Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

Chapter VI: Part 6

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2. Santa vida fue la de San Francisco de Asis.

3. Aun los racionalistas respetan a este Santo como tambien a la profunda doctrina de Santo Tom as de Aquino.

4. Ciertos nombres se imponen al respeto universal.

5. Es cosa cierta que la virtud puede ser patrimonio del hombre pobre como del rico.

6. Pobre excusa seria el pretender haberlo hecho por un simple favor pues esto no convenceria a los hombres mas simples.

7. El hombre mas sabio del mundo puede equivocarse alguna vez, llegue a donde llegare su ciencia (however great, etc.)

8. Si V. me diera el doble, el triple, el quintuple, y aun seis, diez o cien veces tanto, no cometeria esa indelicadeza, atropellando por las leyes de la hidalguia y del honor.

9. El orador habla claro, metaforico, alto, bajo, fuerte, y blando segun lo exija el argumento y las circunstancias pero se le demanda que tenga por bianco (to have for his aim) la virtud y el progreso.

10. Ande V. derecho y tenga fuerte que no vaya (lest you) a tropezar y a caerse.

11. Cortes y ufano a la par, repuso: "soy pobre mas soy honrado."

12. Justo lo que debia contestar.

13. Los estudiantes mas agudos de ingenio son a veces un tantico alegres de cascos.

14. No importa (never mind), son todos deseosos de aprender y afables con su profesor que ademas de ser cojo de un pie ya esta cercano a su fin.

15. Este tio es duro de cabeza aunque sea dotado de buenas partes.

EXERCISE 2 (72).

Translate into Spanish--

1. We are open (dispuestos) to charter a small steamer or a sailing vessel for St. Thomas in the West Indies.

2. We can offer you a small one for a voyage out and home (de ida y vuelta).

3. The heating surface (superficie de caldeo) is (es de) 20' X 15'.

4. These warehouses are 30' long, 20' wide (de ancho) and 15 feet high (de alto).

5. Some are built with stone and mortar (son de mamposteria), others with firebricks, and they are the best in the docks.

6. Last week nothing was doing (no se hacia) on 'Change, but' to-day leading operators are distinctly bullish (trabajan distintamente por la alza) and have acquired a further large holding (y se han afianzado mucho mas), being more convinced than ever that prices will climb[185] (subiran) to a much higher level.

7. Meanwhile the market is getting dangerously overbought (el exceso de compras en el mercado se hace peligroso).

8. He gave me too short a notice (aviso) and the consequence was 20 bales were short shipped (no se expidieron).

9. He now complains of being short of (que le faltan) printed linings, jacconets and crimps, also of short measure (de falta de medida) in some of the cloth invoiced.

10. Their orders fall short (son mucho menos) of what we expected.

11. We have run short of (se nos ha acabado) the raw material.

12. Our correspondents are short-staffed (no tienen bastante personal), hence their delaying often to send out (y por tanto a menudo retardan el envio de) our invoices, which is a great inconvenience.

[Footnote 185: To climb--_Trepar_.]

LESSON XXXVII.
(Leccion trigesima septima.)

THE PRONOUN.

The pronouns _Nos_ and _Vos_ are used for the 1st and 2nd person _singular_, respectively, in poetry and high-flown prose.

_Nos_ is used in Royal decrees; and _Vos_ often to translate the French "vous" and English "you" in novels. They require the verb in the plural and any occurring adjective in the singular, masculine or feminine according to the sex represented--

Nos el Rey somos justo: We the King are just.

Vos Dona Catalina sois generosa: You, Lady Catherine, are generous.

A subject pronoun following "to be" and preceding a relative may be followed by a verb in the 1st or 3rd person, as--

Soy yo quien gire _or_ giro aquella letra: It is I who drew that bill.

Two or more personal pronouns used as subjects of one verb require the verb in the plural, and in the 1st person in preference to the 2nd and 3rd, and 2nd in preference to 3rd, as--

Yo y tu (_or_ yo y el) vamos; tu y el vais.

A conjunctive pronoun should precede the verb in the Indic. Cond. and Subj. moods, but with the verb in the Indic. or Cond. mood a great latitude is allowed for the sake of euphony or emphasis. The principal idea is to give thereby more prominence to the verb, as--

Entreguele los bultos, acordele toda facilidad para el pago y quise acabarlo todo amistosamente.

The conjunctive pronouns _lo, le_, are both used for "him," "it" (_m._), (direct object); the second is more generally used for a person, but no distinction is strictly observed.

_Lo_ (not _le_) should however be used for "it," referring to a whole statement.

_Lo_ translates often the English "so," as--

Lo digo: I say it, I say so.

Ya lo creo: I should think so.

The conjunctive dative (indirect object) should be _le_ for both genders (_sing._). _La_ instead of _le_ for the feminine is however permissible and is used by the best writers.

_Les_ instead of _los_ is often found in the accusative (direct object), masculine plural, but this should not be imitated.

When a conjunctive pers. pronoun follows the verb, the subject pronoun must also follow, as--

Digolo yo (_not_ yo digolo): I say so.

