Chapter VI: The Religion of Mithra (3)

Education,
Vespasian endows, 148;
influence of Quintilian on, 149;
Pliny helps to endow a school at Como, 193;
culture in Asia Minor, 372;
among freedmen, 131, 134
Empire, the,
its temptations, 31;
the influence of the Emperor’s example illustrated, 31;
how waste led to cruelty and confiscation, 33;
the secret of the imperial terror, various theories, 37;
the ideal of the Empire, 39, 43;
constant danger from pretenders, 40, 41, 44;
the fiction of Augustus, the Emperor’s real power, 41;
checks upon it, 42;
its tolerance of municipal liberty, 203
Entellus, gardens of, 112
Epicharis, freedwoman, refuses to betray the Pisonian conspirators,
47
Epictetus,
his ideal of the Cynic philosopher, 359;
men the soldiers of God, 393;
gospel of renunciation in, _ib._ n. 5;
on augury and divination, 455;
early history of, 503;
attitude to belief in immortality, 504;
reference to female Platonists, 80;
preaching of gratitude and resignation, 393
Epicurus,
Seneca quotes, and defends to Lucilius, 306;
Aelian anathematises, 456;
Epicureans at Abonoteichos oppose Alexander, 476;
orders banquets to his shade, 456;
influence of, in last age of Republic, 530
Epidaurus,
temple of Asclepius at, 462, 539;
social life of the patients, 463
Equites,
in provincial towns, 215;
freedmen raised to the rank of, 113;
Juvenal’s contempt for, 70;
general low estimate of, 113;
displace freedmen as imperial secretaries, 107;
employment by Vitellius, Domitian, Hadrian, and Antoninus
Pius, _ib._
Espionage,
under the Empire, 34;
under Domitian, 56
Euboea, D. Chrysostom’s description of rural life in, 375
Euhemerus,
translated by Ennius, 530;
Plutarch on, 425
Euphrates,
Pliny’s sketch of, 151;
suicide of, 356
Evil, Plutarch’s theory of, 430
Extravagance,
of Nero, 20, 32;
of Domitian, 55, 56;
of Vitellius, 32;
of Caligula, 32;
under the Republic, 67

Fannia, widow of Helvidius Priscus, Pliny’s admiration for, 152
Finance,
profusion of Caligula, 32;
straits of Domitian, 56;
economy of Vespasian, 32, 148;
Nero’s waste and plunder, 20 sq.;
Nerva’s retrenchment, 32;
waste of Vitellius, 32;
finance of provincial towns, 220, 248
Fortuna Augusti, 618
Freedmen, the,
their rise a great movement, 100;
prejudice against, 101 sqq.;
why it was natural, 103;
contempt of literary men for vulgar wealth, 104;
yet the rise of the freedmen a promising movement, 105;
rise of, in the imperial household, 106;
become great ministers, 107;
replaced gradually by Equites, 107;
early freedmen ministers worthy of their place, 108;
career of Claudius Etruscus and Abascantus, 109 sqq.;
of Narcissus and Pallas, 110, 111;
how their wealth was gained, 112, 129;
their politic splendour, 112;
romantic career of a freedman, 113;
yet freedmen despised and ostracised, _ib._;
sometimes made great marriages, 114;
doubtful position of women of this class, 114;
yet some had great influence, 115;
Panthea, mistress of L. Verus, picture of, by Lucian, _ib._;
lower freedmen in the imperial service, 116;
transition from slavery to freedom, how freedmen rose,
118-120;
grossness and ostentation of their wealthy class, 129 sqq.
Freedom and Necessity,
Plutarch’s views of, 412;
Seneca’s, 311

Gaius, on the law of Colleges, 254
Galen,
early history and training of, 505;
eclecticism of, _ib._;
views of immortality, _ib._;
relations with M. Aurelius, 506
Genii,
invented for every corporation and scene in Roman life, 386;
tales of, in Britain and on the Indian Ocean, 420, 426;
wide-spread cult of, 479 sq.
Gladiators,
municipal shows of, in Petronius, 134;
Trajan provides 10,000 on his Dacian triumph, 234;
protests against, by Seneca and Demonax, 235;
schools of, 236, 241;
shows began in Campania, _ib._;
school of, at Pompeii, 237;
notices in the inscriptions, 238;
enthusiasm for, _ib._;
shows in remote places, 239;
after battle of Bedriacum, 240;
less popular in Greece, except at Corinth, 241;
various cost of, 241;
classes who furnished gladiators, attractions of the
profession, 242 sq.;
organisation of a school; a college of gladiators, 243
God,
new conceptions of, 5;
in Seneca, 305;
God of the Stoics, varying conceptions of, 307;
demand for a moral God, 389;
Stoicism fades into Platonism, 391;
the Stoic god has no claim to worship, _ib._;
vague higher conceptions of, 396, 603;
a transcendent Deity, 397;
Plutarch’s highest idea of, 418;
man’s relation to, according to Maximus of Tyre, 421;
relation of, to daemons, 425 sqq.

Hadrian,
letter of, to Servianus, 397;
tests the omniscience of Delphi, 435;
dabbled in astrology, and other dark arts, 450, 503;
his love of travel, 503;
his faint belief in immortality, 503;
a sceptic, 536;
the Canopus of, at his villa at Tibur, 567;
conspiracy against, 41;
character of, 503
Hellenism,
various aspects of, reaction against, from the times of the
elder Cato, 88;
Hellenism of early Emperors, 88, 89;
Roman prejudice against Greeks, 90;
why Greeks succeeded under the Empire, 91;
Greek _grammatici_, 91;
Greeks as doctors, 92;
Greek parasites, 93;
love of Greek in Pliny’s days, 166 sq.
Helvidius Priscus,
violence of, 40;
flouts Vespasian, _ib._
Herculaneum,
temple of Magna Mater at, 548;
frescoes of, illustrating the worship of Isis, 578
Herodes Atticus,
gifts of, to many communities, 225 sqq.;
friend of Demonax and Plutarch, 364, 403;
on the uses of wealth, 232;
claimed descent from the Aeacidae, 225
Herodotus,
identifies Greek and Egyptian deities, 561;
on Mithra, 589
Hesiod, on daemons, 427
Holconii, the, of Pompeii, public honours and benefactions of, 223
Horace,
love of the country, and memories of Mount Vultur in, 196,
198;
journey to Brundisium, 206;
on beneficence, 190
Hortensius, Q.,
luxury of, 71;
poverty of his descendants, _ib._

Icelus,
raised to rank by Galba, 107;
journey of, to Spain, 206
Immortality,
ideas of, depend on ideas of God, 484;
“We know not what we shall be,” 485;
faith in the _Manes_, 486;
evidence of epitaphs on, 487 sqq.;
Lemures, 488 sq.;
the _Mundus_, 489;
mingled elements in Virgil’s Inferno, 491 sqq.;
Roman longing for posthumous sympathy, 488;
Orphic and Pythagorean influences on Virgil, 494;
evidence of inscriptions on belief in, 496 sqq.;
Epicurean negation of, 498 sq.;
philosophic opinion on, 449 sqq.;
Lucretius and Julius Caesar on, 500, 501;
attitude of Epictetus, 504;
Galen’s ideas of, 505 sq.;
M. Aurelius on, 507 sqq.;
Seneca on, 514 sq.;
Apollonius of Tyana on, 518 sq.;
Plutarch on, 521 sqq.;
Platonic imagery of the future world, and its influence on
Plutarch, 523 sq.;
belief in, fostered by Isiac worship, 575, 583;
and by Mithraism, 609
Inns, poor and disreputable, 207
Isis,
prescriptions of, in dreams, 461;
transformation of her worship by the Ptolemies, 560;
at the Peiraeus, _ib._;
influence of Greek settlers in Egypt, and of Greek mysticism,
561, 563 sq.;
lofty conception of, in Apuleius, 563;
date of her introduction in Italy, _ib._;
power over women, 565;
repeated persecution of her worshippers, first century, B.C.,
565;
in the reign of Tiberius, 566;
favoured by Otho and the Flavians, 567;
Domitian builds a temple to, in 92 A.D., classes who
propagated the worship of, 567 sq.;
spread through all Western Europe, 568 sq.;
secret of her fascination, 569;
highest conception of, 572;
a real spiritual power, 574;
gives the hope of immortality, 575;
impressive ritual of, 576;
daily offices, 577 sq.;
her rites in frescoes of Herculaneum, 578;
great festivals of, the procession to the shore described, 578
sq.;
her priesthood, including women, 580, 582;
sacred guilds, Isiaci, Pastophori, etc., 581;
syncretism of her worship, _ib._;
her priesthood a separate caste, their presbyteries, and
ascetic life, 582

