Chapter XLI: Appendix: III

The following good references on the subject-matter of chapter I will be found serviceable:

1907. BISHOP, A. L. The State Works of Pennsylvania; Trans.,
Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, XIII, pp. 1-298;
and _Yale Review_, 1907, pp. 391-411.

1904. PAINE, A. E. The Granger Movement in Illinois
(Bibliography); Studies, University of Illinois, I, pp.
1-53. With this should be compared, The Effects of the
Granger Acts, _Journal of Political Economy_, 1903, pp.
237-256.

INDEX

A

Accounts, 515, 586 (_See also_ PUBLICITY)

Act to Regulate Commerce (_See_ contents of chapters as follows:
original law, XIII;
emasculation, XIV;
Hepburn Amendments, XV and XVI;
Mann-Elkins Act, XVII;
and subsequent details, XVIII, XIX),
congressional history, 450;
outline, 452

Acworth, 65, 168

Adams, H. C., 44, 515

Agreements (_See_ POOLS)

Alabama, and Federal laws, 632

Alabama Midland case, 270 (map), 390, 462, 473, 481, 482 (map)

Anthracite coal (_See also_ COAL), tonnage and ton-mile
revenue, 1910, 421;
Federal case, 549

Arkansas, and Federal laws, 632

Ashburn case, (map), 388

Atchison, rebates, 190

Attorney-General, 570

Average train load (_See_ TRAIN LOAD)

B

Back loading (_See also_ DIRECTION), 287

Baltimore, 404

Baltimore & Ohio, railroad, 7, 18;
car supply case, 541

Banana rates, 532

Basing point system (_See also_ contents of chapter XI, South, etc.),
compared with transcontinental basing line system, 239;
main objections to, 242;
citation of cases, 380;
economic defence, 384

Basing points, enumerated and defined, 383;
distinction between natural and artificial, 383, 387

Beef, exports in 1870, 21;
and cattle rates, 139

Beef Trust, 550

Betterments, 83

Bishop, A. L., 648

Bituminous coal (_See also_ COAL), tonnage and ton-mile
revenue, 1910, 421

Blanchard, S. R., 257

Blanket rates (_See_ POSTAGE STAMP RATES, FLAT RATES, etc.), 611

Board of Uniform Freight Classification, 338

Bogue differentials, 162

Bond, 510

Bonds, 553, 573

Books and papers (_See_ WITNESSES)

Boston, 404

Boston & Albany Railroad, 11

Brimson case, 459

Brown case, 459

Buffalo, competition with Duluth, 145

Burnham, Hanna, Munger case, 442

By-products, marketing of, 142

C

California, wheat and Kansas flour, 138;
raisin culture and rates, 178;
fruits, 537;
lemon case, 592;
coastwise competition, 607

Camden and Amboy, 450

Canadian Pacific Differentials, 262

Canadian railroads, 33, 400

Canals (_See also_ contents of chapter XX),
early interest in, 2;
early construction of, 3;
in the West, 6,
supersession in '70s, 24, 638

Capital investment, as affecting operating costs, 65, 257

Capitalization, and rates, 574

Capital stock, 575

Carload rates (_See_ contents of chapter IX),
few in South, 311;
theoretical basis, 326;
mixed, 331, 340;
in transcontinental system, 398

Carmack amendment, 572

Cars, larger in '80s, 24;
economy of large, 95;
capacity and classification, 334;
complaints as to supply, 527

Car supply cases, 199, 538

Cartage case, 191, 257, 464

Cattle (_See Texas_, etc.), exports in 1870, 21, 401;
and beef rates, 139;
legislation as to carriage, 443;
eveners, 445;
rates, 510, 536

Centralization, 162

Central Pacific, 41

Central Traffic Association, 377

Central Yellow Pine Association case, 489

Chandler, 495

Chanute, 103

Charging what the traffic will bear
(_See_ VALUE OF SERVICE)

Chattanooga case, 228 (map), 240, 461, 464, 483

Cheese, 428

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 5

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad case, 513

Chicago Terminal Charge case, 509

China, rates on, 183

Cincinnati Freight Bureau case, (_See also_ MAXIMUM FREIGHT
RATE CASE), 248;
as a part of southern problem, 392;
Supreme Court opinion, 469;
Commerce Court revival, 588

Circuitous competition, 604

Cities, relative size in 1850, 12;
rivalry between, 127;
competition of large, 278;
location in trunk-line zones, 368