Otherwise the position of the subject pronoun in relation to the verb is very arbitrary, the general practice being, of course, to put it before unless the sentence is interrogative.

The conj. pronouns _nos_ and _os_ following a verb in the Imperative mood require the elision of the _s_ and _d_ termination of the verb, as--

Escribamonos: Let us write to each other.

Escribios: Write to each other.

Conjunctive pronouns are used to substitute the possessive adjective before parts of the body or articles of dress, as--

Me quebre el brazo: I broke my arm.

Se lastimo el dedo: He hurt his finger.

Se puso el sombrero: He put on his hat.

Also--

Me han impuesto una multa sobre los generos: They have inflicted a fine on my goods.

And in all similar cases when by doing this the possessive may be avoided without creating confusion.

A somewhat similar use of these pronouns is the "ethical" dative, as--

Pongame aqui un clavo: Put me a nail here.

Castigueme este muchacho para que aprenda: Punish this boy (for me) so that he may learn.

Corteme el pelo a este muchacho: Cut this boy's hair.

This "ethical dative" shows the person _interested in the action. Its use is much more frequent in Spanish than in English.

=Conducir= (model verb for all ending in _ducir_; to conduct, to lead).

_Pres. Indic._, Conduzco----------

_Pres. Subj._, Conduzca, conduzcas, conduzca, conduzcamos, conduzcais, conduzcan.

_Past Def._, Conduje, condujiste, condujo, condujimos, condujisteis, condujeron.[186]

[Footnote 186: Not "condujieron." Imp. Subj., of course, Condujese, etc.]

VOCABULARY.

=abordar=, to board, to accost, to approach =*abrir agua=, to spring a leak =ajeno=, belonging to others, outward *=andar en cuestiones=, to dispute =barrica=, cask =cabo=, corporal =?como no?= yes, of course I will *=cubrir (p.p. cubierto)=, to cover *=dar dos pasos=, to take a stroll *=dar la lengua=, to chat, to parley =despejar=, to clear =devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains =difunto=, late, deceased =estallar=, to burst, to explode, to break out =formal=, formal, respectable *=ir repitiendo, etc=., to keep repeating, etc. =jefe del despacho=, manager =llevarse bien=, to get on well together =lograr=, to contrive, to attain =machacar=, to hammer, to insist =mandato=, order, injunction =melindroso=, squeamish, very particular =multa=, fine, penalty =Noruego=, Norwegian =peligro=, danger =remolcar=, to tow =sacar en limpio=, to make out i=santo y bueno=! that is all very well =sargento=, sergeant =transportar=, to transport, to convey =tul bordado=, embroidered tulle =vender gato por liebre=, to cheat i=vaya=! come (exclam.)

EXERCISE 1 (73)

Translate into English--

1. ?Vio V. a la Senora (the wife) del Coronel?

2. Vila ayer y la di el recado del Sr. Mayor.

3. ?Este cabo se lleva bien con sus soldados?

4. Lo creo, me lo ha dicho el sargento.

5. Bueno fuera irselo repitiendo al jefe para que abrevie, si puede ser.

6. A mi no me cuente para nada (do not take me into account), valdriale mejor verse con (see) el jefe del despacho.

7. A el le gusta dar la lengua, vaya a hablarle.

8. No le conozco, V. se hace cargo (you understand) que me resulta dificultoso el abordarle, y lo mismo da (it is the same) hablar con V.

9. V. se equivoca, va mucho de Pedro a Pedro (there is a great difference between the two) y en cuanto a su timidez no sea V. melindroso y tenga presente que el que no se atreve no pasa la mar (nothing venture, nothing have).

10. Para no andar en mas cuestiones seguire su mandato (I shall do as you tell me).

11. iQue tenga V. buena suerte!

12. Me devane los sesos procurando sacar en limpio lo que queria decir la carta pero no me fue posible y di al diablo con el hato y el garabato (I gave up the whole confounded thing) como se suele decir.

13. Me puse el sombrero y me fui para dar dos pasos y despejarme la cabeza.

14. Sr. Juan, V. machaca desde muchos dias sobre que le debo dar alguna orden a Don Jose, pues para darles gusto a ambos saludemele V. mucho (give him my kind regards), en su primera carta y digale que me envie luego 500 piezas de tul bordado repeticion de mi pedido anterior, mismos matices.

EXERCISE 2 (74).

Translate into Spanish--

1. It is I who conveyed (trasmitir) that information to him.

2. The goods were conveyed by the Ship Canal (el canal maritimo).

3. Have you made it clear (lo ha explicado claramente) that the risk will be covered whether the casks travel by steamer or other conveyance (medio de trasporte)?

4. Our agent contrived to get the fine refunded (hacerse refundir); he wrote us so.

5. The vessel sprang a leak and was in danger but she spoke (hablo con la bocina a) a Norwegian steamer, who gave her assistance and towed her to (al) Havre.

