Chapter IX: Part 9

=sad=, triste =safely=, sin novedad, a salvamento =sail=, vela =sailing vessel=, velero=, buque=, de vela =saint, holy=, santo =salary=, sueldo =sale=, venta =salvage=, salvamento =same=, mismo =sardines=, sardinas =sash=, cinto =satins (brocaded)=, satines (brochados) =satisfied=, satisfecho =Saturday=, Sabado =to save=, ahorrar =sawing machine=, sierra mecanica =to say=, decir, manifestar =scalloped=, festoneado =scandalous=, escandaloso =scarcely=, apenas =schooner=, goleta =science=, ciencia =scissors=, tijeras =to scold=, reconvenir =score=, veintena =screw (of a boat)=, helice (el _or_ la) =screws=, tornillos =not over-scrupulous=, de manga ancha =scuttle=, caja de carbon =seal=, sello =to seal=, sellar =sealing-wax=, lacre =to search=, buscar =season=, estacion, temporada =to seat=, asentar =secretary=, secretario =to secure=, asegurar =securities=, valores =to see=, ver =seeing that=, visto que =to seem=, parecer =to select=, elegir, escoger =selection=, surtido =to sell=, vender =selvedge=, orilla =senate=, senado =to send=, enviar, mandar, remitir =to send back=, devolver =to send a remittance=, hacer una remesa =to send for=, mandar buscar =sensible=, discreto, juicioso =sentence=, frase =September=, Setiembre =sergeant=, sargento =series=, la serie =to serve=, servir =service=, servicio, utilidad =session (parliamentary)=, legislatura =to set out=, partir =set of patterns=, muestrario =to settle=, arreglar, definir, liquidar =settlement=, saldo =several=, varios =shade (of colour)=, el matiz =shame=, vergueenza =shape=, forma =share=, accion =shareholder=, accionista =sharp=, agudo =shawl=, chal =shears=, cizallas =sheet (bed)=, sabana =shell-fish=, mariscos =to shelter=, abrigar =shilling=, chelin =ship=, barco, buque, navio =to ship=, embarcar =shipment=, remesa, embarque =shipowners=, armadores =shipper=, exportador =shirt=, camisa =shocking=, escandaloso =shoes=, zapatos =shop=, tienda =shopkeeper=, tendero =short=, corto =short cut=, atajo =shortly=, en breve=, proximamente =shoulder=, espalda =shout=, grito =shovel=, pala =to show=, mostrar, acusar, exhibir, hacer constar, ensenar =shrewd=, fino =to shrink=, encojerse =shrivelled=, encojido =shrunk=, encojido =side=, lado =side arms=, armas blancas =sight=, vista =to sight=, avistar =sign=, senal =to sign=, firmar =signature=, firma =signed guarantee=, indemnidad =to be silent=, callarse =silk=, seda =silk hat=, sombrero de copa =silver=, plata =similar=, semejante =simpleton=, tonto, necio =sincere=, sincero =sincere man=, hombre llano =sincerity=, sinceridad =single, simple, plain=, simple =sister-in-law=, cunada =skates=, patines =sketch=, croquis =skin=, piel =sky=, cielo =sky-blue=, azul celeste =slack=, flojo =slackness=, flojedad =slate colour=, plomo =sleep=, sueno =to sleep=, dormir =slender=, exiguo =slight=, exiguo, ligero =slip=, boletin, volante =slope=, cuesta =slow=, lento, moroso, tardo =by slow train=, a pequena velocidad =slowly=, despacio =sly=, socarron =small=, pequeno, exiguo =smaller=, menor =smallware=, quincalla =smile=, sonrisa =to smoke (of a chimney)=, humear =smooth=, liso =smuggling=, matute =to snow=, nevar =snow=, nieve =so and so=, fulano =so, as ... as=, tan ... como =society=, sociedad =socks=, calcetines =soda=, soda, sosa =sofa=, el sofa =soft=, blando, suave =to soften=, ablandar =soil=, suelo =soldier=, soldado =sole=, exclusivo =solely=, unicamente =to solicit=, solicitar =solicitor=, abogado (procurador legal) =solidity=, solidez =some=, algun, alguno, algunos, unos =something=, algo =somewhat=, algo =soon=, pronto =sordid=, ruin =sorrow=, dolor =to be sorry=, sentir =so that=, de modo que, para que =so to say=, por decirlo asi =sour=, agrio =source=, fuente, manantial =source (to have from a good)=, tener de buena tinta =south=, sur, sud =space=, cabida =spades=, palas =Spanish=, espanol =Spanish peas=, garbanzos =spare pieces (machinery)=, piezas de repuesto =sparrow=, gorrion =to speak=, hablar =to speak for=, abonar =species=, especie =speculation=, especulacion =speed=, prisa =speedy=, pronto =to spend=, gastar =spices=, especias =to spin=, hilar =spinner=, hilador =in spite of=, a pesar de =to spoil=, gastar, echar a perder =spoon=, cuchara =spokes=, rayos =spot=, mancha, punto, sitio =spot cotton=, algodon disponible =spring=, resorte =spring (season)=, primavera =squeamish=, melindroso =to squeeze out=, exprimir, arrancar =squire=, hijodalgo, hidalgo =stain=, mancha =stamp=, timbre =stamp-rack=, porta-estampillas =stamps (postage)=, sellos =standard-bearer=, porta-bandera =standing=, posicion =to start from=, arrancar de =statement=, cuenta =statistics=, estadisticas =stay=, estancia =to steal=, robar =steam-engine=, maquina a vapor =steamer=, buque de vapor, vapor =steel=, acero =step=, paso =stick=, garrote =still=, todavia =sting=, herida (fig.) =to stir=, remover =stockings=, medias =stock-jobber=, agiotista =stocks=, existencias =stool=, escano =to stop payment=, suspender los pagos =to stop short in the middle of one's speech=, cortarse =stores=, depositos, almacenes =storm=, temporal, tormenta =stove=, estufa, calorifero =stowage=, estiva =straight=, derecho =straightforward=, recto, leal =to strain=, forzar =strange=, extrano =street=, calle =to stretch=, extender =strike=, huelga =striped goods=, listados =stripes=, rayas =stroll=, paseo =strong, fast, firm=, fuerte =to struggle against=, luchar =to study=, estudiar =to stumble=, tropezar =subject=, asunto =to submit=, someter =subsidence=, hundimiento =to succeed=, suceder =to succeed in=, conseguir, obtener =success=, buen exito =such, such a=, tal =sudden=, repentino =to suffer=, sufrir =suffering=, sufrimiento =to suffice=, bastar =sugar=, azucar =sugar mill=, trapiche =suitings=, panos =sum=, suma =summer=, verano =to summon=, citar ante los tribunales =sun=, sol =Sunday=, domingo =supper=, cena =to suppose=, suponer =to suppress=, suprimir =supply and demand=, demanda y oferta =to supply oneself=, abastecerse =surety=, fiador =surface=, superficie =to surprise=, maravillar =surprising=, sorprendente =to suspect=, sospechar =to sweep=, barrer =sword=, espada =symptoms=, sintomas

