Chapter IV: Part 4

8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.

9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements.

Hoping to receive a favourable reply,
Yours faithfully,
SMITH AND Co.

Prices are (van _or_ estan) marked on (en) the samples.
S. & Co. (Vale).[138]

[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]

LESSON XXII.
(Leccion vigesima segunda.)

THE MOODS.

Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated.

There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.

The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.

The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as--

El leer es util: To read is useful. Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.

The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el leer" (or "la lectura").

The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may have a passive meaning, as--

Una consignacion a hacer _or also_ a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment to be made.

The Infinitive Mood preceded by _a_ may be used instead of the Finite Mood introduced by "if," as--

A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once that report. The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies =duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is very rarely found with "to come," as--

Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those Blankets and Tickings which I like.

Grita: He is shouting.

Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.

Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.

Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.

A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. without a Preposition, as--

Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.

EXCEPTION--

After _en_ we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning--e.g.

En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.

"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la persona que funcionaba (_not_ funcionando) de arbitro."

After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as--

[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.

Intento (_or_ pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the
house.
Le veo pasar: I see him passing.
"My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir _or_ el
haber venido yo," etc.]

The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as--

Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.

Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he posted them.

VOCABULARY.

=abogado=, lawyer, barrister =bombas de aire=, air pumps =*contribuir=, to contribute =contribuyo, etc=., I contribute =convenio=, agreement =desperdiciar=, to waste =diseno=, design =embajador=, ambassador =empenos=, obligations, engagements =estacion, temporada=, season =Estados Unidos=, United States =excelentemente=, excellently =forma=, shape =forros=, linings =gorras=, caps =*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) =honrar=, to honour =locomotora=, locomotive =malgastar=, to waste, to squander =Navidad=, Christmas =necesitar, desear=, to require =paso= step =*poner en conocimiento=, to inform =ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree =pormenores=, particulars =presupuesto=, estimate =proyectar=, to project, to plan =representar=, to represent, to act for =rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) =secretario=, secretary =senado=, senate =someter=, to submit =supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. =*suponer=, to suppose =supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. =supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. =tarea=, task =tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty =varar=, to ground (a ship) =variedad=, variety =vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc. =vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. =*venir=, to come =vine, etc=., I came, etc.

EXERCISE 1 (43).

Translate into English--

1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) de una casa comercial.

2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.

3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito.

4. ?Que hace V.?

5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall come out) con V.

6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.

7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.

8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.

9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones.

10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos.

11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de Navidad.

12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.

EXERCISE 2 (44).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente _or_ bien) treated.

2. Silk and Cotton Linings.--We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).

3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.

4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.

5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.

6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).

7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.

8. Are you going to Spain this year?

9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.

10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envie) a copy of the report.

11. Did you hear him saying that?

12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.

LESSON XXIII.
(Leccion vigesima tercera.)

THE MOODS (_contd._).

The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.

The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.

The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as--

Habla tu: Speak thou. Hablad vosotros: Speak ye _or_ you.

The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]

In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of _Que_, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as--

Escribalo el _or_ Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.

There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]

[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]

[Footnote 141: With only one exception--
=Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.--Vayamos. 1st pers. pl.,
Imperative--Vayamos _or_ vamos (more used).]

[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]

=The Subjunctive Mood=.

This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."

=Note=.--The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.

GENERAL RULE.

The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as--

Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come. Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.

And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as--

Yo declare que el vino (_or_ vendria): I say that he came _or_ that he would come. Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, _or_ would come.

SPECIAL RULES.

I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.

EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the Subjunctive Mood--

aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)

N.B.--(_a_) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the Infinitive Mood, as--

Deseo que venga: I wish him to come. Deseo venir: I wish to come.

(_b_) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.

(_c_) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as--

Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it. Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.

VOCABULARY.

=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman =celebrar=, to be glad of =colorido=, colouring =*complacer=, to oblige =complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. =(el) cortapluma=, penknife =cortesmente=, politely =coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance =*dar las gracias=, to hank =demora=, delay =*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence =deplorar=, to deplore =dictados=, dictates =en seguida=, at once =franco de averia particular=, free of particular average =*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =intereses=, interests =justificarse=, to justify oneself =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =navajas de afeitar=, razors =obrar=, to act =patines=, skates =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =propio=, own =*rogar=, to beg, to request =ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. =sin novedad=, safe and sound =tela para pantalones=, trousering =tijeras=, scissors

EXERCISE 1 (45).

Translate into English--

1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.

2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envios.

3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.

4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).

5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).

6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia.

7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.

8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.

9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).

10. Explicate para que te entienda.

11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).

12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).

13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.

[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]

EXERCISE 2 (46).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We should like to do more business with your firm.

2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.

3. He would do well to write it to them.

4. Let him write at once.

5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself.