Jerome, S.,
account of the grades of initiation in Mithraism by, 611;
genealogies in, 70
Jews,
growing influence of, in the first century A.D.;
especially under the Flavian dynasty, 83;
spread of Jewish observances, 84;
foster superstition, 84
Julian, his hatred of Oenomaus of Gadara, 364
_ Jumentarii_, at the gates of towns, 206
Juvenal,
his views of society compared with Tacitus, 58;
social rank and early training of, 59;
experience as a client, _ib._;
bitterness of, 60;
dates of his _Satires_, 60;
he and Martial have a common stock of subjects, 60, 61;
plebeian pride, and old Roman prejudice, combined with the
moral feeling of a later age, 63;
attitude to religion, 64;
extravagant pessimism, his ideal in the past, 65;
great movements of society described by, and sometimes
misunderstood, 69;
decay of the noble class described by, 69;
contempt for new men, 70;
signs of aristocratic poverty, 72;
his ideal of senatorial dignity, 74;
treatment of women in the Sixth Satire, its faults, 76;
condemns mere eccentricities and even laudable tastes, 77;
distrusts growing culture of women, 79, 80;
fighting a lost battle, 81;
scorn for women’s devotion to eastern cults, 82;
pessimism about women had some justification, 84 sqq.;
his judgments must be taken with some reserve, 87;
indignation at the invasion of the Greeks, 88;
humiliation of the client, 93;
general poverty, 95;
the cry of the poor, and Roman contempt for industry and
trade, 98;
Juvenal compared with Pliny, as a painter of society, 141

Lambaesis,
the camp at, how it grew into a _municipium_, 208;
military colleges at, 283;
temple of Isis at, 568;
worship of Mithra at, 595
Lanuvium, college at, 260
Lemuria, the, described, 489
Libraries,
restocked with MSS. by Domitian, 53;
Trimalchio’s Greek and Latin libraries, 131;
rapid production of books, 156
Literature,
in the Antonine age, 3;
in Pliny’s days, 157;
literary amateurs abound, _ib._;
Pliny’s poetry, 159;
love of Cicero, 158;
the plague of readings, 160, 172;
decadence of, 163, 173;
Silius Italicus, 164 sq.;
composition in Greek, 166;
Titinius Capito, a historian, 167;
devotion to poetry, and its causes, influence of the Augustan
tradition, 169;
fashion of the archaic style, 170;
Domitian founds a literary competition, its influence, 171;
literary men generally born in provincial places, 196;
Demonax rebukes literary archaism, 367
Livy,
on decay of augury, 445;
on the Bacchanalian scandal, 563;
on the apocryphal books of Numa, 564
Lucan,
on the worship of Isis, 568;
betrays his mother, his death, 471;
style of, referred to in the _Satiricon_ of Petronius, 123
Lucian,
his war against the Cynics, 337;
yet sometimes approaches their view of life, 337 sq.;
the _Charon_ of, 338;
the _Hermotimus_ of, witnesses to a moral movement, 341 sqq.;
the Cynic in his _Banquet_, and _Fugitives_, 350;
his treatment of the character of Peregrinus, 354 sqq.;
visit to Olympia at the time of the Cynic’s suicide, 355;
how he regarded it, and watched the growth of a myth, 357 sq.;
description of the new oracle of Abonoteichos, 474 sqq.;
ridicule of superstition in the _Philopseudes_, 490;
reference to Mithra, 590
Lucretius,
on immortality, 500, 501;
on Magna Mater, 547
Luxury,
Juvenal’s view of, 65;
Roman luxury in Republican times, 67;
luxury a relative term, 68;
luxury of the Roman villa, chiefly in marbles, 177;
the luxury of travelling, progresses of Nero, 206

Maecenas,
counsels of, to Augustus in Dion Cassius, 446, 533;
Trimalchio, a freedman of, 128 n.
Magna Mater,
brought from Pessinus, 204 B.C., 548;
no Roman priest of, for 100 years, _ib._;
growing popularity of, at Rome, in Spain and Dacia, 549;
legend of, _ib._;
her festival in spring, 550;
her priests in the inscriptions, 550 sq.;
her sacred colleges, 551;
her disreputable followers in Apuleius, _ib._ sqq.;
her worship transmuted, 554;
the taurobolium and its history, 556;
alliance of, with Mithra, and Attis, 556 sq.;
women admitted to sacred rank, 557;
identified with Maia, Demeter, Bona Dea, etc., 559
Majesty, the law of, under the Empire, 33
Malaga, inscriptions of, 209
Manetho,
treatise of, on myths, 561;
assists the first Ptolemy in recasting Isiac worship, _ib._
Marcian, on Colleges, 255
Martial,
deals with the same social subjects as Juvenal, 61;
his graphic picture of the age, 61, 62;
better side of, love of country life, picture of the farm of
Faustinus, love of Bilbilis, 62;
on Regulus, 156;
on literary amateurs, 157;
on Silius Italicus, 158;
relations of, with Pliny, 158;
regret for the capital, 198
Maximus of Tyre,
character of his Discourses, 349;
conciliation of anthropomorphism with a higher vision of God
by, 395;
ethical theory of, 421;
daemonology of, 429;
fortified by tales of apparitions, 491;
influenced by Aristotle, 421
Medicine,
profession of, filled by Greeks, 92;
great physicians, Antonius Musa, the Stertinii, etc., _ib._;
sneers against, _ib._;
public physicians in municipal towns, 219;
income and munificence of the Stertinii, 224;
science of, in the second century, superstitious elements,
459;
how blended with real skill, 462;
skilled physicians in temples of Asclepius, 465
_ Medixtuticus_, title of, still preserved in Oscan towns, 203
Minucius Felix,
quoted, 545;
on the festivals of Isis, 578 n.;
on daemons, 433
Miracles,
Origen and Celsus on, 481;
universal belief in, 482;
miracles in temples of Serapis, 573;
Vespasian consents to work, _ib._
Mithra,
growing power of, 386;
the taurobolium a part of his worship, 556;
alliance of, with Magna Mater and Attis, _ib._, 589 sq.;
in the Vedas and Avestas, 586;
in the Zoroastrian system, 587;
the God of kings, _ib._;
influence of Babylon on the worship of, 587;
influence of syncretism in Asia Minor on, 588;
the taurobolium probably borrowed, _ib._;
origin of the Tauroctonus group, date of the introduction of
the
cult into Europe, 590;
Plutarch’s statement in the Life of Pompey, _ib._;
worship of, in the Flavian age, _ib._;
syncretism of, 592;
worship of, propagated by soldiers, civil servants, etc.,
_ib._;
stages of its diffusion through Italy, 593;
and north of the Alps, 594;
progress of the worship along the Danube, 594 sqq.;
legions which propagated it in Pannonia, 595;
remains of, in Upper Germany, 596;
in England, 597;
in Gaul, _ib._;
its many attractions, _ib._;
Persian symbolism, 598;
Babylonian elements in, astrology, 598, 602, sq.;
relative influence of Iran and Babylon, different views of,
599;
influence of Platonism and Pythagoreanism on, 600;
doctrine of the soul’s descent, _ib._;
cosmic theory, doctrine of emanation, and deification of
elemental powers, 601 sqq.;
Mithra as mediator in two senses, 604 sq.;
the Dadophori, _ib._, 606;
the legend recovered from monuments, 605;
the _petra genetrix_, _ib._;
symbolism of the slaughtered bull, 606;
agape of Mithra and Sun, 607;
various interpretations of the legend, 607;
Mithraism a religion of combat, 608;
its consolations, _ib._;
its eschatology, 609;
effect of the taurobolium, _ib._;
ritual and sacraments of, 610;
daily offices, and festivals of, 611;
seven grades of the initiated, 611;
ordeals of, 612;
guilds of, 612;
rites regarded as a diabolic parody of the Church, 613;
description of the chapels of, _ib._ sq.;
how Mithraism escaped persecution, 614;
how it fostered theocratic ideas at Rome, 617 sqq.;
a great imperial cult, 619;
last days of, _ib._;
worship of, a great effort of syncretism, 620;
moral and mystic strength of, 621;
relations to Christianity, 622;
similarities between them, 623;
weaknesses of Mithraism, 624;
inseparably involved with Nature-worship, 626
Monarchy,
Seneca’s conception of, 16;
hereditary succession and adoption, 27;
ideal of, in Dion Chrysostom, 377, sqq.;
apotheosis of, in third century, 615 sqq.;
attitude of Tacitus to, 21
Morals,
divorced from politics and speculation, 290 sq.;
became a religion in Seneca, 305;
relation of precept and dogma, _ib._;
freedom and necessity, 311;
the fall of man, 312;
Plutarch’s theory of, 410 sqq.
Municipal life,
picture of, in Petronius, 133 sqq.;
rapid organisation of, in Spain, Gaul, Dacia, etc., immense
growth of towns, 200;
Baden in 69 A.D., 201;
Thamugadi in Numidia, 202;
policy of government towards provincial towns, 203;
drift towards uniformity of civic organisation, influence of
the capital, 204;
how towns were formed, 207;
development from _castra stativa_, 207, sq.;
soldiers allowed to live with their families in the third
century, 208;
municipal town aristocratic in constitution, 209, 231;
_ Album Canusii_, 210;
the _honestiores_, _ib._;
popular election the rule in the first century, 211;
magistracies, 212;
their burdens, signs of decay, 212;
powers of the duumvirs, 213;
the Curia, its numbers, qualification, and privileges, 214,
215;
local _Equites_, 215;
Augustales, their importance, organisation, insignia, etc.,
216, 217;
municipal finance, 218;
public charges, food, education, medical attendance, 219;
public works, 220;
finances, and maladministration of Bithynian towns in Trajan’s
reign, 220, 221;
municipal life of Pompeii, 222, sqq.;
generous gifts to towns, 223, 225;
examples from the inscriptions, 226 sqq.;
public feasts on a great scale, 229;
gifts of money according to social rank, 230;
tone of town life, 231;
pleasures of, 233;
gladiatorial shows, 236 sqq.;
how the community rewarded benefactors, 244 sq.;
municipal meanness, 245;
decaying local patriotism, 246;
Plutarch on, 247;
growing centralisation and interference, 248;
shadows of the end, 249
Musonius,
his ideal of chastity, 77;
condemns the Sophists, 344;
exile of, under Nero; character of his teaching; preaches to
the soldiery in 69 A.D., 348

