Chapter VI: The Religion of Mithra (4)

222 Suet. _Calig._ xxx.; xxvi.; _Nero_, xxxvii. eumque ordinem
sublaturum quandoque e republica...; cf. xliii. creditur destinasse
senatum universum veneno per convivia necare.... D. Cass. 63. 15,
17.

223 Plin. _Paneg._ 54, 62, 64; Spart. _Hadrian_, 6, 7, § 4; 8, § 6.

224 Suet. _Claud._ x.

225 D. Cass. 66. 16; Suet. _Vesp._ xxv.

226 See the speech of the dying Hadrian to the Senators, D. Cass. 69.
20.

227 Boissier, _L’Opp._ 102.

228 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 21; xv. 23; xiv. 48, id _egregio_ sub principe ...
senatui statuendum disseruit.

229 Suet. _Vesp._ xv.; cf. xiii., where Demetrius is guilty of similar
rudeness; D. Cass. 66. 12.

230 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ v. 35.

_ 231 Ib._ vii. 3, 4.

_ 232 Ib._ vii. 8, 33; cf. D. Cass. 67. 18.

233 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ vii. 9.

234 D. Cass. 66. 12, _βασιλείας τε ἀεὶ κατηγόρει καὶ δημοκρατίαν
ἐπῄνει_.

235 Suet. _Dom._ xxi.

236 D. Cass. 66. 16.

237 D. Cass. 68. 3.

238 Spart. _Hadr._ 7, § 15.

239 Jul. Capitol. _M. Ant._ 24, 25.

240 Momms. _Staatsr._ ii. 787-821; Professor Pelham has given a luminous
account of the Principate in _Encycl. Brit._ vol. xx. p. 769.

241 Suet. _Octav._ xxviii.

242 Tac. _Ann._ i. 15.

243 Suet. _Claud._ x.; D. Cass. 60. 1; where the soldiers plainly close
the impotent debates in the Senate, and by hailing Claudius as
emperor.

244 Momms. _Röm. Staatsr._ ii. 839.

_ 245 v._ Pelham, _Encycl. Brit._ xx. p. 779.

246 Suet. _Calig._ xxix.

247 D. Cass. 59. 24.

_ 248 Ib._ 56. 1; Tac. _Ann._ vi. 13; Suet. _Dom._ xiii.; Plut. _Galba_,
17.

249 Plin. _Paneg._ 43, 44, 35.

_ 250 Ib._ 24, 62, 63, 66.

_ 251 Ib._ 80.

_ 252 Ib._ 62, 63, 64.

_ 253 Ib._ 66.

_ 254 Ib._ 72.

_ 255 Ib._ 64.

256 Plin. _Paneg._ 69.

257 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 1; xiv. 52; xv. 48.

258 D. Cass. 63.17, _πᾶσι γὰρ παρ’ αὐτῷ δημόσιον ἔγκλημα ἦν ἀρετή τε καὶ
πλοῦτος καὶ γένος_: Tac. _Hist._ ii. 76.

259 Tac. _Ann._ ii. 32; xii. 52; D. Cass. 49. 43; D. Cass. 66. 10, 9;
Suet _Tib._ lxiii.

260 Suet. _Tib._ xiv. lxix.

261 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 52.

262 Suet. _Nero_, xxxvi.

263 Id. _Otho_, iv.

264 Id. _Vitell._ xiv.

_ 265 Ib._ ne Vitellius Germanicus intra eundem kalendarum diem usquam
esset.

266 D. Cass. 66. 10, 9.

267 Suet. _Dom._ xv.

268 Tac. _Hist._ i. 2.

269 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 64.

_ 270 Ib._ xiv. 10, 12.

_ 271 Ib._ xiv. 10; Suet. _Nero_, xxxiv.

272 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 48.

_ 273 Ib._ xv. 57.

_ 274 Ib._ xv. 54.

_ 275 Ib._ xv. 70; probably Lucan, _Phars._ iii. 638.

276 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 71.

_ 277 Ib._ xv. 73.

_ 278 Ib._ xv. 68, 69.

279 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 16; Tac. _Ann._ xv. 63.

280 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 60.

281 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 22, 57.

_ 282 Ib._ xvi. 10.

_ 283 Ib._ xvi. 11.

_ 284 Ib._ xv. 60.

_ 285 Ib._ xiv. 61.

_ 286 Ib._ xiv. 42, senatusque obsessus in quo ipso erant studia nimiam
severitatem aspernantium.

_ 287 Ib._ xv. 67.

288 Tac. _Hist._ ii. 49.

_ 289 Ib._ iii. 84.

_ 290 Ib._ i. 88, segnis et oblita bellorum nobilitas, etc.

_ 291 Ib._ i. 88.

_ 292 Ib._ iii. 37, nulla in oratione cujusquam erga Flavianos duces
obtrectatio; cf. i. 90; of the Acta of the Arval College, _C.I.L._
vi. 2051 sq.

_ 293 Ib._ iv. 3.

294 Suet. _Nero_, x.; _Vesp._ xvii.; Spart. _Hadr._ 7, § 9.

295 Juv. i. 100.

296 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 34.

_ 297 Ib._ ii. 37, 38.

298 Tac. _Hist._ i. 35.

299 Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 33; cf. iii. 19.

300 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 58.

301 Suet. _Nero_, xxxvii.

302 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 14; Juv. viii. 193; Suet. _Calig._ xviii. xxx.; D.
Cass. lix. 10.

303 Suet. _Calig._ xxvii.

304 Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 33.

305 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 12; xvi. 18; Suet. _Vitell._ iv.

306 Renan, _Les Év._ p. 140. Some of their anonymous sneers may be
traced in Suet. _Vesp._ xvi. xxiii. xiv.; cf. Duruy, iv. 653.

307 D. Cass. 66. 16, _ἐπεβουλεύθη μὲν ὑπό τε τοῦ Ἀλιηνοῦ καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ
Μαρκέλλου_. Cf. Suet. _Vesp._ xiv.; Macé, _Suétone_, p. 86.

308 Cf. Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 169 sqq.; Bury, _Rom. Emp._ p. 395.

309 On the sources of the history of the Flavians, _v._ Krause, _De C.
Sueton. Tranq. Fontibus_; Macé, _Suétone_, p. 364, 376; Peter,
_Gesch. Litt. d. Kaiserzeit_, ii. 69, 70. For the senatorial
attitude to Domitian, _v._ Plin. _Paneg._ 48; Tac. _Agr._ 3, 41, 42,
45; _Hist._ iv. 51; iv. 2; Suet. _Dom._ xxiii.

310 Nagel, _Imp. T. Flav. Domitianus iniquius dijudicatus_.

311 Meriv. vii. 356.

312 Suet. _Dom._ viii.

313 Tac. _Agr._ 39; cf. 41, tot exercitus in Moesia ... amissi. D. Cass.
67. 4, 7; cf. Stat. _Silv._ iv. 3, 153; Mart. ix. 102; vii. 80, 91,
95; Meriv. vii. 347.

314 Tac. _Agr._ 39.

315 Quintil. iv., prooem. 2; Statius, _Silvae_, iv. 2, 13; iii. 1, 1;
Mart. ii. 91; iv. 27, iii. 95. For the flattery of Martial, _v._
esp. v. 19, 6; ix. 4; _Spectac._ 33.

316 Suet. _Dom._ iv.

_ 317 Ib._ xx.

_ 318 Ib._ vii.; Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ vi. 42; _Vit. Soph._ i. 12.

319 Pliny was probably Quaestor in 90 A.D.; Trib. Pleb. 92; Praetor 93.
Cf. Momms. (Morel) p. 61. Tacitus says, _Hist._ i. 1, dignitatem a
Domitiano (81-96) longius provectam non abnuerim. From _Ann._ xi. 11
it appears that he was Praetor in 88. Cf. Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii.
43.

320 Duruy, iv. 697 n.

_ 321 Silv._ iii. 4, 37.

322 Meriv. vii. 354.

323 D. Cass. 67. 14; Suet. _Dom._ xiv.

324 Mart. iv. 63; vi. 21, crudelis nullaque invisior umbra.

325 Suet. _Dom._ xxiii.

326 Suet. _Dom._ x.

327 Renan, _Les Évang._ p. 291, Domitien, comme tous les souverains
hypocrites, se montraite sévère conservateur.

328 Suet. _Dom._ xiii.

329 Mart. viii. 65.

330 Suet. _Dom._ xiii.; Mart. v. 8, 1 (_v._ Friedländer’s note), vii. 2
and 34; viii. 2, 6; Stat. _Silv._ v. 1, 37; Meriv. vii. 375.

331 Suet. _Dom._ v.; Gregorov. _Gesch. St. Rom._ i. 41.

332 Rutil. Namat. i. 93.

333 Suet. _Dom._ v. _ad fin._; iv.

334 D. Cass. 67. 8.

335 Suet. _Dom._ xii.

336 Pliny, _Paneg._ 50.

337 Dion Cass. 67. 4, _τιμητὴς δὲ διὰ βίου πρῶτος δὲ καὶ μόνος καὶ
ἰδιωτῶν καὶ αὐτοκρατόρων ἐχειροτονήθη_: Momms. _Röm. St._ ii. 1012.