6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.

7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.

8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.

9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).

10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.

11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.

12. Order them to do it quickly.

13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.

14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without delay.

15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.

16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]

17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]

[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]

[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]

LESSON XXIV.
(Leccion vigesima cuarta.)

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (_contd._).

II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as

Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it. Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.

EXCEPTIONS--

1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as--

Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.

2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct--

Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done Es necesario que se haga: It must be done

III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations---

Antes que (before) En caso que (in case) De miedo que (lest) Por mas que (however much, although) Sin que (without) Para que (so that) A menos que (unless) Salvo que (except that) Con tal que (provided that) Sea que (whether ... or) Aunque (even if)

IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present--

Despues que (after) Aunque (although) De modo que (so that) No obstante que (notwithstanding) Cuandoquiera que (whenever) Hasta que (until) Luego que (as soon as) Quienquiera que (whoever) Comoquiera que (however) Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever) Dondequiera que (wherever) El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that) El unico que (the only one that) El solo que (the only one that) El ultimo que (the last that) Nada que (nothng that) Ninguo, nadie que (no one that) El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)

E.g.--

Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.

Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.

Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.

No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.

The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as a fact= or as =a mere conception=.

V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _cuando, asi como, luego que_ and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, as--

Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.

N.B.--The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.

VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after _si_ (conditional _if_) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as--

Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.

N.B.--If the context requires the verb in the present form, the Indicative Present must be used, as--

Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.

Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.

When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as--

Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.

VII. After _como_ the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as--

Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.

Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.

VIII. After _creer, pensar, opinar,_ and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after _no creer,_ etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After _creer,_ etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.

VOCABULARY.

=abaca=, Manilla hemp =calcetines=, half-hose, socks =canamo=, hemp =cancelar=, to cancel =coger=, to catch *=conseguir=, to succeed in =contado (al)=, (in) cash =dificultad=, difficulty =un dineral=, a mint of money =encogerse=, to shrink =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =la gente=, the people =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance =medias=, stockings, hose =ocurrir=, to happen =perfeccionar=, to perfect =persona=, person =por mas que=, however much, whatever *=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try =pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. *=reconvenir=, to reprimand =repasar=, to look over *=saber=, to know =se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. =sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, *=ser menester=, to be necessary =telefonear=, to telephone =trabajo=, work =yute=, jute

EXERCISE 1 (47).

Translate into English--

1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion.

2. Es cierto que se acabara.

3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.

4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.

5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).

6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).

7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.

8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.

9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.

10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).

11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.

12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.

13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.

14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (_imp. subj._ of venir) despues con quejas.

15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.

16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.

EXERCISE 2 (48).

Translate into Spanish--

1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.

2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.

3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.

4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).

5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.

6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.

7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.

8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.

9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.

10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (a salir).

11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los dedos).

12. He was the only one who understood us.

13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.

14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.

15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hara) a mint of money.

16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.

LESSON XXV.
(Leccion vigesima quinta.)

THE TENSES.

The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.

=Present--=

The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."

"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."

"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."

=Past--=

The English language has one form of Simple Past--I wrote.

In Spanish this is translated by--

Yo escribia (Imperf. Indic.) or

Yo escribi (Past Definite), according to sense.

It is most important to learn the difference between the Imperfect Indicative and the Past Definite (or Preterite), because these two tenses admit of no compromise in Spanish.

The =Imperfect Indicative=[146] _describes_ an action or state which was _present_ when another past action took place, or another past state existed.

[Footnote 146: Or Descriptive Past.]

The =Past Definite= or =Preterite=[147] _narrates_ an event.[148]

[Footnote 147: Or Narrating Past (this is why it is often called the Historical Past).]

[Footnote 148: "Napoleon I died in 1821" is an event. "I fell" is grammatically also an event.]

Consequently, it will be understood that whilst the Past Def. refers to "one point of time" or "several =separate= points of time," the Imperfect embraces a whole indefinite period.

The following examples will show clearly the different functions of these two tenses--

Le escribi una vez (_or_ dos o tres veces) mientras el viajaba en Argentina: I wrote to him once (or two or three times) whilst he travelled[149] in Argentina.

[Footnote 149: Travelled--was travelling, but notice that in Spanish we would also have the progressive form--"estaba viajando."]

Encontre a Luis, quien llevaba levita negra: I met Louis, who wore[150] a black frock-coat.

[Footnote 150: Wore--was wearing. Here in Spanish the progressive form "estaba llevando" would not be admissible because there is _no real progressive action_.]

Hacia grandes negocios cuando residia en Chile: I had a large business when I resided in Chili.

Los Cartagineses eran un pueblo comercial y emprendedor: The Carthagenians were a commercial and enterprising people.

El estaba alli cuando yo llegue: He was there when I arrived.