Citrus fruit, 537

Civil War, effect on transportation, 16;
primitive conditions, 17

Classification (_See_ contents of chapter IX),
and relativity of rates, 180;
and use of commodity, 183;
cost _v._ value of service, 183;
historical development, 306;
according to use, 318;
in practice empirical, 319;
and tariffs interlock, 347

Classification committees, conflicting rules and territory, 340

Coal (_See also_ COMMODITY CLAUSE),
early shipments by river, 14;
rates, 469, 513, 585

Coal Car cases, 199

Coastwise traffic, 274, 608

Colorado Fuel and Iron case, 503

Commerce Court (_See_ contents of chapters XVII, XVIII), 566;
jurisdiction, 568;
docket, 581;
congressional history, 582;
Intermountain rate decision, 620

Commercial competition (_See_ COMPETITION OF MARKETS),
in the oyster case, 234;
in trunk-line system, 372

Commission, Federal _v._ state, 627

Commodities, increase in ratings,309

Commodity clause, 513, 552

Commodity rates, 108;
and law of joint cost, 266, 322, 324, 606;
_v._ class rates in transcontinental traffic, 615

Common point system, 393

Company cars, 539

Competition, as affecting rate sheets, 104;
three sorts of, 114;
of routes, 114;
of facilities, 116;
of markets, 118;
differences between trade and transportation, 136;
Hadley's illustration, 164;
no abandonment of field, 165;
nature of, in local discrimination, 219;
of routes, which line makes the rate? 255;
between eastern and western cities, 391;
less for passenger fares, 429

Competition of markets, two varieties of, 118;
as applied to jobbing business, 124;
as distinct from rivalry of routes, 242;
in transcontinental rates, 613, 620

Complaints decline in number, 485;
under Hepburn Act, 523;
nature under Hepburn Act, 526;
none too petty, 531

Concentration points, 537

Conducting transportation, in operating costs, 47, 53;
declining cost of, as related to capital investment, 65

Conflict (_See_ contents of chapter XX),
of state and Federal authority, 631

Congestion of traffic, in 1903-'05 and in 1906-'07, 62, 80, 548

Consolidation, 487

Constitutional questions, as to Act of 1887, 451;
in Hepburn Act, 502, 506;
as to amended long and short haul clause, 603;
as to minimum rates, 625

Constructive mileage, 275

Cooley, T. M., 140, 456

Cordele, Alabama case, 387

Corn, and flour rates, 143

Cost keeping, 517

Cost of carriage, by highway heavy, 3;
declining by 1860, 16;
as affected by distance 103, 108

Cost of service, and value of service compared, 166-184;
objections to, 169;
but essential, 170;
not mere distance important, 256;
in coal cases, 585

Cotton piece goods, rates, 345, 346, 348, 400, 536

Cotton, rate controversy in 1900, 153;
rates, 356, 384, 401;
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421

Counselman case, 458

Courts, relation to Commission in 1887, 453;
original law, 460;
unsatisfactory after 1887 as to evidence, 461;
record in appeal cases, 463;
judicial review in 1905, 503;
objections to judicial control, 504;
indefinite basis of review, 507;
futility of procedure, 562;
new mode of procedure on appeal, 570;
broad _v._ narrow review again, 593

Coxe Brothers Coal case, 469

Creameries, 537

Credit Mobilier, 450

Cullom Committee, 442, 444, 448, 450

Cullom, S. M., 495

Cumberland Road, 3

D

Dairy products, 537

Damage claims, 524, 534

Danville case, 227, 483

Decade 1840-'50, 11;
1870-'80, 85

Decentralization, 385

Delaware and Hudson, 554

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Coal Company, 554

Density of traffic, 86

Denver, 242

Des Moines Committee, 344

Detroit, 373

Differentials (_See also_ contents of chapter XI), 22;
Bogue, 162, 262, 361;
Canadian, 400, 404, 579;
in Intermountain rate cases, 617

Direction of traffic, 287, 374

Discriminations (_See_ contents of chapters VI and VII),
complaints in 1887, 445

Distance, as a factor in tariff construction, 102;
subordinated in United States, 133;
disregard of, produces inelasticity, 161;
subordinated to cost of service, 256;
relative unimportance, 264;
excessive transportation, 277;
attempt to reform southern system, 391;
nullified in transcontinental rates, 396