Nature,
love of, in Virgil, 197;
in Pliny, 174;
in Martial, _ib._, 62, 198
Nero,
hereditary taint of, 17;
not without some good qualities, 17;
could inspire affection, 18;
his devotion to art, and its evil results, 19;
a _cupitor incredibilium_, 20;
his waste leads to cruel oppression, 20, 21;
examples of wild profusion, 32;
his superstition, 45, 536;
compelled by the mob to recall Octavia, 49;
popular indignation at his appearance on the stage, 74;
the “Noctes Neronis,” 75;
his phil-Hellenism, 89;
silences Delphi, 434;
belief in astrology, 448;
propitiates his mother’s shade, 491;
flattery of, by the Arval Brothers, 542;
worshipped by Tiridates, 617;
violence to Delphi, 472
Nerva,
retrenchments of, 32;
first provided for poor children, 192
Nicomedia, D. Chrysostom on its public vices, 373
Numa, apocryphal books of, 564

Octavia, divorced on false charge, and recalled by Nero at the
bidding of the mob, 49
Oenomaus of Gadara,
rejection of myth and oracles by, 363;
theory of oracles, 364;
Julian’s denunciation of, _ib._
Olbia, D. Chrysostom’s visit to, 371 sq.
Oracles,
decay of, 434;
revival of, 386;
theory of their inspiration, 437 sqq.;
and of their cessation, 437, 471;
that of Abonoteichos defers to the older, 472;
many oracles not silenced till the reign of Constantine, 473;
how an oracle was worked, 474;
oracles in Boeotia, 471
Orphic mysticism, the, 427;
influence of, on Virgil, 494;
on Mithraism, 600;
on belief in immortality, 516
Osterburken, remains of Mithra worship at, 596
Ostia,
colleges at, 215;
cult of Mithra at, 591;
temple of Magna Mater at, _ib._
Otho,
extravagance of, 32;
his belief in astrology, 45, 448;
devotion of soldiers to, 50;
his end, 449;
flattered by the Arval Brotherhood, 541;
the first Emperor who took part in Isiac worship, 566
Ovid,
his ideal of womanhood, 77, 142;
shocked by the influence of the theatre on women, 86;
attitude to religion, 532