=T=

=table=, mesa =table (of figures)=, cuadro =tact=, tacto =tailor=, sastre =to take=, tomar =to take amiss=, tomar a mal =to take away=, quitar =to take care (of oneself)=, cuidar(se) =to take charge=, encargarse =to take into consideration=, tener en cuenta =to take into tow=, traer a remolque, remolcar =to take much trouble=, afanarse =to take notice=, hacer caso =to take on lease=, alquilar, tomar en arriendo =to take place=, verificarse =to take steps=, dar pasos =to take the start=, tomar la delantera =to take up=, recoger =tallow greaves=, heces de sebo =tariff reform=, reforma arancelaria =task=, tarea =tax=, impuesto =tea=, te =to teach=, ensenar =teaching=, ensenanza =teeth=, dientes =to telephone=, telefonear =to tell=, decir =temper=, genio =temporarily=, temporalmente =tenant=, inquilino =tender=, tierno =term=, plazo =terms=, condiciones =textile=, textil =textiles=, tejidos =to thank=, agradecer =thanks to ... =, merced a ... =that=, ese,-a,-o, aquel-lla-llo, que =their=, su =then=, entonces, luego, pues =there=, alla, alli, ahi =therefore=, portanto =there is=, =there are=, hay =there to be=, haber =thick=, grueso, espeso =thief=, ladron =thimble=, dedal =thing=, cosa =to think=, creer, pensar =third= (_frac_.), tercio =thirst=, sed =this=, este,-a,-o =thousand=, mil =threshing machines=, trilladores =to throw=, echar =to thunder=, tronar =Thursday=, jueves =ticket, etiqueta=, rotulo =ticking=, terliz =timber=, madera =time=, tiempo, epoca =at the same time=, al mismo tiempo, a la par que =tin=, estano =to tire=, cansar =to-day=, hoy =ton=, tonelada =tongs=, tenazas =tongue=, lengua =too (also)=, tambien =too, too much=, demasiado =tools=, herramientas =top=, cima =touch=, tacto =to tow=, traer a remolque, remolcar =towards=, para con, hacia =to what extent?=, ?hasta que punto? =town=, ciudad, poblacion, villa, pueblo =trade=, comercio =trade union=, asociacion de obreros =train=, tren =to transport=, tra(n)sportar =to travel=, viajar =traveller= (commercial), viajante =traveller= (tourist, etc.), viajero =treasure=, tesoro =to treat=, =to try=, =to endeavour=, tratar =tree=, arbol =trial=, prueba, ensayo =trick=, enganifa =trifles=, pequeneces =to trifle with=, burlarse =trifling amount=, una friolera =trimmings=, guarniciones, adornos =trouserings=, telas para pantalones =trousers=, pantalones =trunk=, baul =truss=, fardito =trust=, confianza =trustworthy=, fidedigno =to trust=, confiar =trustee=, sindico =truth=, verdad =to try=, probar, tratar =Tuesday=, martes =Turkey red handkerchiefs=, panuelos de Andrinopolis =turn for the worse=, empeoramiento =to turn=, volver =turnover=, giro =twill=, asargado, cruzado, aterlizado, diagonal =twine=, bramante =to twist=, torcer =tyres=, llantas

=U=

=umpire=, arbitro =uncertainty=, incertidumbre =uncle=, tio =under=, debajo de =to undersell=, malbaratar =to understand=, comprender, entender =to undertake=, comprometerse, emprender =undertaking=, empresa =uneasiness=, malcontento =unfavorable=, desfavorable =to unfold=, desplegar =unforeseen=, imprevisto =unhappy, unfortunate=, desdichado, infeliz =unless=, a menos que =unloading=, descarga =unnavigable=, innavegable =unprecedented=, sin precedente =unripe=, inmaturo, verde =unsuitability=, inconveniencia =until=, hasta que =unwillingly=, de mala gana =upon=, sobre =upright=, integro, cabal =to upset=, desconcertar =to urge=, apremiar, apresurar =to use for the first time=, estrenar =useful=, util =usefulness=, utilidad =utility=, utilidad

=V=

=vagabonds, (company of)=, hampa =value=, valor =valve=, valvula =variety=, variedad =varnish=, el barniz =velvet=, terciopelo =velveteen=, pana =venture=, ensayo =very=, muy =vest=, chaleco =via=, via =to vie with=, trabajar, ir, a porfia, haberselas con =view=, vista =villa=, quinta =village=, pueblo =vineyards=, vinas =violet=, violeta =virtue=, virtud =to visit=, visitar =vivid=, vivo =vividly=, vivamente =viz=., es decir, a saber =vocabulary=, vocabulario

=W=

=wages=, sueldo =waistcoat=, chaleco =to wait for=, esperar =to wait upon=, visitar =to wake up=, despertar =walk=, paseo =to walk=, andar =to want=, necesitar, querer =to be wanted=, hacer falta =to be wanting=, faltar =want of foresight=, imprevidencia =war=, guerra =warehouse=, almacen =warehouseman=, almacenero, dependiente de almacen =to warn=, advertir =to take warning=, escarmentar =warrant=, cedula =to warrant=, justificar =to waste=, desperdiciar, malgastar =waste-paper basket=, cestilla =watch=, reloj =to watch over=, vigilar =water=, agua =way=, manera, modo, via =wealth=, riqueza =wealthy=, acaudalado =to wear=, gastar, llevar =to wear for the first time=, estrenar =wearing apparel=, vestidos, ropa, hato =to weave=, tejer =weaver=, tejedor =webbing=, tejido elastico =Wednesday=, miercoles =week=, semana =weight=, peso =to welcome=, agasajar =well=, bien, pues =west=, oeste =to wet=, banar =whale=, ballena =what=, que (_inter_.), lo que =wheat=, trigo =when=, cuando =whenever=, cuandoquiera =where=, donde =wherever=, dondequiera =whether=, si, sea que =which=, que, el cual =whichever=, cualquiera =while=, mientras =whim=, antojo =Whitsuntide=, Pentecostes =white=, blanco =who=, que, quien, el cual =whoever=, quienquiera, cualquiera =wholesale=, al por mayor =whom=, quien =whose=, cuyo =wicked=, malo =widower=, viudo =width=, anchura, ancho =wife=, mujer, esposa =will=, voluntad =to win=, vencer =to win over=, granjearse =wind=, viento =window=, ventana =wine=, vino =wine (_adj_.)=, vinicolo =winsome=, simpatico =winter=, invierno =wireless=, radiograma =wise=, juicioso, sabio =to wish=, desear =to wish to have=, querer =wishful=, deseoso =with great effort=, a duras penas =within=, dentro de =without=, sin, sin que =woman=, mujer =to wonder=, maravillarse =to be wont=, soler =wood=, madera =wool=, lana =word=, palabra, vocablo =to work=, trabajar, obrar =to work (mines)=, explotar =workman=, obrero, operario =workshop=, taller =world=, mundo =world (_adj_.)=, mundial =worth=, valor =to be worth=, poseer, valer =to be worth while=, valer la pena =wound=, herida =to wound=, herir =wrap=, bata =wreck=, naufragar =to wreck=, echar a perder =to wrench=, arrancar =to write=, escribir =to write to each other=, escribirse =writer=, escritor =writing (_n_.)=, letra, escrito =writing desk=, escritorio =writing pad=, carpeta =written agreement=, contrato =to wrangle with someone=, haberselas con uno =on the wrong side=, al reves

=Y=

=yard=, yarda =yard (Spanish)=, vara =yarn=, hilado =year=, ano =yellow=, amarillo =yes=, si =yesterday=, ayer =yet=, todavia, aun =to yield, to submit=, ceder, darse a partido =young=, joven =young age=, juventud =young man, woman=, joven =youth=, juventud

=Z=

=zinc=, zinc

APPENDIX I

PRINCIPAL EXCEPTIONS TO THE RULE ON SPANISH GENDER BY TERMINATION

1. Words of Greek etymology ending in _ma_--

El dilema (the dilemma) El diploma (the diploma) El epigrama (the epigram) El problema (the problem) El sintoma (the symptom) El telegrama (the telegram)

etc., etc.