El leia al entrar yo en el bufete del abogado: He was reading when I entered the lawyer's office.

En Inglaterra trabajaba[151] ocho horas cada dia: In England I worked (used to work) eight hours a day.

[Footnote 151: As will be seen, the English "was" followed by a pres. part. or the expression "used to be" may always be rendered by the Spanish Imperfect, but the Spanish progressive form also exists: "Estaba leyendo" (he was reading), and "used to" has its equivalent "solia":--"Solia trabajar 8 horas" (he used to work 8 hours).]

Cada mes recibiamos nuestro sueldo: Each month we received (used to receive) our pay.

Ayer cerre el contrato: Yesterday I signed the contract.

Las pipas de vino resultaron averiadas: The casks of wine were damaged.

Trabaje en Inglaterra 5 anos[152]; Vivi dos anos en Londres y tres en Manchester: I worked 5 years in England; I lived two years in London and three in Manchester.

[Footnote 152: This _is_ "a period of time," but it is _definite_.]

As will be seen in all the examples of the Imperfect, the action or state is described as "existing in the past."

VOCABULARY.

=abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =acorazado=, iron-clad =ajo=, garlic =alerta=, on the alert, on the look out =brisa=, breeze =cebollas=, onions =conducta=, conduct, behaviour =contrabando=, contraband =cosecha=, harvest, harvest-time, crop *=dar en el clavo=, to hit it =datiles=, dates =encogido=, shrivelled, shrunk =fruta=, fruit =granadas=, pomegranates =guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials =higos=, figs =inmaturo=, verde, unripe =limones=, lemons =llevar=, to carry, to wear =matute=, smuggling =mirar=, to look =moscatel=, muscatel grapes =naranja=, orange i=ojo=! attention! =olvidar=, to forget =pasas de Corinto=, currants =podrido=, rotten =por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were *=querer decir=, to mean =recobrar=, to recover =reprensible=, objectionable =resumir=, to recapitulate, to state briefly =sinnumero=, a large number, innumerable =travesia=, journey by sea

EXERCISE 1 (49).

Translate into English--

1. Cuando yo era mas joven y me gustaba viajar, hacia la travesia de Liverpool a Las Palmas todos los anos.

2. Estuve alli la ultima vez en 1905 principalmente para recobrar mi salud, pero como viaje de negocios tambien tuvo muy buen exito.

3. No habia entonces como la hay hoy en dia tanta competencia en ese comercio.

4. Cuando llego el buque a La Coruna habia un sinnumero de guardias aduaneras alerta, pues se decia que llevaba muchos generos de contrabando.

5. ?Que quiere decir genero de matute?

6. De matute es lo mismo que de contrabando y matutero o contrabandista es el que introduce tales generos.

7. No sabia esta palabra antes, pero ya no la olvidare.

8. ?Ha aprendido V. bien la diferencia entre el preterito y el imperfecto?

9. Perfectamente y voy a resumirsela en dos palabras--El uno es pasado, pasado y nada mas, el otro es un presente de lo pasado por decirlo asi; imire V.! "Encontre a Carlos": pasado absoluto; "Llevaba sombrero blanco"; pasado _hoy_, presente _entonces_; ?que le parece a V.?

10. Me parece que V. ha dado en el clavo y estoy satisfecho.

11. Y ahora iojo! en la aplicacion y ino olvidar!

EXERCISE 2 (50).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I believe his behaviour is most (muy) objectionable.

2. And I do also.

3. Did you receive the B/L for the cargo (cargamento) of oranges and grapes from Seville?

4. I did; and I expect a good parcel (partida) of muscatels from Valencia as well.

5. Are these the lemons, onions and pomegranates you were expecting?

6. They are.

7. I am sorry they were delayed so long because now the market is glutted with fruit.

8. He is my friend and I am his.

9. We received this year three cargoes of bananas from the Canary Islands (Islas Canarias). Six were consigned to us last year, but we used to receive many more when we sent our traveller in those islands at harvest time.

10. Ten thousand boxes of currants, 3,000 of figs, and 4,561 of dates were sold by auction.

11. There had not been such large quantities offered for a long time (hacia mucho tiempo que).

12. The iron-clad "Achilles" left yesterday for Vigo. The sea was perfectly calm although a light breeze blew, _or_ was blowing (soplaba _not_ estaba soplando), from the S.W. (sudoeste).

13. The commission-agent (comisionista) went by the three o'clock train.

14. When I went to say good-bye to him (para despedirme de 61) he was writing (escribia _or_ estaba escribiendo) a letter.

15. The cargo was examined and it was found that some of the fruit was unripe, some shrivelled or frost-bitten (tomada por la escarcha), and a parcel of garlic was rotten and had to be destroyed.

LESSON XXVI.
(Leccion vigesima sexta.)

THE TENSES (_contd._).