Distributing business (_See also_ JOBBING BUSINESS),
in Texas, 394

Dixon, F. H., 499, 506, 625

Dollar mark, 575

Dortmund-Ems canal, 640

Dressed meats, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421

Duluth, competition with Buffalo, 145

Dumping, 158

Durham, N. C., case, 210

E

Earnings, during panic of 1907, 75;
statistics of gross and net since 1890, 79;
as affected by level of rates, 82;
gross and net compared, 84;
comparison with decade 1870-'80, 85;
monthly variation, 100

Eaton, J. S., 66

Eau Claire lumber case, 162, 254

Economic wastes, theory and practice, 268

Elkins, S., 501

Elkins Committee, 496

Elkins law (_See_ contents of chapter XV),
application to Standard Oil cases, 205;
prosecutions under, 208;
main provisions, 493

Equipment, supply, 527

Erie Canal, 4, 7, 15;
still important in 1865, 18;
decline after 1872, 24;
plans for enlargement, 31, 358

Erie Railroad, early importance, 16

Esch-Townshend bill, 496

Eveners, 445

Evidence (_See also_ WITNESSES),
powers as to, 461;
as to rebates, 493;
immunity bath, 550

Ex-Lake grain, 145

Expedition Act, in 1903, 511

Expenditures (_See also_ FIXED CHARGES, MAINTENANCE OF WAY, etc.),
earliest classification of, 44;
primary division into constant and variable, 45, 55;
revised grouping in 1906, 46;
statistical distribution, 49;
as affected by seasons and circumstances, 56-57;
according to nature of road, 58;
dependent on density of traffic, 60;
constant and variable ever changing, 61;
under curtailment of traffic, 63;
inseparable as between freight and passengers, 68;
affected by betterment charges, 83

Expenses, 64;
separation of freight and passenger, 68;
comparison with tonnage and revenue, 80

Export grain, beginning after Civil War, 18;
after 1870, 20;
_via_ Gulf ports, 31

Export rates, on wheat and flour, 135, 404-406

Exports (_See_ BEEF, CATTLE, WHEAT, etc.)

F

Facilities, competition of, 116

Federal authority (_See_ contents of chapter XX)

Federal courts (_See_ COURTS)

Fertilizer rates, 535

Fines, 451, 493, 513

Fink, Albert, 357, 367, 446

Fixed charges, 45;
_v._ operating expenses, 257

Flat rates, example, 127;
evils in, 132, 243-247

Flour, and wheat rates, 135;
for export, 135;
domestic, 138;
and corn, 143

Foraker, J. H., 501

Fort Worth, 394

Fourteenth Amendment, 619

Freight tonnage (_See_ TONNAGE)

Fuel cost, 59

Furniture rates, 621

G

Galveston, 31, 32, 33, 394, 437;
cotton meal case, 186

General Expenses, 48, 54

Georgia Railroad Commission cases, 240

Germany, unified operation in, 294, 640

Glass, 351, 528

Goodrich Transit Co., case, 586

Gould-Huntington, agreement, 447

Gould, Jay, in 1866-1869, 17, 28

Grain elevator cases, 211

Grain rates (_See_ CORN, WHEAT, etc.), 402

Grain, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421

Grand Junction, Tennessee, case, 203

Grand Trunk Railway, 33, 432

Granger movement, 443, 628, 648

Great Western Railroad, 434

Green lines, 12, 15

Gross Revenue (_See_ EARNINGS), 79

Gulf Ports, 437

H

Hadley, A. T., 105, 164, 217, 573

Harlan, Justice, 465

Harriman, E. H., 490, 551

Harriman system, 547

Hay, tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421

Hearst case, 549

Hepburn Act (_See_ contents of chapters XV and XVI),
congressional history, 497;
provisions, 499;
effects, 522

(Hepburn) Committee, 445, 447

Hides, 320

Highways, early interest in, 2

Hill Lines, 547

Hillsdale ice case, 221 (map)

Hogs, 401

Hoosac Tunnel, 18

Household goods, 350

Houston, 394

Huebner, 627, 630

Hutchinson salt case, 195

I

Illinois Central car supply case, 538, 568

Illinois Central Railroad, construction, 14

Immunity Bath, 550

Import rates, 406, 409, 438, 464

Imprisonment, 451, 493, 513

Improvements, in operation, 93

Increasing returns, law as applied to railroads, 71-75;
law of, qualified, 76;
as tested practically, 77;
law of, obscured since 1906, 84;
final conclusion as to, 98