But La amalgama (the amalgamation) La diadema (the diadem) La estratagema (the stratagem) La proclama (the proclamation)

2. Most of the compound nouns (very few in number)--

El cortaplumas (the penknife) El guardacosta (the coasting-vessel) El paraguas (the umbrella) El tirabala (the popgun)

3. El dia (the day)

El Etna (Etna (volcano)) El mapa (the map) El sofa (the sofa) El Volga [210] (the Volga) And all words ending in accented _a_.

[Footnote 210: And all rivers and mountains ending in _a_.]

4. Masculine nouns ending in _d_--

El adalid (the warrior or chieftain) El ardid (the trick) El ataud (coffin) El cesped (the turf, lawn) El sud (the south)

5. Masculine nouns ending in _ion_--

El embrion (the embryo) El gorrion (the sparrow) El morrion (parts of an armour) El sarampion (measles)

6. Feminine nouns ending in _i_ or _y_--

La diocesi (the diocese) La grey (the flock) La ley (the law) La metropoli (the metropolis)

Almost all.

7. Feminine noun ending in _j_-- La troj (the granary)

8. Feminine nouns ending in _l_--

La cal (lime) La capital (capital--town) La carcel (prison) La col (cabbage) La miel (honey) La piel (skin) La sal (salt) La senal (signal) La vocal (vowel)

And a few more.

9. Feminine nouns ending in _n_--

La cargazon (the load) La crin (the horsehair) La desazon (the ailment) La imagen (the image) La razon (the reason) La sinrazon (the injustice) La sarten (the frying-pan) La sien (the temple)

Almost all.

10. Feminine nouns ending in _o_--

La mano (the hand)

Only word, excepting "nao" (ship), now obsolete, and "seo" (cathedral), little used.

11. Feminine nouns ending in _r_--

La flor (the flower) La labor (the needlework) La segur (the axe)

Almost all.

12. Feminine nouns ending in _s_--

La bilis (the bile) La crisis (the crisis) La elipsis (ellipsis) La lis (fleur-de-lis) La mies (the crop) La perifrasis (the periphrase) La tos (the cough)

And a few others.

13. Feminine noun ending in _u_--

La tribu (the tribe)

14. Feminine nouns ending in _z_--

La codorniz (the partridge) La cerviz (the cervix) La cruz (the cross) La coz (the back-kick) La luz (the light) La nariz (the nose) La nuez (the nut) La pez (the pitch) La voz (the voice) La raiz (the root) La tez (the complexion) La vez (the time, once, etc., etc.)

And a few others less important.

15. Feminine nouns ending in _e_. (This is the most numerous list of exceptions)--

Las aves (the birds) La barbarie (the barbarity) La base (the basis) La calle (the street) La carne (the flesh) La fiebre (the fever) La fuente (the fountain) El hambre (_f._), (the hunger) La mente (the mind) La noche (the night) La parte (the part) La quiete (the quiet) La sangre (the blood) La serpiente (the serpent) La torre (the tower)

Besides the masculine and feminine genders, some nouns are called: de genero comun, epiceno, and ambiguo. The noun is called "de genero comun" (common gender) when with the same termination it may indicate both a male and female being by using a different article--

Un--una albacea (an executor, executrix) Un--una artista (an artist, artiste) Un--una Belga[211] (a Belgian) Un--una idiota (an idiot) Un--una indigena (a native) Un--una martir (a martyr) Un--una reo (a culprit) Un--una culpable (a culprit) Un--una gimnasta (a gymnast) Un--una homicida (a murderer, a murderess) Un--una suicida (one who commits suicide) Un--una testigo (a witness)

[Footnote 211: And so all nouns of nationality ending in _a_ or _e_.]

The noun is called Epicene when, with the same termination and the same article, it indicates both male and female--

El aguila (the eagle--male and female) El buitre (the vulture--male and female) El avestruz (the ostrich--male and female) La rata (the rat--male and female)

Distinction would be made by adding "macho" or "hembra."

El aguila macho (the eagle--male) El avestruz hembra (the ostrich--female)

N.B.--Most of the names of animals belong to this class.

The term "ambiguo" is applied to nouns which are masculine or feminine, with different meaning, or the gender of which is not well defined--

Analasis (analysis), doubtful gender El aroma (the aroma) La aroma (the acacia flower) La _or_ el arte (the art) Los _or_ Las artes Las bellas artes (the arts, generally _fem_.) (the fine arts, always _fem_.) La barba (the beard) El barba (a character in Spanish plays) El cabecilla (chieftain or ringleader La cabecilla (the little head) of rebels) El calavera (the madcap) La calavera (the skull) El canal (the canal) La canal (the gutter) El capital (money) La capital (the town) El colera (cholera) La colera (wrath) El cometa (comet) La cometa (the kite, _toy_) El corte (the cut) La corte (the court) El cura (the priest) La cura (the cure) El doblez (the fold) La doblez (duplicity) El _or_ la dote (dowry), generally Las dotes (good parts, gifts), _fem_. in the _pl_. always _fem_. El fantasma (the phantom) La fantasma (the bogie-man) El frente (the front) La frente (the forehead) El haz (the sheaf) La haz (face, surface) Lente (lenses), doubtful gender La orden (command, order for El orden (order); as, buen orden goods, etc.) (good order) Las sagradas ordenes (holy orders) Las varias ordenes (various religious orders) El parte (report) La parte (part) El pendiente (ear-ring) La pendiente (slope) El pez (fish) La pez (pitch) El tema (exercise, theme) La tema (fear, obstinacy) Tilde (~), doubtful gender

"Mar" (sea) is either Masc. or fem., but names of particular seas are all masculine--

El mar rojo (the Red Sea) El mar Caspio (the Caspian Sea)

The compounds of "mar" are feminine--

Baja mar (low sea) Pleamar (high water)

The following masculine nouns have their equivalent feminine formed by inflexion.

N.B.--We omit those in which the inflexion consists of the change of the last vowel to _a_, or the addition of _a_, as--

El autor, la autora (the author, authoress) El holgazan, la holgazana (the lazy man, lazy woman) El primo, la prima (the cousin, _masc._ and _fem._) El vecino, la vecina (the neighbour, _masc._ and _fem._)

El abad (abbot) La abadesa (abbess) El actor (actor) La actriz (actress) El baron (baron) La baronesa (baroness) El canonigo (canon) La canonesa (canoness) El cantor (singer) La cantatriz (singer) El conde (count) La condesa (countess) El diacono (deacon) La diaconisa (deaconess) El duque (duke) La duquesa (duchess) El elector (elector) La electriz (electress) El emperador (emperor) La emperatriz (empress) El filosofo (philosopher) La filosofesa (philosopher) El gallo (cock) La gallina (hen) El heroe (hero) La heroina (heroine) El poeta (poet) La poetisa (poetess) El principe (prince) La princesa (princess) El profeta (prophet) La profetisa (prophetess) El rey (king) La reina (queen) El sacerdote (priest) La sacerdotisa (priestess) El vizconde (viscount) La vizcondesa (viscountess) El Zar (czar) La Zarina (czarina)

Notice also--

El asistente (assistant) La asistenta (assistant) El infante (child under 7; La infanta (child; Span. Royal also Span., Royal Prince) Princess) El pariente (relative) La parienta (relative) El presidente (president) La presidenta (president) El sirviente (manservant) La sirvienta (maidservant)

There are only a few more of this class.