338 D. Cass. 67. 11.

_ 339 Agr._ 45.

340 Suet. _Dom._ xiv. parietes phengite lapide distinxit.

_ 341 Ib._ xvi.

342 D. Cass. 67. 9.

_ 343 Ib._ 67. 4.

344 Tacitus b. probably 55 A.D. _Dial. de Or._ 1, juvenis admodum in 75
or 76; cf. _Agr._ 9. He was betrothed in 77 A.D.; cf. Meriv. viii.
92; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 43; Nipperdey, _Einl._ iv. Juvenal b.
_circ._ 55 A.D. (Peter, ii. 77); decessit longo senio confectus exul
Ant. Pio imp. Vit. iv.; Teuffel, § 326, 1.

345 Nettleship, _Lectures and Essays_, pp. 118 sqq.

_ 346 Or. Henz._ 5599, IIVir. Quinq. Flamen Divi Vespasiani.

347 Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 316.

348 Juv. xi. 74, 150; cf. xiv. 322.

349 Mart. xii. 18.

350 Juv. v. 30 sqq.; cf. Mart. iii. 49; iii. 60.

351 Juv. i. 52; Mart. x. 4; iv. 49.

352 Juv. vi. 43: v. 30 sqq.; ix. 10 sqq.; xi. 186.

353 It has been remarked that Martial’s Epigrams on Juvenal all contain
some obscenity, vii. 24; vii. 91, xii. 18.

354 Teuffel, § 326, 4; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 77; Nettleship,
_Lectures and Essays_, p. 122, brings together the indications of
date from 96-127 A.D. He thinks that perhaps some of the earlier
_Satires_ belong to the last years of Domitian, and that the words,
spes et ratio studiorum in Caesare tantum, in _Sat._ vii., may refer
to that Emperor (p. 132).

355 Juv. i. 170.

356 Marius Priscus, Isaeus, Archigenes.

357 See a comparison of passages in Nettleship, pp. 125 sqq.

358 He says of himself, i. 5, 8, lasciva est nobis pagina, vita proba
est; cf. iii. 68; v. 2; Ausonius urges the same plea, cf. _Idyll._
xiii. Pliny finds a long series of examples to warrant his
indulgence in loose verses, _Ep._ iv. 14; cf. v. 3. It was a bad
tradition of literature; cf. Nettleship, _Lectures and Essays_, p.
39.

359 i. 14; iv. 13, 75.

360 v. 34, 37; x. 61.

361 i. 79; vii. 52.

362 iii. 58; i. 56; ii. 38; cf. iii. 38.

363 iii. 58.

364 i. 50; iv. 55; xii. 18.

365 Especially _Sat._ xi. xiii. xiv. xv.; cf. Munding, _Über die Sat.
Juv._ p. 12.

_ 366 v._ Bk. ii. c. 3 of this work. M. Boissier has thrown a vivid light
on this class in his _Rel. Rom._ iii. 3.

367 Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 198; Nettleship, _Lectures and Essays_ p.
136.

368 xiii. 120; ii. 1 sqq.; cf. Mart. ix. 48.

369 He refers, however, with respect to Seneca, viii. 212.

370 viii. 90 sqq.; cf. Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 332.

371 Juv. xv. 131; cf. Sen. _De Ira_, i. 5; ii. 10, 25; iii. 24.

372 Juv. xiii. 190.

373 xiii. 208, nam scelus intra se tacitum qui cogitat ullum Facti
crimen habet.

374 xiv. 30; Tac. _De Or._ 28, 29.

375 xi. 153.

376 vi. 510.

377 xiii. 39.

378 xiii. 208.

379 Juv. i. 87, 147; x. 172 cf. Sen. _Nat. Q._ vii. 31; _De Ira_, ii. 8
sq.

_ 380 e.g._ the picture of Otho, ii. 99; of Messalina, vi. 114;
Lateranus, viii. 146; Sejanus, x. 56; Cicero, etc., viii. 231.

381 Tac. _Hist._ ii. 64; cf. Plin. _Ep._ iv. 19; iii. 16; D. Cass. 68.
5; Sen. _ad Helv._ xiv.

382 Juv. xi. 109; iii. 152, 183.

383 xi. 78.

384 Tac. _Ann._ iii. 55; Sen. _Ad Helv._ x. 3; _Ep._ 89, § 22.

385 Statius, _Silv._ v. 36; ii. 85.

386 Petron. c. 60; Sen. _Ep._ 95, § 9; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. p.
67.

387 Plin. _H. N._ vi. 26; ix. 58; xii. 41. Cf. Friedl. iii. p. 80; Marq.
_Röm. St._ ii. 53.

388 Suet. _Nero_, xxx. putabat sordidos ac parcos esse quibus ratio
impensarum constaret, etc.

389 Sen. _Ep._ 87, § 4; Suet. _Tib._ xxxv.; Friedl. i. 196.

390 Liv. xxxiv. 1; Tac. _Ann._ iii. 53, 54.

391 Liv. xxxiv. 6, 7; Marq. _Priv._ i. 62, 162; Momms. _R. Hist._ ii.
409.

392 Momms. _R. Hist._ iii. 417.

_ 393 Ib._ 418; cf. Plin. _H. N._ ix. 80, 81; x. 23; Plut. _Lucull._ c.
40; Macrob. _Sat._ iii. 13, § 1.

394 Macrob. _Sat._ iii. 13, § 11.

395 Hieron. _Ep._ 117, § 8; Amm. Marc. xiv. 6, 7; xxviii. 4.

396 Juv. xi. 69.

397 Thucyd. i. 95.

398 Prescott, _Conquest of Peru_, i. 304.

399 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 53 (Pallas); D. Cass. 60. 34 (Narcissus); Tac.
_Ann._ xiii. 42; D. Cass. 61. 10; cf. Duruy, v. p. 598.

400 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 42.

401 Juv. viii. 10.

402 Plin. _Paneg._ 69.

403 Suet. _Tib._ i. Cf. the funeral oration of Julius Caesar over his
aunt, quoted by Suet. _Jul. Caes._ 6.

404 Id. _Nero_, i.

405 Tac. _Ann._ vi. 33.

_ 406 Ib._ xv. 48.

407 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ iv. 12.

408 Philostr. _Vit. Soph._ ii. 1.

409 Hieron. _Ep._ 108, § 4.

410 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 21, Curtius Rufus videtur mihi ex se natus.

411 Juv. viii. 285 sqq.

412 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25.

413 Sen. _De Ira_, ii. 33, § 2; Juv. iv. 96.

414 Appian, _B. C._ iv. 5.

415 Suet. _Tib._ 61, nullus a poena hominum cessavit dies.

416 Id. _Claud._ xxix.

417 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25.

418 Suet. _Vesp._ ix.; cf. Tac. _Ann._ iii. 55.

419 Sym. _Ep._ ii. 78; Seeck, _Prol._ xlvi.

420 Suet. _Octav._ xli.

421 Id. _Nero_, x.; _Vesp._ xvii.

422 Tac. _Ann._ ii. 37, 38.

423 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 25; D. Cass. lx. 29. The last revision of the Senate
was in the reign of Augustus; D. Cass. lv. 13.

424 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 34; Juv. i. 107.

425 Juv. i. 103.

426 Petron. _Sat._ c. 116, 124; Plin. _Ep._ ii. 20; Juv. i. 37; iii. 31.

427 Juv. iv.; i. 27.

428 D. Cass. lix. 26.

429 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 12.

430 Suet. _Tib._ lxvii.

_ 431 Calig._ xxiii. xxiv.; cf. L. comitiali morbo vexatus, which
explains much to a medical man.

_ 432 Ib._ xxiii.

_ 433 Ib._ xxii.; cf. Sen. _De Ira_, i. 20.

434 Suet. _Calig._ xxxiv. xxxv. vetera familiarum insignia nobilissimo
cuique ademit; xxii.

_ 435 Ib._ liv. lv. quorum vero studio teneretur, omnibus ad insaniam
favit.

436 Suet. _Jul. Caes._ xxxix.

437 D. Cass. xlviii. 43.

438 Suet. _Tiberius_, xxxv.

439 Id. _Calig._ xviii. nec ullis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigantibus;
D. Cass. 59. 10, 13, Suet. _Nero_, xii.

440 Id. _Dom._ viii. vii.

441 Id. _Nero_, xx. xxi.

442 Juv. viii. 89, 147.

443 Suet. _Nero_, xl.; _v._ Krause, _De Sueton. Fontibus_, pp. 57, 80;
Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 69.

444 Tac. _Ann._ xv. 67.

_ 445 Ib._ xiv. 16; cf. Suet. _Nero_, lii., where Suetonius distinctly
says that some of Nero’s verses, which he had seen, bore all the
marks of originality. Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ iv. 39; Macé,
_Suétone_, p. 127; Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 248.

446 Suet. _Nero_, xxvii.

_ 447 Ib._ xxvi.; cf. Juv. vi. 115.