6. The conditions you have put forth (presentado) are altogether unacceptable.

7. Put him in the way (muestrele V. el modo) of conducting his business without depending on (de) outward assistance.

8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite satisfactorily.

9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I should not have financed (comanditado) him.

10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal).

11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando largas).

12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado).

13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms.

14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear (descompuesto).

15. Mr. Nunez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador.

16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience.

17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise.

LESSON XXXVIII.
(Leccion trigesima octava.)

THE PRONOUN. (_contd._).

Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo escribe," "Le hablamos a el mismo."

Notice the following idiomatic uses of _Lo, La, Los, Las_ with the verbs _haber_ and _hacer_--

?Hay dinero? Is there money?--Si, lo hay: Yes, there is some.

?Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?--Si, las hay: Yes, there are some.

?Hace dos dias? Is it two days ago?--No, no los hace: No, it is not.

?Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?--Si, la hace: Yes, it is.

?Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?--La hace, mucho: Yes, very necessary.

In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir a ver" (to go and see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, occurring, may be taken by either verb, as--

Irle a ver _or_ ir a verle: To go and see him.

Mandarlo hacer _or_ Mandar hacerlo: To have it made.

An object pronoun _after a preposition_ may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in English, as--

Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si _or_ entre ellos: The lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them).

Of course _el, ella, ellos, ellas_, cannot be used with reference to "V." "Vs."--

Vs. lo han arreglado entre si _or_ entre Vs. (_but not_ entre ellos): You have arranged it between yourselves.

=Demonstrative Pronouns=.

Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used--

Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc.

Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc.

The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., should be translated "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace _or_ ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (_or_ no le veo) desde hace tres meses," "Hace (_or_ ha) tres meses desde que le vi la ultima vez."

"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde hace tres horas.

=Relative Pronouns=.

_Cuyo_ in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of _el cual_ followed by a noun, as--

Lo di a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo paso a un amigo de el:

I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his.

The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of _cuyo_, it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted.

=Indefinite Pronouns=.

The Indefinite Pronouns _algo_ and _nada_ followed by an adjective, generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as--

Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good. No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good.

_Un nada_ is used as a noun, as--

Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him.

_La nada_--nothingness.

[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. "muerto." N.B.--"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of "matar" (to kill), as--Le han muerto: They have killed him.]

VOCABULARY.

=adeudar=, to debit, to pay (duty) =atrasado=, in arrears, behind =ce por be=, with all particulars, minutely =chapas=, plates *=contar=, to count, to relate =discreto=, sensible, judicious, discreet =dispensar=, to excuse =echar a perder=, to spoil, to wreck =empeoramiento=, turn for the worse *=estar en poco de=, to be within an inch of =grano de anis=, a trifling matter *=hacer de las suyas=, to play one's pranks *=hacer el obsequio=, to do the favour =informe=, report =mandar buscar=, to send for =obligar=, to compel *=obtener=, to obtain, to bring about =pesado=, heavy =quehaceres=, occupations, business =reglamento=, regulation, bye-laws =remesa=, remittance, shipment =revista=, review =rodajas (de goma)=, rubber heels (revolving) =tacones (de goma)=, rubber heels (shaped) =taller=, workshop =tonto=, simpleton, foolish =tornillos=, screws

EXERCISE 1 (75).

Translate into English--

1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus pedidos a Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en que asi se haga.

2. Si dicho Senor envia pedidos ?hace falta avisarle a V.?

3. Si, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decirmelo a fin de poner a Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las remesas, etc.

4. ?Hace ocho dias que Ilego el informe de la comision?

5. Creo que no los hace todavia.

6. Tengo los muestrarios aqui, voy a darselos a V.

7. Se los voy a devolver en seguida.

8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglaran esto entre ellos (_or_ entre si).

9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde.

10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo asi que vienen juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debian (deberian) adeudar el mismo derecho.

11. No sucedio nada de extraordinario para justificar su accion que en poco estuvo de echarlo todo a perder.

12. Hagame V. el obsequio de contarmelo todo, pues no es ningun grano de anis.

13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contare ce por be.

14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar a mi chauffeur.

15. Es V. muy dueno, pero acuerdese V. que primero los quehaceres y despues los placeres.

16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to.

17. Vamos e ver de que se trata.

18. ?Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas?

[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.]

EXERCISE 2 (76).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send for them.

2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee.

3. English manufacturers are not asleep.

4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods (modernos, a la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the requirements of the consumers.

5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in small lots.

6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it.

7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers (productores) will only book (aceptan ordenes) at good prices.

8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado firmes para atraer a los compradores) but makers are not hungry for (ansiosos de obtener) orders.

9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions (proporciones).

10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) those papers in order?

11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short.

12. They ought to set a (dar) good example.

13. He set about it (puso mano a la obra) at once.

14. Setting aside the (prescindiendo del) fact that he is behind with his payments, he does us great harm by running down (desacreditando) our goods.

15. Winter has set in (principiado) and heavy cloths are in great request.

16. I have set my mind on (me he decidido a) this venture.

17. A movement has been set on foot (iniciado) to bring about the revision of the bye-laws.

LESSON XXXIX.
(Leccion trigesima nona.)