N.B.--

Un abogado makes in the fem. Una muger abogado Un medico " " " " " medico Un comadron " " " " comadre (midwife)

The following nouns of persons and animals have two different forms to represent the two sexes--

El buey (ox) La vaca (cow) El caballo (stallion) La yegua (mare) El carnero (ram) La oveja (ewe) El fraile (friar) La soror (sister) El hombre (man) La muger (woman) El macho cabrio or cabron (he-goat) La cabra (she-goat) El marido (husband) La muger (the wife) El padre (father) La madre (mother) El padrastro (step-father) La madrastra (step-mother) El padrino (god-father) La madrina (god-mother) El toro (bull) La vaca (cow) El yerno (son-in-law) La nuera (daughter-in-law)

Many names of animals are either common, as--

El anade, la anade (the duck) El liebre, la liebre (the hare) El tigre, la tigre (the tiger, tigress)

Or they change _o_ of the masculine into _a_ or add _a_, to form the feminine, as--

Un ganso (a gander) Una gansa (a goose) Un leon (the lion) Una leona (a lioness) Un mulo (a mule) Una mula (a she-mule) Un pollino (an ass) Una pollina (a she-ass)

Most are epicene as already stated (p. 246).

APPENDIX II

SPANISH COMMON NOUNS, IN ORDINARY USE, WHICH ARE USED ONLY IN THE PLURAL

Afueras (environs) Aguaderas (frames to carry water) Albricias (reward for good news--also used as interjection: joy! joy!!) Andas (stretcher, also frame for carrying an image) Calendas (calends) Calzoncillos (drawers) Carnestolendas (carnival) Celos (jealously--"Celo"--zeal) Hacer cosquillas (to tickle) Despabilladoras (snuffers) Enaguas (skirt) Fauces (gullet) Modales (manners) Mientes--also Mente (the mind) Parrillas (gridiron) Puches (sort of fritters) Tenazas (tongs, pincers) Tijeras (scissors) Tinieblas (utter darkness) Viveres (victuals) Zaragueelles (kind of breeches)

Note the following--

A ciegas (blindly) A ojos cegarritas (blindly) A horcajadas (astride) A hurtadillas (on the sly) A sabiendas (knowingly) De puntillas (on tiptoe) A tientas (groping) De bobilis bobilis (without toil) De bruces (on all fours) En ayunas (fasting) En volandas (in the air, off one's feet)

The following plurals, besides the ordinary, have also a different meaning from the singular--

El alfiler (pin) Los alfileres (pins, pin-money) El dia (day) Los dias (days, birthday) La esposa (wife) Las esposas (wives, handcuffs) El grillo (the cricket) Los grilles (crickets, shackles) La letra (letter) Las letras (letters--literary knowledge) El padre (father) Los padres[212] (fathers, parents)

[Footnote 212: In the same manner all masculine plurals include also the plurals of both genders, as: Hermanos (brothers, also brothers and sisters).]

We make the following remarks on the plural of compound words.

The elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are--

A B Verbs Adjectives Prepositions Nouns Adverbs Participles Conjunctions Pronouns Prefixes

GENERAL RULE--

The elements in A are invariable except:

Un bullebulle (busybody), Unos bullebulles Un quehacer (occupation), Unos quehaceres Pasapasa (sleight of hand), Pasapasas (sleight of hand tricks)

The elements in B take the mark of the plural:

Alzacuello (minister's collar) Alzacuellos Alzapano (curtain hook), Alzapanios Andanino (child's cart), Andaninios Antepasado (ancestor), Antepasados Ave Maria (a prayer), Ave Marias Cualquiera (whatever), Cualesquiera Entremetido (intruder, busybody), Entremetidos Gentilhombre (man of gentle birth), Gentileshombres Guardafuego (fire-guard), Guardafuegos Hijodalgo (squire), Hijosdalgo Pasamano (handrail, lace-edgings), Pasamanos Pasatiempo (pastime), Pasatiempos Picaparte (latch or latchkey), Picapartes Pisaverde (beau), Pisaverdes Portaestandarte (standard bearer), Portaestandartes Portafusil (musket-sling), Portafusiles Puercoespin (porcupine), Puercosespines Quienquiera (whoever), Quienesquiera Quitasol (parasol), Quitasoles Ricahembra (woman of gentle birth), Ricashembras Sobrecama (counterpane), Sobrecamas Sobredicho (aforesaid), Sobredichos Tapaboca (slap on the mouth), Tapabocas Tiraboton (button-hook), Tirabotones

N.B.--When the second of the two words commences with _r_ this letter should be doubled--

Ropa (clothes), guardarropa (wardrobe), guardarropas (pl.)

In compound nouns (very rare) formed of two nouns of which the first stands as an adjective to the second, the first noun remains invariable, the second only taking the mark of the plural--

Ferrocarril (railway), Ferrocarriles Madreselva (honeysuckle), Madreselvas

In the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun, the adjective remains invariable in the plural, as--

Bajamar (low tide), Bajamares Bajorelieve (bas-relief), Bajorelieves Belladona (belladonna), Belladonas Blancomanjar (blanc-mange), Blancomanjares Plenamar (full tide), Plenamares Salvoconducto (safe conduct), Salvoconductos Salvaguardia (safeguard), Salvaguardias Santa Barbara (powder magazine), Santa Barbaras

In compound nouns formed of two words, the first of which has suffered the loss or change of a letter, this first component remains invariable--

(N.B.--Many such words are found in Spanish.)

Artimana (trick), Artimanas Barbicano (white-bearded man), Barbicanos Barbilindo (beardless man), Barbilindos Boquirrubio (rosy-lipped), Boquirrubios Cojitranco (lame fellow--disparagingly), Cojitrancos Cuellierguido (stiff-necked man), Cuellierguidos Gallipavo (turkey), Gallipavos Manirroto (spendthrift), Manirrotos Marisabidilla (blue stocking), Marisabidillas Ojinegro (black-eyed), Ojinegros Ojizarco (blue-eyed), Ojizarcos Patizambo (bandy-legged), Patizambos Pechicolorado (robin redbreast), Pechicolorados Pleamar (high tide), Pleamares Tragicomedia (tragi-comedy), Tragicomedias Viandante (wayfarer), Viandantes

The following make their plural as follows--

Bancarrota (bankruptcy), Bancarrotas Coliflor (cauliflower), Coliflores Dares y tomares (wrangling), used only in _pl._ Dimes y diretes (ifs, ands and buts), used only in _pl._ Don Diego de noche (four o'clocks--flower), Don Diegos de noche Maritornes (ill-shaped woman), Maritornes Parabien (compliment), Parabienes Vaiven (vibration), Vaivenes

The following are examples of the large class of nouns (compound) formed with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both numbers--

Azotacalles (idler) Buscavidas (pryer) Cortaplumas (penknife) Chupaflores (humming-bird) Destripaterrones (navvy) Lavamanos (wash-hand stand) Limpiabotas (boot-black) Matamoros (boaster) Mondadientes (toothpick) Papahueros (ninny) Papamoscas (ninny) Papanatas (ninny) Paracaidas (parachute) Paraguas (umbrella) Pelagatos (ragamuffin) Pintamonas (slap-dasher or bad partner) Sacacorchos (corkscrew) Salvavidas (life-boats) Sepancuantos (slap or blow)