Uses of the Past Definite (or Preterite) and the Present Perfect (as: Yo he comprado: I have bought).

According to the English rule, the Past Def. (or Preterite) should be used to narrate events which happened in the past, in a period of time which does not include the present moment as--

Yo lo compre el ano pasado: I bought it last year.

The Present Perfect (called in Spanish Preterito Compuesto) should be used when the period of time includes the present moment, as--

He fletado muchos buques: I have chartered many ships.

By following this rule students will always be correct, but we must notice that in Spanish we find the "Preterito compuesto" often used instead of the Past Definite--

1. When the period, although entirely past, is not defined, as--

Le ha facturado la quincalla: He invoiced him the smallware.

2. When although entirely past and definite, it is very recent, as--Se lo he dicho hace un momento: I told him a moment ago.

N.B.--Plegue a Dios que el ano que hoy empieza sea mas feliz que lo ha sido el pasado: May it please God that the year which commences to-day may be happier than the last has been (Grammar of the Academy).[153]

[Footnote 153: Here the Present Perfect is used in both languages, because _the effects reach up to the present moment_.]

The English Compound Past--"I had spoken"--is rendered by "yo habia hablado" or "yo hube hablado."

"Yo habia hablado" is in general use.

"Yo hube hablado" is used only after _cuando, luego que, inmediatamente que_; viz., when the action is represented as _immediately_ preceding another.

N.B.--The Past Def. Simple may always take its place.

Cuando hube declarado mis intenciones, Cuando declare mis intenciones, se convencio--When I declared my intentions, he was convinced.

The =Future Indicative=, (as well as the =Conditional Mood=) are used in Spanish oftener than in English to denote probability, as--

Habra 20 hombres aqui: I dare say there are 20 men here.

?Le habre dado este derecho? Have I, perchance, given him this right?

?Tendria miedo talvez? Was he afraid, perhaps?

The =Future Progressive=, is not used in Spanish when its place may be taken by the ordinary Future Simple, as--

Le escribire manana: I shall be writing him to-morrow.

But--

Cuando el venga yo estare escribiendo: When he comes I shall be writing.

The =Present Subjunctive= in Spanish refers to time present or future; for time future, its place may be taken by the future Subj. (little used).[154]

[Footnote 154: Except after "cuando" (but not in conversation), as--Se lo dire cuando venga _or_ cuando viniere: I shall tell it him when he comes. The Fut. Subj. is also used (not in conversation) after _si_ instead of Pres. Indic., as--Le servire si la ocasion se ofrece _or_ se ofreciere: I shall serve him if the occasion presents itself.]

=Use of Tenses of the Subjunctive Mood=.

The verb in the Subj. Mood is put in the Present tense when the preceding verb is in the Pres. Indic., Future Indic. (simple) or Imperative, as--

Quiero que el lo haga: I want him to do it. Querre " " ": I shall want " "" Quiere tu " " ": Want (thou) " ""

Otherwise the verb in the Subjunctive is in the Imperfect tense.

N.B.--When the preceding verb is in the "preterito compuesto," e.g., "he dicho," when "he dicho" stands exactly for the English "I have told," it governs the Pres. Subj., as--

Le he dicho que se vaya: I have told him to go.

But if it stands for the English "I told," it governs the Imperfect Subj., as

Le dije (he dicho) que se fuese: I told him to go.

When the preceding verb is in the Future Perfect, the verb in the Subjunctive may be put in the Present when its action does not refer to the past, as--

Habre querido que trabaje hoy o manana: I shall have (may have) wanted him to work to-day or to-morrow.

VOCABULARY.

=*adquirir=, to acquire =alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to take or give on lease =arado=, plough =boni cacion, rebaja=, allowance =cargar=, to charge =ceder=, to yield, to sell, to cede, to warrant make over =cedula de aduana=, custom house =colmo=, climax, record =color firme, solido=, fast colour =contrarrestar=, to check =de otra manera=, otherwise =desarrollar=, to develop =emprestito=, loan =epoca=, epoch, period, time =explotar=, to exploit, to work =igualar, hermanar=, to match =*invertir=, to invest (money) =justificar=, to justify, to warrant =material rodante=, rolling stock (railway) =no bien=, as soon a | =pana (acordonada)=, cords (corduroy) =perspectivas=, prospects =piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) =puros, cigarros, tabacos=, cigars =quinta=, villa =rastrillos=, harrows =rechazar=, to reject =reja=, ploughshare =revocar=, contramandar, to countermand *=tener cuenta=, to pay, viz., to be advantageous =terreno=, land =traspaso=, goodwill =trilladora=, threshing-machine

EXERCISE 1 (51).