THE VERB.

All intransitive verbs in Spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb _haber_, as--

Ha venido: He has or is come.

A verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition, as--

Convenimos en hacerlo: We agreed upon doing it.

should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows.

N.B.--Many such verbs, however, may preserve the preposition even before a finite mood, as--

Convenimos que, _or_ en que, lo hiciesen: We agreed that they should do it.

When the subject of a verb is a collective noun, the verb is placed in the singular (see Lesson XXXII for exception).

When a compound subject _follows_ the verb, this may agree in number and person with the first subject only, as--

Nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompanaban: We received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it.

The ambiguity between a Reflexive verb plural and a Reciprocal verb is avoided thus--

Se comprometen a si (a si mismos--emphatic): They commit themselves.

Se comprometen el uno al otro, _or_ los unos a los otros: They commit each other.

A Reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person as the subject, is the _direct object_ of the action, as--

Ellos se comprometen: They commit themselves.

But when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object, the verb is only intransitive pronominal, as--

El se procuro un empleo: He procured for himself an employment.

=The Passive Voice=.

The Passive voice formed with _ser_ occurs much less in Spanish than in English.

When the "doer" is not expressed the active voice with _se_ generally takes its place, as--

Los ninos se aman _or_ Se ama[189] a los ninos: Children are loved.

[Footnote 189: Notice Sing. number.]

When the "doer" is mentioned the following construction is often used--

A estos ninos los aman sus padres: These children are loved by their parents.

The English present participle used substantively is rendered in Spanish by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by the definite article, as--

El cambio de las condiciones: The changing of the terms. El cambiar las condiciones: The changing of the terms.

Su comunicacion a las autoridades de la Aduana, El escribir _or_ el haber escrito el a las autoridades de la Aduana: His writing to the custom-house authorities.

El vender a credito a largos plazos no es un principio sano: Selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice.

Prefiero comprar disponible (_or_ las compras de disponible): I prefer spot buying.

=_The English gerund following "by" is translated by the gerund without preposition or by the infinitive preceded by _con_, as--_=

Depositando (_or_ con depositar) sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla: By depositing his shares, he put himself in order.

The Spanish verbal forms ending in _ante_ and _iente_, as: Amante (lover), tratante (dealer), dependiente (clerk), etc., used to be termed "present participles," and the analogous forms "amando" (loving), "tratando" (treating), "dependiendo" (depending), etc., "gerunds," but this has now taken the place of both forms, used as verbs, and the forms in _ante_ and _iente_ are classed as other parts of speech, according to their meaning, as--

Amante de la musica (_adj._): Fond of music. Un tratante en trigos (_noun_): A dealer in wheat. Un dependiente de comercio (_noun_): A commercial clerk. Durante la exposicion (_prep._): During the exhibition. Mediante su ayuda (_prep._): By means of his help. No obstante que vino (_conj._): Notwithstanding his coming. iCorriente! (_interj._): All right! done!

=Huir= (to flee).[190]

_Pres. Indic._, Huyo, huyes, huye ... huyen. _Pres. Subj._, Huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyais, huyan.

[Footnote 190: Model for all verbs ending in "uir" (with "u" sounded).]

VOCABULARY.

=acabado=, finish (cloth) =acudir=, to have recourse, to attend, to run to =a las claras=, plainly, clearly =apresto=, size, also finish (cloth) =aprovecharse=, to take advantage =bomba de doble efecto=, double-acting pump =burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with =chucherias=, pretty trifles *=convenir en=, to agree to =enganifas=, tricks =escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking =granjearse=, to win over *=hacer ver=, to show *=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) =mediar=, to come between, to intervene, to take place in the meantime *=no tener pelo de tonto=, not to be a simpleton =quitar=, to take away *=reducir a un minimo=, to reduce to a minimum, to minimise *=saber a punto fijo=, to know for certain =sospechar=, to suspect =suave=, soft, mellow, gentle =subsanar=, to correct, to rectify =tacto=, feel (_n._), touch (_n._) =voluntad=, will, goodwill, favour

EXERCISE 1 (77).

Translate into English--

1. A mi no me venga con estas enganifas que no tengo pelo de tonto.

2. Me hace regalos de algunas chucherias para granjearse mi voluntad y aprovecharse despues.

3. ?Sabe V. a punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones?

4. Mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de mi nadie se burla.

5. V. debe de equivocarse y solo por sospechas no debe quitarle su amistad.

6. Estas hermosas calderas de alta presion las han construido en Inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los Estados Unidos.

7. El conceder el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha hecho conseguir una extensa clientela.

8. Con uniformarse a mis disposiciones (orders, instructions) el cumplira con su deber y yo quedare mas contento.

9. No soy amante de disputas, mis dependientes podran asegurarle que durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones, no acudi una sola vez a los Tribunales.

EXERCISE 2 (78).