Pallas, power and insolence of, receives the adulation of the
Senate, his wealth, and his end, 111
Panaetius and the Scipionic circle, 293;
modification of Stoicism by, 408;
abandons belief in immortality, 500;
rejects divination, 530;
little sympathy with popular religion, 531
Panthea, mistress of L. Verus, charms of, described by Lucian, 115
Paphlagonia, superstition of, 474
Pastophori of Isis, the,
recognised by Sulla, 565;
scribe of, 570
Peregrinus,
early history of, connection with the Christians, and
self-immolation, 354;
Lucian’s attacks on his character, 354;
assumes that the motive of Peregrinus was notoriety, 356;
Peregrinus influenced by eastern mysticism, 355;
character of, in Aulus Gellius, 358
Pessimism,
of Seneca, 10, 11, 14, 303, 313;
of Tacitus, 30, 46;
Juvenal, 65;
M. Aurelius, 304, 335;
of the Greek poets, 416
Petronius,
shared in the “Noctes Neronis,” 75;
various opinions as to the date and object of his _Satiricon_,
120;
motive of the work, 122;
the Petronius of Tacitus, his character and his end; the
_Satiricon_ only a fragment, 124;
not without a higher moral tone, 125;
originality of Petronius, 126;
the scene and the characters, 127
Philosophy,
power of, in government, 6;
Stoic opposition in the first century, 39, 151 sqq.;
was it ever a dangerous force? 40;
new ideals of humanity, 63;
elevating influence of, 190;
change in the conception of, in the first century, 289;
practical interest in predominant, causes of the change, 339,
290 sq.;
eclecticism and scepticism in, _ib._, 408, 412;
necessity for moral reform, 292;
private direction of souls, 293;
directors in great houses, 294;
the philosopher a _generis humani paedagogus_, 299;
modifications of Stoicism in Seneca, 314 sqq., 306;
“nulla virtus sine philosophia,” 341;
eclecticism, 343;
the Cynic opposition, 362 sq.;
eclecticism of Dion Chrysostom, 368 sq.;
need of a philosophic théodicée, 384;
effort of, to rehabilitate myth, 432
Pheidias,
the Olympian Zeus of, 380;
his defence of anthropomorphism in D. Chrysostom, 382
Pisa, disturbance at elections in, 212
Piso, the conspiracy of, 47 sq.
Platonism,
few adherents of, in the first century, 408;
affected Panaetius, _ib._;
and Seneca, 308;
and Plutarch, 409;
its daemonology, 430;
encouraged belief in immortality, 501;
visionary power of the great Master, 523;
influence on Mithraism, 600
Plebeian life,
picture of, in Petronius, 132 sqq.;
in the inscriptions, 252 sq., 271
Pliny, the elder,
on Roman luxury, 67, 68;
care of his nephew, 145;
life, character, and prodigious industry of, 146;
scorn for popular religion, 535;
superstition of, 451;
rejection of immortality, 502;
on town life in Spain and Gaul, 201 sq.;
description of baths of Posides, 112;
on the Stertinii, 224
Pliny, the younger,
ideal of the principate in the _Panegyric_, 43;
compared with Juvenal as a painter of society, 141;
idealised his circle, 142, 185;
his blameless aristocrats, 144;
early life of, influence of Quintilian on, 149;
student friends, 150;
admiration of the Stoic circle, 151;
military service, and entrance on forensic work, 153 sq.;
the Centumviral court, 154 sq.;
sketch of Regulus, 155 sqq.;
passion for fame, 157;
literary amateurs, 157;
befriends Martial, 158;
admiration for Cicero, and for Greece, 158;
his loose verses, 159;
ideas of oratory, 160;
value of his Letters, 161, 163;
imitated in fourth century, _ib._;
their principle of arrangement, and date, 162;
his devotion to literature, 164;
admiration for Tacitus, _ib._;
his judgment of Silius Italicus, _ib._;
theory of life, 165;
literary coteries, Greek verse writing, 166;
writers of history, 167;
literary competitions, 171;
the plague of recitations; Pliny gives readings himself, and
punctually attends them: his estimate of their value, 173;
weariness of the capital and love of the country, 174;
not a sportsman, 175;
pictures of Roman country seats, 175;
routine of country life, 179;
management of rural estates, 180;
Pliny’s kindness to slaves and dependents, 181;
view of suicide, 183;
Corellius Rufus, 184;
Pliny’s belief in the solidarity of rank, and the duty of
mutual support, 186;
his superstition, 452, 490;
delight in helping young men of the upper class, 187;
love for Calpurnia, and ideal of girlhood, 188, 189;
last glimpse of Pliny and Calpurnia, 189;
he represents the finest moral tone of the age, 190;
his many benefactions and their amount, 193, 224
Plutarch,
on the duties of municipal life, 247;
early history of, 401;
friends of, at Rome, 402;
love of Chaeronea, and Delphi, 403;
visits to other parts of Greece, 403;
table talk of, 404;
his historic power, 406;
ethical motive in, predominant, 405;
admiration for Plato, 409;
eclecticism, _ib._;
attacks Stoic psychology, 410;
adopts some Aristotelian principles, 412;
yet has many Stoic elements, 414;
his treatment of Fate and free-will, 412;
ideal of moral teaching, 413;
conception of theology, 417;
idea of God, 418;
of matter and evil, 419;
treatment of myth and religious symbol, 423;
daemonology, 430 sqq.;
used to rehabilitate myth, 432;
interest in Delphi, 435 sqq.;
theory of inspiration, 439;
on the future state, 496 sq.;
on comfort in the Mysteries, 516;
Consolation to his wife on the death of their daughter, 520
sq.;
arguments for immortality, 521 sqq.;
visions of the future world, 523 sqq.;
reference to Mithra as a mediator, 590;
on the first appearance of Mithraism in Europe, 590;
tales of ghosts at Chaeronea, 490
Politta, wife of Rubellius Plautus, courage and devotion of, 49
Polybius, freedman minister of Claudius, life of, described by
Seneca, 108
Polybius, the historian, his attitude to Roman religion, 531
Pompeii,
situation and various industries of, 223;
family of the Holconii, Eumachia, their gifts to the town,
223;
amphitheatre and temple of Isis at, 224, 563;
election placards at, 211;
tombs of Alexandrian traders at, 567;
colleges of “late sleepers” and “late drinkers” at, 265
Pontifex Maximus, the, 534;
office held by the Emperors, its power, 535
Poppaea, her sympathy with Judaism, 83
Post, the public,
organisation of, 206;
Pliny’s use of, for Calpurnia, 189
Poverty,
contempt for, 104;
common in Juvenal’s time, 94;
D. Chrysostom on, 375
Prayer,
an effort of adoration, 394;
a colloquy with God, 420
Preachers, the philosophic,
Apollonius, 347;
Musonius, 348;
Maximus of Tyre, 349;
Dion Chrysostom, 370 sqq.
Prudentius, description of the taurobolium by, 558
Public works,
mismanagement of, in Bithynia, 220 sq.;
curator of, _ib._;
undertaken by private persons, evidence of inscriptions on,
225 sq.
Pythagoreanism,
not extinct in the first century B.C., 398;
daemonology of, 428;
influence of, on Virgil, 493 sq.;
on Seneca, 515;
connection with the Mysteries, 516;
spiritual influence of, 517;
influence on the mythology of Egypt, 562;
and on Mithraism, 600

Quintilian,
career of, as a teacher, and high moral influence, 149;
treats immortality as an open question, 502

Readings,
the plague of, in Juvenal, 59, 95;
in Pliny, 160, 173;
in Martial, 61
Regulus, M. Aquilius,
career of, as delator, 37;
as pleader, his wealth, and eccentricities, 155, 156
Religion, old Roman,
decay of, from the second Punic War, 529;
its causes, 530;
attitude to, of Varro, Panaetius, Polybius, 531;
Augustan restoration of, 533;
conservative influence of the chief pontificate, 535;
early emperors continue the Augustan policy, 536;
reverence for the oldest Latin deities in the inscriptions,
538;
Jupiter, 543;
Hercules, Silvanus, and the Nymphs, 539;
revival of the Arval Brotherhood, 540 sqq.;
feeling of the educated to, 544;
real strength of, 545;
last champions of, in the fourth century, 546;
its formalism compared with the eastern worships, 554