Industrial Combinations, and rebates, 213, 491

Industrial railroads (_See also_ TERMINAL RAILROADS), 195, 212-213, 512

Injunction, 561, 562, 569, 586, 633, 634

Ink, 302

Intermountain rate case (_See also_ TRANSCONTINENTAL RATES and
contents of chapter XIX), 610;
history, 614;
new orders, 616;
Commerce Court opinion, 620

Internal waterways (_See also_ contents of chapter XX, CANALS,
RIVERS, etc.), 640

International Harvester case, 196

Interstate Commerce Act (_See_ ACT TO REGULATE COMMERCE)

Interstate Commerce Commission (_See also_ chapters XIV, XV,
XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, COURTS, PROCEDURE, etc.),
reduction in tariffs filed, 324;
created by law, 453;
record on appeal cases, 460;
rate-making power demanded, 468;
complaints analyzed since 1906, 526;
dissenting opinions in Shreveport case, 636

Intrinsic reasonableness, 622

Iowa Development Company, 434

Iron pyrites, 536

Iron rates, 399

J

Jobbing business, market competition in, 124;
car load rates, 327-329;
in the South, 384;
decentralization, 385;
in transcontinental rates, 397;
and Pacific rates, 616

Joint cost, 67;
two limitations upon the law, 265

Joint Rate Committee, 367

Joint rates, 529

Judicial review (_See_ COURTS)

K

Kansas, wheat and California flour, 138;
meal and Texas corn, 143

Keeping everyone in business, 119, 149

Kentucky and Indiana Bridge case, 461

Kindel case, 399

L

La Follette, 498, 559, 629

Lake Shore road, 419

Lake traffic, 358

Lakes to the Gulf canal, 638

Land grants, Illinois Central, 14;
others, 35

Lemons, rates on, 345, 537;
rate case, 592

Lighterage cases, 586

Lime, rates, 336

Lincoln, Nebraska, case, 147

Live stock (_See also_ CATTLE, etc.),
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 1910, 421

Local Discrimination (_See_ contents of chapters VII and XIX
and _also_ LONG AND SHORT HAUL CLAUSE),
definition, 215;
before 1887, 448

Local rates, in the South, 383;
in Texas, 394;
and revenue per ton mile, 421;
reduced after 1887, 456, 591;
the Shreveport case, 635

Local traffic, as affecting averages, 91;
proportion of, 259;
in basing point system, 385

Locomotives, 24;
increased power of, 94

Logging in transit, 401

Long and Short haul clause (_See_ LOCAL DISCRIMINATION and
_also_ contents of chapter XIX),
tariff structure, obviating waste, 295;
final text, 452, 565;
congressional history, 473;
English cases, 473;
emasculation by courts, 476;
amendment in 1910, 564

Long line, defined, 256;
competition, 604

Louisiana rates, 634

Louisville & Nashville, 590

Louisville & Nashville case, 223, 244, 296, 474, 479

Louisville Properties Company, 556

Lumber, competitive rates for, 142;
and wood pulp rates, 148, 181;
tonnage and ton-mile revenue, 421;
stakes, 533

Lumber rates, Pacific coast cases, 150, 535, 543, 581;
tap line case, 212;
logging in transit, 401;
from Georgia, 489

M

MacGraham, 360

Maintenance of Equipment, 47, 52, 64

Maintenance of Way, expenses analyzed, 47, 51, 74

Mann-Elkins Act (_See_ contents of chapter XVII),
congressional history, 558;
provisions, 562

Manufactures, westward drift in '80s, 30

Market, definition of, 119

Markets, competition of, 118, 605;
consuming capacity as affecting carload rules, 336

Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 627, 629

Maximum Freight Rate case (_See also_ CINCINNATI FREIGHT BUREAU
CASE), 248, 469-473, 502

Maximum rates, constitutionality of, 623;
state laws, 630

Memphis, 403

Meyer, B. H., 495, 629

Meyer, H. R., 385

Middlemen (_See_ JOBBING BUSINESS)