The following also are used for both numbers without alteration--

Correveidile (tale-bearer) Hazmereir (laughing-stock) Metomentodo (busybody) Paternoster (Lord's Prayer) Quitaipon (ornament for headstall of draught beasts) Sabelotodo (presumptious man) Sinvergueenza (barefaced man)

APPENDIX III

PRINCIPAL NAMES OF COUNTRIES, TOWNS, ETC., (WITH CORRESPONDING SPANISH ADJECTIVES)

Abisinia (abisinio), Abyssinia Adrianopolis, Adrianopole Africa (africano), Africa Alava (alaveno, alaves), Alava Albania (albanes), Albania Alcala de Henares (complutense), Alcala Alemania (aleman), Germany Alicante (alicantino), Alicante Alsacia (alsaciano), Alsatia Amberes, Antwerp America (americano), America Andalucia (andaluz), Andalusia Antillas (antillano), West Indies Arabia (arabe, arabigo), Arabia Aragon (aragones), Arragon Argel (argelino), Algiers Argentina (argentine), Argentine Armenia (armenio), Armenia Asia (asiatico), Asia Atenas (ateniense), Athens Austria (austriaco), Austria Avila (abulense), Avila Barcelona (barcelones), Barcelona Basilea, Basle Baviera (bavaro), Bavaria Belen, Bethlehem Belgica (belga, belgico), Belgium Bilbao (bilbaino), Bilbao Bohemia (bohemo), Bohemia Bolivia (boliviano), Bolivia Bolonia (bolones), Bologna Brasil (brasileno), Brazil Bretana (breton), Brittany Brujas, Bruges Bruselas, Brussels Buenos Aires (bonaerense, porteno), Buenos Aires Bulgaria (bulgaro), Bulgaria Burdeos, Bordeaux Burgos (burgales), Burgos Cadiz (gaditano), Cadiz Calabria (calabres), Calabria Caldea (caldeo), Chaldaea Canada (canadiense), Canada Canarias (canario), Canary Islands Caracas (caraqueno), Caracas Cartago (cartagines), Carthage Castilla (castellano), Castille Cataluna (catalan), Catalonia Cerdena (sardo), Sardinia Chile (chileno), Chili China (chino), China Colombia (colombiano), Colombia Copenhague, Copenhagen Cordoba (cordobes), Cordova Corcega (corso), Corsica Corfu (corfiota), Corfu Dardanelos, Dardenelles Dinamarca (danes, dinamarques), Denmark Dresde, Dresden Ecuador (ecuatoriano), Equador Egipto (egipcio), Egypt Escocia (escoces), Scotland Esmirna, Smyrna Espana (espanol), Spanish Estocolmo, Stockholm Etiopia (etiope), Ethiopia Europa (europeo), European Extremadura (extremeno) Extremadura Fenicia (fenicio), Phoenician Filipinas (filipino), Philippine Islands Flandes (flamenco), Flanders Florencia (florentino), Florentine Francia (frances), France Gales (gales), Wales Galicia (gallego), Galicia (Spain) Gascuna (gascon), Gascony Genova (genoves), Genoa Gibraltar (gibraltareno), Gibraltar Ginebra (ginebrino), Geneva Gran Bretana (britanico), Great Britain Granada (granadino), Granada Grecia (griego), Greece Guadalajara (guadalajareno), Guadalajara Guatemala (guatemalteco), Guatemala Guipuzcoa (guipuzcoano), Guipuzcoa Habana (habanero, habano), Havannah Holanda (holandes), Holland Honduras (hondureno), Honduras Hungria (hungaro), Hungary India (indios), India Inglaterra (ingles), England Irlanda (irlandes), Ireland Italia (italiano), Italy Japon (japones), Japan La Mancha (manchego), La Mancha Leon (leones), Leon (Spain) Lieja, Liege Lima (limeno), Lima Liorna (liornes), Leghorn Lisboa (lisbonense), Lisbon Lombardia (lombardo), Lombardy Londres (londinense), London Macedonia (macedonio), Macedonia Madrid (madrileno), Madrid Malaga (malagueno), Malaga Malta (maltes), Malta Mallorca (mallorquin), Majorca Maracaibo (maracaibero), Maracaibo Marruecos (marroqui), Morocco Marsella (marselles), Marseilles Menorca (menorquin), Minorca Mejico (mejicano), Mexico Murcia (murciano), Murcia Napoles (napolitano), Naples Navarra (navarro), Navarre Normandia (normando), Normandy Noruega (noruego), Norway Pamplona (pamplones), Pamplona Paraguay (paraguayano), Paraguay Paris (parisiense), Paris Persia (persa _or_ persiano), Persia Peru (peruano), Peru Piamonte (piamontes), Piedmont Polonia (polaco), Poland Portugal (portugues), Portugal Puerto Rico (portorriqueno), Porto Rico Roma (romano), Rome Rumania (rumano), Roumania Rusia (ruso), Russia Saboya (saboyardo), Savoy Sajonia (sajon), Saxony Salamanca (salmantino, salamanques), Salamanca Salvador (salvadoreno), Salvador San Sebastian (donostiarra), San Sebastian Serbia (serbio), Serbia Sevilla (sevillano), Seville Sicilia (siciliano), Sicily Suecia (sueco), Sweden Suiza (suizo), Switzerland Tetuan (tetuani), Tetuan Troya (troyano), Troy Tunez (tunecino), Tunis Turquia (turco), Turkey Uruguay (uruguayano), Uruguay Valencia (valenciano), Valencia Valladolid (valisoletano), Valladolid Varsovia (varsoviano), Warsaw Vascongadas, Provincias (vascongado, vascuence), Basque Provinces Venecia (veneciano), Venice Venezuela (venezolano), Venezuela Vera Cruz (veracruzano), Vera Cruz Viena (vienes), Vienna Vigo (vigues), Vigo Vitoria (vitoriano), Vitoria Yucatan (yucateco), Yucatan Zaragoza (zaragozano), Zaragoza

APPENDIX IV

AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES[213]

[Footnote 213: The terminations _on_ and _ito_ or _ico_ may be taken by practically all nouns (avoiding cacophony, as: Pantalonon, habitacionona, etc.); the others may not and consequently should not be used by students, until learnt by practice.]

Bestiecita (little beast) Bestiezuela (little beast) (disparaging) Chiquito (little child) Chiquitin (little child) Florecita (little flower) Florecilla (little flower) (insignificant) Hombron (big, tall man) Hombrote (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombracho (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombrachon (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombrazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) Hombronazo (big, tall man) (disparaging) Juanito (little John) Labradorcito (little labourer) Lagarto--Lagartija (little lizard) Lio--Liecito (little bundle) Libron (large, big book) Librazo (large, big book) (disparaging) Libracho (large, big book) (disparaging) Librote (large, big book) (disparaging) Llavin (little key, latchkey) Manuel--Manolo (little Manuel) Manuel--Manolito (little Manuel) Madrecita (little mother) Madrecica (little mother) Pajarraco (big bird) (disparaging) Papelon (large paper) Plazoleta (little square) Reinecita (little queen) Tamborcito[214] (little drum) Tamborcico (little drum)

[Footnote 214: _Ito_ is more Castillian. _Ico_ is more Aragonese. They are both used.]

We repeat that the peculiarity of Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (with the exception of the Augment. _on_, which denotes only increase) is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not _distinctly defined_.

These terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to great advantage, and are largely used by Spaniards, especially the diminutives which, for this reason, should be carefully noticed.

A diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective, as--

Mi padre me regalo este gracioso librito: My father made me a present of this pretty little book.