Translate into English--

1. Le he dado ayer las Cedulas de Aduana.

2. Le hemos cedido el traspaso de aquel negocio por L500.

3. Le he dicho que los fondos (stocks), obligaciones, u otros valores cualesquiera (whatsoever) han de depositarse en manos seguras.

4. Yo le habia explicado que la Compania se habia constituido para comprar, alquilar (take on lease) o adquirir de otra manera y explotar y desarrollar cualesquier minas o terrenos metaliferos; pero no bien le hube anunciado (_or_ le anuncie) que se trataba de terrenos situados en el Asia Menor, se rehuso a tomar las acciones que le habia ofrecido.

5. Es que tendria sus razones.

6. Habia unos cincuenta puros en aquella caja.

7. Deseo que V. invierta su dinero en esta empresa como deseaba el ano pasado que V. lo invirtiese en el Emprestito del Gobierno Austriaco (Austrian).

8. Le dire que se apresure a despachar los arados con sus rejas y piezas de repuesto, los rastrillos, y las trilladoras.

9. Tal vez mi socio le habra dicho que lo haga.

10. Si, le ha escrito ayer que no retardase el embarque pues hacen mucha falta, hemos excedido la epoca fijada para la entrega y no nos tendria cuenta que la Sociedad Agricola nos los rechazara.

EXERCISE 2 (52).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We wrote them nothing to warrant such action.

2. I warranted him (garantizar) this would not be repeated.

3. The cloth was warranted fast colour.

4. He resorted to extreme means in order to bring about (llegar a) a solution of the difficulty.

5. In the past year the climax of prosperity was reached.

6. Large orders for railway rolling stock were countermanded on account of (a causa de) the feared political complications.

7. Velvet and Cord manufacturers have curtailed their production with a view (a fin de) to check the downward (a la baja) tendency of prices.

8. I matched his sample and I secured the order.

9. Did you hear from your traveller lately?

10. They charged us too much, we can buy on spot (en el mercado) much cheaper.

11. Spot cotton (el algodon disponible) was quoted yesterday one point higher than the day before, but futures declined (bajaron) 3/32

12. Perhaps there are better prospects of the growing crop (nueva cosecha) at present.

13. Do not be long (no tarde V.) in making up your mind (decidirse de) one way or the other.

14. No, I shall soon decide what to do, but I must have a little time for reflection. I cannot bind myself on the spot (al punto).

15. Some of the prints have grease spots (manchas de aceite) and we must refuse to accept them unless under (a menos que nos haga) a reasonable allowance.

16. He has a villa in a delightful spot (sitio) in the country (campo).

LESSON XXVII.
(Leccion vigesima septima.)

THE AUXILIARY VERBS.

_Tener_ and _haber_ are used for the English "to have," followed by an infinitive, as--

Tienen que acabar el trabajo para fines de Enero: They have to finish the work for the end of January.

Hemos de seguir los consejos de los peritos en la materia: We have to follow the advice of those expert in the matter.

In such cases _Tener_ is followed by _que_ and _Haber_ by _de_.[155] The former indicates compulsion or necessity, the latter a moral or self-imposed duty.

_Haber de_ translates also "to be to,"[155] as--

?Quien ha de hacer este viaje? Who is to go on this journey?

_Tener de_ is used in threats--

Tengo de llevarlo ante el tribunal: I shall take him before the court.

"Tener que hacer, que escribir, que comer" and similar expressions translate also "to have something to do, to write, to eat," as--

Hoy tengo que hacer: To-day I have something to do, I am busy.

Tengo mucho que hacer: I have much to do.

Tenemos que comer por todo el dia: We have something to eat which will suffice for the whole day.

_Haber_ is used as a principal verb instead of _Tener_ in--

Haber menester de algo: To need something.

He aqui el muchacho, etc.[156]: Here is the boy (behold the boy here, etc.).

Heme aqui _or_ heteme[157] aqui, etc.: Here I am (behold me here, etc.).

It also survives in some legal phrases, as--

Fue habido el reo: The culprit was captured.

Los hijos habidos en su primera mujer: The children by his first wife.

And in some idioms, as--

Alla se las haya: That is his business.

Haberselas con uno: To dispute with anybody.

_Tener_ translates the English "to be" in such phrases as--

Tener hambre, sed, sueno, calor, frio, vergueenza, and miedo: To be hungry, thirsty, sleepy, warm, cold, ashamed, and afraid.

Also speaking of age--

Tengo veinte anos: I am twenty years old.

[Footnote 155: In all these cases _deber_ may be used instead.]

[Footnote 156: _He_--imperative mood of _haber_.]

[Footnote 157: The _te_ is the "ethical dative" (which is much more used in Spanish than in English).]

And in--

Tener razon: To be right.

And--

No tener razon _or_ Dejar de tener razon: To be wrong.

We said that the past participle when used with _Tener_ agrees with the direct object, as--

Tengo leidas las cartas: I have read the letters.