Midnight tariffs, 197

Mileage, statistics since 1890, 79

Milk rate cases, in New York, 243, 255;
in New England, 329

Milling in transit, 402

Minimum carload rates (_See_ contents of chapter IX), 332

Minimum rates, 254, 624

Minnesota, and Federal laws, 632

Misquotation of rates, 571

Misrouting, 527

Mississippi river, tonnage on 1845, 13;
declining traffic in '80s, 26

Missouri, carload minimum rates, 335;
and Federal laws, 632

Missouri-Mississippi rate scheme, 128, 442, 543

Mixed carloads, 331, 340

Monopoly, resulting from rebates, 187;
distrust of, in 1887, 446

Montgomery, Alabama, case, 590 (map)

Morawetz, V., 165

Munn case, 452

N

Nashville, 342

Nashville Grain Exchange, 587

Natural market and territory, 158

Net Earnings (_See_ EARNINGS), 79

Nevada, 611

Newcomb, H. T., 73

New England, oil rates, 202;
milk rates, 329;
common point system, 395

New Orleans, 31, 32, 33, 437

New York Board of Trade case, 306, 325, 407

New York Central railroad, construction, 15;
importance in '80s, 30;
compared with Pennsylvania Railroad, 58

New York city (_See also_ DIFFERENTIALS, EXPORTS, etc.),
importance in export trade, 30;
supremacy threatened, 31

Nickel Plate line, 29

North Carolina, and Federal laws, 632

Northern Pacific railroad, 28

O

Official classification committee, 304

Ohio river, tonnage in 1845, 13

Open car system, 330

Operation (_See also_ EXPENDITURES, etc.),
improvement in '80s, 23;
recent technical improvements in, 93;
in 1910, 597

Orange rates, 345, 471, 537

Orange Routing case, 546, 572

Osborne case, 476

Oyster case, 217

P

Pacific coast (_See also_ TRANSCONTINENTAL RATES, etc.),
early trade with, 19;
rapid development in '80s, 28;
lumber cases, 150;
routes by sea and rail, 276

Panama Canal, 638, 643

Panic, of 1857, 16;
of 1907, 75;
of 1893, 433

Par value, 575

Parallelling, 29

Passenger traffic, 429, 609

Passes, 512

Pennsylvania, internal improvements, 8;
state works, 648

Pennsylvania Railroad, 8, 11;
illustration of theory of rates, 62;
coal supply scandals, 199;
and steel companies, 556

Performance, of equipment improved, 96

Periodicity of expenditures, 61

Personal Discrimination (_See_ contents of chapter VI), 185;
philosophy of, 185;
as creating monopoly, 187-189;
distinction from general rate cutting, 188

Philadelphia (_See_ DIFFERENTIALS, EXPORTS, etc.), 404

Physical valuation, 518

Pools, before 1887, 23, 446;
obviating waste, 293;
prohibited, 453, 579;
after 1887, 457

Population, westward drift in '80s, 30

Portland Gateway case, 547, 572

Portland, Oregon, 608

"Postage-stamp rates" (_See_ FLAT RATES), 397, 611

Powder Trust, 571

Prices, and rates, 172, 430, 471, 510, 587, 597

Primary commercial competition, 121

Private car lines, 140, 192

Procedure (_See_ COURTS, WITNESSES, etc., and _also_ COMMERCE COURT),
under Hepburn Act, 505, 511

Proctor and Gamble case, 584

Produce Exchange case, 405

Pro-rating, 281, 514, 529, 543, 547

Public aid, 35

Publicity, 515, 574

Pueblo, 399

Pulp rates, 148

R

Railroad Construction, early in southern states, 9;
sudden expansion in 1848, 13;
new north and south lines, 14;
decline during Civil War, 16;
rapid during the '70s, 18;
climax in '80s, 27;
since 1890, 34;
comparison with Europe, 35

Railroad mileage (_See_ MILEAGE)

Rails, steel introduced, 17, 24, 93

Rate advances, complaints since 1906, 534;
suspension in 1910, 561

Rate-making power, 467, 468;
under Hepburn law, 500;
constitutional aspects, 502, 506;
suspension of tariffs, 560