Diminutives can be made of Augmentatives and vice-versa--

Escoba (broom), Escobilla, Escobillon Sala (drawing-room), Salon, Saloncillo

If a masculine noun ends in _a_ its diminutive also ends in _a_--

Un drama (drama), Un dramita Un poema (poem), Un poemita

But not nouns that indicate male persons--

Papa (Papa), Papaito

Although _on_ and _ote_ are generally augmentative terminations, in the following words and a few more, they are used as diminutives--

Calle (street) Callejon (narrow street, alley) Carro (cart) Carreton (little cart) Isla (island) Islote (little barren island) Torre (tower) Torrejon (turret)

Besides Augmentative and Diminutive terminations, there are some terminations which, without indicating increase or decrease, are used to indicate disparagement pure and simple--

Calducho (bad broth) Gentualla (mob) Gentuza (insignificant people) Libraco (nasty book) Madrastra (step-mother) Medicastro (bad doctor) Mujeruca (old wife, gossip) Poetastro (bad poet)

The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (especially the latter) are found added to adjectives and, although more rarely, to other parts of speech also. They must be learnt by practice, however, as they cannot be used indiscriminately.

EXAMPLES--

El picarillo (picaruelo) quiere el otro cuello que es mas blanquito: The little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean (lit., whiter).

Como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer: How pretty is the snow just newly fallen.

Mira a aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul: Look at that little girl so prettily dressed in blue

Vino callandito: He came in as quietly as a mouse.

Vive cerquita de nuestra casa: He lives quite close to our house.

Poquito a poco hila la vieja el copo (proverb): Little by little the old woman spins her distaff (Slow and sure wins the race)

Translation of the English "ish" after colours--

Amarillento (yellowish) Azulado (bluish) Azulino (bluish) Blanquecino (whitish) Morenito (brownish) Que tira a moreno (brownish) Negruzco (blackish) Pardusco (greyish) Que tira a pardo o gris (greyish) Rojizo (reddish) Verdoso (greenish) Verdusco (greenish)

Notice also--

Anaranjado (orange-coloured) Avellanado (nut-coloured, tawny) Celeste (sky-blue) Dorado (golden) Pajizo (straw-coloured) Perlino (pearl-coloured) Plateado (silvery) Rosado (rose-coloured, pink, rosy) Terreo (ashen-pale) Trigueno (brown, wheat-coloured)

APPENDIX V

VERBS WHICH DIFFER IN REGIMEN FROM THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. EXTRACTED FROM THE GENERAL LIST OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH ACADEMY[215]

[Footnote 215: This list is comprehensive, but not exhaustive; some of these verbs, besides the preposition given, may be followed by others. Practice in reading is the best master.]

Abordar (una nave) a (_or_ con) otra: To board (a ship). Abrasarse en deseos: To be burning with desire. Abundar de (_or_ en) riquezas: To abound with riches. Abusar de la amistad: To abuse friendship. Acertar con la casa: To find the right house. Adelantarse a otros: To take the start on others. Admirarse de un suceso: To wonder at an event. Aficionarse a alguna cosa: To grow fond of anything. Alejarse de su tierra: To depart from one's country. Alimentarse con (_or_ de) yerbas: To feed on vegetables. Anticiparse a otro: To forestall another. Apiadarse con los pobres: To have pity on the poor. Aportar a Barcelona: To put into Barcelona. Apreciar en mucho: To appreciate highly. Arder de colera: To burn with anger. Armarse de paciencia: To arm oneself with patience. Arrimarse a la pared: To lean against the wall. Arrostrar (con (_or_ por)) los peligros: To face the dangers. Atender (a) los negocios: To attend to business. Aventajarse a otros: To excel others.

Banar con (de _or_ en) lagrimas: To bathe with tears. Barbear con la pared: To run against the wall. Brindar a la salud de alguno: To drink the health of someone. Brindar con regalos: To give presents. Burlarse de algo: To laugh at something.

Caber de pies: There to be standing room. Calificar de docto: To call one learned. Cambiar una cosa con (_or_ por) otra: To exchange one thing for another. Campar por su respeto: To keep to oneself. Carecer de medios: To lack means. Casar _or_ casarse con alguno: To marry someone. Cesar de correr: To cease running. Cifrar su dicha en la virtud: To make one's happiness consist in virtue. Clavar a (_or_ en) la pared: To nail on the wall. Cojear del pie derecho: To limp with the right foot. Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail. Colmar de mercedes: To load with benefits. Comerciar con su credito: To trade on one's credit. Comprar de (_or_ a) una persona: To buy from someone. Comprar al fiado: To buy on credit. Comprometerse a pagar: To undertake to pay. Confiar en (_or_ de) alguno: To trust anybody. Conservarse con (_or_ en) salud: To keep in good health. Contar con su auxilio: To count on his help. Contravenir a la ley: To contravene the law. Convenir al enfermo: To suit the patient. Correr con los gastos: To undertake the expense. Cortar por lo sano: To cut short (an argument, etc.). Cumplir a uno hacer una cosa: To be one's duty to do something. Chancearse con alguno: To joke with someone.

Danarse del pecho: To injure one's chest. Dar con la carga en el suelo: To throw down the load. Dar con quien lo entiende: To come across someone who understands it. Dar contra un poste: To knock against a post. Dar de barato: To grant for argument's sake. Darse por vencido: To give it up. Decir bien una cosa con otra: To match well together. Decir para si: To say to oneself. Dejar de escribir: To cease writing, to fail to write. Demandar ante el juez (_or_ en juicio): To summon. Depender de alguno: To be dependent on someone. Desayunarse con chocolate: To breakfast on chocolate. Desconfiar de alguno: To mistrust one. Descuidarse de (_or_ en) su obligacion: To neglect one's duty. Desfallecer de animo: To lose courage. Deshacerse de los generos: To get rid of the goods. Detestar de la mentira: To hate lying. Disfrutar de buena renta: To enjoy a good income. Doblar por un difunto: To sound the death knell. Dudar de alguna cosa: To doubt something.

Echar en tierra: To throw on the ground. Echar de casa: To turn out of the house. Echar de ver una cosa: To perceive (realise) a thing. Echarla de rico: To assume airs of a rich man. Embelesarse con alguna cosa: To go into raptures over anything. Embutir de algodon: To stuff with cotton. Enajenarse de alguna cosa: To do away with anything. Encargarse de algun negocio: To undertake a business. Encontrarse con un amigo: To meet a friend. Encuadernar a la rustica, en pasta: To bind in paper covers, in boards. Escarmentar con la desgracia: To take warning from misfortune. Esmerarse en alguna cosa: To take pains with anything.

Fiarse a (de, en) alguno: To trust in anyone. Firmar de propria mano: To sign with one's own hand. Forrar de (con, en) pieles: To line with skins. Fumar en pipa: To smoke the pipe.

Girar a cargo de alguno: To draw on someone. Girar sobre Paris: To draw on Paris. Guardarse de alguno: To guard against anybody. Gustar de bromas: To be fond of joking.

Haberselas con otros: To wrangle, to have a bone to pick, to vie with Hacer de galan en un drama: To take the part of principal actor in a drama. Herir de muerte: To wound fatally. Hincarse de rodillas: To fall on one's knees. Hocicar con (contra, en) alguna cosa: To run against anything.