Translate into Spanish--

1. The long and short of the matter is that (en pocas palabras) we had agreed he was to do it.

2. This is nothing short of dishonesty (esto se llama falta de honradez, nada menos).

3. No matter what he will say (diga lo que dijere) I am sure he will have to pay.

4. The estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in (a) time.

5. The cloth was run (plegada) in pieces of 20 yds. exactly, the consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with cuts (cortes).

6. It is of no use (es inutil) our struggling any longer (por mas tiempo) against adversity.

7. Your writing in that strain (en aquel tono) shows plainly that their action has cut you to the quick (profundamente).

8. By selling in time he managed (logro) to minimise the loss.

9. The shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being (se van) corrected by the Republican Government.

10. We shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with.

11. These stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not sufficiently mellow.

12. Their feel is not clothy (no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto).

13. This defect will be made right in future deliveries.

LESSON XL.
(Leccion cuadrageseima.)

THE VERB (_contd._).

As in English, several past participles may be used with an active meaning, as--

Un hombre leido: A well-read man (for a man who has read much and well).

The following are some examples--

Agradecido (grateful) Atrevido (bold, daring) Bien hablado (a courteous speaker) Callado (taciturn) Cansado (tiresome) Comedido (thoughtful, considerate) Corrido[191] (acute, artful) Divertido (amusing) Entendido (experienced, conversant) Experimentado (experienced, expert) Sufrido (patient)

[Footnote 191: With a passive meaning it is "abashed."]

=The Tenses=.

The periphrastic or progressive conjugation: "I am buying," "I was selling," "I shall be buying," etc., exists in Spanish with the following differences from English:--

In the present and the past it is used, but only when the action embraces a certain length of time, otherwise the simple form "I buy," "I sold" _(imperf. indic.)_ must be used, as--

Fulano se arrojaba por la ventana (_not_ se estaba arrojando).

The Spanish Academy gives this example as of an action more or less instantaneous: So-and-So was throwing himself out of the window.

The periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is _actually engaged_ in the action, as:

Hoy como con mi amigo (_not_ "estoy comiendo," because not actually engaged in the action): To-day I am dining with my friend.

In the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as--

Cuando venga manana, yo estare escribiendo: To-morrow when he comes, I shall be writing.

The periphrastic form never happens with the verb _ir_ (to go), and seldom with _venir_ (to come).

The English present perfect (preterite compuesto) "I have done" is often used in Spanish for the past definite "I did," when the period of time in which the action took place is not specified.

The Spanish Academy gives--

Siempre que he ido a Madrid he visitado el Prado _for_ Whenever I went to Madrid I visited the Prado.

We even find "ayer he hecho esto o aquello" for "yesterday I did this or that," and this is accounted for by the "nearness" of the period elapsed. Although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in English, well-educated Spaniards will take care to avoid it.

The second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for the conditional mood, as--

Se lo diera si lo tuviese _instead of_ se lo daria, etc.: I should give it to him if I had it.

It is also found (in books, not in conversation) for the compound imperfect indicative, especially after _que_, as--

Los consejos que le diera (_for_ que le habia dado): The advice which I had given him.

In old Spanish, and even now in poetry, we find it used for every one of the compound past tenses.

=General Observations=.

The verb "to come" should be rendered in Spanish by _ir_ when the person is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing, as--

?Quiere V. venir aqui a mi casa manana? Will you come here to my house to-morrow?

Hoy estoy indispuesto pero manana ire a verle: To-day I am unwell (out of sorts), but to-morrow I shall come to see you.

La vi escribir: I saw her writing; viz., I saw her write.

La vi escribiendo: I saw her writing; viz., whilst she was writing.

The emphatic word in an English sentence is often and more elegantly translated by a paraphrase in Spanish--

?Es verdad que ha comprado los generos? _Has_ he bought the goods?

?Es el quien ha comprado los generos? Has _he_ bought the goods?

?De veras ha comprado los generos? Has he _bought_ the goods?

?Pues son los generos lo que ha comprado? Has he bought _the goods_?

Esta transaccion hubo de arruinarle: This transaction was within an ace of ruining him.

"I believe myself to be clever," etc., is not translated "Yo me creo ser habil," but "Yo me creo (_or_ considero) habil," or "Yo creo ser habil," or "Creo que soy habil."

=Decir (to say, to tell)=.

_Pres. Part_., Diciendo. _Past Part_., Dicho. _Pres. Indic_., Digo, dices, dice,--,--, dicen. _Pres. Subj_., Diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digan. _Imp. Mood_, Di ... _Past Def. Indic_., Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. _Future Indic_., Dire, diras, dira, diremos, direis, diran.

VOCABULARY.