Scepticism,
from the second Punic War, 530;
the scepticism of the elder Pliny, Seneca, Juvenal, etc., 535
Seleucus, an astrologer of Otho, 448
Senate, the,
prestige and ancient claims of, 38;
hated and feared by bad princes, 38, 39;
respect for, under good Emperors, 39;
theoretical position of, under the Empire, 41, 42;
Pliny’s _Panegyric_ throws light on, 44;
moral degradation of, shown in 69 A.D., 50;
poverty of many great houses, 51, 71;
insults heaped on, by Emperors, 51;
reduction of its numbers by massacre etc., 71;
great families pensioned by Emperors, 71;
Senators compelled to act and fight as gladiators, 73, 74;
scorn of, for freedmen, 113;
frivolity of, in Pliny’s time, 185;
senatorial life in the country, 174 sqq.
Seneca,
his experience of the tyranny, 7, 8;
sad close of his life, 9;
knowledge of character, how acquired, 9;
conception of the state of nature, and pessimism of, 10, 11,
14, 304, 313;
ghastly picture of high society, 11;
of slavery, 12, 329;
his terrors, 13;
attitude to philosophic revolutionaries, 15;
conception of imperial power, 16;
ideal of female character and capacity, 188;
anticipates the movement of the Antonine age, 190;
as a spiritual director, 294;
his undoubted power, 295;
his experience prepared him for the work, 296 sqq.;
his court-life and wealth, _ib._;
contrasts in, 297;
calumnies against, 298;
conception of the great office of philosophy, 299;
attitude to liberal studies, 300;
treatment of Physics, the moral effects and lessons of the
study, 301 sqq.;
intense earnestness of, 304;
defends and quotes Epicurus, 306;
yet often a Stoic dogmatist, _ib._;
conception of God, 307, 390;
influenced by Platonism, 308;
his psychology, 308 sq.;
necessity and conversion, 311;
the fall of man, 312;
Aristotelian elements in, 314 sq.;
humility of, 316;
his disciples of the upper class, 317;
on philosophic retreat, 318;
his precepts for moral growth, 320 sqq.;
death a mere bugbear, 322;
attitude to myth, _ib._;
on public duty, 325;
on the social instinct, kindness, forgiveness, etc., 327;
his ideal of womanhood, 329;
Seneca and Thomas à Kempis, 331;
his view of immortality approaches the Christian, 5, 13 sqq.;
Pythagorean influences on, 515
Sentinum, college of Mithra at, 593
Serapis,
his temple of healing at Canopus, 461;
his origin, various theories of, 561 sq.;
linked with Jupiter in the inscriptions, 562;
lofty conception of, in Aristides, 572, 574;
miracles in his temples, 573;
a guide and judge of souls, 575;
his boundless sway, 583
Sidonius Apollinaris,
imitation of Pliny’s Letters in, 162 sq.;
refers to Sulpicia, 80;
to Petronius, 121
Silius Italicus,
Pliny’s estimate of, 164;
career and tastes of, 165;
a connoisseur, 177;
suicide of, 184
Slavery,
moral and political effects of, according to Seneca, 12;
courage of Octavia’s slave girls, 48;
transition from slavery to freedom, 116 sq.;
kindly feeling, 117, 257;
manumission, how obtained, 118;
growing _peculium_ of trusted slaves, 118;
tie between patron and freedman, 119;
duties and generosity of patrons, _ib._;
rise of the freedmen, _ib._;
Pliny’s kindness to slaves, 181;
harsh masters and their perils, 182;
slave class dwindling, 252;
slaves in the colleges, 281
Society,
_ circuli_, 13;
gossip, 33;
extravagant luxury, 66;
respect for birth and manufacture of genealogies, 69, 70;
poverty and mendicancy of great houses, 71, 72;
wider interests among women 78;
culture of Roman women from Cornelia to Serena, wife of
Stilicho, 80;
dangerous temptations of women’s life, 85 sq.;
general poverty under the Empire, 94 sq.;
mean trades more lucrative than cultivated professions, 95;
society materialised, _ib._;
contempt for poverty, 97;
grossness of freedmen, 132 sqq.;
a sounder class in the worst days, 143;
wholesome force of Roman tradition, and country life, 144;
old-fashioned retreats of virtue, 147;
love of country life, 174;
suicide, 183;
wedded life of Calpurnia and Pliny, 188 sq.;
new moral ideals in Seneca, Juvenal, and Pliny, 190;
duties of wealth, 191;
public spirit of the age, 193;
rage for amusement, 234 sqq.;
municipal gratitude and meanness, 245;
need of association in clubs, etc., 256 sqq.;
immense force of the movement, 266 sqq.;
ennui and self-abandonment of upper class, 304, 319 sq.;
need for popular evangelism, how the Cynics supplied it, 335,
360
Socrates, theories of his daemon, 438
Sophists, the,
influence of, 4;
frivolous subjects and showy style of, condemned by
philosophers, 344;
Plutarch’s opinion of, 413
Sotion, trains Seneca in Pythagorean asceticism, 296
Spain,
growth of towns in, 200;
journey of Icelus in, to reach Galba, 206;
little affected by Mithraism, 597;
worship of Isis in, 567
Spectacles, the,
Senators descend into the arena, 73;
women present at, mingling with men at the Circus, 86;
obscenities of the theatre, _ib._;
number of days in the year given to, 234;
scene in Flavian Amphitheatre, 235
Spurinna, Vestricius,
a verse writer, 166;
his orderly life a type, 175
Statius,
his sketches of the great imperial freedmen, 109 sqq.;
of the villas of Manlius Vopiscus, and Pollius Felix, 176;
reference to Mithra in the _Thebaid_, 589 sq.
Stoicism,
the God of, 307;
gospel of, in Seneca, 309 sq.;
freedom and necessity, 311;
weakness of its moral theory, 313;
instantaneous conversion, _ib._;
no intermediate states of character, _ib._;
modifications of, 314;
relation to Cynicism, 323, 359;
competing tendencies in, 324;
the two cities, Zeno on civic duty, 325;
the brotherhood of man, 328;
the religion of Stoicism breaks down, 391, 512;
later Stoic mysticism, 392;
influence of Panaetius, 408, 530;
its theory of human nature assailed by Plutarch, 410 sq.;
older Stoic belief in a limited immortality, 500;
ideal of life in M. Aurelius, 509;
Stoic attitude to augury, etc., 530
Strabo,
on oracles and augury, 471;
on the temple of Serapis at Canopus, 461
Suetonius,
career of, 168;
Pliny’s friendship for, _ib._;
a dilatory author, 168;
superstition of, 452, 535;
secretary of Hadrian, 169
Suffetes, title of, preserved in Africa under the Empire, 203
Suicide,
Pliny’s view of, 183;
suicide of Euphrates, 356;
Stoic view of, 356;
suicide of Peregrinus, 357;
of Silius Italicus, 184;
of Corellius Rufus, 184;
Hadrian’s wish for, 356;
a suicide on Lake Como, 184
Sulla, recognises the Isiac cult in 80 B.C., 565
Sulpicia, verses of, mentioned by Martial and Sidonius, 80
Sun worship,
the highest form of nature-worship, 585 sq.;
Aurelian’s temple, 586;
Mithra identified with the Sun at Babylon, 587;
influence of, in fostering theocratic ideas in the Empire, 617
sq.
Superstition,
tales of, at Trimalchio’s table, 131, 136;
of Regulus, 156;
of Suetonius and Pliny, 168;
various conceptions of, 443;
Plutarch on, 443 sq.;
astrology, 446 sqq.;
superstition of the Emperors, 447 sqq.;
of the great writers of the age, 451 sqq.;
its connection with medicine in the temples, 459;
dream oracles, 461;
Aristides has visits from the gods, 466;
superstition of Rutilianus and the Roman nobles in the reign
of M. Aurelius, 475;
rampant in Paphlagonia, 476 sq.;
cult of _Genii_, 479;
universal belief in miracles, 482;
apparitions in the _Philopseudes_ of Lucian, 490;
encouraged by Mithraism, 602
Symmachus,
religious conservatism of, 546;
Letters of, 161
Syncretism,
in Aristides, 388;
in Apuleius, _ib._;
in Plutarch, 424;
of the oriental worships, 558;
in the worship of Isis, 581;
and of Serapis, 583;
Mithraism the greatest effort of, 585, 592;
at Babylon, 587;
in Asia Minor, 588

Tacitus,
his attitude to the tyranny of the early Caesars, 21;
early history and experience of, 22;
various views of, 23;
the key to his tone as a historian, 24;
a moralist, rather than a politician, 25, 26;
views of the future, 26, 27;
belief in birth and traditions, 28;
early training, and ideal of family life, 28, 29;
admiration for Agricola, 29;
his experience had affected his ideas of human nature and of
the Divine government, 30;
gloomy view of the time, 46;
wavering attitude to superstition, 453, 535;
faint hope of immortality, 502;
account of Serapis, 562
Tarsus, D. Chrysostom on its vices, 370
Taurobolium, the,
enthralling power of, 547;
first glimpse of, 549;
offered for Ant. Pius in 160, _ib._;
suspected by the Fathers, 555;
history of, 556;
Anaitis and Artemis Tauropolus, _ib._;
question whether it became part of the worship of Mithra,
_ib._, 609;
its ceremonial and cost, 557 sq.;
its meaning and effects, 609
Tertullian,
his tale of a priest of Cybele, 549;
on the taurobolium, 555;
holds up priests of Isis as an example, 582;
his view of the sacraments of Mithra, 613
Theagenes,
pupil of Peregrinus, 354;
lectures in Rome, _ib._
Theatre, the, a great corruptor, 86
Thespesius of Soli, his vision of the unseen world, 524
Thrasea, his character, compared with Paetus and Helvidius Priscus,
152
Thrasyllus, an astrologer of Tiberius, 448
Tiberius,
conservatism of, in religion, 536;
little sympathy with Hellenism, 88;
cost of his gladiators, 241;
belief in astrology, 448;
tried the lottery at Padua, 472;
persecutes the eastern cults, 566;
treatment of descendants of Hortensius, 71;
his _mot_ on birth, 70
Timarchus, his visit to the other world, 526 sq.
Titinius Capito, writes a history of the victims of the Terror, 167
Titus,
his love of the East and superstition, 449;
visit to shrine of the Paphian Venus, 472
Trade,
great fair at Cremona, 264;
wandering traders, their colleges, _ib._;
immense development of, 253, 265;
Juvenal’s contempt for, 98;
encouragement of, by Claudius, 264
Trajan,
provision of, for poor children, 192;
his friendship with Dion Chrysostom, 369 sq.;
vows of the Arval Brotherhood for, 542;
Pliny’s _Panegyric_ on, 43
Travel,
became general, 205;
example of Hadrian, _ib._;
easy and luxurious, _ib._;
facilities of posting, 206;
speed of, by land and sea, 206;
passion for change of scene, 330 sqq.;
travels of Aristides, 464;
of Dion Chrysostom, 368
Trimalchio, the, of Petronius,
sketches his own career, 129;
his estates, _ib._;
description of, _ib._;
surprises of his dinner, 130;
his libraries and his ignorance, 131;
treatment of his wife, 137;
gives an order for his monument, 136
Trophonius, the oracle of, 461