Rates (_See also_ PRICES, etc., and contents of chapter XII),
decline in '70s, 21;
intricacy of, 134;
on raw and finished materials, 134;
export wheat and flour, 135;
domestic wheat and flour, 138;
beef and cattle, 139;
as between by-products, 142;
cases of substitution, 143;
general protective policy, 146;
under changing conditions, 147;
insurance function, 149;
elasticity of, 152;
rigidity, 153;
as promoting economic unrest, 156;
stability desirable, 157;
use of classification in advances, 301;
growing distinction between C. L. and L. C. L., 310;
lime, 336;
glass, 351;
trunk line system, 354;
cotton, 356;
high level in the South, 382;
no demand for reduction in, 1887, 443;
movement since 1870, 411;
actual index, 426;
and prices, 430, 471, 510, 528;
rise of, 488, 534;
and capitalization, 574;
advances of 1910, 594;
absolute _v._ relative, 623;
prescribing minimum, 624

Rate wars (_See_ contents of chapter XII),
during the '70s, 22;
during the '80s, 23;
dressed beef, 33;
historical survey of, 431

Reagan, Judge, 444, 450

Reasonable rates (_See_ contents of chapter VII), 588;
in Intermountain rate case, 622

Rebates (_See_ PERSONAL DISCRIMINATION and _also_ ELKINS
AMENDMENTS), 185, 280, 286;
Standard Oil cases, 446;
novelty of prohibition, 454;
first prosecutions after 1887, 457, 512

Red Rock Fuel case, 199

Refrigerator cars, 140

Rentals, 534

Reports (_See_ ACCOUNTS), 519

Restrictive Rate case, 585

Revenue (_See_ EARNINGS),
and rates in 1910, 599

Revenue per ton mile (_See_ contents of chapter XII),
decline during rate wars, 23;
as related to earnings and expenses, 85, 99;
Dilution of, 289;
how computed, 412;
advantages, 414;
on different roads, 415;
as influenced by nature of traffic, 416;
as affected by distance, 421;
and volume of traffic, 423

Review by courts (_See_ COURTS)

Rice cases, 446

Rivers (_See_ contents of chapter XX),
early improvement of, 3;
still important in 1850, 12;
tonnage in 1845, 13;
declining importance in '70s, 26, 382;
competition in the South, 386, 640

Rockefeller, John D., 445

Roosevelt, President, 486, 496

Roundabout routing, 116, 269

Routes, competition of, 114;
new law as to, 572

Routing (_See also_ contents of chapter VIII), complaints, 530, 546

Rules, growing complexity in classification, 312

S

St. Cloud case, (map), 235

St. Louis Business Men's League case, 125, 241, 246, 398

St. Louis, rates under three classifications, 348

Salt Lake City, 400, 611

Savannah Fertilizer case, 224

Savannah Naval Stores case, (map), 484

Sax, 168

Scientific Management, 517, 598

Seaboard differentials (_See_ DIFFERENTIALS), 404

Secondary commercial competition, 122

Securities Commission, 573

Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 561, 579

Shoes, 320

Short line, defined, 256

Shreveport, Louisiana, case, 635

"Similar circumstances and conditions" (_See_ LONG AND SHORT
HAUL CLAUSE), 475

Smalley, H. S., 499, 507, 625

Social Circle case, 380, 462, 464, 468, 478

South (_See_ contents of chapter XI),
system of rates into, 248;
high local rates, 260;
classification conditions, 311;
commodity rates, 323;
jobbers in, 327

South Carolina Railroad tariff, 307

Southern Basing Point (_See_ BASING POINT SYSTEM)

Southern Classification (_See_ contents of chapter IX)

Southern Classification Committee, 304

Southern Pacific Railroad, construction, 28;
water competition, 1912, 607

Southern Railway & Steamship Association, 23

Special rates (_See also_ COMMODITY RATES),
as distinct from class rates, 113;
and joint cost, 266, 280

Speculation, rampant in '80s, 29

Spokane, 226, 303, 611

Standard Oil Company, rebates on tank cars, 192;
allowances on sale of supplies, 198;
later forms of rebates, 198, 200, 200-206, 445, 491

State railroad commissions, 574, 627

Stock, 552, 573

Stock-watering, 444, 448

Stock-watering laws, 576

Storage, 191

Subsidies and public appropriations, 37

Sugar, rate war, 439; rates, 586

Sunday Creek Coal case, 209

Supreme Court (_See also_ COURTS),
delay in appeal cases, 461;
divided opinions, 464

Surplus, statistics since 1890, 80

Suspension of rates, 561

T

Taft, President, 559

Tank cars, 192

Tap line decision, 212

Tarbell, Miss, 491

Tariffs, construction of, 101;
too complex and numerous, 155;
concealment of rebates in, 198;
as distinct from classification, 301;
classification as affecting, 321;
reduction in number filed, 324;
as interlocked with classification, 347;
and rates, 407;
new law concerning, 571