448 Juv. viii. 172.

449 Suet. _Nero_, xxvi.

450 Tac. _Hist._ i. 88.

451 See some admirable criticism in Nettleship’s _Lectures and Essays_,
2nd series, p. 141; cf. Munding, _Über die Sat. des Juv._ p. 7.

452 Duruy, v. 673; Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 233 sqq.

453 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 19; iii. 16; iii. 3; Sen. _Ad Helv._ xiv. xix.; D.
Cass. lxviii. 5 _ad fin._

454 Ov. _Trist._ iii. 3, 15—

Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, conjux;
Et plus in nostro pectore parte tenes.
Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam:
Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.

455 Id. _Amor._ iii. 4, 3; cf. _Ars Am._ ii. 599, iii. 440, 613, Denis,
_Idées Morales_, ii. 124.

456 Plut. _Consol. ad Uxor._ x.; _Conj. Praec._ iv. xliv. xlvii.

457 A. Gell. xii. 1.

458 Denis, ii. 134; Zeller, _Die Phil. der Griech._ iii. 1, p. 660.

459 D. Chrys. _Or._ vii. 133.

460 Juv. vi. 436—

Committit vates et comparat; inde Maronem,
Atque alia parte in trutina suspendit Homerum.
Cedunt grammatici, vincuntur rhetores—

461 Juv. vi. 400 sqq.

_ 462 Ib._ 268.

_ 463 Ib._ 108, 60.

_ 464 Ib._ 427.

_ 465 Ib._ 252.

_ 466 Ib._ 493.

_ 467 Ib._ 528.

468 Momms. _R. Hist._ ii. 408 (Tr.).

469 Liv. vi. 34.

470 Plut. _Cato Maj._ c. xx.; Juv. vi. 165, 460.

471 Val. Max. ii. 1, 5; Liv. xxxiv. 1, 3; Marq. i. p. 62.

472 Momms. _R. Hist._ ii. 408.

473 Cic. _in Verr._ i. 42, 107.

474 Sym. _Ep._ vi. 67; cf. Suet. _Octav._ lxiv.; _Or. Henz._ 2677, 4629,
4629, lanifica, pia, pudica, casta, domiseda.

475 Macrob. _Sat._ iii. 14, 11.

476 Friedl. i. 312; Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 240.

477 Lucr. iv. 1160; Juv. vi. 192.

478 Plut. _Pomp._ lv.

479 Suet. _Gram. Ill._ 16.

480 Ov. _Ars Am._ ii. 282.

481 Mart. xii. 98, 3; cf. Sen. _Ad Helv._ xvii.; _Ad Marc._ xvi.

482 Claud. _Laus Serenae_, 146.

483 Sen. _Ad Marc._ 4.

484 Epict. _Fr._ liii.

485 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 53; cf. Plin. _H. N._ vii. 8, 46.

486 Mart. x. 35; vii. 69.

487 Sid. Apoll. _Carm._ ix. 261.

_ 488 C.I.G._ 4725-31.

489 Juv. vi. 403; cf. 434.

490 Suet. _Octav._ lxxxiv.

491 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 37, novum sane et moribus veterum insolitum,
feminam signis Romanis praesidere.

492 D. Cass. lxvi. 14; cf. Suet. _Vesp._ xvi.; Krause, _De Suet.
Fontibus_, p. 75.

493 Tac. _Ann._ iii. 33; cf. i. 64; i. 69, sed femina [_i.e._ Agrippina]
ingens animi munia ducis per eos dies induit, etc.

_ 494 Or. Henz._ 6000, 4036, 5158, 4643, 5134, 3774, 2417, 4055, 4056,
7207, 3815.

_ 495 Ib._ 3738, 3773, 6992.

_ 496 Ib._ 3740.

497 Suet. _Galba_, v.

498 Lamprid. _Heliogab._ iv.; cf. Lamprid. _Aurelian._ xlix.

499 Mau, _Pompeii_ (Kelsey Tr.), p. 479.

500 Juv. ii. 31; iv. 34; xiii. 38; vi. 394; vii. 194.

501 Liv. xxix. 14.

_ 502 Ib._ xxxix. 8; cf. Lafaye, _Culte des Div. d’Alexandrie_, c. iii.

503 Apul. _Met._ xi. 817; Suet. _Octav._ xciii.; D. Cass. liii. 2.

504 Catull. x. 26; Tibull. i. 3, 23; cf. Juv. xiii. 93.

505 Ov. _Ars Am._ i. 77.

506 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 347.

507 Juv. vi. 547.

508 Tac. _Hist._ v. 2, 4; Juv. xiv. 97.

509 Sen. _Fr._ 42 (in Aug. _De Civ. Dei_, vi. 11), victi victoribus
leges dederunt.

510 Cf. Meriv. vi. 6.

511 Suet. _Claud._ xxv.

512 Tac. _Hist._ i. 22; Duruy, iv. 505.

513 Suet. _Dom._ xv.; D. Cass. lxvii. 14; Ren. _Les Év._ p. 228.

514 Juv. xiv. 96; vi. 544; iii. 15; Ren. _Les Év._ p. 234.

515 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 32.

516 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. p. 332; cf. Plin. _Ep._ vii. 24.

517 Suet. _Ill. Gram._ xvi.

518 Friedl. i. 314; _Inscr. Or._ 2656, 2668, 4803.

519 Mart. iv. 13—

Diligat illa senem quondam: sed et ipsa marito,
Tunc quoque cum fuerit, non videatur anus.

Plut. _Conj. Praec._ xliv. xxxiv.; Plin. _Ep._ iv. 19; vi. 4; vii.
5.

520 Sen. _Fr._ xiii. de Matrimonio, formosus assecla et procurator
calamistratus, etc., sub quibus nominibus adulteri delitescunt; cf.
S. Hieron. _Ep._ 54, § 13. S. Jerome is evidently imitating Seneca;
cf. _Or._ 639, Mart. v. 61.

521 Juv. vi. 460; Sen. _Fr._ 51.

522 Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ iii. 35, Luc. _Alex._ 44.

523 Tac. _Hist._ i. 81, erat Othoni celebre convivium primoribus feminis
virisque. D. Cass. lx. 7.

524 Suet. _Calig._ xxxvi.

525 Ov. _Ars Am._ i. 67, Friedl. i. 281.

526 Tac. _Germ._ 19, nec corrumpere et corrumpi saeculum vocatur.

527 Suet. _Octav._ xliv.

528 Ov. _Ars Am._ i. 139—

Proximus a domina, nullo prohibente, sedeto.

_ 529 Trist._ ii. 503—

Nec satis incestis temerari vocibus aures:
Adsuescunt oculi multa pudenda pati.

Cf. 515.

530 Mart. iii. 86 says of his poems—

Non sunt haec mimis improbiora: lege.

531 Suet. _Octav._ xliv.

532 Juv. vi. 62.

533 Suet. _Dom._ vii.; _Tib._ xxxiv.

534 D. Cass. lx. 22, 28.

535 Suet. _Dom._ iii.; D. Cass. lxvii. 3.

536 Capitol. _M. Anton._ xix.

_ 537 Ib._ xxiii. mores matronarum conposuit diffluentes, etc.

538 Juv. vi. 281.

539 Suet. _Vesp._ xi. auctor senatui fuit decernendi ut quae se alieno
servo junxisset ancilla haberetur; cf. Mart. vi. 39; _C. Th._ iv. 9,
1.

_ 540 Or. Henz._ 2669, 4653, 7383.

541 Momms. _R. H._ ii. 414 sqq.

_ 542 Ib._ 469; cf. Plut. _Cato_, xxiii.

543 Mahaffy, _Greek World under Roman Sway_, p. 127.

544 Suet. _Octav._ 89; _Tib._ 21.

545 Id. _Tib._ 71, sermone Graeco, quanquam alioquin promptus et
facilis, non tamen usquequaque usus est.

546 Suet. _Calig._ xxi. xxxiv.

547 Mahaffy, _The Greek World_, p. 255.

548 Suet. _Claud._ xlii.

_ 549 Ib._ xxv.

_ 550 Ib._ xlii.

551 Id. _Nero_, lv. erat illi aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae cupido.
Cf. xxiv.

552 Id. _Vesp._ xviii.

553 Id. _Dom._ xx.

554 And many in the first century, Plin. _Ep._ iv. 3; viii. 4, 1;
Friedl. iii. 360; Martha, _Les Moralistes sous l’Empire Rom._ p.
267; Teuffel, _R. Lit._ § 342; Mackail, _R. Lit._ 232.

555 Plut. _Cato_, c. xxii.; Claud. _In Eutrop._ ii. 137, 339.

556 Juv. iii. 85.

557 Juv. iii. 62 sqq.

_ 558 Ib._ iii. 69-77.

_ 559 Ib._ i. 104.

_ 560 Ib._ iii. 72, viscera magnarum domuum dominique futuri.

_ 561 Ib._ iii. 60.