But when there is no direct object, of course the past participle remains invariable, as--

Tengo entendido que....[158]: I have heard that....

[Footnote 158: This use of _tener_ for _haber_, especially with no direct obj. following is in general to be avoided; in this example, however, "tengo entendido," the phrase has more force than "he entendido." It implies that the mind is full with the effect of the communication.]

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | =Conocer= (to know)[159] | | (changes _c_ into =zc= before _a_ or _o_). | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ |_Pres. Indic._, conozco. | |_Pres. Subj._, conozca-as-a-amos-ais-an. | +------------------------------------------------------------------+ | =Hacer= (to do or make). | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+ |_Past Part._, |Hecho. | |_Pres. Indic._,|Hago. | |_Past Def._, |Hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicisteis, hicieron.| |_Fut. Indic._, |Hare, haras, hara, haremos, hareis, haran. | |_Imp. Mood_, |Haz, haced (_reg._). | +--------------------+---------------------------------------------+

[Footnote 159: Model verb for all those ending in _cer_ or _cir_ preceded by a vowel, except _cocer_ (conj. like _mover_), _mecer_ (_reg._) and _hacer_. (Those ending in _ducir_ are further irreg. in the Past Definite.)

VOCABULARY.

=abrigar=, to shelter, to nourish (the hope) =acciones preferentes=, preference shares =agudo=, sharp, keen =aplazar=, to postpone =asistir=, to assist, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atrasado=, overdue =caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) =consabido=, in question, aforesaid =cuenta de venta=, account sale =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dejar sin efecto=, to cancel =delicado de salud=, in indifferent health =desfavorable, contrario=, unfavourable, adverse =*deshacerse de=, to part with =domicilio=, registered office of a company, also residence =en este momento=, at the present moment =ensayo=, trial, venture =equidad=, fair dealing =*haber menester=, to need =indemnizacion=, indemnity =junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors =liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off goods, etc. =medieria, articulos de punto=, hosiery =pagare=, promissory note, note of hand =palacio=, palace =plazo=, term =respiro=, breath, breathing time, days of grace for payment, delay =retirar=, to withdraw (los) =reunidos=, those present =*tener en cuenta=, to take into consideration =trabajar, *ir, a porfia=, to vie with each other =tramites de la ley=, legal means =viaje de ida=, outward voyage =viaje de vuelta=, inward voyage

EXERCISE 1 (53).

Translate into English--

1. Tengo que hacer hoy y no podre dedicarme a la correspondencia.

2. Si V. no quiere liquidar el consabido asunto tendre de apelar a los tramites de la ley.

3. V. no habra menester de tanto pues abrigo las mejores intenciones y lo que pido es solo unas pocas semanas de respiro.

4. He aqui pues lo que se ha de hacer, V. me firmara un pagare para fin de Febrero y queda entendido que no concedere despues ninguna extension del plazo.

5. Si entonces V. no satisface su deuda mi abogado dara los pasos necesarios y V. sera responsable de (liable for) los gastos y perjuicios habidos y por haber (damages accrued and to accrue).

6. La Compania Nacional de Transportes (carriage) ha instalado su domicilio en el nuevo Palacio de la Libertad.

7. Dicha Sociedad tiene un capital de un millon de pesetas; la mitad en acciones preferentes y la mitad en ordinarias.

8. Se ha verificado la junta de acreedores del Sr.... a la cual no asistio el principal interesado por encontrarse delicado de salud.

9. Los reunidos han decidido aplazar dicha junta hasta el 20 del corriente.

10. Fundandose en atendibles razones nuestro corresponsal deja sin efecto el pedido que nos habia confiado.

EXERCISE 2 (54).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We shall have to take in the hosiery although it is slightly (un poquito) overdue.

2. We have to give the example of fair dealing ourselves.

3. Who is to decide on the subject of the indemnity due to the captain of the ship?

4. If we want to withdraw the goods without producing (presentar) a B/L. we shall have to sign an indemnity (indemnidad).

5. We have received the account sale for our wines and oils and regret the venture has not turned out as well as we expected.

6. We found a great difficulty in parting with our surplus (excesivas) stock, of which we had to dispose (disponer) at prices very much reduced.

7. We are unable to inform you to what extent (hasta que punto) you may calculate on (contar con) our remittance, as much will depend on circumstances over which we have no control (independientes de nuestra voluntad).

8. The rate (el tipo) of the insurance premium is 6/-per cent. on the outward and 5/-per cent. on the homeward voyage.

9. I very much question the advisability (dudo mucho la ventaja) of putting prices up at the present moment when so many adverse circumstances have to be taken into consideration.

10. As a matter of fact (en efecto) most of us (la mayor parte de nosotros) think it would be better to reduce them somewhat (algo) now that competition is so keen.