Igualar (igualarse) a (_or_ con) otro: To equal another, to match. Indemnizar del perjuicio: To indemnify for the loss. Influir con el jefe: To influence the chief. Insistir en (sobre) una cosa: To insist on something. Inspirar una idea a alguno: To inspire anybody with an idea. Inundar de (_or_ en) agua: To flood with water.

Librar a cargo de un banquero: To draw on a banker. Librar una letra sobre Paris: To draw a bill on Paris. Lindar (una tierra) con otra: To border on another. Llegar a la posada: To reach the inn. Llevarse bien con el vecino: To get on well with the neighbour. Llover a cantaros: To rain in bucketfuls.

Maravillarse con (_or_ de) una noticia: To be surprised at some news. Marcar a fuego: To brand. Mejorar de condicion: To improve in condition. Mejorar en tercio y quinto: To improve greatly.

Oler a rosas: To smell of roses.

Parecerse a otro: To be similar to another. Pensar en (sobre) alguna cosa: To think of something. Pensar para si: To think to oneself. Perecerse de risa: To die with laughter. Pintar de azul: To paint blue. Poblar de arboles: To plant with trees. Ponerse a escribir: To commence writing. Prescindir de una cosa: To dispense with anything. Presumir de rico: To feign riches. Proveer a la necesidad publica: To provide the needs of the public.

Quedar a deber: To remain owing. Quedarse con lo ajeno: To keep other people's property.

Rebosar de alegria: To teem with joy. Recibir a cuenta: To receive on account. Recibir de criado: To admit as a servant. Recibir por esposa: To receive as a wife. Reclamar a fulano: To claim from so and so. Responder a la pregunta: To answer the question. Reventar de risa: To burst with laughter. Rodear de una pared: To surround with a wall.

Saber a vino: To taste of wine. Salirse con la suya: To have one's own way. Salvarse a nado: To save oneself by swimming. Sentarse a la mesa: To sit down at table. Sonar con ladrones: To dream of thieves. Suplicar (apelar) de la sentencia: To appeal against the sentence.

Tachar de ligero: To tax one with levity. Tener a menos hablar a uno: Not to deign to speak to one. Tenerse de pie: To stand on foot. Tenir de (en) negro: To dye black. Tomar a pecho: To take to heart. Tomar hacia la derecha: To turn to the right. Trabajar a destajo: To do work by the job. Trabarse de palabras: To quarrel. Transportar a lomo: To carry on one's back.

Varar en la playa: To run aground. Velar a los muertos: To watch over the dead. Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult. Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender. Venir a casa: To come home. Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something. Vestir a la moda: To dress in the fashion. Vestir de mascara: To dress in fancy dress. Vestirse de pano: To dress in cloth. Vivir a su gusto: To live after one's taste.

CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS

The Simple tenses only are given--Compound tenses are formed with the verb "haber" followed by the past participle.

+----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Infinitive | | | | | | Mood. | Hablar | Temer | Partir | Tener | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Pres. Part. | Hablando | Temiendo | Partiendo | Teniendo | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Past Part. | Hablado | Temido | Partido | Tenido | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Indic. Pres. | Hablo | Temo | Parto | Tengo | | | Hablas | Temes | Partes | Tienes | | | Habla | Teme | Parte | Tiene | | | Hablamos | Tememos | Partimos | Tenemos | | | Hablais | Temeis | Partis | Teneis | | | Hablan | Temen | Parten | Tienen | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Indic. Imperf. | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia | | | Hablabas | Temias | Partias | Tenias | | | Hablaba | Temia | Partia | Tenia | | | Hablabamos | Temiamos | Partiamos | Teniamos | | | Hablabais | Temiais | Partiais | Teniais | | | Hablaban | Temian | Partian | Tenian | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| |Past Def. | Hable | Temi | Parti | Tuve | | | Hablaste | Temiste | Partiste | Tuviste | | | Hablo | Temio | Partio | Tuvo | | | Hablamos | Temimos | Partimos | Tuvimos | | | Hablasteis | Temisteis | Partisteis | Tuvisteis | | | Hablaron | Temieron | Partieron | Tuvieron | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Future | Hablare | Temere | Partire | Tendre | | | Hablaras | Temeras | Partiras | Tendras | | | Hablara | Temera | Partira | Tendra | | | Hablaremos | Temeremos | Partiremos | Tendremos | | | Hablareis | Temereis | Partireis | Tendreis | | | Hablaran | Temeran | Partiran | Tendran | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Conditional. | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria | | | Hablarias | Temerias | Partirias | Tendrias | | | Hablaria | Temeria | Partiria | Tendria | | | Hablariamos| Temeriamos | Partiriamos | Tendriamos | | | Hablariais | Temeriais | Partiriais | Tendriais | | | Hablarian | Temerian | Partirian | Tendrian | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Pres. | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | | | Hables | Temas | Partas | Tengas | | | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | | | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | | | Hableis | Temais | Partais | Tengais | | | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Imperf. | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | |(1st form) | Hablases | Temieses | Partieses | Tuvieses | | | Hablase | Temiese | Partiese | Tuviese | | | Hablasemos | Temiesemos | Partiesemos | Tuviesemos | | | Hablaseis | Temieseis | Partieseis | Tuvieseis | | | Hablasen | Temiesen | Partiesen | Tuviesen | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Imperf. | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | |(2nd form) | Hablaras | Temieras | Partieras | Tuvieras | | | Hablara | Temiera | Partiera | Tuviera | | | Hablaramos | Temieramos | Partieramos | Tuvieramos | | | Hablarais | Temierais | Partierais | Tuvierais | | | Hablaran | Temieran | Partieran | Tuvieran | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Future. | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | | | Hablares | Temieres | Partieres | Tuvieres | | | Hablare | Temiere | Partiere | Tuviere | | | Hablaremos | Temieremos | Partieremos | Tuvieremos | | | Hablareis | Temiereis | Partiereis | Tuviereis | | | Hablaren | Temieren | Partieren | Tuvieren | |----------------------------------------------------------------------| | Imperative. | Habla | Teme | Parte | Ten | | | Hable | Tema | Parta | Tenga | | | Hablemos | Temamos | Partamos | Tengamos | | | Hablad | Temed | Partid | Tened | | | Hablen | Teman | Partan | Tengan | +----------------------------------------------------------------------+

