclude ...).

12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, gasas, y carranclanes.

EXERCISE 2 (40).

Translate into Spanish--

1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.--The net revenue for the half-year from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against (contra) L743,077 in 1909.

2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.

3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta tarde) until next Monday morning.

4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.

5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.

6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).

7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.

8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.

9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a bankrupt.

10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the money in full (por entero).

11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.

12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el caldero).[133]

13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.

14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).

15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.

16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).

[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]

LESSON XXI.
(Leccion vigesima primera.)

DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS.

=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.

The principal ones are--

_Soler_. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, etc., as--

En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco--ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a little.

_Yacer_. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.

(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)

_Salve_ and _Vale_ used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"

_Placer_ (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).

It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").

EXAMPLES--

Mucho me place: It pleases me much.

Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a strike is not declared.

_Abolir_ (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes _o_ into _ue_ when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as--

Digo que =se debe abolir= _instead of_ =se abuela=: I say that it must be abolished.

_Ataner_ (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as--

Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.

Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our scheme.

_Concerner_ (to concern) is only used in the pres. participle--concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: concierne (it concerns), etc.

=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person, as--

_Amarse_--Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.

These are--

1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See Lesson XVIII), as--Yo me amo: I love myself.

N.B.--The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as--

Procurarse una clientela: To get a _clientele_ (a connection).

2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).

3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive (see Lesson XIX), as--

Hacerse, Volverse: To become.

La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.

4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb _ser_, as--

La sabiduria se alaba _or_ es alabada: Wisdom is praised.

N.B.--If the doer is expressed after using _ser_ it may be preceded by _de_ or _por_, as--

La sabiduria es alabada de _or_ por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by all.

[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action _de_ is preferable.]

If it is expressed after using _se_, =Por= must be used, as--

La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of the Academy.)

Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body, or articles of dress,[135] as--

Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.

Se ha danado los ojos, _or_ la vista: He has damaged his eyes or eyesight.

[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, whenever this can be done _without producing ambiguity_, as--

Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand.
Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue.
Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm.
Me duele la cabeza: My head aches.
Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]

=Irregular Verbs= (_contd._).

[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]

VOCABULARY.

=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt =ascensor=, lift, hoist =bien estar=, well being =coleccion=, collection, set of samples =confiar a=, to entrust =confiar en=, to trust in =corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements =corriente, el que rige=, inst. =cucharas=, spoons =cuchillo=, knife =cueros=, hides =*deshacerse=, to get rid of =deshecho=, got rid of =distrito=, district =empacar=, to pack =empaque, etc=., I packed, etc. =*establecerse=, to establish oneself =me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. =fantasias=, fancies =herramientas=, tools =manga=, sleeve =*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter =manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. =moeres=, mohair =nanquines=, nankeens =pieles=, skins =planchas de hierro=, sheet iron =principio=, beginning =telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods =tenedores=, forks =*torcer=, to twist =tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. =vale=, farewell, adieu =viajante=, traveller (commercial) =viajar=, to travel =vivamente=, earnestly, vividly

EXERCISE 1 (41).

Translate into English--

1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y Herramientas.

2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento (may be fully realised)!

3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?

4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).

5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.

6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (_not_ se abuela).

7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.

8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (_or_ por) todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not over-scrupulous).

9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles.

10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos.

11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama (in bed).

12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?

13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange Review).

14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!

EXERCISE 2 (42).

Translate into Spanish--

1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.

2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. with note of purchase we are to make on (de _or_ por) your account, and we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.

3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.

4. Stripes and checks.--Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.

5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).

6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value (valor al) 15th inst.

7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.

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Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)Chapter III: Part 3

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