Ummidia Quadratilla,
character in Pliny’s Letters, 185;
builds a temple and amphitheatre for Casinum, 224

Varro,
theology of, 417, 531 sq.;
on Magna Mater, 547;
Saturae Menippeae of, 126
Veleia, tablet of, 192
Verginius, Rufus, guardian of Pliny, 145
Vespasian,
accession of, a moral revolution, 1;
his economies, 32, 227;
tolerance of the Stoic opposition by, 40;
treatment of astrologers, 45;
defamed by men of the Neronian circle, 52;
Hellenism of, 89;
love of old associations, 148;
his immense task; combined economy and liberality, 148;
banishes the astrologers, yet believes in them, 449;
consults the oracle on Mount Carmel, 472;
conservative in religion, 536;
restores the shrine of Magna Mater at Herculaneum, 548;
consents to work miracles at Alexandria, 573
Vestinus, Atticus, suicide of, under Nero, 48
Vestinus, Julius, chief pontiff of Egypt, a secretary of Hadrian,
568
Virgil,
immense popularity of, his verses in the Graffiti of Pompeii,
170;
pictures of rural scenery by, 197;
_ Sortes Virgilianae_ consulted by Hadrian, 450;
Inferno of, its discordant conceptions, 491 sqq.;
recitation of the Aeneid at Trimalchio’s table, 131
Vitellius,
cruelty and ghastly end of, 240;
superstition of, 449;
profusion of, 32;
treatment of his freedman, Asiaticus, 206;
employs _Equites_ as imperial secretaries, 107;
his horoscope, 449

Women,
high ideal of, in the first century, 77;
growth of wider interests in, 78;
superstition among, _ib._;
emancipation of, began long before the Empire, 79;
vices of, in the time of the elder Cato, _ib._;
Roman ideal of, lasted to the end, _ib._;
cultivated women from Cornelia to Serena, 80;
growing influence of, in public life, 81;
“Mothers of the camp, _patronae_,” _Curia mulierum_ at
Lanuvium, 81;
attractions of eastern cults for, 82;
Roman girls carefully guarded till marriage, when their perils
began, 84;
temptations of Roman matrons, _ib._;
dangers of the Circus, theatre, and gladiatorial shows, 86;
manners in the freedwomen class, 135;
good women of Pliny’s circle, 145;
others of doubtful character, 185;
Calpurnia, wife of Pliny; their ideal married life, 188 sq.;
beautiful character of a girl, 189;
ideal of, in Seneca, 329;
light women keep fasts of Isis, 553, 565, 570;
female worshippers of Magna Mater, 557

Xenocrates, on bad daemons, 431, 433
Xenophanes, on legend, 544

Zoticus, freedman of Elagabalus, sources of his wealth, 112

THE END

_Printed in Great Britain by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES

_ 1 Ann._ iii. 55; xvi. 5; cf. Suet. _Vesp._ ix. xii.

2 Suet. _Vesp._ ii. quare princeps quoque et locum incunabulorum
assidue frequentavit, manente villa, qualis fuerat olim, etc.

3 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 23; xvi. 21, 34; _Agric._ 2, 45; Plin. _Ep._ iii.
16, § 10; vii. 19, § 3; iii. 11, § 3; ix. 13, § 3.

4 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 60.

5 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6; i. 80; xiii. 50, 51; xi. 24; Suet. _Nero_, x.;
_Dom._ viii.; cf. Merivale, vii. 385; Renan, _Apôtres_, p. 308 sqq;
Gréard, _Morale de Plut._ p. 200.

6 Suet. _Vitell._ v.; _Otho_, iii. provinciam administravit
moderatione atque abstinentia singulari.

7 Sen. _Ep._ 47; _De Ira_, i. 5; iii. 24; _De Benef._ iv. 11, § 3; _De
Brev. Vit._ xiii. § 7; Plin. _Ep._ iv. 22; Juv. xiv. 15 sqq.; xv.
131; D. Cass. lxvi. 15; _Or. Henz. Inscr. Lat._ 7244, Bene fac, hoc
tecum feres; Denis, _Hist. des Idées Morales_, ii. 156, 172, 181.

8 Sid. Apoll. _Ep._ viii. 6, § 5.

_ 9 Or. Henz._ iii. Ind. p. 27 sq.

10 Apul. _Apol._ c. 55, sacrorum pleraque initia in Graecia
participavi, et plurimos ritus ... didici; Lamprid. _Alex. Sev._ c.
29, 43.

11 Max. Tyr. _Diss._ viii.; xi. § 3; xvii.; D. Chrys. _Or._ xii. § 83.

12 Renan, _Les Évangiles_, p. 382.

13 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iv. 420; Denis, _Idées Morales_, ii. 200
sqq.; Renan, _M. Aurèle_, p. 24 sqq.

14 Luc. _Som._ 32; _Traj._ 15; _Charon_, 15, 20; _Tim._ 14, 36; M.
Aurel. v. 10, 33: ix. 29; 34; x. 19: cf. Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 8; _Ad
Marc._ ii. 17, 20, 22; Petron. _Sat._ 88.

_ 15 Ep._ 108, § 22; cf. Suet. _Tib._ lxi. nullus a poena hominum
cessavit dies.

16 Suet. _Tib._ 61; Tac. _Ann._ iv. 34.

17 D. Cass. lix. 19; Suet. _Calig._ 53.

_ 18 Nec. Inj._ xviii.; cf. Suet. _Calig._ 50; Sen. _De Ira_, i. 20;
iii. 18; _De Tranq._ xiv.; _Ad Polyb._ xiii. xvii.; _Ad Helv._ x. 4;
_De Benef._ iv. 31.

19 Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 33.

20 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 8; D. Cass. 60. 8; 61. 10; Sen. _Ad Polyb._ 13. 2;
_Ad Helv._ 15. 2.

21 For the worst charges _v._ D. Cass. lxii. 2; lxi. 10; Tac. _Ann._
13. 13.

22 D. Cass. _l.c._; Tac. _Ann._ 13. 42. But cf. Seneca’s reply, Tac.
_Ann._ 14. 53, and 15. 62.

23 Tac. _Ann._ 15. 65.

24 Sen. _Frag._ 108.

25 Sen. _De Tranq._ x. 6.

26 Sen. _Ep._ i. 18; Tac. _Ann._ 14. 52.

_ 27 Ep._ 70, § 14; 88, § 17; _Ep._ 77; _De Ira_, iii. 15; _Ad Helv._ 5,
§ 4.

28 Mart. vii. 27, 11; Juv. xi. 4; Sen. _Dial._ 1, 5, 4; _De Benef._
vii. 22, 2; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 281.

29 Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 33; _De Tranq._ xii. 7.

30 Sen. _Ep._ 97, § 2; Sen. _De Benef._ i. 10, § 1. Cf. _De Ira_, ii.
8; _Ep._ 95, § 20; _Ep._ 115, § 10.

31 Sen. _Ep._ 90, § 42.

_ 32 Ep._ 90, § 40.

_ 33 Ib._ 90, § 38.

_ 34 Ib._ 90, § 5, § 36, avaritia atque luxuria dissociavere mortales.

_ 35 Ib._ 90, § 12.

36 Sen. _Ep._ 90, § 19.

_ 37 De Brev. Vit._ xvi. tarde ire horas queruntur; _Ep._ 77; _Ep._ 104,
§ 15.

_ 38 Ep._ 115, § 10; _De Ira_, iii. 33; _Ep._ 60; _Ep._ 74.

_ 39 Ad Polyb._ vi. 5, magna servitus est magna fortuna.

_ 40 De Ira_, ii. 8.

_ 41 De Ira_, ii. 33.