562 Suet. _Ill. Gram._ i. ii. antiquissimi doctorum qui iidem et poëtae
et semigraeci erant (Livium et Ennium dico), etc.; Strab. vi. 3, 5;
A. Gell. xvii. 17, i.

563 Suet. _Ill. Gram._ iv.

_ 564 Ib._ xx. xix. xvi. xv.

565 Suet. _Ill. Gram._ xiii. Staberius ... emptus de catasta.

_ 566 Ib._ xiii.

_ 567 Ib._ xviii. xxiii.

_ 568 Ib._ xxiii.

_ 569 Ib._ xvii.; cf. Quintilian, iv. Prooem. 2; cf. Juv. viii. 186-97.

570 Plin. _H. N._ xxix. 17.

571 Suet. _Jul. Caes._ xlii.

572 D. Cass. liii. 30; Plin. _H. N._ xxix. 4; _Or. Henz._ 2983.

573 Juv. x. 221; Petron. 42; D. Cass. lxxi. 33; lxix. 22; Mart. ii. 16;
v. 9; vi. 31; vi. 53; Tac. _Ann._ xi. 31, 35.

574 Mart. i. 31; i. 48; viii. 74.

575 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 231.

576 Epict. ii. 23, 30, 27.

577 Suet. _Otho_, iv. vi.

578 Id. _Dom._ xiv. xv.; cf. _Tib._ xiv.; _Nero_, xxxvi.

579 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 14.

580 Juv. iii. 100.

581 Luc. _De Merc. Cond._ c. 16, 19.

582 Mart. i. 104, ii. 68.

583 Juv. i. 100; v. 17; Mart. xii. 18—

Dum per limina te potentiorum
Sudatrix toga ventilat, etc.;

iii. 7, 36; Suet. _Nero_, xvi; _Dom._ vii.

584 Mart. ii. 79; Juv. v. 17.

585 Juv. i. 100—

Jubet a praecone vocari
Ipsos Trojugenas.

586 Mart. ii. 43; iii. 38, 12, pallet cetera turba fame; Juv. iii. 153,
161; xi. 40.

587 Momms. _R. H._ ii. 374 (Tr.).

588 Mart. iv. 5; v. 56—

Artes discere vult pecuniosas?
Fac discat citharoedus aut choraules.
Si duri puer ingeni videtur,
Praeconem facias, vel architectum;

Juv. vii. 104; x. 226; Petron. 46, destinavi illum artificii docere,
aut tonstreinum aut praeconem etc.

589 Juv. vii. 38 sqq.

590 Mart. ii. 43; iv. 40; v. 42, quas dederis, solas semper habebis
opes.

591 Juv. vii. 104.

_ 592 Ib._ vii. 180.

_ 593 Ib._ vii. ad fin.

_ 594 Ib._ vii. 121 sqq.

595 Juv. iii. 182; Martha, _Moralistes sous l’Emp._ p. 400.

596 Mart. ii. 57.

597 Juv. vi. 353.

598 Petron. 116, in hac urbe nemo liberos tollit ... aut captantur aut
captant.

_ 599 e.g._ Regulus, Plin. _Ep._ ii. 20.

600 Juv. xii. 100; i. 36; Mart. v. 39; Plin. _Ep._ ii, 20; Petron. 140.

601 Juv. i. 112; Petron. 88, pecuniae cupiditas haec tropica instituit.

602 Juv. iii. 164.

_ 603 Ib._ 131, 103; i. 26; iv. 98; Mart. ii. 29, iii. 29; v. 13, 35.

604 Suet. _Octav._ xliii.-v.; _Calig._ xviii.; _Claud._ xxi; _Nero_, xi.
xii.; _Titus_, vii.; _Dom._ iv.; D. Cass. 65. 25; Spart. _Hadr._
vii. D. Cass. 68. 10, 15; Capitol. _M. Anton._ vi.; but cp. Suet.
_Tib._ xlvii.; Tac. _Hist._ ii 62, D. Cass. 66. 15; Suet. _Octav._
xliv.; D. Cass. 54. 2; 68. 2; Capitol. _Anton. P._ xii.

605 Victor. _Epit._ 12; Spart. _Hadr._ vii. § 12; Capitol. _M. Anton._
xxvi.; _Ant. P._ viii.; D. Cass. 68. 5; _Orelli Henz._ 4365, 7244;
Friedländer, _Petron. Einleit._ 49; Duruy, v. 429; iv. 787;
Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 208; cf. Plin. _Ep._ ix. 30.

606 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 62; ii. 47, 48.

607 Salv. _De Gub. Dei_, v. 30; _Ad Eccles._ iv. 22.

608 On the Augustales _v._ _Orell. Henz._ ii. p. 197; iii. p. 427;
Friedländer, _Cena Trim. Einl._ p. 39; Marq. _Röm. Staatsverw._ i.
513 sqq.; Nessling, _De Seviris Augustalibus._

609 v. 13, 6, et libertinas arca flagellat opes; cf. Sen. _Ep._ 27, § 5,
patrimonium libertini.

610 Petron. _Sat._ 48.

611 Tac. _Ann._ xiii. 27, si separarentur libertini manifestam fore
penuriam ingenuorum.

612 Plin. _Paneg._ 88.

613 Id. _Ep._ vii. 29; viii 6.

614 Tac. _Germ._ 25, liberti non multum supra servos sunt, raro aliquod
momentum in domo, nunquam in civitate.

615 Mart. ii. 29; iii. 29; xi. 37; iii. 82; v. 14.

616 Suet. _Ill. Gram._ xiii., xvii., xx.; cf. Marq. _Priv._ i. 158.

617 Sen. _Ep._ 47, § 1; _De Clem._ i. 18, 3; _De Ben._ iii. 21; _Ep._
77, § 31; Plin. _Ep._ viii. 16, 1; iii. 19, 7; ii. 17, 9; cf. Juv.
xiv. 16.

618 Sen. _Ep._ 47, servi sunt, immo humiles amici. Cf. Macrob. _Sat._ i.
11, 12; Eurip. _Ion_, 854; _Helen._ 730; Wallon, _L’Esclav._ iii.
22.

_ 619 v._ supra, p. 92.

620 D. Cass. 69. 16; _C. Th._ xiii. 1, 21; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i 197.

621 Juv. xiv. 270.

622 Juv. iii. 32.

623 Suet. _Vesp._ xxiii.

624 Stat. _Silv._ iii. 3, 83, Tu toties mutata ducum juga rite tulisti
Integer, etc.

625 Juv. iii. 153, Nil habet infelix paupertas durius in se, Quam quod
ridiculos homines facit; 164.

626 Id. i. 104.

627 Id. i. 26; iv. 108.

628 Juv. iii. 173.

629 Id. iv. 5, 23; vii. 180.

630 Id. xiv. 91, Ut spado vincebat Capitolia nostra Posides; cf. Suet.
_Claud._ xxviii.; Plin. _H. N._ xxxi. 2.

631 Juv. iii. 34 sqq.

632 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 37; xii. 25, 65; xi. 29; Suet. _Octav._ lxvii.; D.
Cass. lix. 29.

633 Suet. _Jul. Caes._ lxxvi.; cf. Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 56 sqq.

634 For such a career cf. _Or. Henz._ 6344.

635 Suet. _Octav._ lxvii.

636 Tac. _Ann._ iv. 6.

_ 637 Ib._ xiv. 39.

638 Suet. _Nero_, xxiii.

639 D. Cass. lxiv. 3; Suet. _Galba_, xiv.; Plut. _Galba_, c. 17.

640 D. Cass. lii. 25; Tac. _Hist._ i. 58, Vitellius ministeria
principatus per libertos agi solita in equites Romanos disponit.

641 Suet. _Vitell._ xii.

642 Id. _Vesp._ xvi.

643 Id. _Dom._ vii. quaedam ex maximis officiis inter libertinos
equitesque communicavit.

644 Plin. _Paneg._ 88.

645 Spart. _Hadr._ iv., xxi.; Macé, _Suétone_, p. 91.

646 Capitol. _Ant. P._ vi., xi.

647 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 56.

_ 648 Ib._ i. p. 83.

649 Sen. _Ad Polyb._ vi. vii.

650 Sen. _Ad Polyb._ xi.

651 Statius, _Silv._ iii. 3.

_ 652 Ib._ 66, Tibereia primum Aula tibi—Panditur.

_ 653 Ib._ 60.

_ 654 Ib._ 70.

_ 655 Ib._ 86.

_ 656 Ib._ 100.

_ 657 Ib._ 145.

658 Mart. vi. 83; Stat. _Silv._ iii. 160.

659 As to the form of his name _v._ Markland’s _Statius_, p. 238.

660 Macé, _Suétone_, p. 91; cf. Tac. _Ann._ xi. 33.

661 Macé, 92, 93; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 86, 87.

662 Plin. _Ep._ viii. 12; _C.I.L._ vi. 798; Macé, pp. 89, 115.

663 Macé, pp. 90, 116.

664 Stat. _Silv._ v. 1, 80.

_ 665 Ib._ v. 118 sqq.

_ 666 Ib._ v. 210.

667 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 88.

668 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 30, 37, 88.