=agrupacion=, group, muster =aislado=, isolated, hedged in =alcalde=, mayor =arreglo amistoso=, friendly understanding =capataz=, foreman =carta de naturaleza=, certificate of naturalization =cifras=, figures *=dar pasos=, to take steps =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =derechos protectores=, protective duties =diputacion= provincial, provincial council =elaborar=, to elaborate =genio=, temper =inquietarse=, to feel uneasy *=no tenerlas todas consigo=, to feel uneasy *=irse en rodeos=, to beat about the bush =labor indigena=, native labour =pequeneces=, trifling matters =perspectivas=, prospects =plan=, plan[192] (idea) =proyecto=, project, scheme =repasar=, to go through =resultado=, result =(de) resultas de=, in consequence of, as a result of =vecino=, inhabitant, ratepayer[193] =vuelta de correo (a), (by) return of post

[Footnote 192: Plan, sketch = "Plano."]

[Footnote 193: Vecino = ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after a certain period of residence.]

EXERCISE 1 (79).

Translate into English--

1. Las leyes de Espana declaran: Son espanoles todas las personas nacidas en territorio espanol, los hijos de padre o madre espanoles aunque hayan nacido fuera de Espana, y los extranjeros que hayan obtenido del Gobierno Espanol carta de naturaleza, o sean vecinos de cualquier pueblo de Espana.

2. Anaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente a sus profesiones en territorio espanol; pero ningun extranjero puede ejercer en Espana cargo alguno que represente autoridad.

3. Los miembros del Concejo o cabildo o ayuntamiento o corporacion municipal se llaman Concejales o regidores.

4. En Espana el alcalde de Madrid es nombrado libremente por el Gobierno; el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de 6,000 habitantes es nombrado por el Gobierno de entre los concejales, los demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su companeros concejales.

5. Los cargos concejiles son gratuitos.

6. La Diputacion Provincial es la agrupacion de los varios municipios de cada provincia, y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la provincia.

EXERCISE 2 (80).

Translate into Spanish--

1. The foreman is grateful for his master's kindness.

2. The Director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing, in a foreign country hedged in by protective duties, a factory worked by native labour under an English manager (gerente) and experienced English instructors.

3. If this plan reaches concretion (se verifica) he will be going abroad shortly, when he will find that his agents will be taking already the preliminary steps.

4. The Director himself is coming towards us, he will tell you more about it.

5. I am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want looking after (hay que cuidar).

6. Whenever (siempre que) I decided on (he decidido) a thing, I have always acted on my decision (la he puesto en ejecucion).

7. I tell you if I had a larger stock, I should feel rather uneasy at (con) the prospects of the market.

8. Come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come (llegaremos) to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush.

9. He told me the figures did not compare well with (no eran buenas en comparacion de) those of last year.

10. Please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by return of post.

11. Short reckonings make long friends (las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso).

12. He lost money as a result of his bad temper.

LESSON XLI.
(Leccion cuadragesima primera.)

THE VERB (_contd._).

_Ser_ and _Estar_. Such expressions as "Smoking is prohibited," etc., are translated either "Es prohibido fumar" or "Esta prohibido fumar." Both translations are grammatically correct ("Esta prohibido fumar" is the general expression in this particular case).

If we say "Es prohibido fumar," we are referring to the "doer" of the action: "Es prohibido _por la ley, por la policia, por los jefes_, etc., etc."--a case of passive voice.

If we say "Esta prohibido fumar" we have no "doer" in our mind, but only the thing itself = a case of "a condition of things" resulting from the action (the prohibition).

=EXAMPLE--=

El fumar es prohibido por el jefe, por esto esta prohibido fumar en nuestro despacho: Smoking is prohibited by our employer (viz., our employer prohibits smoking), therefore it is not allowed in our office.

_The above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast; in practice, of course, such oddities are avoided._

The English expressions, "It is I, you, he, we, they, who ..." must be rendered in Spanish by "Soy yo, es V., somos nosotros, etc., quien _or_ quienes ..."; i.e., the English impersonal "it is" must be made personal in Spanish.

We said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages, as--

Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail.

Entrar en una casa: To enter a house.

This, one of the points for which rules cannot be laid, belongs to the idiom of the language, and practice is the only master (see Appendix V for a list of the most conspicuous differences) In reading, together with the meaning of a verb, _ascertain its government._

Some peculiarities of Spanish verbs--

_Acabar de_, followed by an infinitive, translates the English "to have just," followed by a past participle, as--

Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated.

_Acertar a_, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as--

Acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana: They happened to pass when she was looking out of the window.

Acerto a ser viernes aquel dia: That day happened to be a Friday.

_Alegrarse de, Celebrar_--"to be glad to," "to rejoice at."

Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of the news.

(Before an infinitive _de_ is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro decirle: I am glad to tell you.)

_Caber_ (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions--

No cabe en nosotros tal accion: We are not capable of such an action.

No cabe en si de gozo: He is beside himself with joy.

Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize.

No se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte: One cannot know what one's lot will be.

Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas: This cloth is perfection itself.

No caber en si: To be puffed up with pride.

=Ir= (to go).

_Pres. Part._, Yendo.[194] _Pres. Indic._, Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. _Pres. Subj._, Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan. _Imper. Mood_, Ve ... vayamos _or_ vamos ... _Imperf. Indic._, Iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban. _Past Def. Indic._, Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.