_ 42 Ib._ iii. 35, deinde idem de republica libertatem sublatam quereris
quam domi sustulisti.

_ 43 Ib._ iii. 24, 32; Petron. _Sat._ 49, 53; Sen. _Ep._ 47, § 10; Juv.
vi. 490; Sen. _De Clem._ i. 18.

44 Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 353; Marq. _Priv._ i. 142; Wallon,
_L’Escl. dans l’Ant._ ii. 146.

45 Sen. _De Brev._ _V._ xiii.

_ 46 Ib._ xvi. transilire dies volunt.

47 Id. _Ep._ 104, § 15; 89, § 20; _Ep._ 28.

48 Id. _De Tranq._ xii. § 7.

49 Mart. ii. 7, 8 (_v._ note on the word in Friedländer’s ed.); iv. 78.

50 Sen. _Ep._ i. 9; cf. Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 271.

51 Juv. xi. 4; Mart. vii. 97; Quintil. vi. 3, 105; Sen. _De Tranq._
xii. § 7; _De Ben._ vii. 22, 2; _De Prov._ i. 5, 4; Boissier,
_L’Opp._ p. 201 sqq.

_ 52 Ad Marc._ xx.; _De Tranq._ x.; _Ep._ 94 _ad fin._; _Ep._ 70.

_ 53 Ep._ 90, § 43, at vos ad omnem tectorum pavetis sonum et inter
picturas vestras, si quid increpuit, fugitis attoniti.

_ 54 Ep._ 70, § 14; _Ep._ 88, § 17, malis paratus sum; _Ep._ 24, § 11;
_Ad Polyb._ ix. nullus portus nisi mortis; _Ad Marc._ xx. mors quae
efficit ut nasci non supplicium sit.

_ 55 Ad Marc._ x.

_ 56 Ad Polyb._ vi.

_ 57 Ad Marc._ xxii. § 3.

_ 58 Ad Polyb._ ix.; _Ep._ 77; _Ad Marc._ xxi. § 7.

_ 59 Ep._ 108, § 17. He adopted the Pythagorean discipline under the
influence of Sotion, a pupil of Sextius, but gave it up on the
proscription of suspected rites in the reign of Tiberius, cf. Suet.
_Tib._ 36; cf. Zeller, _Die Phil. der Gr._ iii. 1, 605.

60 D. Cass. 62. 2; 61. 10. Zeller, iii. 1, 641, n. 1.

61 D. Cass. _l.c._

_ 62 Tac. Ann._ xv. 55.

63 Suet. _Vesp._ 15.

64 Sen. _Ep._ 73, § 3.

_ 65 Ib._ 103, § 4.

_ 66 De Clem._ i. 19; Plin. _Paneg._ i. 72; D. Chrys. _Or._ ii. § 77;
iii. § 39; 70 sqq.

67 Suet. _Dom._ 23; _Nero_, 57; cf. Tac. _Hist._ i. 7, ipsa aetas
Galbae irrisui ac fastidio erat adsuetis juventae Neronis et
imperatores forma ac decore corporis ... comparantibus.

68 Suet. _Calig._ 50; cf. Sen. _Nec. Inj._ 18; _De Ira_, i. 20; ii. 33;
iii. 18; _De Ben._ ii. 12, 21.

69 Suet. _Calig._ 38.

70 Id. _Nero_, 6.

_ 71 De Clem._ i. 1, § 2, electusque sum qui in terris deorum vice
fungerer.

_ 72 Ib._ i. § 5.

_ 73 Ib._ i. 4, 1, ille vinculum per quod respublica cohaeret, ille
spiritus vitalis.

_ 74 Ib._ i. 17, 1.

_ 75 Ib._ i. 7, 2.

_ 76 De Clem._ i. 12.

_ 77 Ib._ i. 13, 2, scelera enim sceleribus tuenda sunt.

78 Renan, _L’Antéchr._ p. 125.

_ 79 De Clem._ i. 1, § 2, egone ex omnibus mortalibus placui electusque
sum qui in terris deorum vice fungerer?

80 Suet. _Nero_, c. 4.

_ 81 Ib._ c. 5.

82 Sen. _De Clem._ i. 1, § 5.

83 Suet. _Nero_, c. 15; cf. _Dom._ c. viii.

_ 84 Nero_, c. 16.

_ 85 Ib._ c. 12, instituit et quinquennale certamen primus omnium Romae
more Graeco triplex, etc.

_ 86 Ib._ c. 20; 53; Renan, _L’Antéchr._ p. 132.

87 Suet. _Nero_, c. 39.

_ 88 Ib._ c. 50.

89 Renan, _L’Antéchr._ p. 316.

90 Suet. _Nero_, c. 49; Renan, _L’Antéchr._ 130. sqq.

91 Suet. _Nero_, c. 24, 49, 52, 55; Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 16; cf. Macé,
_Suétone_, p. 179; Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 265.

92 Suet. _Nero_, c. 53, c. 20, cf. c. 24.

93 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ iv. 36, 39; Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 15, 16; xv.
67, odisse coepi postquam parricida matris et uxoris, auriga et
histrio et incendiarius extitisti; Suet. _Nero_, c. 21; D. Cass. 63.
9, 10.

94 Suet. _Nero_, c. 23.

_ 95 Ib._ c. 32.

96 Merivale, viii. p. 70 sq.; Schiller, _Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit_,
i. p. 467.

97 Petron. _Sat._ 8, where the decay of artistic sense is traced to the
grossness of evil living; at nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratas
quidem artes audemus cognoscere.

98 Suet. _Nero_, c. 11, 12.

99 Tac. _Ann._ 15. 42.

_ 100 Ib._ 16. 1; Suet. _Nero_, 31.

_ 101 Ib._ 16, 31.

_ 102 Ib._ c. 31; cf. _Otho_, 7.

103 Suet. _Nero_, c. 40.

_ 104 Ib._ c. 29 _ad fin._

_ 105 Ib._ c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 17.

106 Suet. _Nero_, c. 56.

107 Suet. _Nero_, c. 32; D. Cass. 63. 11.

108 Tac. _Agric._ c. 3, sic ingenia studiaque oppresseris facilius quam
revocaveris.

109 Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 53 sqq.

110 Seneca died in 65 A.D. The _Histories_ of Tacitus were published
_circ._ 106-107; cf. Plin. _Ep._ vii. 20; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii.
42.

111 Tacitus was born about 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 43; Macé, _Suétone_, p.
35, 81; Momms. _Plin._ p. 51). He was, perhaps, fifteen years older
than Suetonius, and seven years older than Pliny.

112 Plin. _Ep._ i. 6, 20; iv. 13; vi. 9, 16, 20; vii. 20, 33; viii. 7;
ix. 10, 14.

_ 113 Hist._ i. 1; _Ann._ xi. 11. This latter important passage fixes the
date of his praetorship, 88 A.D.; cf. Teuffel, ii. p. 165 n. 6;
Peter, ii. 43.

_ 114 Agric._ c. 45.

_ 115 Hist._ i. 1, sed incorruptam fidem professis, neque amore quisquam
et sine odio dicendus est; Nipperdey, _Einl._ xxvi.

116 Merivale, viii. 84, Schiller, _Gesch. der Röm. Kaiserzeit_, i. 140,
586. According to Schiller, Tacitus has no research, no exactness of
military or geographical knowledge, no true conception of the time.
He is an embittered aristocrat and rhetorician. For a sounder
estimate _v._ Peter, ii. 43, 60, 63; Nipperdey, _Einl._ xxv. For the
influence on the work of Suetonius of the Senatorial tradition, _v._
Macé, _Suétone_, p. 84; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 69.

117 Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 66.

118 Merivale, viii. 95 sqq.

119 Peter, ii. 46 sqq.

_ 120 Ib._ ii. 188, 200.

121 His father was probably a Roman Eques, procurator in Belgium; Plin.
_H. N._ vii. 16, 76.

122 Macé, _Suétone_, p. 83, Peter, ii. 69 sqq.

123 Tac. _Ann._ i. 7; xv. 71; _Agr._ 45; Peter, ii. 62.

_ 124 Ann._ xiv. 12, 57; _Hist._ iv. 6; _Agr._ 42; Peter, ii. 47.