669 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 57; xiii. 1.

_ 670 Ib._ xii. 25, 65.

_ 671 Ib._ xiii. 23.

_ 672 Ib._ xii. 53; Plin. _Ep._ viii. 6.

673 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 25, 65.

_ 674 Ib._ xiii. 14.

_ 675 Ib._ xiv. 65; Suet. _Nero_, xxxv.; D. Cass. 62. 14.

676 Marq. _Röm. St._ ii. p. 55; Duruy, v. p. 598; Friedl. _Sittengesch._
i. p. 192; cf. Olympiod. _ap._ Phot. § 44 (Müll. _Frag. Hist. Gr._
iv.).

677 Ael. Lamprid. _Heliogab._ x.; cf. Capitol. _Anton. P._ xi.; Suet.
_Claud._ xxviii.

678 Plin. _H. N._ xxxi. 2; xxxvi. 12.

679 Statius, _Silv._ i. 5, 36; Mart. vi. 42, et certant vario decore
saxa.

680 Mart. viii. 68.

681 Plin. _Ep._ vii. 29.

682 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 75; _Or. Henz._ 6344.

683 Claud. _In Eutrop._ ii. 137.

684 Plin. _Paneg._ 88.

685 Suet. _Nero_, xv. in curiam libertinorum filios diu non admisit.

686 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 38; xii. 53.

687 Suet. _Galba_, xiv.; Tac. _Hist._ ii. 57; iv. 39.

688 Mart. iii. 29; v. 8, 14, 35, 23; cf. Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 212.

689 Suet. _Claud._ c. xxviii.

_ 690 Dig._ xxiii. 2, 44.

691 Statius, iii. 3, 115.

692 Id. v. 1, 53; Tac. _Hist._ v. 9; Suet. _Claud._ xxviii. Felicem ...
Judaeae proposuit—trium reginarum maritum.

693 Catull. x. 26; Tibull. i. 3, 33; Ov. _Ars Am._ iii. 635; cf. _Amor._
i. 8, 73; iii. 9, 33.

694 Tac. _Ann._ xi. 29.

_ 695 Ib._ xiii. 12, 46; xiv. 2; Suet. _Nero_, xxviii. Acten libertam
paullum abfuit quin justo matrimonio sibi conjungeret.

696 Suet. _Nero_, l.

697 D. Cass. lxvi. 14.

698 Luc. _Imag._ 10. See Croiset’s _Lucien_, p. 273, on the _Imagines_
as illustrating Lucian’s power as a critic of art.

699 Xen. _Mem._ iii. 11; Plat. _Menex._ c. iv.

700 Cf. Friedl. _Sittengesch._ i. 82.

701 Suet. _De Ill. Gram._ xxi.

702 Marq. _Priv._ i. 189; Denis, _Idées Morales_, ii. 208; Spart.
_Hadr._ xvii.

703 Sen. _De Ben._ iii. 21; _Ep._ 47; Plin. _Ep._ ii. 17, 9; viii. 16;
cf. Marq. _Priv._ i. 175.

_ 704 Or._ 2808.

_ 705 Ib._ 2874.

_ 706 Ib._ 2816.

_ 707 Ib._ 2862.

708 Sen. _De Clem._ i. 18.

709 Marq. _Priv._ i. 174.

710 Sen. _Ep._ 80, § 4, peculium suum quod comparaverunt ventre fraudato
pro capite numerant.

711 Apul. _Met._ x. 14; cf. Boissier, _Rel. Rom._ ii. 397.

712 v. 22, 10, negat lasso janitor esse domi; Sen. _Nec. Inj._ xiv.
cubicularii supercilium.

713 Momms. _R. H._ ii. 380 (Tr.)

714 Marq. _Priv._ i. 162 sq.

_ 715 C. Th._ ix. 30, 2; ii. 30, 2.

716 Marq. _Priv._ i. p. 163.

717 Petron. _Sat._ 76.

718 Marq. _Priv._ i. 165.

_ 719 Ib._ p. 178, n.

720 Mart. v. 70; cf. vii. 64.

721 Liv. xxi. 63, quaestus omnis patribus indecorus visus; D. Cass. 69.
16; cf. _C. Th._ xiii. 1, 4; _v._ Godefroy’s note.

722 Plut. _Cat. Maj._ 21.

723 Petron. 77, sustuli me de negotiatione et coepi libertos foenerare.

724 Id. 77, assem habeas, assem valeas.

725 Id. 43, paratus fuit quadrantem de stercore mordicus tollere:—in
manu illius plumbum aurum fiebat.

726 Petron. 76.

727 Id. 50

_ 728 Or._ 1175; cf. Teuffel, _Rom. Lit._ ii. § 300, n. 4.

729 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 18, 19.

730 Macrob. _Som. Scip._ i. 2, 8.

731 Sidon. Apoll. _Carm._ ix. 268.

732 Sidon. Apoll. _Carm._ xxiii. 155, et te Massiliensium per hortos
sacri stipitis, Arbiter, colonum Hellespontiaco parem Priapo, etc.

733 Tac. _Ann._ xii. 8; xiii. 2; xv. 45, 60, 65; Tac. _Hist._ iii. 65.

734 Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 257, ce n’est pas la coutume qu’on mette son
idéal près de soi.

735 Petron. 88, at nos vino scortisque demersi ne paratas quidem artes
audemus cognoscere, sed accusatores antiquitatis vitia tantum
docemus et discimus. This rather applies to the higher cultivated
class.

736 Petron. 118; cf. Boissier, _L’Opp._ 213.

737 Petron. 70, 67.

738 Juv. vi. 115; Suet. _Nero_, xxvi.

739 Teuffel. _Rom. Lit._ § 300, n. 1.

740 Petron. 118, 119; cf. Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 239. Other proofs of the
date of the _Satiricon_ are the occurrence of names like Apelles and
Menecrates, c. 64, 73; cf. Suet. _Calig._ 33; _Nero_, 30; Friedl.
_Cena Trim. Einl._ 9; the reflections on decline of oratory, _Sat._
1; cf. Tac. _Dial. Or._ c. 35; the invention of a peculiar glass,
which belongs to the reign of Tiberius, cf. Plin. _H. N._ xxxvi. 66;
D. Cass. 57. 21 ad fin.

741 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 18, vigentem se ac parem negotiis ostendit.

742 Plin. _H. N._ xxxvii. 7 (20), T. Petronius consularis moriturus
invidia Neronis, ... trullam myrrhinam HS.c̅c̅c̅ emptam fregit.

743 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 19, sed flagitia principis et novitatem cujusque
stupri perscripsit atque obsignata misit Neroni.

744 Petron. 115, si bene calculum ponas, ubique naufragium est.

745 Id. 88. For a favourable estimate of the _Satiricon_, cf. Schiller’s
_Gesch. röm. Kaiserzeit_, i. 469, 470.

746 See Boissier’s remarks, _L’Opp._ p. 228.

747 Mart. v. 2; iii. 68; cf. Mahaffy, _Greek World under Roman Sway_, p.
298.

748 Teuffel, _Rom. Lit._ i. p. 239; Friedl. _Cena Trim. Einl._ 5.

_ 749 Ib._ p. 5.

750 Sidon. Apoll. _Carm._ ix. 268; xxiii. 155.

751 Petron. 81, cf. Friedl. _Cena Trim. Einl._ 6. Puteoli is excluded by
the complaints of municipal decay in c. 44: Naples, by the fact that
the town is a Roman colony (44, 57); Cumae was the only town in this
region which had Praetors. Cf. _Or. Henz._ 1498, 2263; Petron. 65.

752 Petron. _Sat._ 1, 2.

753 Tac. _De Or._ c. 31, 35.

_ 754 Rep._ vi. p. 492 A.

755 Petron. _Sat._ 83.

_ 756 Ib._ 114.

_ 757 Ib._ 116, nihil aliud est nisi cadavera quae lacerantur aut corvi
qui lacerant.

_ 758 Ib._ 117.

759 Petron. _Sat._ 124.

_ 760 Ib._ 140.

_ 761 Ib._ 141.

_ 762 Ib._ 75, 76.

_ 763 v._ Friedl. _Cena Trim. Einl._ p. 7. His cognomen Maecenatianus
marks him as a slave of the friend of Augustus who died 8 B.C.
Trimalchio would therefore be born _circ._ 18 B.C. (_Sat._ 71, 29,
75). He was perhaps over seventy at the time of the dinner (_Sat._
27, 77), which may therefore be placed about 57 A.D.

764 Petron. _Sat._ 48.

_ 765 Ib._ 77.

_ 766 Ib._ 38, scripsit ut illi ex India semen boletorum mitteretur.

_ 767 Ib._ 53.

_ 768 Ib._ 71; cf. Friedl. _Cena Trim._ p. 308.

769 Petron. _Sat._ 27.

770 Petron. _Sat._ 29.

_ 771 Ib._ 31.

_ 772 Ib._ 32.

_ 773 Ib._ 33.

_ 774 Ib._ 35.

_ 775 Ib._ 40.