[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change into "ye."]

=Oir= (to hear).

_Pres. Indic._, Oigo.

Salir (to go out).

_Pres. Indic._, Salgo. _Pres. Subj._, Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgais, salgan. _Imp. Mood_, Sal . . . _Fut. Indic._, Saldre, saldras, saldra, saldremos, saldreis, saldran.

VOCABULARY.

=arrancar=, to wrench, to squeeze out =biblioteca=, public library =codicia=, greed, covetousness *=darsele a uno de una cosa=, to matter =desgraciado=, unfortunate =deslumbrar=, to dazzle =factura simulada=, pro forma invoice =fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday =fomento=, development, encouragement *=hacer impresion=, to impress =hacienda=, finance, property =(no) perdonar nada=, to leave no stone unturned =proxima=, near, approaching *=regir=, to rule, to govern, to control =sacar=, to pull out, to get out =sin perjuicio de=, excepting *=tener a su cargo=, to have in charge *=tener en poco=, to think little of

EXERCISE 1 (81).

Translate into English--

1. El Gobierno en Espana se compone de ocho ministerios.

2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de Espana con los demas Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" ingles.

3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos a la Administracion de Justicia y alorden eclesiastico.

4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office."

5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administracion civil del Estado, asi generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura, industria, comercio, obras, publicas, montes (forests), minas, y estadisticas.

6. Este corresponde mas o menos al ingles "Board of Trade;" y el Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes que tiene a su cargo cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education."

EXERCISE 2 (82).

Translate into Spanish--

1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldre para) now that the matter is arranged.

2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me.

3. Go, but do not be long.

4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you returned (no volvio antes de).

5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England.

6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were of course closed on that day.

7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (de instrucciones a) your cashier to pay our account.

8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices.

9. I am incapable of so much greed.

10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria" was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the Spanish coast.

11. Coming back from having seen (a vuelta de haber visto) the machine working (en funcion) he told us how favourably impressed he had been.

12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him.

13. This is nothing to me.

14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm.

15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this unfortunate business but it has been of no avail.

16. He thinks nothing of our work.

LESSON XLII.
(Leccion cuadragesima segunda.)

THE VERB (_contd_.).

_Caer_ has several idiomatic uses--

Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well. Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one. La puerta cae a oriente: The door is on the east side. Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand. Caerse redondo: To fall flat.

_Dar_--

Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it. Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument. Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good. Dar los naipes: To deal cards. Dar la enhorabuena, el pesame, los buenos dias: To congratulate, to condole with, to wish good day. Dar la hora: To strike the hour. Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims. Dar en un error: To incur an error. Darse preso: To give oneself up. Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study. Dar a creer: To make believe. Dar con una persona: To come across a person. No se me da nada: I do not care a bit. Ahi me las den todas: I do not care a bit.

Many other idioms are formed with _dar_ for which a good dictionary should be consulted.

_Dejar de_--to cease from, to omit, to fail to.

Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking. Dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido: He omitted to send me the remittance he promised me. No dejare de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order.

_Echar_ (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary should be consulted--

Echar a correr, a reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc. Echar a perder: To spoil, to ruin. Echar de beber: To pour out drink. Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice. Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious. Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of. Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the door). Echar la culpa: To lay the blame. Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon. Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar.

_Estar_--"to be."

Estar en que: To be of opinion. Estar por: To be in favour of. Estar para: To be on the point of. Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done.

_Faltar_--"to fail," "to be wanting."

Falto a la promesa: He failed to his promise. Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars. N.B.--"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars."

_Guardarse de_--"to take care" (to guard against).

It carries with it a negative meaning.

Me guardare bien de hacerlo: I shall take care _not_ to do it. ("I shall take care to do it" would be translated "cuidare de hacerlo.")

_Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar a ser_, translate the English "to become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into a verb, as--

Se hizo todo un ingles: He became quite an Englishman. Se puso colorado: He became red in the face. Se volvio loco de contento: He became mad with joy. Llego a ser famoso: He became famous. Se enriquecio: He became rich.

_Hacer_ (_or mandar_) _hacer una cosa_--"to have a thing done."

Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me. Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written.

_Llevar_--"to carry," "to wear." Llevar a mal: To take amiss. Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody. Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed. Llevese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you.

_Meter bulla_--"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour."

_Volver_ (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an infinitive to denote a repetition of its action--

Volver a decir: To say again. Decir otra vez: To say again. Decir de nuevo: To say again.

VOCABULARY.

=abonar=, to speak for a person, to recommend =actas=, deeds (writings) =amen de=, besides =apenas=, barely, scarcely *=arrepentirse=, to repent =bergantin=, brig =concluir un trato=, to strike a bargain =contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner =conveniente para=, becoming =cregueelas=, osnaburgs =crespones=, crepons *=dar cuenta=, to report =destajista=, contractor =discutir=, to discuss =dobladillo de ojo (con)=, hemstitched =empenar=, to engage =en regla=, in order =escrito=, writing (_n._), letter *=exponerse a=, to expose oneself to, to encounter =fidedigno=, trustworthy =fracasar=, to fall through =goleta=, schooner =hundimiento=, subsidence =panuelos de luto=, black-bordered handkerchiefs *=poner pleito=, to bring an action =posicion=, position, standing *=probar fortuna=, to try one's luck =proceder= (_n_.), proceeding, behaviour =redactar=, to draw up (deeds), to write out =repulgados, dobladillados=, hemmed =suelo=, ground, soil =telas rizadas=, crimps =vencer=, to win, to fall due

EXERCISE 1 (83).