_ 125 Agr._ 42.

_ 126 Ann._ iii. 65, praecipuum munus annalium reor, ne virtutes
sileantur, utque pravis dictis factisque ex posteritate et infamia
metus sit; cf. Peter, ii. 46; Nipperdey, _Einl._ xxvi.

127 Tac. _Ann._ i. 39, 41.

_ 128 Ib._ c. 61, 62.

_ 129 Hist._ ii. 49.

_ 130 Ann._ ii. 82.

_ 131 Hist._ iii. 72.

_ 132 Ib._ iii. 83.

_ 133 Agr._ 32.

_ 134 Germ._ 17, 19, 20, 23, 25.

_ 135 Germ._ 33, _ad fin._

_ 136 Hist._ i. 3; ii. 38; iii. 72; Peter, ii. 62. Yet this should be
qualified by such passages as _Ann._ iii. 55; _Agr._ i.; cf.
Nipperdey, _Einl._ xxvii.

_ 137 Ann._ iii. 65.

_ 138 Ib._ iii. 26.

139 M. Aurel. ix. 29, 34; x. 19.

140 Tac. _Ann._ iii. 55; M. Aurel. vii. 1; ix. 4; x. 23; ix. 28.

_ 141 Agr._ 3.

142 Plin. _Paneg._ 35, 53, 54, 66; cf. Tac. _Hist._ i. 1.

_ 143 Hist._ i. 1, omnem potentiam ad unum conferri pacis interfuit; cf.
_Hist._ i. 16; ii. 38.

_ 144 Ann._ xiv. 47; _Hist._ iv. 8, bonos imperatores voto expetere,
qualescumque tolerare.

_ 145 Ann._ xv. 46; vi. 42; iv. 33; iii. 27; _Hist._ ii. 38.

146 Peter, ii. 53; _Ann._ vi. 42.

_ 147 Hist._ i. 16; Peter, ii. 61.

148 Tac. _Agr._ i.

149 Peter, ii. 48.

150 Tac. _Ann._ i. 76; quanquam _vili_ sanguine nimis gaudens. Cf.
_Dial. de Or._ 29; Plin. _Ep._ vi. 34, 1.

_ 151 Ann._ xiv. 43; _Germ._ 20.

_ 152 Germ._ 33. Cf. his contempt for the Christians and devotees of
Eastern cults, _Ann._ ii. 85; xv. 44.

_ 153 Ann._ i. 53; iv. 3; iii. 39: vi. 29; xii. 12; iii. 24; xvi. 16. Cf.
Peter, ii. 51.

_ 154 Ann._ xiv. 14.

_ 155 Ann._ ii. 21; vi. 27; iv. 3.

_ 156 De Or._ 29.

_ 157 Agr._ 4.

_ 158 Germ._ 19, saepta pudicitia agunt, nullis spectaculorum inlecebris
... corruptae; _De Or._ 29.

_ 159 Hist._ iii. 37; _Ann._ i. 7; xv. 57, 71.

_ 160 Agr._ 22.

_ 161 Ib._ 40.

_ 162 Ann._ xv. 60.

_ 163 Ib._ xv. 57.

_ 164 Ib._ xiv. 60.

_ 165 Ann._ xv. 71.

_ 166 Hist._ i. 2.

_ 167 Agr._ 4, memoria teneo solitum ipsum narrare se studium
philosophiae acrius, ultra quam concessum Romano ac Senatori,
exhausisse. Cf. Fabian, _Quid Tac. de num. Div. judicaverit_, p. 1.

_ 168 Hist._ v. 5; Nipperdey, _Einl._ xiv.

_ 169 Hist._ i. 22; ii. 78; i. 86. But cf. _Ann._ xii. 43, 64; xiv. 32;
xv. 8; _Hist._ i. 3; ii. 50; and Fabian, pp. 17, 19.

_ 170 Ann._ iv. 20; cf. vi. 22.

_ 171 Hist._ ii. 38.

_ 172 Ann._ xiv. 12; Fabian, p. 23.

_ 173 Ann._ xvi. 33, aequitate deum erga bona malaque documenta.

_ 174 Ann._ iii. 55; cf. xvi. 5.

175 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. pp. 80, 81.

176 Plin. _Paneg._ 45; Claudian, _In Cons. Hon._ 299, componitur orbis
Regis ad exemplum.

177 Suet. _De Clar. Rhet._ c. 1.

178 Id. _Nero_, 21; Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ iv. 39.

179 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 54.

180 Suet. _Calig._ 37; Sen. _Ad Helv._ x.

181 Suet. _Calig._ 37.

182 Suet. _Nero_, c. 30.

_ 183 Ib._ c. 27.

_ 184 Ib._ c. 30.

_ 185 Ib._ c. 31; Tac. _Ann._ xv. 42.

186 Suet. _Otho_, 5, nihilque referre, ab hoste in acie, an in foro sub
creditoribus caderet.

187 Id. _Vitell._ c. 13.

188 Id. _Vesp._ 16; D. Cass. 66. 2, 8, 10.

189 D. Cass. 67. 5; Suet. _Dom._ 12.

190 D. Cass. 68. 2, _συστέλλων ὡς οἷόν τε τὰ δαπανήματα_.

191 Capitol. _M. Aurel._ c. 17, in foro divi Trajani auctionem
ornamentorum imperialium fecit vendiditque aurea pocula et
cristallina, etc.

192 Suet. _Dom._ iii.

193 Suet. _Otho_, iii.; _Vitell._ v.; _Dom._ viii.; Boissier, _L’Opp._
p. 170.

194 Tac. _Ann._ i. 72; ii. 50; xiv. 48. For a clear account of this _v._
Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 165.

195 Suet. _Dom._ x.; cf. xii. satis erat obici qualecunque factum
dictumve adversus majestatem principis.

_ 196 Ib._ xii.

197 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 27; xiii. 6, in urbe sermonum avida; _Hist._ ii. 91;
Mart. v. 20; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. p. 280.

198 D. Cass. 52. 37.

199 Mart x. 48, 21; cf. Friedl. _Chronologie der Epigr. Mart._ p. 62;
Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. p. 285; Epict. _Diss._ iv. 13, 21, 5;
Aristid. _Or._ ix. 62.

200 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 69.

201 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ vii. 24.

202 Tac. _Ann._ i. 72, 74, Crispinus formam vitae iniit quam postea
celebrem miseriae temporum et audaciae hominum fecerunt, etc.; cf.
iii. 25; Sen. _De Ben._ iii. 26; Suet. _Tib._ lxi.

203 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 20.

204 Suet. _Dom._ xx. praeter commentarios et acta Tiberii nihil
lectitabat; Plin. _Paneg._ 42, 48.

205 Suet. _Dom._ xv.

206 Tac. _Hist._ ii. 10; Plin. _Paneg._ 35; D. Cass. 68. 1; Jul.
Capitol. _Ant. P._ c. 7; id. _M. Aurel._ c. 11; Meriv. vii. 370.

207 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 34; iii. 66; _Hist._ iv. 42.

208 Schol. ad Juv. iv. 53; Duruy, iv. 660.

209 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 20.

_ 210 Ib._ xvi. 33; Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 186.

211 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 20, 13; iv. 2; cf. Tac. _Hist._ iv. 42; Mart. vii.
31.

212 Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 193.

213 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 11, 22.

_ 214 Ib._ iv. 7; i. 20, 15.

_ 215 Ib._ ii. 11, 22; ii. 20.

216 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 20, 2.

_ 217 Ib._ iv. 7.

_ 218 E.g._ Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 296; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. p. 65:
Teuffel, § 328, 15; Mackail, _Lat. Lit._ p. 215.

219 Schiller, i. pp. 140, 586; Meriv. viii. 89 sqq.

220 Suet. _Claud._ x.; _Calig._ lx.; D. Cass. 60. 1. On the
assassination of Caligula, the Senate debated the question of
abolishing the memory of the Caesars, and restoring the Republic;
but the mob outside the temple of the Capitoline Jupiter demanded
“one ruler” of the world.

221 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25; xiii. 27.