_ 776 Ib._ 60; cf. Sen. _Ep._ 90, § 15, laquearia ita coagmentat ... ut
totiens tecta quotiens fercula mutentur.

_ 777 Sat._ 34; Cic. _Brut._, lxxxiii. The Consulship of Opim. was B.C.
121.

778 Petron. 48; on private and public libraries, cf. Sen. _De Tranq._ c.
ix.; Plin. _Ep._ i. 8, § 2; ii. 17, § 8; iii. 7, § 7; iv. 28, § 1;
Suet. _Vit. Pers._; Luc. _Adv. Indoct._ 1, 16; Mart. vii. 17, 1;
Suet. _J. Caes._ xliv.; _Octav._ xxix.; Marq. _Priv._ i. 114;
Gregorov. _Hadr._ (Tr.) p. 210; Macé, _Suétone_, p. 220; Sid. Apoll.
ii. 9.

779 Petron. 52.

780 Id. 59.

781 Id. 41; cf. Epict. iii. 23; Plin. _Ep._ i. 13; iii. 18, 4; vi. 15;
Mart. iii. 44, 45; 50.

782 Sen. _Brev. Vit._ xii. 2; _Or. Henz._ 3838; Mart. iv. 39; Marq.
_Priv._ ii. 688: Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. 84.

783 Petron. 53.

784 Id. 62, 63; cf. Apul. _Met._ i. 8.

785 Petron. 68.

786 Id. 52.

787 Petron. 38, 43.

788 Id. 43, in manu illius plumbum aurum fiebat.

789 Id. 38, Collibertos ejus cave contemnas, valde succosi sunt. _v._
Friedl. _Cena Trim._ p. 223.

790 Petron. 38.

791 Id. 42.

792 Id. 42, medicus nihil aliud est quam animi consolatio. For similar
opinions of the medical profession, cf. Petron. 56; D. Cass. lxix.
22, lxxi. 33; Mart. vi. 31; vi. 53; ii. 16; Epict. iii. 23, § 27;
Juv. iii. 77; Luc. _Philops._ c. 21, 26; _Adv. Indoct._ c. 29; Marq.
_Priv._ ii. 779. Sen. gives a higher idea of the craft, _De Ben._
vi. 16; cf. Apul. _Met._ x. 8, where the doctor rejects the base
proposals made to him.

793 Petron. 42, planetus est optime, etiam si maligne illum ploravit
uxor.

794 Id. 43.

795 Id. 43, noveram hominem olim oliorum, et adhuc salax est. On the
phrase olim oliorum _v._ Friedl. _Cena Trim._ p. 237.

796 Petron. 44.

797 Id. 44, haec colonia retroversus crescit tanquam coda vituli. This
passage is used to prove that Puteoli cannot be Trimalchio’s town.
Friedl. _Cena Trim._ p. 239.

798 Petron. 44 _ad fin._ itaque statim urceatim plovebat.

799 Id. 45. On the meaning of Centonarius _v._ Marq. _Priv._ ii. 585.
They had a great number of Collegia, often leagued with the Fabri;
_v._ _Henz. Ind._ pp. 171-72; _C. Th._ xiv. 8.

800 For the cost of such shows, _v._ _Or._ 81; _C.I.L._ ii. _Suppl._ p.
1034; Friedl. _Cena Trim. Einl._ p. 58; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ ii.
p. 136.

801 Petron. 46, quid iste argutat molestus?

802 Petron. 46 _ad fin._; cf. Mart. v. 56; Juv. vii. 5, 176.

803 Petron. 57.

804 Id. 64.

805 Id. 67.

806 Id. 70.

807 Id. Ephesum tragoedum coepit imitare—Sonst unbekannt, Friedl. _Cena
Trim._ 306.

808 Cf. _Or. Henz._ 4070, 7321; Petron. 71, valde enim falsum est vivo
quidem domos cultas esse, non curari eas ubi diutius nobis
habitandum est.

_ 809 v._ the monument of C. Munatius Faustus at Pompeii, _C.I.L._ x.
1030. But Mau, p. 415 (Tr.), interprets it differently from Friedl.
_Cena Trim._ p. 307.

810 See the monument of the surgeon oculist of Assisi, _Or._ 2983, who
records the amount he gave for his freedom, his benefactions, and
his fortune. _v. C.I.L._ v. 4482, the monument of Valerius Anteros
Asiaticus, a Sevir Aug. of Brescia.

811 Plin. _H. N._ xxvi. 2 (26); xxviii. 6 (57), plerique (suadent)
anulum e sinistra in longissimum dextrae digitum transferre.

812 Petron. 75, ad hanc me fortunam frugalitas mea perduxit.

813 Id. 78; cf. Sen. _De Brev. Vit._ xx. 3, where a similar scene is
described. Turannius—componi se in lecto et velut exanimem a
circumstante familia plangi jussit.

814 Some of Pliny’s older friends, the elder Pliny, Quintilian,
Spurinna, Verginius Rufus, go back to the age which Juvenal
professes to attack (i. 170). But, although Juvenal mentions few
names of his own generation, such as Isaeus, Archigenes, and Marius
Priscus, a comparison between his subjects and those of Martial
shows that they were dealing with the same social facts. Cf.
Teuffel, _R. Lit._ ii. § 326, n. 5; Nettleship, _Lectures and
Essays_, p. 124 sqq.

815 Momms. _Plin._ (Morel), p. 7; Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii. 77;
Nettleship, _Lectures and Essays_, 131.

816 Plin. _Ep._ vii. 28.

817 Mart. iii. 68, 86; v. 2.

818 Ov. _Amor._ iii. 4, 2.

819 Ov. _Trist._ ii. 212, 346, 353, Vita verecunda est, Musa jocosa
mihi; 497.

820 Tac. _De Or._ 28, non in cella emptae nutricis sed gremio ac sinu
matris educabatur; A. Gell. xii. 1.

821 Quintil. i. 2, 4, 8; nostras amicas, nostros concubinos vident.

822 Stob. _Flor._ vi. 61; Suet. _Nero_, xxvii.; cf. Denis, _Idées
Morales, etc._, ii. p. 134.

823 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 16; iii. 5; iv. 19; vi. 4; vii. 5.

824 Tac. _Agric._ 4.

825 Plin. _Ep._ i. 14.

826 Tac. _Ann._ iii. 55, sed praecipuus adstricti moris auctor
Vespasianus erat; Suet. _Vesp._ ix.; cf. Schiller, _Gesch. Röm.
Kaiserz._ ii. 506; Duruy, iv. 646; Renan, _Les. Év._ 140, 381;
_L’Antéchr._ 494.

827 Pliny is pleased with the virtuous monotony, _Ep._ iii. i. § 2, me
autem ut certus siderum cursus ita vita hominum disposita delectat,
senum praesertim; cf. iii. 5.

828 Momms. _Plin._ (Morel), p. 32.

829 The Caecilii were probably established at Como from 59 B.C.; cf.
Catull. 35; Plin. _Ep._ iv. 30, 1; vii. 32, 1; vi. 24, 5; ix. 7;
Momms. _Plin._ p. 33 (Morel).

830 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 1; vi. 10.

831 Tac. _Hist._ i. 8, 52; ii. 49.

832 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 20, 5. He was in his eighteenth year when the famous
eruption of Vesuvius took place 79 A.D., D. Cass. lxvi. 21 sq.

833 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 13, 3.

834 Rendall, xiii. in Mayor’s ed. Plin. _Ep._ iii.; Plin. _H. N._ ii. 85
(199).

835 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 5; _Hist. Nat. Praef._ 3; Suet. _Vit. Plin._ He was
56 at his death in A.D. 79; cf. Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ i. 119, 420.

836 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 5, § 13; Persius, who was eleven years younger than
the elder Pliny, shows a character of the same type, cf. Pers.
_Sat._ ii. 71-74; iii. 66 sqq.; cf. Martha, _Les Moralistes sous
l’Emp._ p. 131 sqq.

837 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 5.

_ 838 Praef. H. N._ § 17; cf. § 18, profecto enim vita vigilia est.

839 Plin. _Ep._ i. 14; cf. Tac. _Agr._ iv.; Juv. iii. 165.

840 Plin. _Ep._ iii. i; ii. 7; i. 12; v. 11.

841 Cf. Pliny’s letter to Calpurnia’s aunt, _Ep._ iv. 19, quae nihil in
contubernio tuo viderit nisi sanctum honestumque; cf. viii. 5; v.
16.

842 Tac. _Hist._ ii. 78; iv. 81.

843 Cf. _Or._ 746, 2364.

844 Suet. _Vesp._ ii. locum incunabulorum assidue frequentavit, manente
villa qualis fuerat olim, etc.

_ 845 Ib._ viii. ix.

846 D. Cass. lxvi. 8, Suet. _Vesp._ xvi., cf. Meriv. vii. 274; cf.
Schiller, _Gesch. röm. Kaiserzeit_, p. 515.

847 Suet. _Vesp._ lx.; _Or._ 746, sacr. aedium restitutori, 1460, 1868,
2364, D. Cass. lxvi. 10.

848 Suet. _Vesp._ xvii.

_ 849 Ib._ xix.