Translate into English--

1. En contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos (we are sorry) deberles notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos han pedido.

2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para cregueelas, panuelos de algodon de luto, dobladillados (_or_ repulgados) y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro proximo escrito.

3. El destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer.

4. Estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros Directores estan por ponerle pleito.

5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura.

6. Conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen.

7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea.

8. La goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento.

EXERCISE 2 (84).

Translate into Spanish--

1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them barely covers his cost.

2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an interest in his affairs.

3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in future.

4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (asi se acabo la cosa).

5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again.

6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse).

7. He became very cautious after the experience he had.

8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in railway shares.

9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst.

10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing.

11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting you to have them drawn up again.

12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed.

13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again.

LESSON XLIII.
(Leccion cuadragesima tercera.)

THE VERB (_contd._).

The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might," when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense, conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]--

I shall go: Ire. Thou wilt go: Iras. We should go: Iriamos. You would go: Vs. irian. I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen exito. I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese.

[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should be Subjunctive. Example--

It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late:
Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.]

When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by _Deber_ (shall, should), _Querer_ (will and would), and _Poder_ (may and might), as--

You shall go: V. debe ir. You may speak: V. puede hablar. I will not buy more: No quiero comprar mas. You should accept our terms: Vs. deberian[196] aceptar nuestras condiciones.

We would willingly see that done: Quisieramos mucho verlo hacer.

[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative _debia, podia, queria,_ is often used for "deberia," "podria," and "querria." This occurs also with other verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui _for_ Yo selo daria si estuviese aqui.]

"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of _Poder_--

I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora. I can do it next month: Puedo _or_ Podre hacerlo el mes proximo.

"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional mood of _Poder_--

I did it whenever I could: Lo hacia siempre que podia. I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podria hacerlo si tuviese los medics necesarios.

"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect indicative--

When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafes for hours: Cuando estaba en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes.

"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo hiciese).[197]

"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese).

[Footnote 197: After _si_ (if--Conditional) the verb is present indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).]

"Can" is translated by _saber_ when the faculty expressed is the result of _learning_, as--

Can you play the piano? ?Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte?

"To be to," "to have to" are translated by _Tener que, Haber de_ or _Deber_ (see Lesson XXVII), as--

Who is to write out that invoice? ?Quien ha de (debe) escribir aquella factura? I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso. I shall have to work hard: Tendro que trabajar fuerte.

"Let" as a principal verb is translated by _dejar_ or _permitir;_ as an auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood--

Let him speak: Dejele V. hablar, or Permitale V. que hable. Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pidalo (_or_ que lo pida) y se lo daremos.

"To let (or hire) a house"--"alquilar (una casa)"--I have let my house: He alquilado mi casa.

VOCABULARY.

=abogar por=, to plead for =acoger=, to receive =agasajar=, to welcome =apurar=, to clear up, to investigate =arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from *=atender a=, to attend =clases nocturnas=, evening classes =condiciones=, terms *=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce =cruzados=, twills[198] =culpado=, at fault *=despedir=, to dismiss =destenido=, faded =detallado=, detailed, circumstantial =estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time =estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start =farditos=, trusses[199] =fiados, book debts =el idioma, la lengua=, language =malversar=, to embezzle =nansus=, nainsooks =negociado=, division (Gov. Office) =oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance =pagare=, promissory note, bill =parte=, report =perfeccionar=, to perfect =por poder=, per pro =tiro, largura=, length =tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase

[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.]

[Footnote 199: Small bales.]

EXERCISE 1 (85).

Translate into English--

1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fui atendido y agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X.

2. Le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y V. deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida.

3. Los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han empacado cada cuatro en un fardo.

4. Avisamos a Vs. el envio por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se pueden pedir en cualquier tiro.

5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que necesiten.

6. Este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time).

7. Arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado.

8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia.

9. El Ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido a castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados.

EXERCISE 2 (86).

Translate into Spanish--

1. I shall make out a list of my book debts.

2. You would break (faltaria a) your word if you did not plead for him.

3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed.

4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain conditions.

5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir) that interesting case (proceso).

6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods (metodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language.

7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present.

8. They might be a little easier in their dealings.

9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract?

10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at 4 and 6 months' time.

11. They ought to forewarn their agents.

12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong.

13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise you to sign it per pro.

14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of (admitido) the bale.

15. Mr. Gomez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial report.

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Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)Chapter VI: Part 6

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