Taussig, F. W., 67

Tax, economic waste, 291

Telegraph companies, 572

Telephone companies, 572

Terminal cost, 101

Terminal railways, as means of rebating, 195;
complicated phases of, 213, 512

Testimony (_See_ WITNESSES)

Texas Cattle Raisers case, 70, 167, 567

Texas, corn-meal and Kansas corn, 143;
rate system, 393, 635

Theory (_See_ contents of chapters II and III),
of classification, 314

Through freight lines, 23

Through rates, 359, 442, 529, 587, 588

Tobacco, 384

Tobacco Trust, 210

Ton mileage, statistics since 1890, 78

Ton-mile revenue (_See_ REVENUE PER TON MILE), 364

Tonnage, statistics since 1890, 77;
distribution by years, 417;
increasing diversification, 418;
classified for 1909, 420

Traffic Density (_See_ DENSITY OF TRAFFIC), 86

Traffic Expenses, 48

Traffic (_See_ TONNAGE),
trunk line conditions in 1882, 357;
nature of, as affecting ton-mile revenue, 416;
by Panama canal, 643

Train load, 88;
limit to economy of, 92

Train mile, cost and revenue per, 98

Transcontinental classification committee, 304

Transcontinental rates (_See_ contents of chapters XI and XIX),
rigidity, 154;
compared with basing point system, 239, 245;
general high level, 396;
demoralization after 1893, 433;
commodity _v._ class rates, 615;
future traffic, 643

Troy case (_See_ ALABAMA MIDLAND CASE), (map), 270, 390,
462, (map), 481

Trunk Line Rate System (_See_ contents of chapter X),
as related to separate line tariffs, 111

Trusts, and rebates, 213; 491, 571

Two-for-one-rule, 343

U

Under classification, 190

Uniform classification (_See_ contents of chapter IX), 338;
objections and advantages, 345

Uniform Classification Committee, 339

Union Pacific Railroad, 19, 40

Union Stockyards Company, 587

V

Valuation, 518

Value of service, and cost of service compared, 166-184;
objection to, 172;
dynamic force in, 177;
inadequate alone, 179;
in classification, 315;
in coal cases, 585

Vanderbilt, Commodore, 450

Volume of traffic (_See_ TONNAGE, etc.),
as an element in cost, 261

W

Wabash, St. Louis, & Pacific Railway case, 451

Wages, 518

Wagons, 109, 621

Wars (_See_ RATE WARS)

Waste (_See_ contents of chapter VIII),
in transportation, 268;
six causes of, 280;
five results, 288;
remedy for, 292

Water carriage, circuitous routing, 273;
cost compared with rail, 638;
controlled by railways, 641

Water carriers, failure to regulate, 579

Water competition, by coastwise steamers to Chattanooga, 232, 359, 475;
in the South, 382, 385, 387, 392;
by sea in Pacific coast traffic, 396;
new law covering, 566, 591;
and new long and short haul clause, 606;
neutralized in Pacific rates, 612;
_v._ market competition in Pacific cases, 620

Waterways (_See_ contents of chapter XX and _also_ CANALS,
RIVERS, etc.), 638

West, classification conditions, 311

Western & Atlantic road, 12

Western classification committee, 304

West Shore railroad, 29

What the traffic will bear (_See_ VALUE OF SERVICE),
illustrated by rate sheets, 107

Wheat, and flour rates, for export, 135;
domestic, 138; rates, 467

Wichita cases, 232

Willamette lumber case, 535, 545

Windom Committee, 442, 443, 446, 447

Wisconsin, Two Cent Fare decision, 69;
investigation as to rebates, 206;
the "Wisconsin idea," 629

Witnesses, 451, 455, 457, 549

Wooden pipe rates, 303

Wool rates, 333, 352, 401

Y

Youngstown case, 223, 244, 296, 480

Z

Zone rates, trunk line territory, (map), 365;
transcontinental, (map) 618

Transcriber's Notes:

Simple spelling, grammar, and typographical errors were
silently corrected.

Anachronistic and non-standard spellings retained as printed.

Italics markup is enclosed in _underscores_.

Bold markup is enclosed in =equals=.

P. 453 sections 7, 8, 17, 18, & 19 were skipped in original.