_ 850 Ib._ xviii.; continued by Hadrian, Spart. xvi.; by Ant. Pius,
Capitol. xi.; by Alex. Severus, Lamprid. xliv.; cf. _C. Th._ xiii.
3, 1, 2, 3; Eum. _Or. pro Scholis_, c. 11.

_ 851 v._ _Rom. Soc. in the Last Century of the Western Empire_ (1st
ed.), p. 355.

852 Mommsen, _Rom. Prov._ (Tr.) i. p. 76.

853 Pliny probably came to Rome about 72 A.D. Rendall, xiv.; in Mayor’s
Pliny, _Ep._ iii.; cf. Quintil. _Prooem._ i.

854 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 14, 10; vi. 6, 3; vi. 32.

855 Quintil. _Inst. Or._ i. 2, 6; cf. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 3, 4, cui in hoc
lubrico aetatis non praeceptor modo sed custos etiam rectorque
quaerendus est; cf. _Ep._ iv. 13, 4, ubi enim pudicius contineantur
quam sub oculis parentum; cf. Tac. _Dial. de Or._ 28.

856 Quintil. _Inst. Prooem._ i. 9-11; ii. 2, 15; xii. 1, 1; xii. 7, 7,
non convenit ei, quem oratorem esse volumus, injusta tueri scientem.

_ 857 Ib._ vi. _Prooem._ 4.

858 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 13, hunc ego, cum simul studeremus, arte
familiariterque dilexi, etc.

_ 859 Ib._ v. 14; _Paneg._ 91, 92; cf. Momms. _Plin._ p. 64.

860 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 6.

_ 861 Ib._ vii. 16, 2; i. 10, 3; cf. Momms. p. 52. Pliny’s service with
the iii. Gallica was later than September, A.D. 81.

862 Plin. _Ep._ i. 10, 4; cf. Tac. _Agr._ iv.

863 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 11, 5.

_ 864 Ib._ i. 10; cf. Philostr. _Apoll. Tyan._ v. 37, 40; vi. 8.

865 Plin. _Ep._ vii. 26, 4.

_ 866 Ib._ iii. 11, 2; Suet. _Dom._ x.; D. Cass. lxvii. 10; cf. Momms. p.
59, where the date of Pliny’s praetorship is fixed.

867 Suet. _Dom._ x.

868 Plin. _Ep._ i. 14; cf. iii. 11, 3.

_ 869 Ib._ iii. 16; cf. vii. 19; ix. 13.

870 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 34.

871 Plin. _Ep._ vii. 19, 4; for the character of Helvidius Priscus, cf.
Tac. _Hist._ iv. 5.

872 Suet. _Vesp._ xv.; D. Cass. lxvi. 12; cf. Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii.
98.

873 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 16, 7.

874 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 21; D. Cass. lxii. 26.

875 Tac. _Ann._ xiv. 12; xvi. 21, 22; cf. D. Cass. 61. 15.

876 Tac. _Ann._ xvi. 26.

877 Plin. _Ep._ vii. 19.

878 Renan, _Les Évangiles_, p. 142, treats the philosophic opposition as
a mere aristocratic reaction; cf. pp. 287, 382. Boissier, _L’Opp._
p. 103; Schiller, _Gesch. d. röm. Kaiserz._ pp. 509, 536.

879 Plin. _Ep._ v. 8, 8; Momms. p. 52.

880 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 1; iv. 16; vi. 23, 2.

_ 881 Ib._ i. 20, 7.

_ 882 Ib._ vi. 33, 8-11.

_ 883 Ib._ iv. 16.

_ 884 Ib._ iv. 19, 3. disponit qui nuntient sibi quem assensum, quos
clamores excitarim, quem eventum judicii tulerim.

_ 885 Ib._ vi. 11.

_ 886 Ib._ ii. 14, 4.

887 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 2, 6.

888 For the career and character of M. Aquilius Regulus, _v._ Tac.
_Hist._ iv. 42; Plin. _Ep._ i. 5; i. 20, 15; ii. 11; ii. 20; iv. 2;
vi. 2; and Boissier, _L’Opp._ p. 193.

889 Mart. i. 13, 83, 112, Cum tibi sit sophiae par fama et cura deorum,
etc.

890 Mart. vii. 31.

_ 891 Ib._ vi. 38; vi. 64, 11.

_ 892 Ib._ vii. 16.

893 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 7, § 4.

_ 894 Ib._ i. 20, 15; cf. references to the archaic literary taste of the
day in Mart. v. 10.

895 Plin. _Ep._ v. 12.

_ 896 Ib._ vi. 2, 5.

_ 897 Ib._ ii. 20.

_ 898 Ib._ iv. 2.

899 For the light which this throws on the production of books in that
age, _v._ Haenny, _Schriftsteller u. Buchhändler_, pp. 39-41.

900 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 10, 4; iii. 7, 14, quatenus nobis denegatur diu
vivere, relinquamus aliquid quo nos vixisse testemur; v. 5, 4; v. 8,
2, me autem nihil aeque ac diuturnitatis amor sollicitat; cf. vii.
20.

901 Stat. _Silv._ ii. 2.

902 Mart. ii. 7; v. 30; iii 20; iv. 23; v. 23. For the same breadth of
accomplishment in the fifth century, cf. Sidon. Apoll. _Carm._ v.
97; ii. 156; xxiii. 101; _Rom. Soc. in the Last Cent. of the Western
Empire_ (1st ed.), p. 375.

903 Mart. vi. 60.

_ 904 Ib._ iv. 14.

905 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 21. This book is dated by Mommsen 101 A.D. (_Plin._
p. 14, Morel; _v._ App. C, p. 95); cf. Friedländer’s _Martial_,
“Chronologie der Epigr. Mart.” p. 66.

906 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 8, 4; v. 12, est mihi cum Cicerone aemulatio.

_ 907 Ib._ vii. 30.

908 Plin. _Ep._ viii. 24, reverere gloriam veterem et hanc ipsam
senectutem quae in homine venerabilis, in urbibus sacra.

_ 909 Ib._ vii. 4, 2, Qualem? inquis. Nescio; tragoedia vocabatur.

_ 910 Ib._ vii. 4, 3.

_ 911 Ib._ iv. 14, cf. Ov. _Trist._ ii. 365, who makes pretty much the
same excuse to Augustus.

912 Plin. _Ep._ v. 3.

913 Cf. Nettleship, _Lectures and Essays_, 2nd Series, p. 39.

_ 914 Ep._ iii. 13, 5; vii. 17.

_ 915 Ep._ iii. 18; cf. ii. 19.

916 Teuffel, _R. Lit._ § 387; Mackail, _Lat. Lit._ p. 264; _Rom. Soc. in
the Last Cent. of the W. Empire_ (1st ed.), p. 357.

917 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 15.

_ 918 Ib._ 1, 20. It is curious that this praise of amplitude should be
addressed to Tacitus; cf. Nipperdey, _Einleit._ xxxiv.

919 Macrob. _Sat._ v. 1, 7; Sidon. Apoll. i. 1, 1; iv. 22, 2, ego Plinio
ut discipulus assurgo.

920 Sym. _Ep._ v. 85. Seeck, _Prol._ xlv.

921 Momms. _Plin._ (Tr.) p. 2; cf. Haenny, _Schriftsteller_, etc. p. 19.

922 Plin. _Ep._ i. 1; vii. 28; i. 15; viii. 1; Macé, _Suétone_, p. 87.

923 Momms. _Plin._ p. 4.

_ 924 Ib._ pp. 7, 24; Teuffel, § 335, 1.

925 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 18, 5; viii. 12, literarum senescentium reductor;
Stat. _Silv._ i. Prooem.; _Petron._ 88; cf. Sidon. Apoll. _Ep._
viii. 8; ii. 14; vii. 15; ii. 10, 1.

926 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 17, § 5.

_ 927 Ib._ vii. 17; v. 12.

_ 928 Ib._ vii. 20; viii. 7.

_ 929 Ib._ vii. 20; ix. 23, ad hoc illum “Tacitus es an Plinius?”

_ 930 Ib._ vi. 16, 2.

_ 931 Ib._ iii. 21, 6, at non erunt aeterna quae scripsit; non erunt
fortasse; ille tamen scripsit tanquam essent futura.

_ 932 Ib._ iii. 7, scribebat carmina majore cura quam ingenio.

933 Mart. vii. 63; Tac. _Hist._ iii. 65.

_ 934 v._ Teuffel, _R. Lit._ § 315, n. 5, and the opinions collected by
Mayor, _Plin._ iii. p. 120.

935 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 7, 3.

_ 936 v._ Mayor, _Plin._ iii. p. 114, for a learned note on suicide in
the early Empire.

937 Pliny, _Ep._ iv. 23, 3. For a similar ideal in the fifth century,
_v._ _Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire_, p.
165 (1st ed.).

938 Plin. _Ep._ v. 8, § 1.

939 For a good example cf. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 15.

940 Capitol. _Ant. P._ 1.

941 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 3.