Auxiliary Verbs

+------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Infinitive | | | | | Mood. | Haber | Ser | Estar | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Pres. Part. | Habiendo | Siendo | Estando | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Past Part. | Habido | Sido | Estado | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Indic. Pres. | He | Soy | Estoy | | | Has | Eres | Estas | | | Ha | Es | Esta | | | Hemos | Somos | Estamos | | | Habeis | Sois | Estais | | | Han | Son | Estan | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Indic. Imperf. | Habia | Era | Estaba | | | Habias | Eras | Estabas | | | Habia | Era | Estaba | | | Habiamos | Eramos | Estabamos | | | Habiais | Erais | Estabais | | | Habian | Eran | Estaban | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Past Def. | Hube | Fui | Estuve | | | Hubiste | Fuiste | Estuviste | | | Hubo | Fue | Estuvo | | | Hubimos | Fuimos | Estuvimos | | | Hubisteis | Fuisteis | Estuvisteis | | | Hubieron | Fueron | Estuvieron | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Future | Habre | Sere | Estare | | | Habras | Seras | Estaras | | | Habra | Sera | Estara | | | Habremos | Seremos | Estaremos | | | Habreis | Sereis | Estareis | | | Habran | Seran | Estaran | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Conditional. | Habria | Seria | Estaria | | | Habrias | Serias | Estarias | | | Habria | Seria | Estaria | | | Habriamos | Seriamos | Estariamos | | | Habriais | Seriais | Estariais | | | Habrian | Serian | Estarian | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Pres. | Haya | Sea | Este | | | Hayas | Seas | Estes | | | Haya | Sea | Este | | | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | | | Hayais | Seais | Esteis | | | Hayan | Sean | Esten | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Imperf. | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | | (1st form) | Hubieses | Fueses | Estuvieses | | | Hubiese | Fuese | Estuviese | | | Hubiesemos | Fuesemos | Estuviesemos | | | Hubieseis | Fueseis | Estuvieseis | | | Hubiesen | Fuesen | Estuviesen | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Imperf. | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | | (2nd form) | Hubieras | Fueras | Estuvieras | | | Hubiera | Fuera | Estuviera | | | Hubieramos | Fueramos | Estuvieramos | | | Hubierais | Fuerais | Estuvierais | | | Hubieran | Fueran | Estivieran | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Subj. Future | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | | | Hubieres | Fueres | Estuvieres | | | Hubiere | Fuere | Estuviere | | | Hubieremos | Fueremos | Estuvieremos | | | Hubiereis | Fuereis | Estuviereis | | | Hubieren | Fueren | Estuvieren | |------------------------------------------------------------------| | Imperative | He | Se | Esta | | | Haya | Sea | Este | | | Hayamos | Seamos | Estemos | | | Hayed | Sed | Estad | | | Hayan | Sean | Esten | +------------------------------------------------------------------+

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SER" AND "ESTAR" (for easy reference).

Ser is used-- i. To form the Passive Voice. ii. To denote an inherent quality.

Estar is used-- i. To denote state in locality, viz., "to be" in a place. ii. To denote condition (as opposed to inherent quality).

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.

Use Ser--
i. Before a noun (even if an adjective or an article intervenes).
ii. When "to be" is used impersonally.
iii. When "to be" denotes possession.
iv. Before _pobre_, _rico_, _felis_, and _infeliz_.

=APPENDIX VI=

PRINCIPAL VERBS, THE LAST ROOT VOWEL OF WHICH CHANGES INTO A DIPHTHONG WHEN THE STRESS OF THE VOICE FALLS ON IT, AS---

=Pensar= (to think).

_Pres. Ind._, Pienso, piensas, piensa,--,--, piensan. _Pres. Subj._, Piense, pienses, piense,--,--, piensen. _Imperative_, Piensa, piense,--,--, piensen.

=Entender= (to understand).

_Pres. Ind._, Entiendo, entiendes, entiende,--,--, entienden. _Pres. Subj._, Entienda, entiendas, entienda,--,--, entiendan. _Imperative_, Entiende, entienda,--,--, entiendan.

=Sentir= (to feel).

_Pres. Ind._, Siento, sientes, siente,--,--, sienten. _Pres. Subj._, Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,[217] sintais,[217] sientan. _Imperative_, Siente, sienta, sintamos,[217]--, sientan.

=Acordar= (to agree).

_Pres. Ind._, Acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,--,--, acuerdan. _Pres. Subj._, Acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,--,--, acuerden. _Imperative_, Acuerda, acuerde,--,--, acuerden.

=Mover= (to move).

_Pres. Ind._, Muevo, mueves, mueve,--,--, mueven. _Pres. Subj._, Mueva, muevas, mueva,--,--, muevan. _Imperative_, Mueve, mueva,--,--, muevan.

=Dormir= (to sleep).[216]

_Pres. Ind._, Duermo, duermes, duerme,--,--, duermen. _Pres. Subj._, Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos,[217] durmais,[217] duerman. _Imperative_, Duerme, duerma, durmamos,[217]--, duerman.

[Footnote 216: _Morir_ (to die) is the only verb conjugated like _Dormir_; but past part. _Muerto_.]

[Footnote 217: Notice the additional irregularities.]

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Pensar"--

Acertar (to hit the mark) Acrecentar (to increase) Alentar (to encourage) Apretar (to squeeze) Arrendar (to lease, to hire) Asentarse (to sit down) Aterrar (to pull down) Atravesar (to cross)

Calentar (to warm) Cegar (to blind) Cerrar (to shut, to close) Comendar (to commend) Comenzar (to begin) Confesar (to confess)

Desmembrar (to dismember) Despertar (to awake)

Empedrar (to pave) Empezar (to begin) Encerrar (to shut in) Enmendar (to correct)

Gobernar (to govern)

Manifestar (to manifest) Mentar (to mention)

Negar (to deny)

Plegar (to fold)

Quebrar (to break)

Recomendar (to recommend) Reventar (to burst)

Temblar (to tremble) Tentar (to tempt, to attempt) Tropezar (to stumble)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Entender"--

Ascender (to go up) Atender (to attend)

Condescender (to condescend) Contender (to contend)

Defender (to defend) Descender (to descend)

Encender (to light) Extender (to extend)

Perder (to lose)

Tender (to stretch)

Verter (to shed, to spill)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Sentir"--

Adherir[218] (to adhere) Adquirir[218] (to acquire) Advertir[218] (to notice, to warn) Arrepentirse (to repent) Asentir (to assent)

Consentir (to consent)

Erguir (to erect, to raise)

Hervir (to boil)

Mentir (to lie)

[Footnote 218: And all in _erir, irir, ertir_.]

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Acordar"--

Acostarse (to go to bed) Almorzar (to breakfast) Apostar (to bet) Aprobar (to approve) Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)

Colgar (to hang) Consolar (to comfort) Contar (to relate) Costar (to cost)

Encontrar (to meet)

Forzar (to force)

Hollar (to tread)

Mostrar (to show)

Poblar (to people) Probar (to prove)

Recordar (to remind, to remember) Renovar (to renew) Rodar (to roll) Rogar (to pray)

Soldar (to solder) Soltar (to loosen) Sonar (to sound) Sonar (to dream)

Tostar (to toast) Trocar (to exchange, to barter)

Volar (to fly)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Mover"--

Absolver (_And all in _olver_) (to absolve)

Cocer (to bake, to cook)

Demoler (to demolish) Doler (to ache)

Moler (to grind) Morder (to bite)

Oler (to smell)[219]

[Footnote 219: _Huelo_, etc., (because no words begin with _ue_).]

Promover (to promote)

Soler (to be accustomed)

Torcer (to twist)

LIST OF PRINCIPAL VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE "PEDIR"--

Cenir (And all in _enir_) (to gird) Competir (to compete) Concebir (to conceive) Corregir (to correct)

Derretir (to melt)

Elegir (to elect, to select) Embestir (to run down, to assail)

Freir (to fry)

Gemir (to moan)

Impedir (to prevent)

Medir (to measure)

Regir (to rule, to govern) Reir (to laugh) Repetir (to repeat)

Seguir (to follow) Servir (to serve)

Vestir (to dress, to clothe)

END

================================================== Transcriber's note: The edition of this book that was used to produce the document is as follows: ==================================================

PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR

BY

C. A. TOLEDANO

LATE LECTURER IN THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; EXTERNAL EXAMINER, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM; H.M. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR FOR SPANISH; SPANISH MASTER AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER ATHENAEUM, ETC.

_SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED_

LONDON

SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD., 1 AMEN CORNER, E. C. BATH, NEW YORK AND MELBOURNE _UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME_

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=PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR=. By F.W.M DRAPER, M A. (Cantab.), _Licencie es Lettres_.

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=KEY TO COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR=

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--LO QUE PUEDO _Reprinted_, 1917