11. They vie with each other in cutting prices down (reducir) with the result that profits are ridiculously low (irrisorios).

LESSON XXVIII.
(Leccion vigesima octava.)

THE ADVERBS.

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

The following are the principal Spanish adverbs--

Abajo (below) Ademas (besides) Adelante, delante (before, in point of place) Ahora (now) *Alrededor, *entorno (around) Amenudo, a menudo (often) *Antes (before, in point of time) Antes, antes bien (rather) Anoche (last night) Anteanoche (the night before last) Apenas, asi que (as soon as) Aqui, aca (here, hither) Alli, alla (there, thither) De aqui, de alli (hence, thence) Aun, todavia (still, yet) Ayer (yesterday) Anteayer (the day before yesterday) Bastante (sufficiently) Bien (well) *Cerca (near) *Debajo (under) *Por debajo (underneath) Demasiado (too, too much) *Dentro (within) *Despues (after, afterwards) *Detras (behind) Donde[160] (where) En breve (shortly) *Encima (upon, above) *Enfrente (opposite) Entonces (then) *Fuera (outside) Hacia (towards) Hacia adelante (forwards) Hacia abajo (downwards) Hasta (till, until) Hoy (to-day) *Junto (next) *Lejos (far) Luego (presently, soon, then) Manana (to-morrow) Mal (badly) Mas (more) Mejor (better) Menos (less) Mientras (whilst) Mientras tanto (in the meantime) Mucho (much) Muy[161] (very) Nunca, jamas (never) Ni ... ni ... (neither ... nor ...) Ni tampoco (not either) Peor (worse) Pronto (soon) Tal vez, acaso, quiza, quizas (perhaps) Tan, asi (so) Tanto (so much) Tarde (late) Temprano (early) Ya[162] (already)

[Footnote 160: After verbs of motion also "a donde." After verbs of rest also "en donde."]

[Footnote 161: Used as in English, but always _muy_ before a past part., as: Muy apreciado (much esteemed). Such phrases as "He is rich but not very" are translated "Es rico pero no mucho _or_ tanto."]

[Footnote 162: _Ya_ is also used for "now." "Ya no"--no longer.]

Those marked with an asterisk may govern a noun or pronoun through the preposition _de_ with the exception of _junto_, which governs these words through _a_.

Adverbs may be formed from adjectives as in English.

The English termination _ly_ is rendered by =mente= _added to the feminine form_ of the adjective, when this changes for the feminine.

Adverbs are compared like the adjectives, but the superlative relative of adverbs is formed with _lo mas_, and _lo menos_, as--

Es el mas rico: He is the richest.

Esta adornado lo mas ricamente posible: It is ornamented in the richest manner possible.

Es el menos exacto: He is the least exact.

Cotice lo menos que pueda: Quote the least you can.

Besides the primitive adverbs given in our list, there are many adverbial locutions--

a toda prisa (with all speed). a la espanola (in the Spanish fashion). a troche y moche, a trochimoche (in a slipshod way). con blandura (gently). de mala gana (unwillingly). de vez (_or_ de cuando) en cuando (from time to time). tal cual vez (once in a while). un si es, no es (ever so little).

When an adverb is followed by a verb in English _que_ must be inserted in Spanish before a finite mood and _de_ before an infinitive, as--

Despues de venir (after coming).

Despues que vino (after he came).

The phrases "I say so," " I think it is (so)," "I do not think so," are rendered "Digo que si" (or "lo digo"), "Creo que si" (or "lo creo"), "Creo que no" (or "no lo creo").

Some adjectives are used adverbially, as in English, without the addition of _mente_, as--

Vender barato, caro (to sell cheap, dear).

Hablar alto, bajo (to speak loud, low).

When two or more adverbs ending in _mente_ occur in the same sentence, the termination is added only to the last, as--

Escribe clara,[163] concisa[163] y elegantemente: He writes clearly, concisely and elegantly.

[Footnote 163: Notice "clara" and "concisa" in the feminine.]

=Caer= (to fall).

_Pres. Ind._, Caigo -- -- -- -- -- _Pres. Subj._, Caiga, caigas, caiga, caigamos, caigais, caigan.

VOCABULARY.