_ 942 Ib._ iv. 18; cf. viii. 4.

943 Tac. _Hist._ ii. 11; ii. 18, 36; Plin. _Ep._ i. 5; ii. 7; iii. 1,
scribit et quidem utraqua lingua, lyra doctissima. Spurinna was 77,
at the date of this letter, A.D. 101-102; Momms. p. 11.

944 Plin. _Ep._ iv. 27; cf. ix. 8.

_ 945 Ib._ vi. 15; ix. 22.

946 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 21.

_ 947 C.I.L._ vi. 798; _Or._ 801. He was Secretary (ab Epistulis) under
Domitian, Nerva, and Trajan; cf. Macé, _Suétone_, pp. 91, 93, 115.

948 Plin. _Ep._ i. 17; viii. 12. Cf. C. Fannius, who wrote a history of
the victims of Nero, Plin. _Ep._ v. 5. He died _circ._ 106, Macé, p.
82.

949 Plin. _Ep._ v. 8. For similar unwillingness, cf. Sidon. Apoll. _Ep._
iv. 22.

950 Plin. _Ep._ i. 3.

_ 951 Ib._ viii. 4; ix. 33.

952 Mart. iv. 33; vi. 14.

953 Momms. _Plin._ p. 13, puts his birth in 77 A.D.; but cf. Macé, p.
35, who places it in the year 69; see too Peter, _Gesch. Litt._ ii.
67. The indications in Suet. are _Domit._ xii.; _Ill. Gramm._ iv.;
_Nero_, lvii.

954 Macé, p. 83; Peter, ii. 69; cf. Krause, _De Sueton. Fontibus._

955 For the authorities, _v._ Macé, p. 29.

956 From 97 to 101 A.D., _ib._ pp. 53-57.

957 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 8.

_ 958 Ib._ i. 24; of the year 97. On the meaning of _contubernalis_,
Suetonius being 28, and Pliny 35 years of age, _v._ Macé, p. 50.

959 Plin. _Ad Traj._ 94; cf. Macé, p. 50.

960 Plin. _Ep._ i. 18.

961 Macé, p. 68; Plin. _Ep._ v. 10; Momms. _Plin._ p. 18.

962 Macé, p. 69.

963 Macé, p. 90. For the disgrace of Suetonius, _v._ Spart. _Hadr._ xi.
2.

964 Plin. _Paneg._ 53.

965 See _Roman Society in the Last Century of the Western Empire_, p.
348 sq. (1st ed.).

966 Virg. _Aen._ vi. 848 sq.

967 Ov. _Trist._ iv. 128; Hor. _Carm._ ii. 20; Friedl. _Sittengesch._
iii. p. 299.

968 Mau, _Pompeii_ (Tr.), 486, 488; _C.I.L._ ii. 4967.

969 Tac. _De Or._ 13, auditis in theatro Virgilii versibus surrexit
universus populus, etc.

970 Petron. _Sat._ 68.

971 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 18, 4; viii. 12, 1; cf. Seneca’s complaints of his
time, _Ep._ 95, § 23; 100; Petron. 83-4.

972 Tac. _Dial. de Or._ 20; Mart. v. 10; cf. Suet. _Octav._ 86,
Cacozelos et antiquarios, ut diverso genere vitiosos, pari fastidio
sprevit; Pers. i. 69 sq.; Sen. _Ep._ 114. For Hadrian’s preference
of Ennius to Virgil, etc., _v._ Spart. _Hadr._ c. 16; A. Gell. xii.
2; Macé, p. 96; Martha, _Les Moralistes sous l’Empire Rom._ p. 184.

973 Sen. _Ep._ 114, § 13, duodecim tabulas loquuntur.

974 Tac. _Dial. de Or._ 20.

975 Tac. _De Or._ 12.

_ 976 Ib._ 9, 10.

977 Suet. _Dom._ iv.

978 Stat. v. 3, 225; cf. Suet. _Claud._ xi. A Greek comedy in honour of
Germanicus was performed.

979 Suet. _Ner._ xii. Suetonius says it was the first of the kind. It
was called “Neronia.”

_ 980 Or._ 2603, to L. Val. Pudens, erected by his fellow-citizens in
A.D. 110. He was only 13. _v._ Teuffel, § 314, n. 4; Friedl.
_Sittengesch._ iii. p. 324.

981 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 2; ix. 11, 2; Mart. vii. 8. Cf. Haenny, _Schriftst.
u. Buchh._ ii. p. 24 sqq.

982 Epict. iii. 23, § 11.

983 Mart. iii. 44, 45; iv. 81.

984 Juv. i. 2; iii. 9.

985 Petron. _Sat._ 90, 91, 115.

986 Plin. _Ep._ i. 13; ii. 19; iv. 5; 27; v. 12; vi. 17, 21; viii. 21.

987 Plin. _Ep._ vi. 17.

_ 988 Ib._ iv. 27.

_ 989 Ib._ iii. 18; iv. 5.

_ 990 Ib._ i. 13, 2; vi. 17; viii. 12, 1.

_ 991 Ib._ vii 17, 7, quia in numero ipso est quoddam magnum conlatumque
consilium. Cf. Arist. _Pol._ iii. 11, _διὸ καὶ κρίνουσιν ἄμεινον οἱ
πολλοὶ καὶ τὰ τῆς μουσικῆς ἔργα καὶ τὰ τῶν ποιητῶν_.

992 Sidon. Apoll. _Ep._ ii. 14; vii. 15; i. 6.

993 Plin. _Ep._ viii. 12. Seneca was even more pessimist, cf. _Ep._ 95,
§ 23; 100; _De Brev. V._ xiii. 1.

994 Plin. _Ep._ i. 9; quot dies quam frigidis rebus absumpsi! cf. the
social life of Symmachus, _Roman Society in the Last Century of the
Western Empire_, p. 128 sq. (1st ed.).

995 Sen. _De Tranq._ xii.; Juv. iii. xi. Mart. xii. 18.

996 Plin. _Ep._ i. 9; iv. 1.

997 Mart. iii. 58.

998 Plin. _Ep._ v. 6, § 7, 8; i. 3; ix. 7 § 4.

_ 999 Ep._ viii. 8; cf. Virg. _Georg._ ii. 146; once visited by Caligula,
Suet. _Calig._ 43.

1000 Plin. _Ep._ i. 6, solitudo ipsumque illud silentium quod venationi
datur magna cogitationis incitamenta sunt.

_ 1001 Ib._ iii. 1, § 7.

_ 1002 Ib._ vii. 25.

1003 Sidon. Apoll. _Ep._ i. 6; ii. 14; vii. 15.

1004 Stat. _Silv._ ii. 2, 22, spumant templa salo.

1005 Plin. _Ep._ v. 6.

_ 1006 Ib._ ii. 17, § 27.

1007 Stat. _Silv._ ii. 2, 53; cf. iii. 1, 124.

_ 1008 Ib._ i. 3, 20-37.

1009 Imposed by Trajan on candidates for office, Plin. _Ep._ vi. 19. This
was a repetition of former enactments, _e.g._ Suet. _Tib._ 48. It
was revived again by M. Aurelius, Capitol. xi. Exclusion from
commerce necessitated investments in land. Plin. _Ep._ iii. 19, sum
prope totus in praediis, aliquid tamen foenero. In A.D. 106 the
price of land was rising, _Ep._ vi. 19; but cf. iii. 19 (A.D. 101);
see Friedl. i. p. 197.

1010 Sen. _De Benef._ vii. 10, 5; _Ep._ 89, § 20; Mart. v. 13, 7; Petron.
_Sat._ 76, 77; Stat. _Silv._ ii. 6, 62.

1011 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 17; v. 6; ix. 7; iv. 1; iv. 13.

1012 Mart. vii. 31.

1013 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 7.

1014 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. 64.

1015 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 17; Stat. _Silv._ ii. 2, 76.

1016 Plin. ii. 17, § 16.

1017 Stat. _Silv._ i. 3, 29.

1018 Plin. _Ep._ ii. 17, § 24.

1019 Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. 87.

1020 Plin. _Ep._ v. 6.

1021 Stat. _Silv._ ii. 2, 85; i. 5, 36; Friedl. _Sittengesch._ iii. 65.

1022 Plin. _Ep._ iii. 6; cf. the taste of Silius Italicus, iii. 7, 8;
Petron. _Sat._ 50, 88; Mahaffy, _Greek World_, etc., p. 139 sq.

1023 Stat. _Silv._ i. 3, 50; ii. 2, 63 sq.; Mart. iv. 39.

1024 Friedl. iii. 196; cf. Croiset, _Lucien_, c. ix. p. 265; Marq.
_Priv._ ii. 611.

1025 Plin. _Ep._ v. 6, 7; cf. ii. 17, § 3.

_ 1026 Ib._ ii. 17, § 15; v. 6, § 33.

1027 Suet. _Nero_, xxvii.; Friedl. iii. 77 sqq.

1028 Plin. _Ep._ ix. 36; iii. 1.

_ 1029 Ib._ iii. 5, § 15.