=a duras penas=, with great difficulty =a la larga=, m the long run =a medida que=, in proportion as =a mejor andar=, at best =a plazos=, in instalments =ajeno=, averse =apagado= extinguished, dull (colours) =*asentar=, to book (an order) =chillones=, gaudy, screaming (colours) =claro=, light (colours) =claro y redondo= (quite clearly) =columna=, column =con el corazon en la mano=, quite candidly =confeccionar=, to make up =*confesar=, to confess =conservas alimenticias=, preserves =definir=, to define (also to settle) =dificultad=, difficulty =ensayo=, trial, proof, venture =escoger=, to choose =exceder=, to exceed =facilidad=, ease, facility =fijo=, fixed, firm =fondos=, grounds (pictures, cloth) =gana= (=de buena, de mala=), willingly, unwillingly =ganga=, a bargain =langosta=, lobster =mariscos=, shell-fish =muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets =oscuro=, dark =paquete=, packet, parcel =*(no) poder menos de ..=., not to be able to help =puntos=, points, spots (in prints) =restos=, remnants =sacar=, to pull out, to get out, to get back =sardinas=, sardines =satines brochados=, brocaded satins =serie=, series =sin mirar a gastos=, regardless of expense =sobrio=, quiet (colour) =solidez=, solidity =tomar a mal=, to take amiss =vivo=, vivid, bright (colours)

EXERCISE 1 (55).

Translate into English--

1. Tiene V. (there is) tanta variedad de dibujos que verdaderamente cuesta dificultad (it is difficult) el escoger entre disenos con flores, con puntos, con rayas, y cuadritos.

2. Con facilidad sin embargo (however) podra V. hacer un surtido entre las dos series que le enviamos, de fondos claros y oscuros, y de colores vivos, chillones, sobrios, y apagados.

3. Desde algun tiempo a esta parte tratan Vs. los negocios tan a trochimoche que ya no sabemos a que atenernos (what to think of it).

4. Hago esta consignacion de mala gana y le confieso claro y redondo que siguiendo V. a vender tan barato y a plazos tan largos no me tendra cuenta hacerle otros envios sino por su propia cuenta o contra pedidos fijos de los clientes.

5. Clara y concisamente es como se deben escribir las cartas comerciales.

6. A la par que Vs. (same as yourselves) no somos ajenos a la idea de hacer algun ensayo en la importacion de langosta, mariscos, sardinas, y conservas alimenticias, pero debemos ir a medias en cualquiera transaccion que se decida.

7. Creo que a duras penas sacara su dinero y a mejor andar tendra que perder todo su trabajo.

8. A medida que aumenten los ingresos se aumentaran los dividendos.

9. Recibira V. en paquete asegurado los nuevos muestrarios que se han confeccionado sin mirar a gastos.

10. Estos restos son una verdadera ganga y ademas, podra V. pagarlos al contado o a plazos largos (easy) como mas le convenga.

11. Dejaremos en suspenso su reclamo hasta definirlo personalmente en su proximo viaje a Inglaterra.

12. No puede menos de admitir (to admit) que a la larga esto no puede convenirme, y espero que V. no lo tome a mal que se lo exponga con el corazon en la mano.

EXERCISE 2 (56).

Translate into Spanish--

1. After writing you by last mail we are informed by the maker of the Brown Linens (lienzos morenos) that he will be able to book your order which will be delivered before the end of next month.

2. The Brocaded Satins will range between (costaran desde) 4d. and 5d. a yard, and we shall ship them within six weeks but only after receiving your letter confirming them.

3. These shapes are not worn (gastan, llevan) outside England.

4. Not far from here and next to the Bank there is the Insurance Office, which is much admired for its solidity and fine appearance.

5. It cost L20,000 and they never thought it would exceed half that amount.

6. Perhaps it is too large an outlay (gasto) for the Company, but there was no money wasted.

7. The columns in the porch have cost so much because they are of the best Carrara marble (marmol).

8. Whilst we admit that the prints sent may have been just a little bit (un si es no es) off shade (diferentes al color pedido) your claim is quite out of the question.

9. Towards the beginning of the autumn our Mr. So-and-So will make a trip (hara un viaje) to your place, and he will have the honour of waiting upon you (de visitarles) with our latest novelties (novedades).

10. You do not understand how it is possible that your neighbours are able to undersell you (vender mas bajo que V.), nor can we make it out (explicarnoslo) either.

LESSON XXIX.
(Leccion vigesima nona.)

THE PREPOSITIONS.

Prepositions join words together to mark certain relations between them.

The principal prepositions are--

A (at, to) Ante (before--in point of place) Bajo (under) Con (with) Contra, en contra de (against) De (of, from) Desde (since, from) En (in) Entre (between, among) Hacia (towards) Hasta (till, as far as, even) Para (for the purpose of, for, in order to) Por (for, by, because of) Segun (according to) Sin (without) Sobre (upon) Tras, tras de (behind) Para con (una persona),[164] (towards, with, a person)

[Footnote 164: "Fue muy generoso para conmigo": He was very generous with me.]

Many verbs take in Spanish a different preposition than in English. Some verbs take a preposition in one language and none in the other, as--

Depender de una promesa: To depend on a promise. Convenir en una transaccion: To agree to a compromise. Confiar en un desconocido: To trust a perfect stranger. Regalarle un cheque: To present him with a cheque.